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Articulations
Articulations
- where two bones interconnect.
• Immovable joints
– Synarthroses, or fibrous
– Example: Sutures of skull
• Slightly moveable joints
– Amphiarthroses, or cartilaginous
– Example: Symphysis pubis
• Freely moveable joints
– Diarthroses, or synovial
– Example: Shoulder joint
Synarthroses (Immovable joints)
Fibrous – Different types of CT – Most are fixed
Three major types
1. Syndesmoses
Synarthroses (Immovable joints)
Three major types
2. Suture Skull bones bound together by dense
connective tissue
Joints in which
ligaments connect two
bones
Some movement is
possible due to ligament
flexibility
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Synarthroses (Immovable joints)
Amphiarthroses (Slightly movable joints)
Cartilaginous (Either Hyaline Cartilage or Fibrocartilage)
1.
Three major types
3. Gomphosis
Synchondroses –hyaline cartilage unites the bones
Examples: Epiphyseal plate, 1st rib to manubrium sternum)
Teeth bound to
bony sockets by
periodontal ligaments
Refer to page 257
Amphiarthroses (Slightly movable joints)
Cartilaginous (Either Hyaline Cartilage or Fibrocartilage)
2.
Symphyses-adjoining bones separated by a pad or
Diarthroses (Freely movable joints)
Synovial are the most numerous and most complex of all joints!
Examples: Shoulder joint, Knee joint
disk of fibrocartilage
Examples: Symphysis pubis and Intervertebral joints (bodies)
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Structure of Synovial Joints
Articular capsule - sac enclosing a joint,
Types of Synovial Joints
formed by an outer fibrous membrane and an inner
synovial membrane. Also called joint capsule.
3 Main Groups: Uniaxial, Biaxial, and Multiaxial
Synovial membrane – moist membrane
1.
which lines the inner surface and secretes synovial
fluid (lubricates and nourishes the joint).
Uniaxial Joint – Permit movement around only
1 axis and in only 1 plane – Hinge and Pivot
Menisci (Articular disks) - Cartilage disks
Hinge: Elbow, Knee, Interphalangeal joints
that acts as a cushion between the ends of bones
which meet in some freely movable joints. They
usually divide the joint cavity in two. KNEE
Bursae – Found in some freely movable
joints – A sac of synovial membrane filled
with synovial fluid. Associated with bony
prominences. KNEE & ELBOW
Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa – caused by
overuse, repetitive use, or sudden trauma to the joints
Pivot:
Refer to pages 259, 264, and 265
1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae; Radius and Ulna
2.
Biaxial Joint – Permits movement around two
perpendicular axes in two perpendicular planes
Saddle Joint and Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joint : Thumb joint between metacarpal and
carpal bone
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Condyloid Joints: Condyle (a round bump) fits into an
elliptical socket. This joint permits angular movement of the
bones. The metacarpophalangeal joint (junction between the
metacarpals and phalanges) of the hand; distal end of Radius
and Carpal bones
3.
Multiaxial Joint
– Permits movement around 3
or more axes and in 3 or more planes
Ball & Socket Joint and Gliding Joints
Ball & Socket Joint : Our MOST movable joints!
Shoulder and Hip
Gliding Joint :
Least movable of synovial joints!
Types of Synovial Joints
Articular processes between vertebrae, Between carpal and tarsal bones
Refer to page 260
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Synovial Joints
Shoulder Joint
a.k.a. Humeroscapular Joint
Refer to p.238
• Glenoid cavity (rounded
depression that forms the
articular surface of the scapula at
the shoulder joint) and head of
humerus
• Ball and socket diarthroses
• Stabilized by ligaments
• Strength and stability sacrificed
for range of motion
Although there are many
reasons for shoulder pain, a
common problem for
people over 40 years of age
is a rotator cuff tear.
The Rotator cuff is made
up of the muscles and
tendons that surround
humerus and hold it in the
shoulder joint. A tear may
result suddenly from a
single traumatic event or
develop gradually because
of repetitive overhead
activities.
Synovial Joints
Synovial Joints
Hip Joint
Knee Joint
• Ball and socket diarthroses
• Acetabulum (the cup-shaped cavity of the hipbone) and head of femur
• Stability! (numerous ligaments)
• Hinge joint with incomplete
articular capsule
• Formed by the condyles
of the femur and the condylar
surfaces of the tibia
• Accessory structures help
stabilize lateral movements
• Supported by ligaments
• Relatively unprotected by
surrounding muscle
• Knees are the main weight
bearers!
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Football injuries
• Damage to collateral ligaments due to blow
• Torn cruciate ligaments
A complete tear of the ACL has
minimal ability to heal and often
requires surgical reconstruction.
This involves replacing the torn
ligament, usually with the middle
third of the patella tendon.
Synovial Joints
Vertebral Joint
Vertebral Joint
“Slipped disk”
disk”
Each vertebra is connected to the next via
several joints … between their bodies as
well as their processes.
A herniated disk (HBP = herniated nucleus pulposus) is when
the nucleus pulposus is compressed and pushes through the
annulus. The fragments protruding into the spinal canal then
press on spinal nerves or even the spinal cord … PAIB!
The joints between the bodies (intervertebral
disks and strong ligaments) offer very little
movement (Symphyses).
The joints between
the processes are
more movable
(Synovial/gliding)
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
The carpal tunnel is the area
under a ligament in front of the
wrist. The median nerve, which
passes through the carpal tunnel,
supplies the thumb side of the hand.
Repetitive movements of the hand
and wrist can cause inflammation
of structures (such as tendons and
their coverings) that surround the
median nerve. The inflammation
may compress this nerve,
producing numbness, tingling, and
pain in the first three fingers and
the thumb side of the hand.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C02Nyowvaw8
Angular Movements
Angular movements alter the angle size between articulating bones.
Synovial Joints
Type & Range of Movement
1. Angular
2. Circular
3. Gliding
4. Special
Range of Motion (ROM)
is used to determine the
degree of damage to a
joint!
Goniometer
Starting point is
usually anatomical
position.
Refer to pp. 268-272
Flexion and Extension
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Abduction and Adduction
Circular Movements
Circular movements cause the arc-like rotation of a structure around an axis.
Rotation
Circumduction
Pivoting a bone
on its own axis!
Distal end
moves in
a circle!
Gliding Movements
These are the simplest of all movements. The articular surface of one bone
moves over the articular surface of another bone without angular or circular
movement
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Special Movements
Unique to only one or two joints
A Blast from the Past!
Protraction moves a structure _________
Retraction moves a structure __________
Elevation moves a structure _________
Depression moves a structure _________
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