Section 3
New Civil Rights Issues
Guide to Reading
Big Ideas
Struggles for Rights In the late
1960s, the civil rights movement tried
to address the persistent economic
inequality of African Americans.
Content Vocabulary
• racism (p. 642)
• black power (p. 644)
Urban Problems
Academic Vocabulary
• enforcement (p. 646)
People and Events to Identify
• Kerner Commission (p. 643)
• Chicago Movement (p. 644)
• Richard J. Daley (p. 644)
• Stokely Carmichael (p. 644)
• Malcolm X (p. 645)
• Black Panthers (p. 646)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Complete a graphic organizer like the one below by listing five
major violent events in the civil rights
movement and their results.
Event
B
y the mid-1960s, much progress had been made in
the arena of civil rights. However, leaders of the
movement began to understand that merely winning
political rights for African Americans would not completely solve their economic problems. The struggle
would continue to try to end economic inequality.
Result
642 Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement
MAIN Idea African Americans became impatient with the slow pace of
change; this frustration sometimes boiled over into riots.
HISTORY AND YOU Have you ever seen news coverage of a riot in the
United States or overseas? What triggered the outburst? Read on to learn
about the factors that fed into the riots of the 1960s.
Despite the passage of civil rights laws in the 1950s and 1960s,
racism—prejudice or discrimination toward someone because of his
or her race—was still common in American society. Changing the law
could not change people’s attitudes, nor did it help most African
Americans trapped in poverty in the nation’s big cities.
In 1965 nearly 70 percent of African Americans lived in large cities.
Many had moved from the South to the big cities of the North during
the Great Migration of the 1920s and 1940s. There, they often found
the same prejudice and discrimination that had plagued them in the
South.
Even if African Americans had been allowed to move into white
neighborhoods, poverty trapped many of them in inner cities. Many
African Americans found themselves channeled into low-paying jobs
with little chance of advancement. Those who did better typically
found employment as blue-collar workers in factories, but most
did not advance beyond that. In 1965 only 15 percent of African
Americans held professional, managerial, or clerical jobs, compared
to 44 percent of whites. The average income of an African American
family was only 55 percent of that of the average white family, and
almost half of African Americans lived in poverty. Their unemployment rate was typically twice that of whites.
Poor neighborhoods in the nation’s major cities were overcrowded
and dirty, leading to higher rates of illness and infant mortality. At
the same time, the crime rate increased in the 1960s, particularly in
low-income neighborhoods. Juvenile delinquency rates rose, as did
the rate of young people dropping out of school. Complicating matters even more was a rise in the number of single-parent households.
All poor neighborhoods suffered from these problems, but because
The Problem of Urban Poverty
▲
▲
Congress is
compared to
the Roman
emperor Nero,
who was said
to have played
music as Rome
burned.
Barry Goldwater
tries to persuade
President Johnson
to stop creating
programs to end
urban poverty.
Analyzing VISUALS
1. Making Inferences In the cartoon on the left, what
does the man suggest about urban problems?
2. Drawing Conclusions Based on the cartoon above,
what should Congress have done to stop the rioting?
more African Americans lived in poverty,
their communities were disproportionately
affected.
Many African Americans living in urban
poverty knew the civil rights movement had
made enormous gains, but when they looked
at their own circumstances, nothing seemed to
be changing. The movement had raised their
hopes, but their everyday problems continued.
As a result, their anger and frustration began
to rise—until it finally erupted.
The Watts Riot
Just five days after President Johnson signed
the Voting Rights Act, a riot erupted in Watts,
an African American neighborhood in Los
Angeles. Allegations of police brutality had
served as the catalyst for this uprising, which
lasted for six days and required over 14,000
members of the National Guard and 1,500 law
officers to restore order. Rioters burned and
looted entire neighborhoods and destroyed
about $45 million in property. They killed
34 people and injured about 900 others.
More rioting was yet to come. Riots broke
out in dozens of American cities between 1965
and 1968. The worst riot took place in Detroit
in 1967. Burning, looting, and skirmishes with
police and National Guard members resulted
in 43 deaths and over 1,000 wounded.
Eventually the U.S. Army sent in tanks and
soldiers armed with machine guns to get control of the situation. Nearly 4,000 fires destroyed
1,300 buildings, and the damage in property
loss was estimated at $250 million.
