Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of
Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota.
Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas.
•7
Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
of the Gulf of Mexico
Karen A. Steidinger, Maria A. Faust, and David U. ­Hernández-­Becerril
In 1954, H. W. Graham stated, “Despite the importance
of these organisms, the Gulf of Mexico is almost a terra
incognita in respect to our knowledge of the dinoflagellate plankton.” In the same article, he gave a historic presentation on what dinoflagellate studies had been conducted, basic ecological considerations, and mentioned
some common and oceanic species. It wasn’t until 1972
that a checklist of dinoflagellates (406 taxa) of the Gulf of
Mexico was published by Steidinger, who used literature
published up to 1971 as well as her own observations. The
reference list in that paper contained many of the earlier
works. Although records were scattered, and were principally in response to harmful algal blooms caused by dinoflagellates, there were studies that increased the number of taxa from less than 100 to 400 (Balech 1967a, b, c,
Steidinger, Davis, and Williams 1967). Since 1967, the
dinoflagellate taxa list has increased to 644 (this contribution and references herein; taxon summary). Dinoflagellate studies were most extensive in continental shelf
waters, particularly off Mexico and Florida. The Gulf of
Mexico is a tropical / warm temperate body of water that
covers more than 8 degrees of latitude and has a corresponding biological diversity that is reflected in its dinoflagellate assemblages.
There are several comprehensive works listing dinoflagellates within regions of the Gulf; all were consulted
to compose the current checklist. These major contributions start with Balech (1967b). The 30 most common
taxa of Balech (1967b) were Ceratium furca, C. massilense, C. trichoceros, C. fusus, Diplopelta asymmetrica,
Dinoflagellata. After Lauterborn 1895.
Dinopysis caudata, Ceratium tripos, Goniodoma polyedricum, Protoperidinium brochii, Ceratocorys horrida,
Blepharocysta ­splendor-­maris, Ceratium teres, Gonyaulax
polygramma, Pyrophacus horologium, Ceratium extensum, Ceratium macroceros var. galicum, Protoperidinium
conicum, P. depressum, Pyrocystis pseudonoctiluca, Podolampas palmipes, Ceratium contortum, Protoperidinium
divergens, Ceratium trichoceros var. contrarium (= C. con131
132 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Dinoflagellata. After Schütt 1896.
trarium), Ornithocercus magnificus, Ceratium hexacanthum, Amphisolenia bidentata, Protoperidinium crassipes,
Podolampas palmipes, Ceratium contortum var. karstenii
(= C. karstenii), and C. carriense. Only two of these species are toxic—Protoperidinium crassipes and Dinophysis caudata. Ceratium, Dinophysis, and Protoperidinium
contain the most armored species among the dinoflagellate genera and therefore their representation would be
expected to be high in any study. The reason armored species are represented more than unarmored dinoflagellates
is because most of studies recording dinoflagellates from
Gulf of Mexico and contiguous waters relied on preserved
samples and light microscopy for detection of specimens.
Unarmored species can round out when fixed and preserved, and although cells may be recognizable as unarmored, species determination may not be possible. One
notable exception was the Hourglass Cruise phytoplankton study that used live material (Steidinger and Williams
1970) and was conducted on the West Florida Shelf over a
28-­month period out to 170.5 km from shore. Six stations
were occupied monthly. The majority of species were
photosynthetic, armored, neritic and oceanic, and present
throughout the year. A total of 232 taxa were identified.
A more recent study (Licea et al. 2004) listed 252 dinoflagellate taxa from the southern Gulf of Mexico off Mexico. Again in this list, Ceratium, Dinophysis, and Protoperidinium had the highest number of taxa. The most
common taxa (by number of sites at which found), in
descending order, were: Ceratium furca var. eugrammum,
C. fusus var. fusus, C. fusus var. seta, C. trichoceros, C.
teres, C. breve var. breve, C. macroceros var. macroceros,
C. massiliense, C. pentagonum var. pentagonum, Protoperidinium divergens, Podolampas palmipes, Ceratium
tripos var. tripos, Dinophysis caudata var. caudata, Ornithocercus magnificus, Prorocentrum compressum, P. gracile, Ceratium furca var. furca, C. contortum var. contortum,
C. horridum var. horridum, Prorocentrum micans, Ceratium kofoidii, Ceratocorys horrida, Pyrophacus steinii,
Gonyaulax polygramma, Ceratium extensum, Gyrodinium fusiforme, Oxytoxum gracile, Protoperidinium mediterraneum, Amphisolenia bidentata, and Protoperidinium
grande. This study, as well as most other studies of planktonic dinoflagellates, does include some benthic species
that have become tychoplanktonic (Steidinger 1983). Of
the 30 common taxa, Dinophysis caudata is known to produce toxins. As in many other studies on dinoflagellate
diversity, this one relied on preserved specimens (Lugol’s
solution) because of the length of the cruises. Lugol’s solution is a good fixative and specimens can be destained to
observe finer structures. We have found that unacidified
Lugol’s solution preserves refrigerated phytoplankton
samples successfully for several years for dinoflagellates.
If not refrigerated, samples will deteriorate. Samples fixed
in 2% buffered gluteraldehyde and refrigerated provide
well-­preserved specimens for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The current checklist has resulted from expanded
studies as well as new technologies and methods. For example, scanning electron microscopic techniques, particularly in processing, have allowed identification of
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 133
very small armored and unarmored species (Steidinger
et al. 1996, 2001) as have molecular probes (Scholin et al.
2003), while new benthic dinoflagellates are being discovered and described (see Faust 1990, 1993, 1999, Faust and
Gulledge 2002). Most described dinoflagellates are greater
than 20 µm; however, with advanced techniques previously undescribed species or undifferentiated species are
receiving attention within Pfiesteria, Symbiodinium, Heterocapsa, and Scrippsiella complexes (Taylor 1990).
Karenia brevis, a dominant toxic species in the Gulf,
is widely distributed and can reach concentrations of 108
cells L–1, but it is not the only Karenia present. Based on
morphology and genetics, Daugbjerg et al. (2000) created
the new genus Karenia, separating it from Gymnodinium
and Gyrodinium based on, among other attributes, the
apical groove. Now, K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K. selliformis,
K. longicanalis, K. papilionacea, and another, undescribed,
species have been recorded from Gulf waters. The new
species in some areas had previously been recorded as
K. brevis and in one instance as the “butterfly type” (e.g.,
Steidinger, Davis, and Williams 1966). Advances in science typically advance species and distribution lists by
providing new tools or new insights. Interestingly enough,
the most widely distributed phytoplankter in the Gulf of
Mexico is Trichodesmium erythraeum, a cyanobacterium
(Ivanov 1966) that has been associated with large areas of
sea surface discoloration. The seasonal occurrence of this
species, as well as other factors, has led to hypotheses and
studies on its role in supporting Karenia blooms through
releasing organic nutrients (Walsh and Steidinger 2001,
Mulholland et al. 2004).
Species diversity for phytoplankton in temperate and
tropical waters is typically greatest in open offshore waters
and least in inshore coastal waters, yet cell abundance and
standing stock is highest inshore (Saunders and Glenn
1969, Steidinger and Williams 1970, El-­Sayed et al. 1972).
Graham (1954, 223) has speculated that “the dinoflagellate
fauna of the open Gulf is very likely quite similar to that of
the Caribbean and the tropical Atlantic.” Balech’s (1967a,
b, c) Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico data has supported
this relationship. Halim (1967) has reported on more
than 100 dinoflagellate taxa found off eastern Venezuela
and the southeast Caribbean Sea, most of which are also
reported for the Gulf of Mexico. Licea et al. (2004) came to
the same conclusion—that is, dinoflagellate assemblages
are very similar and are related to hydrographic regimes
in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico being physically connected. This is certainly true for the open-­water
oceanic realms and even shelf waters. Estuaries can have
different assemblages depending on their latitude, nutrient inputs, salinity, resident populations, and intruders.
As with other studies, Licea et al. (2004) has found that
dinoflagellates can dominate during summer months
when environmental conditions are favorable.
The circulation in the Gulf of Mexico is dominated
by major currents, eddies, geostrophic flow, and winds.
At the entrance to the Gulf across from the Yucatán Peninsula is Cuba. The Caribbean Current comes up the
Caribbean Sea southwest of Jamaica and enters the Gulf
through the Yucatán Channel. It then becomes the Loop
Current, which is the major current in the eastern Gulf.
The Loop Current produces eddies that propagate to the
western Gulf. The Loop Current, the Florida Current
(in the Florida Straits), and the Gulf Stream are all part
of the Gulf Stream System. At the land-­sea border, there
are 33 major rivers and 207 estuaries, which represent
contiguous waters of the Gulf; one of the largest inputs
is the drainage basin of the Mississippi River (see Kumpf,
Steidinger, and Sherman 1999). For a discussion on phytoplankton and upwelling, downwelling, and productivity, see Okolodkov (2003).
Contiguous to the Gulf of Mexico are many bays,
lagoons, and intracoastal waterways. The estuaries of the
Gulf are often shallow embayments with different flushing times. For example, Tampa Bay averages 3.3 m deep
and water has a residency time of more than 5 months.
