Coordinative Conjunction SO and Or in English
Jurnal JOEPALLT: Journal of English Pedagogy, Linguistics, Literature, and Teaching, FKIP Universitas Suryakancana, Cianjur.
Volume 1 Nomor 01 Edisi Juli 2013. ISSN 2338-3739
COORDINATIVE CONJUNCTION OR AND SO IN ENGLISH
Jauhar Helmie
Lecture of English Department, Suryakancana University
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The journal is entitled Coordinative Conjunction or and so in English. The purpose of
this journal is to know the function and the using of conjunction especially coordinate
conjunction or and so in a sentence and also to know the translation and how to analyze it.
The method of this research is descriptive analysis method. The writer describes the
data that has been chosen and analyzes it. The examples of data are taken from the novel
Twilight by Stephenie Meyer and the translation with the same title by Lily Devita Sari. From
the research, it can be concluded that the using of conjunction in a sentence is can function
as a connector and in the translation it will be depend on the context and also the targeted
language and will not same with the meaning of the conjunction itself as a connector.
Key Words: conjunction, coordinative conjunction or and so, translation, language
I. INTRODUCTION
As a communication, language is
through the mouth. Most human languages
very important for our lives. We use
are spoken language. Besides, the written
language to communicate with other
language is the representation of a
people and to let other people know what
language by means of a writing system.
we feel or what we think by saying some
Here, the people should have to learn the
words. Language has two types, they are:
language itself to understand what the
spoken language and written language.
people said.
1)
Spoken language is a human natural
The word “language” came from
language in which the words are uttered
lingua, Latin for “tongue”, and “tongue” is
still a word which can be used in English
communication with them and show them
to refer to spoken language. And there are
that we were respect to what they said as
written languages and other systems of
long as the communication have a positive
visual symbols, sign languages and so on.
influence to them.
2)
So, the use of written and spoken
Because based on Carl Hovland,
language are related each other and should
“Communication is the process by which
have been learned by the people who used
an individual transmits stimuli (usually
it.
verbal symbols) to modify the behavior of
for
other individuals.” It means that the
example, language has long been closely
communicator will tell the message and
associated with reason, which is also a
the
uniquely human way of using symbols. In
communicant who heard it. All of this
Ancient Greek philosophical terminology,
process of communication will need the
the same word, logos, was used as a term
language as a media to represent the
for both language or speech and reason,
message. Then the language will be the
and the philosopher Thomas Hobbes used
main point at this communication.
In
Western
Philosophy
the English word "speech" so that it
similarly could refer to reason. 3)
message
will
influence
the
In a communication, there are a
communicator and a communicant. A
The origin of language is of great
communicator is a person who brings the
interest to philosophers because language
message and a communicant is a person
is such an essential characteristic of human
who receives the message. These two parts
life. In classical Greek philosophy such
of a communication should have the same
inquiry was approached by considering the
language because if a communicator and a
nature of things, in this case human nature.
communicant have different language, the
Aristotle, for example, treated humans as
message itself will not receive well. And it
creatures with reason and language by
will appear the misunderstanding.
their intrinsic nature, related to their
If
a
communicator
and
a
natural propensities to be "political," and
communicant still have the different
dwell in city-state communities (Greek:
language, then there should be a translator
poleis).
between them. To translate a language
To communicate with other people
we
should
sympathy and
(Target language) should notice the rules
empathy. It needs to understand what
of translation, does it include to the lexical,
people
grammatical, or idiomatical translation.
feel
have
the
(Source language) to another language
when
we
have
a
As a human being we knew kinds
in oral or written communication”. A
of language from all over the world. We
word is a symbol for an idea and
don’t have to learn all of these languages
consequently has a specific denotation. It
but we can learn English as a universal
may also connote special qualities and
language better, because the use of English
associations which enrich or degrade the
as a universal language has admitted by
meaning.
“A word is a unit of language that
the countries in the world. Moreover, there
are
several
English
countries
as
their
which
national
decided
represents a concept which can be
languages
expressively communicated with meaning.
although they have not related with
A
word
consists
of
one
or
more
England or America. Such as Singapore,
morphemes which are linked more or less
India, Philippine, and so on.
tightly together, and has a phonetic
The term language in English
value.”4) Typically a word will consist of
consists of the branch of sciences such as
a root or stem and zero or more affixes.