The Kerner Commission
In 1967 President Johnson appointed the
National Advisory Commission on Civil
Disorders, headed by Governor Otto Kerner
of Illinois, to study the causes of the urban
riots and to make recommendations to prevent them from happening again. The Kerner
Commission, as it became known, conducted
a detailed study of the problem. The commission blamed racism for most of the problems
in the inner city. “Our nation is moving
toward two societies, one black, one white—
separate and unequal,” it concluded.
Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement 643
(l)Atlanta Constitution, 1964, Clifford H. “Baldy” Baldowski Editorial Cartoons. Courtesy of the Richard B. Russell Library for Political, (r)A 1967 Herblock Cartoon, copyright by The Herb Block Foundation
The commission recommended the creation
of 2 million inner-city jobs, the construction of
6 million new units of public housing, and a
renewed federal commitment to fight de facto
segregation. President Johnson’s War on
Poverty, which addressed some of the concerns
about inner-city jobs and housing, was already
underway. Saddled with spending for the
Vietnam War, however, Johnson never endorsed
the recommendations of the commission.
The Shift to Economic Rights
By the mid-1960s, a number of African
American leaders were becoming increasingly
critical of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s nonviolent
strategy. They felt it had failed to improve
the economic position of African Americans.
Dr. King came to agree with this criticism, and
in 1965 he decided to address economic
issues.
Dr. King decided to focus on the problems
that African Americans faced in Chicago. King
had never conducted a civil rights campaign in
the North, but by tackling a large Northern
city, he believed he could call greater attention
to poverty and other racial problems that lay
beneath the urban race riots.
To call attention to the deplorable housing
conditions that many African American families faced, Dr. King and his wife Coretta moved
into a slum apartment in an African American
neighborhood in Chicago. Dr. King and the
SCLC hoped to work with local leaders to
improve the economic status of African
Americans in poor neighborhoods.
The Chicago Movement, however, made
little headway. When Dr. King led a march
through the all-white suburb of Marquette
Park to demonstrate the need for open housing, he was met by angry white mobs similar
to those in Birmingham and Selma. Mayor
Richard J. Daley ordered the Chicago police
to protect the marchers, and he was determined to prevent violence. He met with Dr.
King and proposed a new program to clean up
the slums. Associations of realtors and bankers
also agreed to promote open housing. In theory, mortgages and rental property would be
available to everyone, regardless of race. In
practice, little changed.
Describing How did Dr. King and
SCLC leaders hope to address economic concerns?
644 Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement
Black Power
MAIN Idea Impatient with the slower gains of
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s movement, many young
African Americans called for “black power.”
HISTORY AND YOU How did Dr. King work to
avoid violence? Read on to find out how some
African Americans broke with Dr. King’s approach.
Dr. King’s failure in Chicago seemed to
show that nonviolent protests could do little to
solve economic problems. After 1965, many
African Americans, especially urban young
people, began to turn away from King. Some
leaders called for more aggressive forms of
protest. Their strategies ranged from armed
self-defense to promoting the idea that the
government should set aside a number of
states where African Americans could live separate from whites. As African Americans
became more assertive, some organizations,
including CORE and SNCC, voted to expel all
whites from leadership positions in their organizations. They believed that African Americans
alone should lead their struggle.
Many young African Americans called for
black power, a term that had many meanings.
A few interpreted black power to mean that
physical self-defense and even violence were
acceptable—a clear rejection of Dr. King’s
philosophy. To most, including Stokely
Carmichael, the leader of SNCC in 1966, the
term meant that African Americans should
control the social, political, and economic
direction of their struggle:
PRIMARY SOURCE
“This is the significance of black power as a slogan.
For once, black people are going to use the words
they want to use—not just the words whites want
to hear. . . . The need for psychological equality is
the reason why SNCC today believes that blacks
must organize in the black community. Only black
people can . . . create in the community an aroused
and continuing black consciousness. . . .”
—from the New York Review of Books, September 1966
Black power stressed pride in the African
American cultural group. It emphasized racial
distinctiveness rather than assimilation—the
process by which minority groups adapt to the
dominant culture in a society. African
Americans showed pride in their racial
heritage by adopting new Afro hairstyles and
African-style clothing. Many also took African
names. In universities, students demanded
that African and African American studies
courses be made part of the standard school
curriculum. Dr. King and some other leaders
criticized black power as a philosophy of hopelessness and despair. The idea was very popular, however, in poor neighborhoods where
many African Americans resided.
