Sources of PM2.5 in Europe
Mike Woodfield
The preparation of a consolidated
base year inventory on behalf of
the countries
ENV.C.1/SER/2005/0076r and ENV.C.1/SER/2005/0075r
Update of the UNECE/CORINAIR
Emissions Guidebook regarding
the primary emission of fine
particulate matter (PM2.5)
Directorate General Environment,
European Commission
AIMS AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE PROJECTS
To:•
Assist countries to prepare PM 2.5 inventories
•
Provide an independent EU 25 inventory to compare with IIASA
•
Revise PM relevant Guidebook Chapters
EC
•
To assist countries to prioritise the importance of sectors
•
total emissions
•
human exposure
•
Ensure that regionally important sources (especially for Eastern Europe)
are included
•
Greater commonality with the GHG reporting mechanisms
EEA
•
To ensure results can be integrated into the Emission Factor Database,
TFEIP
•
technology specific EFs (and defaults for existing future technologies).
•
An assessment of the uncertainty of emission factors
Guidebook Status
Chapter Changes
4%
4%
New Chapter
4% 1%
6%
PM data given in other c hapters
2%
TSP, PM2.5, PM10 added
2%
6%
PM added, not separated into 2.5 and 10
PM2.5 and PM10 added
PM2.5 added
PM2.5 Already in Chapter
Not a significant source
52%
4%
12%
1% 2%
Text Amended
Reviewed: No Change after consultation
TSP, PM2.5, PM10 added after consultation
PM2.5 and PM10 added after c onsultation
Text Amended after consultation
UK SOURCES OF PM 2.5
300
A g r i c u l tu r e & W a s te
P ro c e ss e s
250
R o ad Tra n s po rt
O ff -r o a d m o b il e
m a c h in e r y
F u e l C o m b u s tio n
PM 2.5 emissions (kt)
200
150
100
50
0
19 7 0
1 9 73
1 97 6
1979
1 9 82
19 8 5
1988
1 99 1
19 9 4
1997
2 00 0
2003
Source: Oct 2005 NAEI
Emissions inventory methodology
•Emissions inventories combine information on the extent to which a human
activity takes place (called activity data or AD) with representative values of
the emissions or removals per unit activity, called emissions factors (EF).
Emissions = AD x EF
(Sometimes the emissions reduction efficiency (abatement) factors is included)
•e.g. In the energy sector:
AD = fuel consumption & EF = mass of material emitted per unit of fuel consumed
PM2.5 and PM10 emissions by country in 2000 according to
TNO CEPMEIP inventory – K Tonnes
SectorGroup
Sum of Emission(kTon)
CountryGroup
EU25
NAEI
126.0
EU25 Total
CC
CC Total
AC
AC Total
EFTA
EFTA Total
Grand Total
(All)
CountryN ame
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Bulgaria
Romania
Turkey
Albania
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Croatia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia&Montenegro)
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Iceland
Norway
Switzerland
Pollutant
PM2.5
23.92
34.67
1.95
35.99
16.71
9.48
21.35
228.72
161.77
37.28
26.73
12.60
140.07
15.53
15.69
3.77
0.68
23.45
141.06
36.30
12.98
7.78
140.13
23.44
109.53
1 281.57
37.02
86.75
281.37
405.14
3.97
13.24
15.83
49.27
8.28
90.59
0.41
13.58
8.02
22.01
1 799.32
PM10
46.66
65.59
4.46
121.55
50.79
27.25
51.16
525.60
359.90
88.20
98.41
34.16
318.11
39.38
53.18
7.96
1.35
48.13
454.58
78.58
42.09
15.25
354.64
61.75
234.94
3 183.69
123.38
262.85
804.87
1 191.10
12.40
45.17
41.80
174.82
25.74
299.93
0.88
28.41
16.49
45.78
4 720.49
109.53
Sector split of PM2.5 and PM10 emissions
5 000
4 500
Emission (kTons/year)
4 000
3 500
Waste treatment
Agriculture
Mobile sources
Non-industrial combustion
Manufacturing Industry
Industrial Processes & Product Use
Fugitive emissions from Energy
Combustion in Energy Industry
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
PM10
PM2.5
Source: - TNO CEPMEIP inventory
PM2.5 Uncertainty
R e g r e s s io n S e n s it ivit y f o r p m 2 . 5 e m is s io n s in
N e t h e r la n d . . .