Phonology,
and
Words can be combined to create other
Semantic. There are also parts of speech in
units of language such as phrases, clauses,
a grammatical language such as Nouns,
and sentences. A word consisting of two or
Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions,
more stems joined together to form a
Conjunctions,
and
Interjections
compound.
Exclamations.
Here,
the
Morphology,
Syntax,
or
will
Chaer (2003:162) stated that “Kata
analyze Conjunctions as a part of speech
adalah satuan bahasa yang memiliki satu
and the use of it in a sentence. So that, we
pengertian; atau kata adalah deretan
know what is conjunction, especially
huruf yang diapit oleh dua buah spasi, dan
coordinative conjunction or and so and the
mempunyai satu arti.”
writer
using of it in a sentence.
Depending on the theories above,
the writer concluded that word is a
II. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
minimal free form or morpheme which has
meaning that can be stated in speech or
1. Words
written language.
Based on Encyclopedia Americana,
volume 29 (1980:173), “Word is a unit of
2. Conjunctions
language which is generally considered
Based on Encyclopedia Americana,
the smallest speech sound or combination
volume 7 (1980:584), “Conjunction is the
of sounds that is independently meaningful
name used in grammar for any of a small
class of function words used only as a
It is the good or bad Use of
connectives between other words or group
Conjunction that constitutes the Essence of
of words.”
a good or bad Stile. They render the
Sylvia Chalker (1984:237) said that
Discourse more smooth and fluent. They
“Conjunction is word that joins words,
are the helpmates of Reason in arguing,
phrases, or sentences. Or we can say the
relating and putting the other Parts of
word-class conjunction is a traditional
Speech in due order. (Daniel Duncan, a
one, meaning words that join.” While
New English Grammar, 1731)
based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Thompson
and
Martinet
Pocket (1991:84) said that “Word that
(1985:288) noted that “Conjunctions can
joins words, phrases, or sentences.”
join clauses or sentences and are then
Hartanto (1980:109) stated that
often known as ’conjuncts’.”
conjunction is “Kata yang digunakan
untuk menyambung dua kalimat/katakata.”
3. Coordinative Conjunctions
Chalker (1984:237) noted that,
In grammar, “A conjunction is a
“Coordinating
conjunction
is
a
part of speech that connects two words,
conjunction which joins elements that are
phrases or clauses together.”
grammatically equal.” Wishon and Burks
11)
This
(1980:135)
parts of speech, so what constitutes a
conjunction is conjunctions that join equal
"conjunction" should be defined for each
sentence parts.”
language. In general, a conjunction is an
noted
that,
“Coordinate
definition may overlap with that of other
Based on Encyclopedia Americana,
invariable grammatical particle, and it may
volume
or may not stand between the items it
conjunctions stand between and join words
conjoins.
or groups of words that are grammatically
The definition can also be extended
7
(1980:584),
“Coordinating
equivalent”.
to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit
Coordinative is used to join two
with the same function as a single-word
independent clauses which are equally
conjunction (as well as, provided that,
important. A coordinating conjunction
etc.). Conjunctions are words that connect
usually comes in the middle of a sentence,
differences and similar things to one and
and it usually follows a comma (unless
other Conjunctions' editorial approach is
both clauses are very short).
often collaborative.
Coordinating
conjunctions,
also
called coordinators, are conjunctions that
join
two
items
of
equal
syntactic
these to be grammatically incorrect. Others
importance. As an example the traditional
consider it an issue of style. In any case,
view holds that the English coordinating
most teachers will agree that students
conjunctions are for, and, nor. The list can
should avoid doing it, whatever the
further be extended to include but, or, yet,
popular trends may be.
and so. Authorities’ do not agree on the
status
of
sentences
that
start
with
coordinating conjunctions. Many consider
“A coordinating conjunction is a
word which joins together two clauses
which are both equally important.”12)
Coordinating conjunctions are:
Conjunctions
Function
For
used to continue a sentence and heavy up a sentence
And
used to connect words, phrases, or clauses
Nor
presents an alternate negative idea
But
indicates a contrast or exception
presents opinions, alternates, or substitutes for ideas
Or
of equal importance
Yet
connects ideas that follow logically and are contrary
So
shows the consequences of related ideas
Table 1. Coordinating Conjunctions I
We can see the table below:
Conjunction
Function
And
joins two similar ideas together
But
joins two contrasting ideas
Or
joins two alternative ideas
Example
He lives in Victoria, and he studies
at Yale university.