Malcolm X
By the early 1960s, a young man named
Malcolm X had become a symbol of the black
power movement. Born Malcolm Little in
Omaha, Nebraska, he experienced a difficult
childhood and adolescence. He drifted into a
life of crime and, in 1946, was convicted of burglary and sent to prison for six years.
Prison transformed Malcolm. He began to
educate himself and played an active role in
the prison debate society. Eventually, he joined
the Nation of Islam, commonly known as
the Black Muslims, who were led by Elijah
Muhammad. Despite their name, the Black
Muslims do not hold the same beliefs as mainstream Muslims. The Nation of Islam preached
black nationalism. Like Marcus Garvey in the
1920s, Black Muslims believed that African
Americans should separate themselves from
whites and form their own self-governing
communities.
Shortly after joining the Nation of Islam,
Malcolm Little changed his name to Malcolm
X. The “X” symbolized the family name of his
African ancestors who had been enslaved. He
delcared that his true name had been stolen
from him by slavery, and he would no longer
use the name white society had given him.
The Black Muslims viewed themselves as
their own nation and attempted to make
themselves as self-sufficient as possible. They
ran their own businesses and schools, and
published their own newspaper, Muhammad
Speaks. They encouraged their members to
respect each other and to strengthen their
families. Black Muslims did not advocate violence, but they did advocate self-defense.
Malcolm X’s criticisms of white society and the
mainstream civil rights movement gained
national attention for the Nation of Islam.
Black Power in the 1960s
In the late 1960s, a new group of African American leaders, such as
Malcolm X, had lost patience with the slow progress of civil rights
and felt that African Americans needed to act more militantly and
demand equality, not wait for it to be given.
PRIMARY SOURCE
“Since the black masses here
in America are now in open
revolt against the American
system of segregation, will
these same black masses
turn toward integration or
will they turn toward complete
separation? Will these awakened black masses demand
integration into the white society that enslaved them or will they
demand complete separation from that cruel white society that has
enslaved them? Will the exploited and oppressed black masses seek
integration with their white exploiters and white oppressors or will
these awakened black masses truly revolt and separate themselves
completely from this wicked race that has enslaved us?”
—Malcolm X, from his speech “The Black Revolution,” 1964
▲ Medalists Tommie Smith and John Carlos give the black
power salute at the 1968 Olympics. Above right, Stokely
Carmichael speaks at a protest rally in Mississippi in 1966.
1. Identifying What are two options Malcolm X
thinks African Americans have regarding their relationship with whites?
2. Drawing Conclusions Do you think Malcolm X
supported integration? Why or why not?
Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement 645
The Civil Rights Movement’s Legacy
Economic Status of African Americans
Poverty
2005
50
40
30
20
10
1961
1981
1971
24.9%
Less than Bachelor’s degree
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
0
With Bachelor’s degree
Analyzing VISUALS
1. Interpreting In which elected offices did African
Americans see the greatest increase in representation?
2. Drawing Conclusions Does the data presented
suggest that the civil rights movement was a success?
Why or why not?
179
633
715
1,044
213
362
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States.
By 1964, Malcolm X had broken with the
Black Muslims. Discouraged by scandals involving the Nation of Islam’s leader, he went to the
Muslim holy city of Makkah (also called Mecca)
in Saudi Arabia. After seeing Muslims from
many races worshipping together, he concluded
that an integrated society was possible after all.
After Malcolm X broke with the Nation of
Islam, he continued to criticize the organization. Because of this, organization members
shot and killed him in February 1965. Although
Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam before his
death, his speeches and ideas from those years
with the Black Muslims have influenced African
Americans to take pride in their own culture
and to believe in their ability to make their way
in the world.
Malcolm X’s ideas influenced a new generation of militant African American leaders who
also preached black power, black nationalism,
646 Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement
1,928
2,000
ion
85.7%
2001
at
14.3%
1970
5,456
uc
3.5%
6,000
co Cit
un y
ty an
of d
fic
es
La
w
en
fo
rce
m
en
t
College Degrees
1960
2000
96.5%
African Americans Elected by Office
Below poverty level
an
leg d s
isl tat
at e
ur
es
Above poverty level
2001
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States.
75.1%
U.
S.
55.1%
Elected Officials
44.9%
1991
Year
Ed
1959
Number in Congress
There have been many changes in the status of African
Americans in the United States since the 1960s. Changes
have taken place in politics, economics, and education.
African-Americans in House of
Representatives and Senate, 1961–2001
and economic self-sufficiency. In 1966 in
Oakland, California, Huey Newton, Bobby
Seale, and Eldridge Cleaver organized the
Black Panthers.