Because of high retention, dinoflagellate blooms (populations above background levels) can develop in these
­restricted-­flow water bodies, and an embayment can have
several blooms co-­occurring within the system at the
same time (Steidinger and Gardiner 1982).
Some estuarine and neritic dinoflagellates produce
benthic cysts that are functional in establishing water
column populations. Both armored and unarmored species are capable of producing cysts (estimates up to 10%)
but few life cycles have been documented (Garcés et al.
2002). Many of the benthic cysts are the result of a sexual
cycle that produces zygotic benthic stages capable of short
or long dormancies. Other species either have known benthic cysts (as deduced from encysting cysts and producing
the motile, identifiable biflagellate stage) or are suspected
of producing benthic stages. Bloom species can occur in
the same small portion of a bay or coastal area year after
year or periodically, and these species are suspected of
having benthic stages.
The distribution of planktonic dinoflagellates can
be oceanic, neritic, estuarine, or in cases of overlap,
oceanic / neritic or neritic / estuarine. Some species can be
134 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
accidental invaders when the waters of the Loop Current
and its eddies, or even the Mississippi River plume, entrain
and transport oceanic or neritic species into the estuaries.
Another example of this intruder condition is when west
coast Florida bays have high salinities after droughts and
K. brevis is able to penetrate the outer and even inner bays
or harbors (Steidinger and Gardiner 1982). If the species
is transported in a water mass that maintains its integrity
(not mixed), it can survive.
Methods and techniques for processing and analyzing
water and sediment samples and for dinoflagellates are
outlined in several books, for example, Sournia (1978) and
Hallegraeff, Anderson, and Cembella (2003). Armored
dinoflagellates are typically more tolerant of fixation and
preservation than unarmored forms because of their thecal structure of polysaccharide plates within vesicles.
Armored species also do well with further preparation
such as staining and scanning electron microscopy. Unarmored dinoflagellates are more fragile and can become
distorted with fixation, losing some external morphological characters necessary for identification. Advanced fixation schedules—for example, those in Truby (1997)—can
overcome some of these difficulties, but such techniques
are not practical for everyday light microscopy and quantification of abundance.
Sampling protocol and methods influence results, and
results should be interpreted accordingly. For rare species, presence and abundance may be functions of sample
and aliquot size. If one cell of Protoperidinium crassipes
was found in one liter of filtered seawater, the abundance
would be 1 cell liter–1, but if one cell was found in a one
milliliter aliquot from a one liter sample, the abundance
would be 1000 cells liter–1. Plankton tow samples often
find the rare species that water trap sampling would not,
all because of sample size, but to quantify tow samples, the
volume of water that flowed into the net must be known
(see Sournia 1978 and Steidinger and Gardiner 1982 for
discussions of sampling and analytical biases).
Dinoflagellate systematics is advancing rapidly because
of new technology. Classical taxonomists have a role in
this advancement because they help define and frame the
morphological unit and work with geneticists (Goulet and
Coffroth 2004) to analyze species, genera, families, and
their relatedness (Grzebyk, Sako, and Berland 1998). The
agreement between the two fields in many species distinctions has been interesting and encouraging (Taylor 1999,
2004). It is this continual collaboration, using cultures and
field specimens, that will help assess dinoflagellate variation within populations and species.
In looking at past species lists and the most common
dinoflagellates of those lists, some points need to be made
about creating a compendium of species as a checklist.
In the Balech (1967b), Steidinger and Williams (1970),
and Licea et al. (2004) lists, the authors did the original
analyses. In Steidinger (1972) and this checklist, the listing of species relies on the taxonomic expertise of others
whose works contributed to the list, and therefore the specific reference is referred to in the table. Because of synonymies created over time, this checklist uses the most
recently accepted synonym. The most common dinoflagellate species synonymies are listed in Steidinger and
Tangen (1997) and Gomez (2004).
Abbreviations
The classification scheme used in this checklist is from
Fensome et al. (1993). The columns of the list are coded
by: una = unarmored; arm = armored; pho = photosynthetic with chloroplasts; het = heterotrophic without chloroplasts; plk = planktonic; ben = benthic; tox = toxin producing; bor = boreal; tem = temperate; trp = tropical; fre
= freshwater; est = estuarine; ner = neritic; oce = oceanic;
cep = coastal surface and epipelagic; csp = cosmopolitan; sym = symbiotic; and mix = mixotrophic. Temperate can be warm or cold temperate; tropical can include
subtropical. Mixotrophic in this list refers to species that
have chloroplasts but can feed on prey. Other definitions
for mixotrophic infer chloroplasts and the uptake and utilization of organics. Mixotrophic species often have food
vacuoles with chloroplasts inside. The last column, References and Endnotes, contains numbers that represent
references for that specific taxon in the Gulf of Mexico or
some other documentation. The more references cited,
presumably the more reliable the occurrence. The acronym FWRI in the endnotes refers to the Florida Fish and
Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to numerous individuals who contributed to the success of the Gulf of Mexico Biodiversity
­Project-­update of dinoflagellate microalgae and who
deserve credit here: Dr. D. L. Felder and D. K. Camp, editors, for their valuable comments on this manuscript, and
Dr. J. W. Tunnell, Associate Director, Harte Institute, for
providing a grant to Dr. D. U. ­Hernández-­Becerril. Jennifer Wolny of the Florida Institute of Oceanography / Fish
and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wild-
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 135
life Research Institute is acknowledged for her technical
assistance on this chapter.
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on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO, Paris.
49. Simmons, E. G., and W. H. Thomas. 1962. Phytoplankton
of the eastern Mississippi Delta. Publications of the
Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas 3: 269–298.
50. Sournia, A. 1978. ed. Phytoplankton Manual. Monographs
on Oceanographic Methodology No. 6. UNESCO, Paris.
51. Steidinger, K. A. 1972. Dinoflagellate distribution. Pp. 1–15
in V. C. Bushnell, ed. Chemistry, Primary Productivity, and
Benthic Algae of the Gulf of Mexico. Serial Atlas of the
Marine Environment, Folio 22. American Geographic
Society, New York.
52. Steidinger, K. A. 1983. A re-­evaluation of toxic dinoflagellate biology and ecology. Pp. 147–188 in F. E. Round and
D. Chapman, eds. Progress in Phycological Research.
Volume 2. Elsevier, North Holland, Amsterdam.
53. Steidinger, K. A., J. T. Davis, and J. Williams. 1966.
Observations of Gymnodinium breve Davis and other
dinoflagellates. Pp. 8–15 in Observations of An Unusual
Red Tide. A Symposium. Florida Board of Conservation,
Marine Laboratory, Professional Paper Series No. 8.
54. Steidinger, K. A., J. T. Davis, and J. Williams. 1967.
Dinoflagellate studies on the inshore waters of the west
coast of Florida. Pp. 4–47 in Red Tide Studies, Pinellas to
Collier Counties, 1963–1966. Florida Board of Conservation Marine Laboratory, Technical Series No. 52.
55. Steidinger, K. A., and W. E. Gardiner. 1982. Phytoplankton
of Tampa Bay: a review. Pp. 147–183 in S. A. F. Treat,
J. L. Simon, R. R. Lewis III, and R. L. Whitman Jr., eds.
Proceedings, Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information
Symposium. Bellwether Press, Minnesota.
56. Steidinger, K. A., J. H. Landsberg, P. Mason, W. K. Vogelbein, P. A. Tester, and R. W. Litaker. 2006. Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a small light
armored dinoflagellate in the Pfiesteriaceae. Journal of
Phycology 42: 951–961.
57. Steidinger, K. A., J. Landsberg, R. W. Richardson, E. Truby,
B. Blakesley, P. Scott, P. Tester, T. Tengs, P. Mason,
S ubmitted: December 2005
Accepted: October 2006
S. L. Morton, D. Seaborn, R. W. Litaker, K. Reece,
D. Oldach, L. Haas, and G. Vasta. 2001. Classification and
identification of Pfiesteria and ­Pfiesteria-­like species.
Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (S5): 661–665.
58. Steidinger, K. A., J. H. Landsberg, E. W. Truby, and
B. A. Blakesley. 1996. The use of SEM for identification of
small gymnodinioid dinoflagellates. Nova Hedwigia 112:
415–422.
59. Steidinger, K. A., and K. Tangen. 1997. Dinoflagellates. Pp.
387–584 in C. R. Tomas, ed. Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. Academic Press, San Diego.
60. Steidinger, K. A., and J. Williams. 1970. Dinoflagellates.
Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, Volume 2. Marine
Research Laboratory, Florida Department of Natural
Resources. St. Petersburg, Florida. 251 pp.
61. Taylor, F. J. R. 1990. Phylum Dinoflagellata. Pp. 419–437 in
L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett,
Boston.
62. Taylor, F. J. R. 1999. Morphology (tabulation) and
molecular evidence for dinoflagellate phylogeny reinforce
each other. Journal of Phycology 35: 1–6.
63. Taylor, F. J. R. 2004. Harmful dinoflagellate species in space
and time and the value of morphospecies. Pp. 555–559 in
K. A. Steidinger, J. H. Landsberg, C. R. Tomas, and
G. A. Vargo, eds. Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and
Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of
Oceanography, Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission of UNESCO.
64. Truby, E. W. 1997. Preparation of ­single-­celled marine
dinoflagellates for electron microscopy. Microscopy
Research and Technique 36: 334–340.
