Wacana
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Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains
Didaktika
The Study Of Madurese Social Dialect
Jaftiyatur Rohaniyah
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nurul Jadid, Paiton, Probolinggo
E-mail address: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
The Madurese people are originally indigenous to the island of Madura, located in the
Java Sea just north of East Java, and Madura is part of the province of Jawa Timur (East
Java) which contains four cities in it; Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan and Sumenep.
Madurese language plays important roles in maintaining and developing Indonesian
language. There are at least two major roles of Madurese language. The roles are; (1) the
existence of Madurese language can be used as a shield of Indonesian language against
the invasion of foreign languages, and (2) Madurese language can be functioned as a
vocabulary donor of Indonesian language. Madurese language is interested to be analyzed
because of its unique language features. Madurese has their own rules to arrange a proper
conversation politely, just like Javanese and the other culture. They have their
speechlevels engaged to social dialect that used in daily communication. It is because of
some factors. This social dialect and its factors of Madurese language is discussed in this
research.
Key word: Sociolinguistics, Social dialects and Madurese Language
system of communication in speech
Introduction
being,
and writing used by people of a
communication is the most effective
particular country (Oxford University
interaction in our daily activity. It is
Press, 2008). So, when there is a
the important thing in order to deliver
society in which the members are
what on our mind through language,
speaking, means they communicate
both in oral and written. Every society
through language.
As
a
human
has its own way to communicate each
Talking about communication
other based on culture. It can be
and culture, Indonesia is rich of
through conversation or even through
culture and ethnic groups in which
sign and gesture.
each
In the daily communication, we
ethnic
group
has
its
own
vernacular language to communicate
to
easily. Every vernacular language has
communicate easily. Language is a
its own rule to arrange a proper
need
language
as
a
means
Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016 102
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Didaktika
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Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains
conversation politely. We can analyze
factors of Madurese language is the
this case using sociolinguistics which
point that I am going to discuss.
is the study of language in relation to
Discussion of Theories
society.
This
One of the islands in Indonesia
discussion
covers
four
related literature engaged to social
which has uniqueness especially in
dialect.
language is Madura. Madura is located
dialect, social dialect, and Madurese
near East Java. As a language which
language.
has numerous speakers,
Sociolinguistics
Madurese
language
They are
sociolinguistics,
plays
Society and language cannot be
important roles in maintaining and
separated and always related each
developing
language.
other. If there is no society, there will
There are at least two major roles of
be no language, and vice versa. The
Madurese language. The roles are; (1)
study of language in relation to society
the existence of Madurese language
is called sociolinguistics (Hudson,
can be used as a shield of Indonesian
1996). Sociolinguistics examines the
language against the invasion of
interplay of language and society, with
foreign languages, and (2) Madurese
language
language can be functioned as a
Variation is the key concept, applied
vocabulary
to language itself and to its use. The
Indonesian
donor
language.
(Azhar,
of
Indonesian
the
starting
point.
16-19).
basic premise of sociolinguistics is
Madurese language is interested to be
that language is variable and changing.
analyzed
As
because
2008:
as
of
its
unique
a
result,
language
is
not
language features. Madurese has their
homogeneous — not for the individual
own
user and not within or among groups
rules
conversation
to
arrange
politely,
a
proper
just
like
Javanese and the other culture. They
have their speech levels engaged to
of
speakers
who
use
the
same
language.
By studying written records,
social dialect that used in daily
sociolinguists
communication. It is because of some
language and society have interacted
factors. This social dialect and its
in the past. For example, they have
103 Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016
also
examine
how
Wacana
tabulated the frequency of the singular
Didaktika
class, giving proper weight to the
pronoun thou and its replacement you
various factors that can be used to
in dated hand-written or printed
determine
documents and correlated changes in
occupation,
frequency with changes in class
education, ‘new’ versus ‘old’ money,
structure in 16th and 17th century
income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural
England.
background, caste, religion, and so on.
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Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains
This
sociolinguistics:
is
historical
place
position,
of
e.g.,
residence,
study
of
Such factors as these do appear to be
changes
in
related fairly directly to how people
society and changes in language over a
speak. Social dialects originate among
period
social groups and are related to a
relationship
of
the
social
between
time.
(Macneil/Lehrir
Production, 2005)
variety of factors, the principle ones
Dialect
apparently being social class, religion,
Sociolinguistics
also
study
dialect which is any variety of a
language characterized by systematic
and ethnicity. (Wardhaugh, 2006)
Madurese Language
Madura is divided by four
difference in pronunciation, grammar,
regencies.
and vocabulary from other varieties of
Pamekasan, Sampang, and Bangkalan.
the same language. ‘Systematic’ here
Each regency has its own speech level
means describable by rules. So, dialect
engaged to social dialect. Firstly,
is also determined by rules based on
Sumenep is the regency which has the
internal variations, related to such
most polite Madurese language and
variables
as
socioeconomic
They
are
Sumenep,
age,
region,
typically has the strongest Madurese
status,
group
dialect. Sumenep society frequently
identification, and others. (Meurers,
uses Enggi/Bunten level of speech.
2004)
The second regency is Pamekasan
Social Dialect
which is the central regency of
The term dialect can also be
Madura. Pamekasan people usually
used to describe differences in speech
use Enja’/Iya as their daily language
associated with various social group or
even though when they are talking to
classes. An immediate problem is that
their parents.
of defining social group and social
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Thirdly, Sampang regency has
second speech level of Madurese
less polite language compared to the
language
other regencies. They use Enja’/Iya for
[æŋghibhuntên] used by young people
their daily communication including
to the elder ones, students to their
talking to their parents. It is suspected
teacher, and a nephew to his uncle.
because they live in a maritime area.