The Black Panthers believed that a revolution was necessary in the United States, and
they urged African Americans to arm themselves and prepare to force whites to grant
them equal rights. Black Panther leaders called
for an end to racial oppression and control of
major institutions in the African American
community, such as schools, law enforcement,
housing, and hospitals. Eldridge Cleaver, who
served as the minister of culture, articulated
many of the organization’s aims in his 1967
best-selling book, Soul on Ice.
Describing What disagreements
split Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the black power
movement?
King Is Assassinated
MAIN Idea After Dr. King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee,
Section 3 REVIEW
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
HISTORY AND YOU Do you know someone who remembers Dr. King’s
assassination? Read about the events surrounding King’s death.
By the late 1960s, the civil rights movement had fragmented
into dozens of competing organizations with differing philosophies for reaching equality. At the same time, the emergence of
black power and the call by some African Americans for violent
action angered many white civil rights supporters. This made further legislation to help African Americans economically less likely.
In this atmosphere, Dr. King went to Memphis, Tennessee, to
support a strike of African American sanitation workers in March
1968. At the time, the SCLC had been planning a national “Poor
People’s Campaign” to promote economic advancement for all
impoverished Americans. The purpose of this campaign, the most
ambitious one that Dr. King would ever lead, was to lobby the
federal government to commit billions of dollars to end poverty
and unemployment in the United States. People of all races and
nationalities were to converge on the nation’s capital, as they had
in 1963 during the March on Washington, where they would
camp out until both Congress and President Johnson agreed to
pass the requested legislation to fund the proposal.
On April 4, 1968, as he stood on his hotel balcony in Memphis,
Dr. King was assassinated by a sniper. Ironically, the previous
night he had told a gathering at a local church, “I’ve been to
the mountaintop. . . . I’ve looked over and I’ve seen the Promised
Land. I may not get there with you, but I want you to know
tonight that we as a people will get to the Promised Land.”
Dr. King’s death touched off both national mourning and riots
in more than 100 cities, including Washington, D.C. The Reverend
Ralph Abernathy, who had served as a trusted assistant to Dr. King
for many years, led the Poor People’s Campaign in King’s absence.
The demonstration, however, did not achieve any of the major
objectives that either King or the SCLC had hoped it would.
In the wake of Dr. King’s death, Congress did pass the Civil
Rights Act of 1968. The act contained a fair-housing provision
outlawing discrimination in housing sales and rentals and gave
the Justice Department authority to bring suits against such
discrimination.
Dr. King’s death marked the end of an era in American history.
Although the civil rights movement continued, it lacked the unity
of purpose and vision that Dr. King had given it. Under his leadership, and with the help of tens of thousands of dedicated African
Americans, many of whom were students, the civil rights movement transformed American society. Although many problems
remain to be solved, the achievements of the civil rights movement
in the 1950s and 1960s dramatically improved the lives of African
Americans, creating opportunities that had not existed before.
Summarizing What were the goals of the Poor
People’s Campaign?
Vocabulary
1. Explain the significance of: racism,
Kerner Commission, Chicago Movement,
Richard J. Daley, black power, Stokely
Carmichael, Malcolm X, Black Panthers.
Main Ideas
2. Describing What were the findings and
the recommendations of the Kerner
Commission?
3. Assessing How did Malcolm X’s ideas
about the relationship between African
Americans and white Americans change
by the time of his murder?
4. Explaining What was the general effect
of Dr. King’s assassination?
Critical Thinking
5. Big Ideas How was the Civil Rights Act
of 1968 designed to improve the economic status of African Americans?
6. Categorizing Use a graphic organizer
similar to the one below to list the main
views of each leader.
Leader
Views
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Malcolm X
Eldridge Cleaver
7. Analyzing Visuals Study the cartoons
on page 643. Together, what do they imply
about government response and responsibility for the problems of the inner cities?
Writing About History
8. Expository Writing Assume the role of
a reporter in the late 1960s. Suppose that
you have interviewed a follower of Dr.
King and a member of the Black Panthers.
Write a transcript of each interview.
)JTUPSZ
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Chapter
VISUAL SUMMARY
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downloading quizzes and flashcards
to your PDA from glencoe.com.
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Long-Range Causes
▲
• Widespread racial segregation in the American South
• Lack of voting rights for African Americans in the
American South
Linda Brown
was the main
plaintiff in
Brown v. Board
of Education.