65. Walsh, J. J., and K. A. Steidinger. 2001. Saharan dust and
Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection. Journal of
Geophysical Research 106 (C6): 11597–11612.
66. Wood, F. J. F. 1968. Dinoflagellates of the Caribbean Sea
and Adjacent Areas. University of Miami Press, Miami.
142 pp.
67. Zernova, V. V. 1970. On phytoplankton in the Gulf of
Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Oceanological Studies 20:
69–104, NAUKA, Moscow. (In Russian.)
138 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Taxonomic summary for dinoflagellates of the Gulf of Mexico.
Order
Number of species-level taxa*
Gymnodiniales
Ptychodiscales
Lophodiniales
Suessiales
Gonyaulacales
Peridiniales
Dinophysiales
Prorocentrales
Phytodiniales
Noctilucales
Oxyrrhinales
106
2
1
1
196
127
174
29
1
6
1
Total
644
* Includes varieties and forms.
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico.
Taxon
Division: Dinoflagellata
Subdivision: Dinokaryota
Class: Dinophyceae
Subclass: Gymnodiniphycidae
Order: Gymnodiniales
Suborder: Gymnodiniineae
Family: Actiniscaceae
Actiniscus pentasterias (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1841
Family: Gymnodiniaceae
Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup, 2000
Amphidinium acutissimun Schiller, 1933
Amphidinium amphidinioides (Geitler) Schiller, 1933
Amphidinium bipes Herdman, 1924
Amphidinium carterae Hulburt, 1957
Amphidinium crassum Lohmann, 1908
Amphidinium cucurbita Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Amphidinium fusiformis Martin, 1929
Amphidinium glaucum Conrad, 1926
Amphidinium globosum Schröder, 1911
Amphidinium herdmanii Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Amphidinium kesslitzii Schiller, 1928
Amphidinium operculatum Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
Amphidinium pelagicum Lebour, 1925
Amphidinium phaeocysticola Lebour, 1925
Amphidinium scissum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Amphidinium schroederi Schiller, 1928
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
una, het, plk
tem, trp, ner, oce, fre
10, 32, 33, 37, 53, 54, 66
una, pho, plk
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, ben
una, pho, plk / ben,
tox
una, het, plk / ben
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, ben
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk, tox
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, ben
una, pho, plk
tem, oce
tem, fre / est
tem, ner
tem, trp, est, ner
5, 6, 10, 32, 33, 36, 37, 53,
54, 66
6, 37
6
6
35, 36, 37, 53, 54, 61
tem, trp, est, ner
tem, oce
tem, est
tem, est
tem, est, ner
tem, est
tem, est
tem, trp, est, ner
tem, oce, csp
tem, ner
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner
6, 53, 54, 56, 61
51, 53, 54
33, 51
6, 37
6, 37
33
6
5, 32, 37, 53, 66
51, 53, 54, 61
6
53, 54, 61
6, 37
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 139
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Amphidinium sphenoides Wulff, 1916
Amphidinium testudo Herdman, 1924
Amphidinium turbo Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Cochlodinium achromaticum Lebour, 1925
Cochlodinium archimedes (Pouchet) Lemmermann, 1899
Cochlodinium cavatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Cochlodinium citron Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Cochlodinium constrictum (Schütt) Lemmermann, 1899
Cochlodinium faurei Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Cochlodinium pirum (Schütt) Lemmermann, 1899
Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margelef, 1961
Cochlodinium strangulatum (Schütt) Schütt, 1896
Cochlodinium virescens Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium aeruginosum Stein, 1883
Gymnodinium albulum Lindemann, 1928
Gymnodinium amphora Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium auratum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium biconicum Schiller, 1928
Gymnodinium cinctum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium conicum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium costatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium dissimile Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium flavum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium fuscum (Ehrgenberg) Stein, 1878
Gymnodinium galeaeforme Matzenauer, 1933
Gymnodinium gelbum Kofoid, 1931
Gymnodinium gibbera Schiller, 1928
Gymnodinium grammaticum (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy,
1921
Gymnodinium hyalinum Lebour, 1925
Gymnodinium incisum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium marinum ­Saville-­Kent, 1881
Gymnodinium minor Lebour, 1925
Gymnodinium mirabile Penard, 1891
Gymnodinium mitratum Schiller, 1933
Gymnodinium multistriatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium nanum Schiller, 1928
Gymnodinium obesum Schiller, 1933
Gymnodinium ochraceum Kofoid, 1931
Gymnodinium pachydermatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium punctatum Pouchet, 1887
Gymnodinium rhomboides Schütt, 1895
Gymnodinium rotundatum Klebs, 1912
Gymnodinium rubrum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium scopulosum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium simplex (Lohmann) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium situla Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gymnodinium variabile Herdman, 1924
Gymnodinium translucens Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium calyptoglyphe Lebour, 1925
Gyrodinium caudatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
una, het, plk
una, het, ben
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk, tox
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, ner
tem, ner, oce
tem, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, trp, est, ner
tem, ner, oce
tem, oce
tem, fre / est
tem, fre / est
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, csp
tem, oce
tem, ner
tem, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, fre / est
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
6
6, 30
32, 33
32
6
6
32
6
6
6
6
6
32, 33
6
6
6
6, 37, 66
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk / ben
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
tem, est, ner
tem, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, est
tem, fre / est
tem, est
tem, oce
trp, oce
tem, fre / est
trp, ner, oce
tem, oce
tem, ner
tem, ner, oce
tem, fre / est
tem, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, ner
tem, oce
tem, trp, ner
tem, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, oce
33
37, 53, 54
6, 66
33
6
6
3, 4, 6, 53
6
66
6
6
6, 34
6, 30
6, 66
6
6
9, 30, 33, 53, 66
6
6, 32, 33
4, 51
6
33, 61
References / Endnotes
6, 37
6
6
33
33
6
53, 54, 61
6
6
6
1
(continued )
140 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
Gyrodinium falcatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium fissum (Levander) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium cf. fusiforme Kofoid & Sweezy, 1921
Gyrodinium glaebum Hulburt, 1957
Gyrodinium cf. grave (Meunier) Schiller, 1933?
Gyrodinium herbaceum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium instriatum Freudenthal & Lee, 1963
Gyrodinium cf. lachryma (Meunier) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium nasutum (Wulff) Schiller, 1933
Gyrodinium ochraceum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium ovatum (Gourret) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium ovoideum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium pellucidum (Wulff) Schiller, 1933
Gyrodinium pingue (Schütt) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium prunus (Wulff) Lebour, 1925
Gyrodinium spirale (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Gyrodinium virgatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Karenia brevis (Davis) Hansen & Moestrup, 2000
una, pho, plk
una, pho?, plk
una, pho, plk
una, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, pho, plk, tox
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, est, ner
bor, oce
tem, fre / est
bor, oce
tem, oce
tem, trp, est, ner
bor, oce
tem, trp, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce, cep
tem, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, oce
tem, trp, ner
Karenia longicanalis Yang, Hodgkiss, & Hansen, 2001
Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Hansen
& Moestrup, 2000
Karenia papilionacea Haywood & Steidinger, 2004
Karenia selliformis Haywood, Steidinger, & MacKenzie,
2004
Karlodinium veneficum (Ballantine) Larsen, 2000
una, plk, pho, tox?
una, pho, plk, tox
tem, est, ner
tem, est, ner, oce
una, pho, plk, tox
una, pho, plk, tox
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner
5
una, pho, mix, plk,
tox
una, het, ben
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
tem, trp, est
7
tem, ner
tem, trp, est
tem, trp, est, ner
tem, ner, oce
32, 53
32, 53, 54, 61
36, 53, 54, 55
53, 54, 55
una, het, plk
tem, ner, oce, csp
6
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
oce, csp
oce, csp
6
6
una, pho, plk
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
53, 54, 55, 61
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
tem, ner, oce
tem, trp, est, ner
6, 53, 54, 56, 61, 66
30, 33, 53, 54, 56, 61
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
tem, est, csp
tem, est, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
53, 54
6, 54, 55
6
32
6
una, het, plk
una, het / pho, plk
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
53, 54, 61
2, 5, 53, 54
Taxon
Katodinium glandulum (Herdman) Loeblich III, 1965
Katodinium glaucum (Lebour) Loeblich III, 1965
Torodinium robustum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Torodinium teredo (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Family: Pavillardiaceae
Pavillardinium biconica (Murray & Whitting) Pavillard,
1931
Pavillardinium intermedia Pavillard, 1931
Pavillardinium spinosa Kofoid, 1907
Family: Polykrikaceae
Pheopolykrikos hartmannii (Zimmerman) Matsuoka &
Fukuyo, 1986
Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton, 1914
Polykrikos schwartzii Bütschli, 1873
Family: Warnowiaceae
Nematodinium armatum (Dogiel) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Nematodinium torpedo Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Warnowia atra (Kofoid & Swezy) Schiller, 1933
Warnowia polyphemus (Pouchet) Schiller, 1933
Warnowia violescens (Kofoid & Swezy) Lindemann, 1928
Order: Ptychodiscales
Family: Ptychodiscaceae
Balechina coerulea (Dogiel) F. J. R. Taylor, 1976
Ptychodiscus noctiluca Stein, 1883
References / Endnotes
38, 53, 54, 61
6, 53, 54, 61
37
6
6
6
2
33
6
6
6
6
33
6, 32
6
6, 10, 53, 54, 61
6
6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 23, 28, 33,
37, 44, 45, 53, 54, 55, 61
3
4
6
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 141
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Order: Lophodiniales
Family: Lophodiniaceae
Woloszynskia sp.