John is Canadian, but Sally is
English.
I could cook some supper, or we
could order a pizza.
So
shows that the second idea is the
She was sick, so she went to the
result of the first
doctor.
Table 2. Coordinating Conjunctions and its function II
Conjunction
Function
Nor
joining
For
two
Example
negative I didn’t want to go to the
alternatives
office nor the hospital.
meaning "because"
She stood still for nothing
can say.
Yet
meaning "but"
Edward barely looked at
the road, yet the tires
never deviated so much
as a centimeter from the
center of the lane.
Table 3. Coordinating Conjunctions and its function III
Using coordinating conjunctions:
join independent
Each clause must be a "complete thought" which could be a
clauses
sentence on its own.
put the conjunction in
(You may see some sentences starting with "but" or "and", but
the middle
this is USUALLY wrong, so it's best to avoid it.)
use a comma
(unless both clauses are very short)
Table 4. Using Coordinating Conjunctions
In accordance with the theories the writer
Thomson and Martinet (1985:288)
coordinate
stated that, “Subordinating Conjunctions
conjunctions is a conjunction that join the
introduce subordinate adverb or noun
phrases
clauses.”
tries
to
conclude
or
that
clauses
which
are
grammatically equal.
Based
Americana,
volume
“Subordinating
Based on Encyclopedia Americana,
7
Encyclopedia
7
(1980:584),
conjunctions,
a
more
numerous group, introduce dependent
4. Correlative Conjunctions
volume
on
clauses and join them to main clauses.”
(1980:584),
“Correlative
Wishon and Burks (1980:155)
are
coordinating
noted that, “A subordinate conjunction
conjunctions
conjunctions used in pairs.”
introduces
Wishon and Burks (1980:136)
noted that, “Correlative Conjunction is a
the adverbial
clause and
connects it with a word in the main
clause.”
conjunction which used in pairs and may
Chalker (1984:237) also stated that,
be used to join two basic sentence patterns
“Subordinating
or two parallel elements of any kind.”
conjunction which joins a subordinate
“Correlative
conjunctions
are
Conjunctions
is
a
‘dependent’ clause to a main clause.”
pairs of conjunctions that work together to
“Subordinating conjunctions, also
coordinate two items.”13) English examples
called subordinators, are conjunctions that
include both … and, (n) either … (n) or,
introduce a dependent clause.”14) English
and not (only) … but (also)....
examples include after, although, if,
Based
“Correlative
on
Chalker
Conjunctions
(1984:237),
is
unless, so that, therefore and because.
a
Complement can be considered to be
conjunction that split around an adjective
special subordinating conjunctions that
or adverb.”
introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I
Example: Both Jessica and Angela are the
wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that
students of Forks High.
he'll be on time"). Some subordinating
According to the theories, the
conjunctions
(although,
before,
until,
writer tries to conclude that correlative
while), when used to introduce a phrase
conjunction is used in pairs to join
instead
adjectives or adverbs in one sentence.
prepositions with identical meanings.
5. Subordinate Conjunctions
6. Translation
of
a
full
clause,
become
Based on Catford (1969:1) stated that
“Translation is an operation performed on
Furthermore, translating may mean:
1. To study lexicon, grammatical structure,
language: a process of substituting a text
situation
of
communication,
and
in one language for a text in another,” and
context of culture from the text of the
also noted that, “Translation is the
source language.
replacement of textual material in one
2. To analyze the text of the source
language (Source Languages; SL) by
language in order to find its meaning.
equivalent textual material in another
3. To express the similar by using a
language
(Targeted
Language;
TL).”
(Catford 1969:20).
suitable
lexicon
and
grammatical
structure in a target language and in
While Hornby (2000:1382) noted that
context of its culture.
“Translation is the process of changing
Translation involves a source language
something that is written or spoken into
and a target language. The source language
another language.”
is the language, which then become
The language forms are word, phrase,
material that will translated into the target
clause, sentence, and paragraph that are
language, whereas, the target language is
spoken and written. Those forms are called
the translation language where messages,
‘deep structure of language’, which means
information, or ideas of the source are sent
‘structural parts of language’, which are
to the speakers of the target language.
usually found in printing form or heard in
utterance.
III. DATA ANALYSIS
The writer analyzes conjunction or and so in the sentences used in the novel and its
functions as a coordinate conjunction in the novel Twilight by Stephenie Meyer and its
translation with the same title Twilight by Lily Devita Sari.