This is a kind of high level of speech
However,
in Madurese language and considered
Sampang
people
use
is
Enggi/Bunten
Enggi/Bunten level of speech when
as the more polite one.
they are talking to the teacher or those
Method and Result
who are considered as the educated
people.
study
use
qualitative
approach. Qualitative research is all
Compared to all regencies in
Madura,
This
the
fourth
about exploring issues, understanding
regency,
phenomena, and answering question
Bangkalan, is well known as the
(QSR International Pty Ltd, 2016).
regency which has the most rude
The
speech level. It is because Bangkalan
research is to offer a perspective of a
is located near Surabaya, East Java,
situation and provide well-written
and far from Sumenep. Bangkalan
research
people use Enja’/Iya as their daily
researcher's ability to illustrate or
language, but just like Sampang, they
describe
still use Enggi/Bunten to talk to those
phenomenon. One of the greatest
who are considered as the educated
strengths of the qualitative approach is
people such as teacher.
the richness and depth of explorations
In general, there are two speech
levels in Madurese language. First is
Enja’/Iya
[ənjə?
Iyə]
Madurese
society
among
used
ultimate
aim
reports
the
of
that
qualitative
reflect
the
corresponding
and descriptions. (Myers, 2000).
This research is focused to
by
analyze 1) the social dialects in
friends,
Madura and 2) the factors influenced
relatives, and the older people to the
its dialect. These two problem was
younger ones. It is considered to the
found from some information gotten
low level. This level of speech is also
by some informants from Madura.
used in the daily communication. The
There are nine social dialects in
105 Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016
Wacana
Madurese language. They are Abdi
Didaktika
talking to their parents. It is suspected
dalem, Junan dalem, Badan kaula,
because they live in a maritime area.
Panjenengngan/Sampeyan, Dika/Bula,
However,
Enggi/Bunten,
Enggi/Enten,
Enggi/Bunten level of speech when
Ba’na/Sungko’, and Enja’/Iya’. From
they are talking to the teacher or those
the results above, the writer concluded
who are considered as the educated
that there are four factors influence the
people.
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use of the social dialects in Madurese
Sampang
people
use
Compared to all regencies in
language. Those social dialects are
Madura,
influenced by the factor of caste or
Bangkalan, is well known as the
social status, age, cultural background,
regency which has the most rude
and place of residence. Those factors
speech level. It is because Bangkalan
are compatible with the theory of
is located near Surabaya, East Java,
social dialect proposed by Wardhaugh.
and far from Sumenep. Bangkalan
It means that the theory of social
people use Enja’/Iya as their daily
dialect from Wardhaugh is applicable
language, but just like Sampang, they
to the social dialects in Madurese
still use Enggi/Bunten to talk to those
language. The other factors of social
who are considered as the educated
dialects based on Wardhaugh’s theory
people such as teacher.
are
occupation,
fourth
regency,
‘new’
In general, there are two speech
versus ‘old’ money, income, racial or
levels in Madurese language. First is
ethnic origin, and religion.
Enja’/Iya
[ənjə?
Iyə]
Madurese
society
among
The
Pamekasan
education,
the
second
which
regency
is
the
is
used
by
friends,
central
relatives, and the older people to the
regency of Madura. Pamekasan people
younger ones. It is considered to the
usually use Enja’/Iya as their daily
low level. This level of speech is also
language even though when they are
used in the daily communication. The
talking to their parents.
second speech level of Madurese
Thirdly, Sampang regency has
language
is
Enggi/Bunten
less polite language compared to the
[æŋghibhuntên] used by young people
other regencies. They use Enja’/Iya for
to the elder ones, students to their
their daily communication including
teacher, and a nephew to his uncle.
Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016 106
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Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains
p-ISSN : 2337-9820
This is a kind of high level of speech
in Madurese language and considered
as the more polite one.
Conclusion
From the findings above, there
are
nine
Madurese
the
social
language.
dialects
Those
in
social
dialects are Abdi dalem, Junan dalem,
Badan
kaula,
Panjenengngan/Sampeyan, Dika/Bula,
Enggi/Bunten,
Enggi/Enten,
Ba’na/Sungko’, and Enja’/Iya’. The
writer has analyzedFrom the findings
above, there are nine the social dialects
Ashadi, Moh. Makhfud and Ghazi al
Farouk. 1992. Kosa Kata Basa
Madura. Surabaya: Sarana Ilmu.
Azhar, Iqbal Nurul. The Future of
Madurese Language Culture
Studies. Retrieved 3 October
2016;
12:37
P.M.
from
http://pusatbahasaalazhar.wordpr
ess.com/artikel-bahasa/thefuture-of-madurese-languagestudies/
Ereaut, Gill. 2012. What is Qualitative
Research? United of Kingdom:
QSR International Pty. Ltd.,
Retrieved 3 October 2016; 12:40
P.M.
from
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/Q
R4-3/myers.html.
in Madurese language. Those social
dialects are Abdi dalem, Junan dalem,
Badan
kaula,
Panjenengngan/Sampeyan, Dika/Bula,
Enggi/Bunten,
Meurers, Detmar. 2004. Dialect.
Retrieved 3 October 2016; 12:52
P.M. from http://www.sfs.unituebingen.de/~dm/04/spring/201
/socio.pdf,
Enggi/Enten,
Ba’na/Sungko’, and Enja’/Iya’. The
writer has analyzed
References:
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An
Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
Hong
Kong:
Graphicraft
Limited.
107 Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016
Myers, Margaret Elizabeth. 2000.
Qualitative Research and the
Generalizability
Question:
Standing Firm with Proteus.
Retrieved 3 October 2016; 12:58
P.M.
from
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/Q
R4-3/myers.html