Order: Suessiales
Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal, 1962
Subclass: Peridiniphycidae
Order: Gonyaulacales
Suborder: Cladopyxiineae
Family: Cladopyxiaceae
Amphidoma acuminata Stein, 1883
Amphidoma steinii Schiller, 1929
Cladopyxis brachiolata Stein, 1883
Cladopyxis caryophyllum (Kofoid) Pavillard, 1931
Cladopyxis hemibrachiata Balech, 1964
Cladopyxis setifera Lohmann, 1902
Cladopyxis spinosa (Kofoid) Schiller, 1937
Paleophalacroma unicinctus Schiller, 1928
Family: Amphitholaceae
Amphitholus quincuncialis (Kofoid) Schiller, 1937
Suborder: Gonyaulacineae
Family: Gonyaulacaceae
Subfamily: Cribroperidinioideae
Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge, 1989
Subfamily: Gonyaulacoideae
Acanthogonyaulax spinifera (Murray & Whitting) Graham,
1942
Amylax buxus Balech, 1967
Amylax triacantha (Jørgensen) Sournia, 1984
Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax apiculata (Pénard) Entz, 1904
Gonyaulax birostris Stein, 1883
Gonyaulax ceratocoroides (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid,
1910
Gonyaulax dangeardii (Dangeard) Schiller, 1937
Gonyaulax diegensis Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax digitalis (Pouchet) Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax fragilis (Schütt) Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax fusiformis Graham, 1942
Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901
Gonyaulax kofoidii Pavillard, 1909
Gonyaulax milneri (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax minima Matzenauer, 1932
Gonyaulax minuta Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Gonyaulax monocantha Pavillard, 1916
Gonyaulax pacifica Kofoid, 1907
Gonyaulax polygramma Stein, 1883
Gonyaulax scrippsae Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax sphaeroidea Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing,
1886
Gonyaulax turbynei Murray & Whitting, 1899
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, pho, plk
fre / est
54 8
arm, pho, plk / sym
trp, ner, oce
22
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
4
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 37
1, 6
1, 3, 4, 37
6
6
37
una, pho? plk
trp, oce
6
arm, pho, plk, tox
tem, trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 32, 37, 53, 54, 61
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 5
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, fre / est
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce, csp
5 9
30, 32, 33
53
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 42, 53
6, 37
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk, tox
trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
6, 51
1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 33, 42, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 37
53, 54
1, 3, 4, 6
1, 3, 4, 6
6
6
4, 6
1, 3, 4, 37
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
3, 6, 33, 53, 54, 61
4, 6
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
4, 6, 53, 54
(continued )
142 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Gonyaulax unicornis Lebour, 1925
Gonyaulax verior Sournia, 1973
Schuttiella mitra (Schütt) Balech, 1988
Spiraulax jollifei (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid, 1911
Spiraulax kofoidii Graham, 1942
Family: Ceratocoryaceae
Ceratocorys armata (Schütt) Kofoid, 1910
Ceratocorys bipes (Cleve) Kofoid, 1910
Ceratocorys gourretii Paulsen, 1930
Ceratocorys horrida Stein, 1883
Ceratocorys reticulata Graham, 1942
Suborder: Ceratineae
Family: Ceratiaceae
Ceratium arietinum Cleve, 1900
Ceratium axiale Kofoid, 1907
Ceratium azoricum Cleve, 1900
Ceratium belone Cleve, 1900
Ceratium bigelowii Kofoid, 1907
Ceratium brachyceros Daday, 1907
Ceratium breve (Ostenfeld & Schmidt) Schröder, 1906
Ceratium bucephalum (Cleve) Cleve, 1901
Ceratium buceros (Zacharias) Schiller, 1937
Ceratium candelabrum var. candelabrum (Ehrenberg)
Stein, 1883
Ceratium candelabrum var. depressum (Pouchet) Jørgensen,
1920
Ceratium carolinianum (Ehrenberg) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium carriense var. carriense Gourret, 1883
Ceratium carriense var. volans (Cleve) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium cephalotum (Lemmermann) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium coarctatum Pavillard, 1905
Ceratium concilians Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium contortum var. contortum (Gourret) Cleve, 1900
Ceratium contortum var. karstenii (Pavillard) Sournia, 1966
Ceratium contortum var. longinum (Karsten) Sournia, 1967
Ceratium contortum var. robustum (Karsten) Sournia, 1966
Ceratium contortum f. subcontortum (Schröder) Steemann
Nielsen, 1934
Ceratium contrarium (Gourret) Pavillard, 1905
Ceratium declinatum (Karsten) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium declinatum f. normale Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium deflexum (Kofoid) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium dens Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901
Ceratium digitatum Schütt, 1895
Ceratium extensum (Gourret) Cleve, 1900
Ceratium extensum f. strictum (Okamura & Nishikawa)
Steemann Nielsen, 1934
Ceratium euarcuatum Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium falcatiforme Jørgensen, 1920
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
ner, oce
ner, tem, trp, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, ner
6
6, 53, 54
1, 3, 4, 53, 54
3, 4, 53
6, 37
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
1, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 23, 37, 53,
54, 61
1, 3, 4, 17
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, oce
ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 29, 37, 53 ,67
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 29, 37
1, 3, 4,5, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 5, 37, 53, 54, 61, 67
6, 66
4, 5, 6, 37, 42, 67
29, 53, 54, 61, 67
6
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 23, 37, 53, 67
arm, pho, plk
trp, tem, ner, oce
37, 53, 54, 61
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
6, 66
1, 3, 4, 5, 23, 37, 53, 54
37, 53, 54, 61, 67
37
1, 3, 4, 53, 54
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 35, 36, 37, 53,
54, 61
35, 37, 61
29, 53
37
53, 54, 61
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp,
trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 29, 37, 53, 54
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54
53, 54, 61
1, 6, 37, 51
53
4, 6, 37
3, 4, 6, 29, 30, 37, 44, 53,
54, 67
42
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 37, 67
1, 3, 4, 6, 37
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 143
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
Ceratium falcatum (Kofoid) Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium furca var. furca (Ehrenberg) Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce
Ceratium furca var. eugrammum (Ehrenberg) Schiller, 1937
Ceratium fusus var. fusus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin, 1841
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
Ceratium fusus var. seta (Ehrenberg) Sournia, 1966
Ceratium geniculatum (Lemmermann) Cleve, 1911
Ceratium gibberum var. gibberum Gourret, 1883
Ceratium gibberum var. dispar (Pouchet) Sournia, 1966
Ceratium gravidum Gourret, 1883
Ceratium hexacanthum Gourret, 1883
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
Ceratium hircus Schröder, 1909
Ceratium hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Bergh, 1882
Ceratium horridum var. horridum (Cleve) Gran, 1902
Ceratium horridum var. buceros (Zacharias) Sournia, 1966
Ceratium horridum var. molle (Kofoid) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium humile Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium incisum (Karsten) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium inflatum (Kofoid) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium japonicum Schröder, 1906
Ceratium karstenii Pavillard, 1907
Ceratium kofoidii Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium lanceolatum Kofoid, 1907
Ceratium limulus Gourret, 1883
Ceratium lineatum (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 1899
Ceratium longinum Karsten, 1906
Ceratium longipes (Bailey) Gran, 1902
Ceratium longirostrum Gourret, 1883
Ceratium longissimum (Schröder) Kofoid, 1907
Ceratium lunula (Schimper ex Karsten) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium macroceros var. macroceros (Ehrenberg) Vanhöffen, 1897
Ceratium macroceros var. gallicum (Kofoid) Sournia, 1966
Ceratium massiliense (Gourret) Jørgensen, 1911
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, fre / est
tem, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 6, 23, 37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 23,
27, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 49,
53, 55, 66
1, 35, 37, 42, 44
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 20,
29, 30, 33, 38, 49, 53, 54,
61, 66, 67
3, 4, 37
4, 6, 29, 37, 42
3, 4, 6, 7, 38, 53, 67
37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53
1, 3, 4, 6, 29, 37, 53, 54,
61, 67
1, 27, 37, 53, 54, 55, 61
6, 66
1, 3, 4, 6, 23, 37, 53, 54, 61
29, 53, 67
1, 3, 4
6, 53, 54, 61, 67
1, 3, 4, 6, 37
1, 3, 4, 29, 37, 53, 54, 61
4
3, 4, 29, 35, 49, 53, 67
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 51, 53, 54, 61
4, 6
3, 4, 6, 37, 53
6, 27, 37, 53, 54, 61
6
6, 33, 54
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61, 67
4, 37, 67
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61, 67
1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 30, 37, 38, 42,
53, 67
3, 4, 6, 29, 37, 53, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 23, 36, 37, 53,
54, 61, 67
6, 37, 53, 54, 61, 67
6, 37
1, 3, 4, 6, 67
29, 37, 67
1
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
3, 4, 53
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 42, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 37
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53
3, 4, 7, 38, 53, 54, 61, 67
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61, 67
Taxon
Ceratium minutum Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium paradoxides Cleve, 1900