E F : 1 .A .1 .c ; M u n ic ip a l W a s .../A C 2 6
.4 9 7
E F : 2 . C . 1 ; 0 , H i g h e ffi c i e . . . / A C 1 6 4
.3 0 3
E F : 1 . A . 1 . a ; O th e r B i tu m i n . . . / A C 1 3
.2 4 1
E F : 3 . D ; 0 , A l l a c ti v i ti e s . . . / A C 1 7 2
.2 0 8
E F : 1 .A .4 .b ; W o o d a n d w o o d .../A C 1 5 2
.1 6 9
E F : 1 . B ; 0 , A l l c o u n tr i e s :. . . / A C 1 5 8
.1 62
E F : 4 . B . 0 8 ; 0 , A l l a c ti v i t. . . / A C 1 7 4
.1 5 7
E F : 4 . B . 0 9 ; 0 , A l l a c ti v i t. . . / A C 1 7 5
.1 41
E F : 1 .A .3 .d .ii; G a s /D ie s e l.../A C 1 4 5
.1 1 6
E F : 2 . C . 1 ; 0 , F a b r i c fi l te . . . / A C 1 6 3
.0 8 3
E F : 1 . A . 1 . b ; R e fi n e r y G a s , . . . / A C 2 0
.0 8
E F : 6 . C ; 0 , M o d e r n fa c i l i t. . . / A C 1 8 3
.0 7 7
E F : 1 . A . 1 . b ; O th e r P e tr o l e . . . / A C 1 9
.0 7
E F : 2 . C . 3 ; 0 , E ffe c ti v e c a . . . / A C 1 6 8
.0 6 1
E F : 4 . B . 0 1 ; 0 , A l l a c ti v i t. . . / A C 1 7 3
.0 5 8
E F : 1 .A .3 .c ; G a s /D ie s e l O i.../A C 1 4 4
.0 5 8
-1
-0 .7 5
-0 .5
-0 .2 5
0
S td b C o e ffi c i e n ts
0 .2 5
0 .5
0 .7 5
1
Sources of uncertainty
From a scientific perspective there can be:
Uncertainties due to lack of understanding of the system,
•
Uncertainties due to assumptions, simplifications etc. in the handling of
data,
•
Uncertainties due to statistical variance in input data collection etc.
•
Uncertainties related to assumptions in the socio-economic and
technological development.
• + Uncertainties arising from the use of
different practice
(Source: Service contract for Review of the RAINS Integrated Assessment
Model - Reference ENV.C1/SER/2003/0079; P.Grenfelt, and M.Woodfield
2004-10-08)
PM 2.5 composition
Emissions inventory methodology
•Emissions inventories combine information on the extent to which a human
activity takes place (called activity data or AD) with representative values of
the emissions or removals per unit activity, called emissions factors (EF).
Emissions = AD x EF
(Sometimes the emissions reduction efficiency (abatement) factors is included)
•e.g. In the energy sector:
AD = fuel consumption & EF = mass of material emitted per unit of fuel consumed
•Since activity data is derived for a period, the time period over which an
emission factor can be considered typical/applicable should be stated.
NEW STANDARDS
Concentration
Primary PM 10/2.5 methods (ISO 146 TC/146)
•Determination of low PM10/PM2,5 mass concentration in flue gas by use
of impactors.
•Determination of low PM10/PM2,5 mass concentration in flue gas by use
of Cyclones.
•Dilution Test Method for Determining PM2.5 and PM10 Mass in Stack
Gases.
Fugitive methods (CEN TC 264)
•Fugitive and diffuse emissions of common concern to industry sectors –
Fugitive Dust Emission Rate Estimates by Reverse-Dispersion Modelling.
In stack Impactor/Cyclone method
New Vehicular PM Methodology
pump flowmeter
Golden Particle
Measurement System
Filtered air
PND 1
controller
Heating tape
cyclone
Excess air
bypass
PM
holder
PNC_REF
ET
PNC_GOLD
MFC
Dilution air
Flow
direction
Dilution tunnel
Emissions inventory methodology
•Emissions inventories combine information on the extent to which a human
activity takes place (called activity data or AD) with representative values of
the emissions or removals per unit activity, called emissions factors (EF).