1. Analysis of Conjunction or
Corpus 1
I would get my self-imposed sentence
Aku akan selamat melewati semua
here in purgatory, and then hopefully
pikiran ini, kemudian berharap ada
some school in the Southwest, or
sekolah di barat daya, atau mungkin
possibly Hawaii, would offer me a
Hawaii, yang akan menawariku
scholarship. (Page 79; 4th paragraph).
beasiswa. (Halaman 91; paragraf
keempat).
I would get my self-imposed sentence here in purgatory
Independent sentence
(And then) hopefully some school in the Southwest, or possibly Hawaii, would
offer me a scholarship
And then
Independent sentence
Conjunction
Hopefully some school in the Southwest, or possibly Hawaii, would offer me a scholarship.
Phrase
Coordinate Conjunction
Phrases
Analysis:
Depending on the writer’s analysis
because these phrases are grammatically
based on the data above, the sentence I
equal and the coordinative conjunction or
would get my self-imposed sentence here
function to joins two alternatives ideas and
in purgatory, and then hopefully some
in this sentence it used comma to separate
school in the Southwest, or possibly
the independent sentence. The using of
Hawaii, would offer me a scholarship.
coordinative conjunction in this sentence is
Contain of more than one independent
needed to make better information to the
sentence, such as: 1. I would get my self-
sentence, because if the coordinative
imposed sentence here in purgatory, 2.
conjunction is omitted, the sentence will
(And then) hopefully some school in the
have ambiguous meaning.
Southwest, or possibly Hawaii, would offer
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
me a scholarship.
The
sentences
Semantically, the conjunction or in
combine
with
means
‘used
to
introduce
another
conjunction and then. While the writer
possibility; used to introduce a word or
analyzed conjunction or used in the second
phrase that explains or means the same as
sentence to combine the phrases between
another’. While in Indonesian, based on
in the southwest and possibly Hawaii
Echols
and
Sadily
(Kamus
Inggris-
Indonesia,
2000:407),
coordinative
understand what the sentence means, the
conjunction or means ‘atau’. Then the
translator translated the word or into
writer compared with target language in
“atau” by using idiomatical translation.
order to make the reader easier to
Corpus 2
I really didn’t know her well at all,
Aku benar-benar tak mengenalnya
certainly not well enough for her to
dengan baik selama ini, jelas tak cukup
dislike me or so I’d thought. (Page 112;
baik baginya untuk tidak menyukaiku
1st paragraph).
atau begitulah menurutku. (Halaman
124; paragraf pertama).
I really didn’t know her well at all, certainly not well enough for her to dislike me
Independent Sentence
Alternative ideas
or so I’d thought.
Coordinate Conjunction
Clause (alternative ideas)
Analysis:
In accordance with the writer’s
Semantically, the conjunction or in
analysis based on the data above, the
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
sentences contain of one sentence (I really
means
didn’t know her well at all, certainly not
possibility; used to introduce a word or
well enough for her to dislike me) and a
phrase that explains or means the same as
clause (so I’d thought).
another’. While in Indonesian, based on
This
sentence
used
coordinate
Echols
‘used
and
to
Sadily
introduce
(Kamus
another
Inggris-
conjunction because the conjunction or
Indonesia, 2000:407), the word or means
combines and function to join the two
‘atau’ and the writer used this explanation
alternatives
the
because in order to make the reader easier
conjunction the sentence still can stand
to understand what the sentence means, the
alone as a sentence but it will have an
translator compare it with target language
ideas
ambiguous meaning.
and
without
and translated the word or into “atau” by
using idiomatical translation.
Corpus 3
I couldn’t tell if Charlie was still asleep, Aku tidak tahu apakah Charlie masih
or if he had already left. (Page 132; 3rd tidur, atau sudah pergi. (Halaman 145;
paragraph).
paragraf ketiga).