Ceratium pavillardii Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium pentagonum var. pentagonum Gourret, 1883
Ceratium pentagonum var. robustum (Cleve) Jørgensen,
1920
Ceratium pentagonum f. subrobustum Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium pentagonum var. tenerum Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium platycorne Daday, 1888
Ceratium praelongum (Lemmermann) Kofoid, 1907
Ceratium pulchellum Schröder, 1906
Ceratium ranipes Cleve, 1900
References / Endnotes
(continued )
144 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce, ner
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
3, 4
6
4, 6, 53, 54
6, 37, 67
1, 3, 4, 42
1, 3, 4, 29, 53
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 67
37, 61
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner, oce
3, 4, 37, 49, 53
Ceratium recurvum Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium schmidtii Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium schroeteri Schröder, 1906
Ceratium setaceum Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium strictum (Okamura & Nishikawa) Kofoid, 1907
Ceratium sumatranum (Karsten) Jørgensen, 1911
Ceratium symmetricum var. symmetricum Pavillard, 1905
Ceratium symmetricum var. coarctatum (Pavillard) Graham
& Bronikovsky, 1944
Ceratium tenue var. tenue (Ostenfeld & Schmidt) Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium tenue var. buceros Balech, 1988
Ceratium tenue var. tenissimum (Kofoid) Graham & Bronikovsky, 1944
Ceratium teres Kofoid, 1907
Ceratium trichoceros (Ehrenberg) Kofoid, 1908
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
37
37
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
Ceratium tripos var. tripos (Müller) Nitzsch, 1817
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner, oce
Ceratium tripos var. atlanticum (Ostenfeld) Paulsen, 1907
Ceratium tripos var. neglectum (Ostenfeld) Paulsen, 1907
Ceratium tripos var. ponticum Jørgensen, 1920
Ceratium tripos var. puchellum (Schröder) López, 1955
Ceratium tripos f. semipulchellum (Jørgensen) Peters, 1932
Ceratium vultur Cleve, 1900
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
oce, ner
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 34, 53, 54
1, 3, 4, 6, 23, 29, 30, 37, 38,
53, 54
1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 23, 30, 32,
33, 37, 49, 53, 67
7, 29, 37, 38, 53, 54, 61
37
45, 53, 54, 61
1, 6, 37
3, 4, 53, 54
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 29, 37, 53, 54,
61, 67
1, 3, 4, 6, 29, 53, 54, 67
4. 37
arm, pho, plk, tox
tem, ner
51
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, est, ner
tem, trp, cep, csp
trp, oce
tem, trp, est, ner
trp, ner
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, ner, csp
trp, oce, csp
arm, pho, ben, tox
trp, ner, oce
56
5 10
5 9
33, 53, 54, 55
1, 2, 41, 53
1
1, 53, 54, 55
1, 53, 54
17
16
arm, pho, ben / plk,
tox
arm, pho, ben / plk,
tox
arm, pho, mix,
ben / plk, tox
arm, pho, mix,
ben / plk, tox
tem, trp, csp
53, 54, 61
trp, ner
11
trp, tem, est, csp
12
trp, est, ner
12
Ceratium vultur f. japonicum (Schröder) Wood, 1954
Ceratium vultur f. recurvum (Jørgensen) Schiller, 1937
Suborder: Goniodomineae
Family: Goniodomaceae
Subfamily: Goniodomoideae
Alexandrium cf. acatenella (Whedon & Kofoid) Balech,
1985
Alexandrium balechii (Steidinger) F. J. R. Taylor, 1979
Alexandrium cohorticula (Balech) Balech, 1985
Alexandrium concavum(Gaarder) Balech, 1967
Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) F. J. R. Taylor, 1979
Alexandrium tropicale Balech, 1985
Goniodoma acuminatum (Ehrenberg) Stein, 1883
Goniodoma polyedricum (Pouchet) Jørgensen, 1899
Goniodoma sphaericum Murray & Whitting, 1899
Subfamily: Gambierdiscoideae
Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi & Fukuyo, 1981
Family: Ostreopsidaceae
Coolia monotis Menuier, 1919
Coolia tropicalis Faust, 1995
Ostreopsis lenticularis Fukuyo, 1981
Ostreopsis marina Faust, 1999
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 145
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Ostreopsis ovata Fukuyo, 1981
Ostereopsis siamensis Schmidt, 1901
Subfamily: Helgolandinioideae
Fragilidium heterolobatum Balech ex Loeblich III, 1965
Pyrophacus horologium Stein, 1883
Pyrophacus steinii (Schiller) Wall & Dale, 1971
Pyrophacus vancampoae (Rossignol) Wall & Dale, 1971
Subfamily: Pyrodinioideae
Pyrodinium bahamense Plate, 1906
Family: Pyrocystaceae
Pyrocystis elegans (Pavillard) Matzenauer, 1933
Pyrocystis fusiformis (Thomson) Blackman, 1885
Pyrocystis fusiformis f. biconica Kofoid, 1907
Pyrocystis humulus var. humulus Cleve, 1900
Pyrocystis humulus var. semicircularis Schröder, 1906
Pyrocystis lunula (Schütt) Schütt, 1896
Pyrocystis obtusa Pavillard, 1931
Pyrocystis robusta Kofoid, 1907
Family: Heterodiniaceae
Heterodinium agassizii Kofoid, 1907
Heterodinium angulatum Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Heterodinium dispar Kofoid & Adamson, 1935
Heterodinium hindmarchii (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid,
1906
Heterodinium globosum Kofoid, 1907
Heterodinium inaequale (Kofoid) Schiller, 1937
Heterodinium leiorhynchum (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid,
1906
Heterodinium mediocre (Kofoid) Kofoid & Adamson, 1933
Heterodinium mediterraneum Pavillard, 1932
Heterodinium milneri (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid, 1906
Heterodinium minutum Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Heterodinium murrayi Kofoid, 1907
Heterodinium pavillardii Kofoid & Adamson, 1933
Heterodinium obesum Kofoid, 1907
Heterodinium rigdenae Kofoid, 1906
Heterodinium scrippsii Kofoid, 1906
Heterodinium sphaeroideum Kofoid, 1906
Heterodinium superbum Kofoid, 1907
Heterodinium whittingae Kofoid, 1907
Suborder: Uncertain
Centrodinium intermedium Pavillard, 1930
Peridiniella danica (Paulsen) Okolodkov & Dodge, 1995
Peridiniella sphaeroidea Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Family: Uncertain
Thecadinium kofoidii (Herdman) Larsen, 1985
Protoceratium areolatum Kofoid, 1907
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, pho, mix,
ben / plk, tox
arm, pho, mix,
ben / plk, tox
tem, trp, est, csp
13
tem, trp, set, csp
12
arm, pho, mix, plk
arm, pho, plk
56
3, 4, 6, 23, 29, 37, 53, 54, 61
arm, pho, mix, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, ner
tem, trp, est, ner, oce,
csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce
arm, pho, plk, tox
trp, ner, oce, csp
una, pho, plk
una / arm, pho, plk
trp, oce
trp, oce, csp
una / arm, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una, pho, plk
una / arm, pho, plk
una / arm, pho, plk
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
37
1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 23, 29, 37, 53,
54, 61
53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 23, 37, 67
6
4, 6, 66
6, 37
4, 6, 37
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
4, 6, 37
4, 37
6, 37
4
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
4, 6
1, 6
4, 6
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
4
1, 3, 4, 6
1, 3, 4, 6
6
1, 3, 4
3, 4
6
1, 3, 4
4, 6, 37, 66
6
6
1, 3, 4, 37
arm, pho / mix, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, oce
bor, ner
trp, oce
1
37
1, 37
arm, pho, ben
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, ner
tem, trp, oce
14
29, 36, 37, 53, 54, 61
37, 53, 54
17
6, 21, 32, 53, 54, 55 9
53, 54, 61
(continued )
146 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparéde & Lachman) Hansen
et al., 1997
Protoceratium spinulosum (Murray & Whitting) Schiller,
1937
Order: Peridiniales
Suborder: Peridiniineae
Family: Peridiniaceae
Subfamily: Peridinioideae
Heterocapsa niei (Loeblich) Morrill & Loeblich III, 1981
Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann) Hansen, 1995
Kryptoperidinium foliaceum (Stein) Lindemann, 1924
Subfamily: Calciodinelloideae
Bysmatrum subsalsum (Ostenfeld) Faust & Steidinger, 1998
Ensiculifera angulata Balech, 1988
Ensiculifera mexicana Balech, 1967
Scrippsiella sweeneyae Balech, 1959
Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Balech ex Loeblich III, 1976
Family: Congruentidiaceae
Subfamily: Congruentidioideae
Peridinium aciculiferum Lemmermann, 1900
Peridinium gatunense Nygaard, 1925
Peridinium gymnodinium (Pénard) Entz, 1904
Peridinium sp. cf. hangoei Schiller, 1937
Peridinium inconspicuum Lemmermann, 1899
Peridinium kulezynskii Woloszynska, 1916
Peridinium pulvisculus Ehrenberg, 1840
Peridinium quadridens (Stein) Schiller, 1937
Peridinium quinquecorne Abé, 1927
Peridinium umbonatum Stein, 1883
Peridinium volzii Lemmermann, 1905
Peridinium wisconsinense Eddy, 1930
Protoperidinium abei (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium anguipes (Balech) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium avellana (Meunier) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium biconicum (Dangeard) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium brevipes (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium brochii (Kofoid & Swezy) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium cassum (Balech) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium cerasus (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium conicum f. quardafuiana (Matzenauer)
Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium crassipes (Kofoid) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium curvipes (Ostenfeld) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium diabolus (Cleve) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium divaricatum (Meunier) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg) Balech, 1974
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, pho, plk, tox
tem, trp, ner, csp
4, 29, 53, 54, 61
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, oce
4, 37
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
tem, trp, est
tem, trp, est, csp
6, 34, 53, 54
6, 34, 53, 54
9, 55
arm, pho, ben / plk
arm, pho, ben / plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, est
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
tem, est, ner
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
53, 55
37
37 9
4