Emissions = AD x EF
(Sometimes the emissions reduction efficiency (abatement) factors is included)
•e.g. In the energy sector:
AD = fuel consumption & EF = mass of material emitted per unit of fuel consumed
•Since activity data is derived for a period, the time period over which an
emission factor can be considered typical/applicable should be stated.
• EF should be based on time averaged mass emissions rate data for a defined
temporal period and documented set of operational conditions
NEW STANDARDS
Concentration
Primary PM 10/2.5 methods (ISO 146 TC/146)
•Determination of low PM10/PM2,5 mass concentration in flue gas by use
of impactors.
•Determination of low PM10/PM2,5 mass concentration in flue gas by use
of Cyclones.
•Dilution Test Method for Determining PM2.5 and PM10 Mass in Stack
Gases.
Fugitive methods (CEN TC 264)
•Fugitive and diffuse emissions of common concern to industry sectors –
Fugitive Dust Emission Rate Estimates by Reverse-Dispersion Modelling.
Mass
- ISO TC 146 and CEN TC264
•Measurement of velocity and volume flow of gas streams in
stacks for the purposes of calculating mass emissions.
•Quantification Procedures for generating time averaged
emissions factors.
The standard for emission factors will:
• Generate time averaged mass emissions rate data for a
defined temporal period and documented set of
operational conditions,
• Generate complete data sets by: filling gaps in
emissions rate data series (including those obtained by
measurement), compensating for incomplete data sets,
and combining data sets numerically.
NOTE: Activity data may be available for only a limited elapsed period
(i.e. weeks, months, or years) and may be available only for a discreet
process. In addition inventories may be required which average over an
even longer period (i.e. for a calendar year).
• Calculate emissions factors with a specified time
constant.
•
Aggregate empirical data representative of a reporting
class.
Working Definitions
Emission factor: a representative value that relates the quantity of a pollutant
released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that
pollutant.
Note1: These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit
weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of
particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned).
(Source US EPA AP42)
NOTE2: Since activity data is derived for a period, the time period over which an emission
factor can be considered typical/applicable should be stated.
Good Practice: is a set of procedures intended to ensure that inventories are
accurate (i.e. without bias) in the sense that they are systematically neither over
nor underestimates so far as can be judged, that uncertainties are reduced so far
as possible.
PM2,5 The mass of particulate matter which is measured after passing through
a size-selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 2,5 µm aerodynamic
diameter
NOTE: PM2,5 corresponds to the "high risk respirable convention" as defined in 7.1 of
ISO 7708:1995.
PM10 The mass of particulate matter which is measured after passing through a
size-selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 10 µm aerodynamic diameter
NOTE PM10 corresponds to the "thoracic convention" as defined in 6 of ISO 7708:1995.
Recommendations to the EC
Methodological:
•Adopt a ‘filterable’ definition of PM2.5 for current use.
•Develop a generic chapter on deriving fugitive emissions
based on CEN work
• Work with ISO/CEN to develop a protocol for deriving
measurement based emission factors
•Introduce Natair based emission estimation methods for
emissions that can’t be controlled.
•Try to introduce greater commonality to methods of
measuring emissions from vehicular, industrial, and
agricultural sources.
Source specific:
•Greater focus should be given to developing emission
factors for multi-fuelled: combustion, industrial, and
vehicular sources.
EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook revision
We have introduced:
•
measurement data to verify published information
•
Emissions Factors for all three particulate sizes TSP, PM10 and
PM2.5 wherever available.
•
Uncertainty information at several places in each chapter:
•
•
as an indicator of the potential magnitude of a source at
country/regional level by giving in section 2, in addition to the
mean, the highest and lowest returns to WEBDAB;
•
as a sectoral mean and upper/lower confidence level
•
Verification of the suitability of the factors that a user may
choose (Section 16 in most of the Guidebook chapters) can
draw on measurement data, which if we have been able to
collect any, has been included as an Annex.
The Updated Guidebook will shortly be available via
•
http://tfeip-secretariat.org/unece.htm