I couldn’t tell if Charlie was still asleep, or if he had already left
Independent Sentence
Coordinate Conjunction
Independent Sentence
Analysis:
As the result of the writer’s
possibility; used to introduce a word or
analysis based on the data above, the
phrase that explains or means the same as
sentences contain of two sentences, they
another’. While in Indonesian, based on
are: I couldn’t tell if Charlie was still
Echols
asleep and if he had already left. The
Indonesia, 2000:407), the word or means
sentences showed two optional ideas
‘atau’ and the writer used this explanation
between if Charlie was still asleep and if
because based on the context in target
he had already left so it used coordinate
language in order to make the reader easier
conjunction or to join them.
to understand what the sentence means, the
Semantically, the conjunction or in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
means
‘used
to
introduce
and
Sadily
Inggris-
translator translated the word or into
“atau” by using idiomatical translation.
another
2. Analysis of Conjunction so
Corpus 4
I wasn’t paying attention to the
(Kamus
Aku tidak memperhatikan nada
uncomfortable edge in his voice, so his
suaranya yang kaku, jadi kata-katanya
next words took me by surprise. (Page
berikutnya mengagetkanku. (Halaman
76; 5th paragraph).
88; paragraf keempat).
I wasn’t paying attention to the uncomfortable edge in his voice
Independent Sentence
so
Coordinative Conjunction
his next words took me by surprise
Independent Sentence (show the consequences
of related ideas)
Analysis:
Due to the writer’s observation
based on the data above, the conjunction
although the meaning of the sentence will
be different with the context.
so used in a sentence I wasn’t paying
Semantically, the conjunction so in
attention to the uncomfortable edge in his
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
voice, so his next words took me by
means ‘used to show the reason for
surprise, to combine the two sentences
something; used to show the result for
between I wasn’t paying attention to the
something’; used to show the purpose for
uncomfortable edge in his voice and his
something’.
next words took me by surprise because
dictionary it means ‘jadi’. And the
these sentences are grammatically equal
translator tries to compare it with target
and
the
language used in the context. Then, in
consequences of related ideas before. The
order to make the reader easier to
sentence still can stand alone if the
understand what the sentence means, the
coordinative
translator translated the word so into
the
second
sentence
conjunction
show
is
omitted
While
in
Indonesian
“jadi” by using idiomatical translation.
Corpus 5
It was raining harder now, and I’d
Hujan turun makin deras, dan aku tidak
never put my hood up, so my hair was
mengenakan tudung jaketku, jadi air
dripping down my back. (Page 104; 4th
menetes-netes ke punggungku.
paragraph)
(Halaman 116; paragraf kesepuluh).
It was raining harder now, and I’d never put my hood up, so my hair was dripping down my
back.
Independent Sentence
Coordinative Conjunction
Independent Sentence
(Show the result of the first sentence)
Analysis:
As the result of the writer’s
Semantically, the conjunction so in
analysis based on the data above, the
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
conjunction so used in a sentence It was
means ‘used to show the reason for
raining harder now, and I’d never put my
something; used to show the result for
hood up, so my hair was dripping down my
something’; used to show the purpose for
back, to combine the two sentences
something’.
between It was raining harder now and I’d
dictionary it means ‘jadi’. And the
never put my hood up and my hair was
translator tries to compare it with target
dripping down my back because these
language used on the context. And, in
sentences are grammatically equal and the
order to make the reader easier to
second idea show the result of the first
understand what the sentence means, the
sentence’s ideas. The sentence still can
translator translated the word so into
stand alone if it did not use the
“jadi” by using idiomatical translation.
While
in
Indonesian
coordinative conjunction, but it will have
different or more than one meaning.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The writer would like to describe
the conclusions based on the analysis that
has been done in the previous chapters.
The following are the conclusions.
1. Basically,
the
coordinate
4. In its translation, the word so
conjunction function as a connector
means “jadi” in target language,
of the same grammatical unit of a
but according to the context it
could
be
means:
“sehingga”,
“karenanya”.
sentence and it may have the
different meaning in its translation
based on the target language. The
meaning
of
coordinative
conjunction or would be:
a. To suggest that only one
possibility can be realized,
excluding one or the other.
b. To suggest the inclusive
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
combination of alternatives.
c. To suggest the refinement of
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correction of the first part of the
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Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara
Translation.
London:
Oxford
University Press
condition.
f. To suggest a negative
alternative without the use of
Chaer, Drs. Abdul. 1994. Linguistik
Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta
Chalker, Sylvia. 1984. Current English
an imperative.
of
coordinative
conjunction or in target language
would be: “atau”, “dan”, “kalau
tidak”,
Schrampfer.
Catford, J.C. 1978. A Linguistic Theory of
sentence.
meaning
Betty
Fundamental of English Grammar
the first clause.
2. The
Azar,
“ataupun”,
“ataukah”,
“maupun”.
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used as a connector of the same
grammatical unit of a sentence. In
order that; with the purpose that;
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