3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 55
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, het, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
fre / est
tem, trp, fre / est
tem, fre / est
tem, fre / est
trp, fre / est
tem, trp, fre / est
fre / est, est
fre / est, csp
tem, trp, est, csp
tem, fre / est
tem, fre / est
fre / est
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
tem, ner
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, ner, oce, cep
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
tem, ner
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
4, 54, 55
6
66
53, 54
6, 66
6
6
6, 33, 66
4, 53, 54, 55, 61
6, 33, 66
6
32
1, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54
5 9
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54
4, 5
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
37
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61
6, 53, 54, 66
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 64
53
arm, het, plk, tox
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, est, ner, oce,
csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce
trp, est, ner, csp
4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 23, 29, 33,
37, 53, 54, 61
6
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 32, 33, 37, 53,
54, 1, 66
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 147
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
Protoperidinium elegans var. elegans (Cleve) Balech, 1974
arm, het, plk
trp, oce, csp
Protoperidinium elegans var. granulata (Karsten) Balech,
1974
Protoperidinium excentricum (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
arm, het, plk
trp, oce, csp
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, est, ner, oce,
csp
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, oce
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
37, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61
4 9
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61
53, 54
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner
trp, ner, oce, csp
1, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6, 53, 54, 61
6
4
4, 53
37
4
4
1, 3, 4, 53, 54
6, 66
6, 29, 53, 54, 61
53, 54, 61
1, 4, 37, 53, 54, 61, 66
4
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61
4, 33
6
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, ner, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, ner, csp
37, 53, 54
53
1, 4, 37, 53, 54, 61
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce
4, 53
4, 6, 37
6
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem
tem, trp, ner
6
6
1, 3, 4, 37
4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6, 53, 54, 61
37
53, 54, 61
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
1, 3, 4, 6, 53
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 55, 61, 66
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, ner
5
Taxon
Protoperidinium fastum Balech, 1979
Protoperidinium fatulipes (Kofoid) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium gaarderae (Balech) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium globulus var. globulus (Stein) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium globulus var. ovatum (Pouchet) Balech,
1974
Protoperidinium grande (Kofoid) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium granii (Ostendfeld) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium hirobis (Abé) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium inclinatum (Balech) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium inflatum (Okamura) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium joergensenii (Balech) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium latidorsale (Dangeard) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium latispinum (Mangin) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium latissimum (Kofoid) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium latum Paulsen, 1908
Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium leonis f. matzenaueri Schiller, 1937
Protoperidinium longipes (Karsten) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium mediterraneum (Kofoid) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium minutum (Kofoid) Loeblich III, 1970
Protoperidinium mite (Pavillard) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium murrayi (Kofoid) ­Hernández-­Becerril,
1991
Protoperidinium nipponicum (Abé) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium nux (Schiller) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke & Dodge,
1976
Protoperidinium obtusum (Karsten) Parke & Dodge, 1976
Protoperidinium oceanicum (Vanhöffen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium okamurai Yoneda & Marukawa in Marukawa, 1921
Protoperidinium orbiculare Paulsen, 1907
Protoperidinium ovatum Pouchet, 1883
Protoperidinium oviforme (Dangeard) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium ovum (Schiller) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld) Balech, 1978
Protoperidinium pallidum var. daedalum Balech, 1978
Protoperidinium pallidum var. schilleri (Paulsen) Balech,
1978
Protoperidinium pedunculatum (Schütt) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium pellucidum var. pellucidum Bergh, 1881 ex
Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III, 1966
Protoperidinium pellucidum var. stellatum Balech, 1978
References / Endnotes
1, 3, 4, 29, 34, 37, 38, 53,
54, 61
53, 54, 61
3, 6, 53, 54, 61
(continued )
148 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran) Balech, 1974
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, ner
1, 3, 4, 6, 32, 33, 37, 53,
54, 55
37
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce, csp
6, 66
4, 33, 37, 53, 54
6, 53, 54, 61, 66
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, ner
53, 54
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce
33, 35
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 66
37
6, 33
1, 3, 4
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61, 66
6
References / Endnotes
Protoperidinium pouchetii (Kofoid & Michener) Taylor &
Balech, 1988
Protoperidinium pulvisculus Ehrenberg, 1840
Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium pyriforme var. pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech,
1974
Protoperidinium pyriforme var. breve (Paulsen) Balech,
1988
Protoperidinium quadridens Stein, 1883
Protoperidinium quarnerense (Schröder) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium rectum (Kofoid) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium roseum (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium simulum (Paulsen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium solidicorne (Mangin) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium sphaericum (Murray & Whitting) Balech,
1974
Protoperidinium sphaeroides (Dangeard) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium spiniferum (Schiller) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium steidingerae Balech, 1979
Protoperidinium steinii (Jørgensen) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium striatum Böhm, 1931
Protoperidinium subinerme (Paulsen) Loeblich III, 1969
Protoperidinium subpyriforme (Dangeard) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium subsphaericum (Balech) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium tenuissimum (Kofoid) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium triquetrum (Ehrenberg) Lebour, 1925
Protoperidinium tristylum (Stein) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium tuba (Schiller) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium variegatum (Peters) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium venustum (Matzenauer) Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium vulgare Balech, 1974
Protoperidinium wiesneri (Schiller) Balech, 1974
Subfamily: Diplopsalioideae
Diplopelta asymetrica (Mangin) Lindermann, 1928
Diplopsalis lebourae (Nie) Balech, 1967
Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh, 1881
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ner, csp
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, ne, oce, csp
tem, ner, oce
tem, trp, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
4
53, 54, 55, 61
53, 56
4, 6, 53, 54, 61
56
1, 3, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61
4
4, 37
4, 6, 66
32
4, 6
37, 61
6
1, 37, 53, 61
37
6
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
4, 33, 53, 54, 61
2, 4, 5, 33
4, 6, 32, 33, 53, 54, 61
Diplopsalopsis globula Abé, 1941
Diplopsalopsis ovata (Abé) Balech, 1941
Oblea rotundata (Lebour) Balech, 1964 ex Sournia, 1993
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
tem, trp, est, ner, oce,
csp
tem, trp, est, ner
tem, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, est, ner, oce,
csp
Suborder: Uncertain
Family: Pfiesteriaceae
Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyii Steidinger et al., 2006
Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder, 1996
Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae Litaker et al., 2005
Family: Podolampaceae
Blepharocysta compressa Gaarder, 1954
Blepharocysta paulsenii Schiller, 1937
Blepharocysta ­splendor-­maris (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1873
37
4
6, 53, 54, 61
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, est
tem, trp, est
tem, trp, est
56 15
arm, het, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
53, 54, 61
53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 60, 61
15
15
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 149
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
Podolampas bipes Stein, 1883
arm, het, plk
trp, oce, csp
Podolampas curvatus Schiller, 1937
Podolampas elegans Schütt, 1895
Podolampas palmipes Stein, 1883
arm, het, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce
arm, pho, plk
arm, plk, pho
trp, oce
trp, oce
1, 3, 4, 6, 29, 33, 37, 53,
54, 67
6
1, 3, 4, 7, 37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 33, 36, 37, 53,
54, 61
1, 3, 4, 37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
arm, plk
oce
6
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce
trp, oce
4, 6, 37
6, 37
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk, tox
tem, ner, oce
tem, ner, oce
trp, ner, csp
trp, ner, csp
trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk, tox
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner
tem, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, ner, oce
tem, oce
trp, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
trp, oce
tem, ner, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, oce, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, est, ner, oce
tem, oce
6
6, 37
40
1, 3, 4
4 9
1, 3, 4, 6, 23, 29, 30, 37, 38,
49, 53, 54, 61, 66, 67
37, 61
6
3, 6, 37, 53, 54
2, 4, 5, 6, 37
3, 4, 6
4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61, 66
1, 6, 53, 61
6
37
6
4, 6
3, 6
3, 4, 6, 40
1, 3, 4, 40
6
37
6
6
2, 3, 4, 37, 40
4, 6
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 51
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 40
1, 4, 6
4
1, 3, 4, 40
4, 6, 7, 10, 33, 37, 38
6
Taxon
Podolampas reticulata Kofoid, 1907
Podolampas spinifer Okamura, 1912
Family: Uncertain
Melanodinium nigricans Schiller, 1937
Subclass: Dinophysiphycidae
Order: Dinophysiales
Family: Citharistaceae
Citharistes apsteinii Schütt, 1895
Citharistes regius Stein, 1883
Family: Dinophysiaceae
Dinophysis acuminata Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg, 1839
Dinophysis balechii Norris & Berner, 1970
Dinophysis brevisulcus Tai & Skogsberg, 1934
Dinophysis capitulata Balech, 1967
Dinophysis caudata var. caudata ­Saville-­Kent, 1881
Dinophysis caudata var. abbreviata Jørgensen, 1923
Dinophysis dentata Schiller, 1928
Dinophysis diegensis Kofoid, 1907
Dinophysis exigua Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Dinophysis expulsa Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Dinophysis fortii Pavillard, 1923
Dinophysis hastata Stein, 1883
Dinophysis kofoidii Michener, 1911
Dinophysis laevis Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
Dinophysis micropterygia Pavillard, 1923
Dinophysis monacantha Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Dinophysis mucronata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech, 1967
Dinophysis norvegica Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
Dinophysis odiosa (Pavillard) Tai & Skogsberg, 1934
Dinophysis okamurai Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Dinophysis ovata Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
Dinophysis parva Schiller, 1928
Dinophysis punctata Jørgensen, 1923
Dinophysis pusilla Jørgensen, 1923
Dinophysis recurva Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Dinophysis sacculus Stein, 1883
Dinophysis schroederi Pavillard, 1909
Dinophysis schuettii Murray & Whitting, 1899
Dinophysis similis Kofoid & Skosgberg, 1928
Dinophysis simplex Kofoid & Skosgberg, 1928
Dinophysis swezyae Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Dinophysis tripos Gourret, 1883
Dinophysis umbosa Schiller, 1928
References / Endnotes
(continued )
150 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Dinophysis uracantha Stein, 1883
Dinophysis whittingae Balech, 1967
Heteroschisma inaequale Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Heteroschisma longialata Balech, 1967
Heteroschisma pirum (Gaarder) Balech, 1967
Heteroschisma subantartica Balech, 1971
Histioneis acuta Böhm, 1931
Histioneis biremis Stein, 1883
Histioneis carinata Kofoid, 1907
Histioneis cerasus Böhm, 1931
Histioneis crateriformis (Stein) Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Histioneis cymbalaria Stein, 1883
Histioneis depressa Schiller, 1928
Histioneis dolon Murray & Whitting, 1899
Histioneis elongata Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis gasocynensis Wood, 1963
Histioneis helenae Murray & Whitting, 1899
Histioneis hippoperoides Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis hyalina Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis inclinata Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis inornata Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis joergensenii Schiller, 1928
Histioneis longicollis Kofoid, 1907
Histioneis milneri Murray & Whitting, 1899
Histioneis oxypteris Schiller, 1928
Histioneis panaria Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Histioneis panda Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis para Murray & Whitting, 1899
Histioneis paraformis (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech, 1971
Histioneis pietschmanni Böhm, 1931
Histioneis pulchra Kofoid, 1907
Histioneis remora Stein, 1883
Histioneis rotundata Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis striata Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Histioneis tubifera Böhm, 1931
Histioneis variabilis Schiller, 1933
Histioneis voucki Schiller, 1928
Metaphalacroma skogsbergii Tai & Skogberg, 1934
Ornithocercus carolinae Kofoid, 1907
Ornithocercus cristatus Matzenauer, 1933
Ornithocercus formosus Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Ornithocercus francescae (Murray) Balech, 1967
Ornithocercus heteroporus Kofoid, 1907
Ornithocercus magnificus Stein, 1883
Ornithocercus orbiculatus Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Ornithocercus quadratus Schütt, 1900
Ornithocercus splendidus Schütt, 1893
Ornithocercus steinii Schütt, 1893
Ornithocercus thumii (Schmidt) Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Phalacroma apicatum Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Phalacroma argus Stein, 1883
Phalacroma biceps (Schiller) Schiller, 1933
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk,
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, oce, csp
oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
tem, oce, csp
tem, oce, csp
tem, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, oce
tem, trp, oce
tem, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp oce
trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
1, 3, 4, 6, 40
37
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 37
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
5 9
37
6
4
4
6
6, 37
4
6
4
6
6
4, 6
6, 37
6
6, 37
6
4, 6, 37
6
3, 4, 6
6
6
4, 6
6
6
6
37
6
6, 37
37
6
6
6
4, 37
4, 6
2, 4, 5
6
1, 3, 4
3, 6, 37, 53
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 42, 53, 54, 61
4
1, 3, 4, 6, 23, 37, 53, 67
1, 3, 9, 37
1, 3, 4, 37, 53, 54, 55, 61
1, 3, 4, 37, 53, 54, 55, 61
6, 53, 54, 61
1, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 151
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Phalacroma bipartitum Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Phalacroma circumsutum Karsten, 1907
Phalacroma cuneus Schütt, 1895
Phalacroma dolichopterygium Murray & Whitting, 1899
Phalacroma doryphorum Stein, 1883
Phalacroma elongatum Jørgensen, 1923
Phalacroma expulsum (Kofoid & Michener) Kofoid &
Skogsberg, 1928
Phalacroma favus Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Phalacroma hastatum Pavillard, 1909
Phalacroma hindmarchii Murray & Whitting, 1899
Phalacroma mitra Schütt, 1895
Phalacroma operculatum Stein, 1883
Phalacroma operculoides Schütt, 1895
Phalacroma ovum Schütt, 1895
Phalacroma parvulum (Schütt) Jørgensen, 1923
Phalacroma paulsenii Schiller, 1928
Phalacroma porodictyum Stein, 1883
Phalacroma pugiunculus Jörgensen, 1923
Phalacroma pulchellum Lebour, 1925
Phalacroma rapa Jørgensen, 1923
Phalacroma rotundatum (Claparède & Lachmann) Kofoid
& Mitchener, 1911
Phalacroma rudgei Murray & Whitting, 1899
Phalacroma sphaerium Zacharias, 1906
Phalacroma sphaeroideum Schiller, 1928
Family: Amphisoleniaceae
Amphisolenia asymmetrica Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia bidentata Schröder, 1906
Amphisolenia bifurcata Murray & Whitting, 1899
Amphisolenia bispinosa Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia clavipes Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia curvata Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia cf. elongata Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Amphisolenia extensa Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia globifera Stein, 1883
Amphisolenia inflata Murray & Whitting, 1899
Amphisolenia laticincta Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia lemmermannii Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia palaeotheroides Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia quadricauda Kofoid & Michener, 1911
Amphisolenia quadrispina Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia rectangulata Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia schauinslandii Lemmermann, 1899
Amphisolenia schroederi Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia spinulosa Kofoid, 1907
Amphisolenia thrinax Schütt, 1893
Triposolenia bicornis Kofoid, 1906
Triposolenia depressa Kofoid, 1906
Triposolenia intermedia Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
Triposolenia truncata Kofoid, 1907
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce
trp, ner, csp
trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
6
3, 4, 6, 37, 40
3, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6
3, 6, 37, 53, 40
3
3, 4, 6
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk, tox
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, oce
tem, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, oce, csp
trp, oce
trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, ner, oce
tem, trp, oce
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 40, 53, 54
3, 6, 37, 53
3, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6
4, 37
3, 6, 42, 53, 54
3, 6, 37, 66
2, 5, 40
6
6
6
3, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
1, 3, 4, 6, 33, 37, 53, 54, 61
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, het, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
tem, oce
5
4, 6, 37
6
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
37
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61, 67
1, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
41
6
1
37
1
1, 3, 4, 29, 37
1, 6
6
4
3, 4, 6
6
6
4, 53, 54, 61
4, 6
4, 37
6
4, 6
1, 3, 4
37
6, 37
1, 3, 4, 6
(continued )
152 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Family: Oxyphysiaceae
Oxyphysis oxytoxoides Kofoid, 1926
Family: Oxytoxaceae
Corythodinium constrictum (Stein) Taylor, 1976
Corythodinium tesselatum (Stein) Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich
III, 1966
Oxytoxum adriaticum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum belgicae Meunier, 1910
Oxytoxum carinatum Gaarder, 1954
Oxytoxum caudatum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum challengeroides Kofoid, 1907
Oxytoxum coronatum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum crassum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum cristatum Kofoid, 1907
Oxytoxum curvatum (Kofoid) Kofoid, 1911
Oxytoxum diploconus Stein, 1883
Oxytoxum elegans Pavillard, 1916
Oxytoxum elongatum Wood, 1964
Oxytoxum gigas Kofoid, 1907
Oxytoxum gladiolus Stein, 1883
Oxytoxum globosum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum gracile Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum laticeps Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum latum Gaarder, 1954
Oxytoxum longiceps Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum mediterraneum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum milneri Murray & Whitting, 1899
Oxytoxum mitra (Stein) Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum obliquum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum ovale Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum pachyderme Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum parvum Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum robustum Kofoid, 1911
Oxytoxum sceptrum (Stein) Schröder, 1906
Oxytoxum scolapax Stein, 1883
Oxytoxum sphaeroideum Stein, 1883
Oxytoxum subulatum Kofoid, 1907
Oxytoxum turbo Kofoid, 1907
Oxytoxum variabile Schiller, 1937
Oxytoxum viride Schiller, 1937
Order: Prorocentrales
Family: Prorocentraceae
Mesoporus perforatus (Gran) Lillick, 1937
Prorocentrum aporum (Schiller) Dodge, 1975
Prorocentrum arcuatum Issel, 1928
Prorocentrum balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich, 1970
Prorocentrum compressum (Bailey) Abé, 1967
Prorocentrum cordatum (Ostenfeld) Dodge, 1976
Prorocentrum dactylus (Stein) Dodge, 1975
Prorocentrum dentatum Stein, 1883
Prorocentrum emarginatum Fukuyo, 1981
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
References / Endnotes
arm, het, plk
tem, trp, est, csp
37
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner, trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, oce
1, 6, 37
6, 35, 37
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
trp, csp
tem, oce
trp, csp
tem, oce
trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
trp, oce
cce, trp, tem
tem, trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
oce, tem
tem, oce
tem, oce
trp, csp
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
tem, oce, csp
tem, oce
tem, oce
tem, trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
trp, oce, csp
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, oce, csp
tem, oce
trp, oce
tem, trp, oce
trp, oce
37
6
1, 3, 4
6, 37
6
6
6, 37
1, 3, 4, 6
6
6
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6, 37
3, 4, 37, 53, 54, 61
6, 33
6, 37
6, 37
6, 37
4
6, 37
6, 37
1, 3, 4, 6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6
6
37
6, 37
4, 6, 37
6
6, 37
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 37, 45, 53,
54, 61
6, 37
35, 36, 37
4, 6, 37
34, 37
6
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, ben
tem, oce
tem, ner
tem, trp, ner
tem, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem
trp, oce
tem, oce, csp
trp, ner, oce
6
6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6, 53, 54, 61
6, 37
6, 37, 38, 61
35, 37, 61
6
6, 37
16
Steidinger, Faust, and Hernández-­Becerril ~ 153
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
Taxon
Prorocentrum gibbosum (Schiller) Schiller, 1933
Prorocentrum gracile Schütt, 1895
Prorocentrum hoffmannianum Faust, 1990
Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, 1975
Prorocentrum marinum (Cienkowski) Schiller, 1933
Prorocentrum maximum (Gourret) Schiller, 1937
Prorocentrum mexicanum ­Osorio-­Tafall, 1942
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, 1833
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, 1933
Prorocentrum obtusidens Schiller, 1933
Prorocentrum panamensis Grzebyk, 1998
Prorocentrum perforatum Gran, 1915
Prorocentrum pyriforme (Schiller) Taylor, 1976
Prorocentrum rhathymum Loeblich, Shereley, & Schmidt,
1979
Prorocentrum rostratum Stein, 1883
Prorocentrum rotundatum Schiller, 1918
Prorocentrum scutellum Schröder, 1901
Prorocentrum sigmoides Böhm, 1933
Prorocentrum triestrium Schiller, 1918
Prorocentrum vaginulum (Stein) Dodge, 1975
Subclass: Uncertain (Class: Dinophyceae)
Order: Phytodiniales
Family: Phytodiniaceae
Hemidinium nasutum Stein, 1883
Class: Noctiluciphyceae
Order: Noctilucales
Family: Kofoidiniaceae
Kofoidium pavillardii Cachon & Cachon, 1967
Kofoidium velleloides Pavilard, 1928
Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (Pouchet) Cachon &
Cachon ex Loeblich & Loeblich, 1969
Family: Noctilucaceae
Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Pronoctiluca acuta (Lohmann) Schiller, 1933
Pronoctiluca pelagica (Fabre-­Domergue) Fensome et al.,
1993
Division: Incertae sedis
Class: Syndiniophyceae
Order: Oxyrrhinales
Family: Oxyrrhinaceae
Oxyrrhis marina Dujardin, 1841
Habitat-­
Biology
Overall
geographic
range
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, ben
arm, pho, ben / plk
arm, pho, ben / plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
tem, ner
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
trp, oce, tox
tem, trp, est, ner, tox
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
tem, trp, est, ner
trp, est, ner
ner, est, oce
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, ben
tem, trp, est, ner, tox
tem, est
trp, ner
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, ner, oce, csp
tem, trp, est, ner
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk
arm, pho, plk,
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, csp
tem, trp, ner, csp
6, 37, 53, 54, 61
6
6, 41, 42, 53, 54
37
4, 35, 53, 55
6
arm, pho, plk
tem, trp, fre / est
6, 32
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
tem, trp, oce
tem, trp, oce, csp
tem, trp, oce
4, 37, 53, 54, 61
3, 37
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
una, het, plk
tem, ner, csp
tem, ner
tem, csp
3, 4, 6, 9, 53, 54
53, 54
37
una, het, plk
tem, trp, est, ner, csp
32, 53, 54, 6120
References / Endnotes
3, 4, 33, 37, 53, 54
1, 6, 37, 54, 55, 61
17
33, 37, 53, 54
32, 33, 53, 54, 61, 66
1, 4, 6, 53, 54, 61
37
4, 6, 11, 33, 36, 37, 53, 54,
55, 61
43
44
18
53, 54, 61
53, 54, 61
37
19
1
New record for GMx: FWRI sample number HABW040713-­013 Redington Pier, Fla.; FWRI SEM stub 3337; HABW040831-­010 Naples Pier, Fla. (Cochlodinium polykrikoides).
2
New record for GMx: FWRI SEM stub 2363, Tampa Bay, Fla. (Gyrodinium instriatum).
3
New record for GMx: personal observation of Allison J. Haywood, 2004 for eastern Gulf (Karenia longicanalis).
4
New record for GMx: Gymnodinium “E” in Steidinger and Williams 1970, page 169, figure 70 (Karenia mikimotoi).
(continued )
154 ~ Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Checklist of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)
5
New record for GMx: Originally in Steidinger et al., 1966 as Gymnodinium breve “butterfly” photograph, page 10, figure 3, FWRI sample numbers
HABWO030108-­007 Naples, Fla.; HABWO031219-­009 off Suwanee River; HABWO040825-­004 Pensacola, Fla.; HABWO040107-­025 off Crystal River, Fla.;
HABWO050112-­017, Key West, Fla.; HABWO050202-­012, Venice, Fla. (Karenia papilionacea).
6
New record for GMx: FWRI sample numbers HABWO041116-­002 Naples, Fla.; HABWO041209-­014 Cape Sable, Fla.; HABWO050701-­010 Tampa Bay, Fla.;
HABWO050918-­025 Port St. Joe, Fla.; personal observation of Tracy Villareal, 2004 for western Gulf. (Karenia selliformis).
New record for GMx: FWRI sample numbers HABWO041116-­010 Naples, Fla.; HABWO041209-­015 Thousand Islands area, Fla.; HABWO041209-­012 Cape
Sable, Fla. (Karlodinium veneficum).
7
8
New record for GMx: FWRI SEM stub 3609, Marco Island, Fla. (Wolosynzskia sp.).
Contribucion al conocimiento del fitoplancton en la costa de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Secretaria de Marina, Mexico. 29 pp. (Amylax buxus, Alexandrium concavum, Protoperidinium garderae, Ensiculifera mexicanum, Dinophysis capitulata, Heteroschisma pirum).
9
10
New record for GMx: SEM in Steidinger, 1993, page 11, figure 6a.
11
New record for GMx: FWRI SEM stub 3064, Florida Keys, Fla. (Coolia tropicalis).
12
New record for GMx: FWRI photo series ODB041115, Old Dan’s Bank, Fla. (Ostreopsis lenticularis, O. marinus, O. siamensis).
New record for GMx: FWRI photos AB041116-­FROo and GH041115-­RMOo; Anne’s Beach, Lower Matecumbe Key and Goshen House, Long Key, Fla. (Ostreopsis ovata).
13
14
New record for GMx: This species has been found in the Florida Keys, Fla., personal observation, K. A. Steidinger. (Thecadinium kofoidii).
New record for GMx: Landsberg, J. H., and S. Cook. 2001. The distribution of ­Pfiesteria-­like species in Florida’s coastal waters. Final report to the U.S. EPA,
Region IV, Water Management Division, Cooperative Agreement #CP984529-­98-­0. (Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi, Pfiesteria piscicida, Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae).
15
16
New record for GMx: FWRI sample numbers 041230-­001 Bishop Harbor, Fla.; HABWO041019-­009 Sarasota Bay, Fla.; HABWO041217-­004 and
HABWO050603-­004 St. Joseph Bay, Fla. (Prorocentrum emarginatum).
17
New record for GMx: FWRI SEM stub 1843, Dry Tortugas, Fla. (Prorocentrum hoffmannianum).
18
New record for GMx: FWRI SEM micrographs under Prorocentrum taylorii, Florida Keys (Prorocentrum panamensis).
19
New record for GMx: Identified by William Smith, Alabama Department of Health from Gulf Shores Ala., 3 / 17 / 02 (Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca).
The placement of Oxyrrhis here is based on Fensome et al. (1993) because the species list follows that scheme. However, several recent molecular studies have
shown that Oxyrrhis is at the base of dinoflagellate evolution.
20