Immediate Causes
• The arrival of large numbers of African Americans in the
North after the Great Migration gives them increased
political influence and greater voting power.
• African American contributions during World War II lead
many African Americans to believe it is time to take action
to demand change.
• NAACP strategy of using lawsuits to weaken segregation
scores a major victory in 1954 with the Brown v. Board of
Education ruling.
• African American churches serve as organizational bases,
and pastors rally African Americans and organize protests.
▲ Civil rights activists march to protest a pro-segregationist
speech by Alabama governor George Wallace in 1964.
Major Events of the
Civil Rights Movement
• African American community in Montgomery, Alabama, led by
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., organizes the Montgomery bus boycott.
• African American students are blocked from entering Little Rock
High School. President Eisenhower sends in federal troops and
asks Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
• Sit-ins begin in Greensboro, and soon young people are staging
sit-ins across the South to integrate public facilities.
• Freedom Riders end segregation on interstate bus travel.
• Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a march in Birmingham, then a
March on Washington to support the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
• Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a march in Selma to pressure
Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Major Results of the
Civil Rights Movement
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Civil Rights Act of 1968
End of legal segregation in schools and public facilities
Restoration of voting rights for African Americans
Ban on discrimination based on race in the workplace
Increased federal power to protect civil rights
648 Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement
▲ A civil rights march in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1965
ASSESSMENT
STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
TEST-TAKING TIP
Look for clues in the question that help you to eliminate certain answer choices right away. For example, if a question asks for a
difference between two political leaders, you know that you can eliminate answer choices that show what they have in common.
Reviewing Vocabulary
Reviewing Main Ideas
Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the
sentence.
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following questions.
Section 1 (pp. 622–629)
1. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court overturned the precedent of
established in Plessy v.
Ferguson.
5. Which event led to the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama?
A a riot in Montgomery
A reading requirements
B the CORE sit-in
B de facto segregation
C the arrest of Rosa Parks
C “separate but equal”
D a church bombing
D discrimination
2. Some Southern senators used a
civil rights legislation from passing.
to try to prevent
6. In 1957 the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
set out to
A march on Washington and pass a civil rights bill.
A filibuster
B encourage demonstrations and boycotts.
B cloture
C increase church attendance and promote brotherhood.
C closed vote
D end segregation and encourage voter registration.
D walk-out
3. Prejudice and discrimination against a person because of his
or her race is called
A black power.
A it declared it illegal to prevent African Americans from
voting.
B it declared it illegal to segregate restaurants.
B cloture.
C it declared it illegal to segregate public schools.
C segregation.
D it declared it illegal to discriminate in the selling of
a house.
D racism.
4. The concept of
American leaders.
7. Brown v. Board of Education was a significant case
because
was supported by militant African
A racism
B black power
C nonviolent resistance
D freedom marches
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Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement
649
Chapter
Critical Thinking
Section 2 (pp. 630–639)
8. “Bloody Sunday” occurred in reaction to which event?
Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions.
A the Selma march
12. Which group worked to fight segregation and other
inequalities primarily through the courts?
B the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C the March on Washington
D the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
9. How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 help African
Americans?
A NAACP
C SCLC
B SNCC
D CEEO
Base your answers to questions 13 and 14 on the map below and on
your knowledge of Chapter 18.
A The act authorized the U.S. attorney general to send
federal employees to register voters.
Route of the Freedom Riders, 1961
B The act suspended literacy tests in counties where less
than half of all adults had been allowed to vote.
Washington, D.C.
May 4
W.
Va. Richmond
C The act outlawed discrimination in housing sales and
rentals.
Va.
Route of Freedom Riders
D The act gave the federal government more power to
force school desegregation.
Greensboro
N.C.
Charlotte May 8
Tenn.
S.C. Rock Hill May 9
Section 3 (pp. 642–647)
10. In response to the race riots in the mid-1960s, the federal
government established which of the following?
Montgomery
C Chicago Movement
Intended destination
New
Orleans
11. What did the Nation of Islam, or the Black Muslims,
advocate?
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Fla.
La.
D Kerner Commission
E
S
Ala. May 20
Jackson
May 24
B EEOC
W
Augusta
Anniston
May 14 Ga.
Meridian Selma
A SNCC
N
Winnsboro
May 10
Atlanta
Birmingham
May 14
Miss. May 17
13. The route of the Freedom Riders focused on which region of
the United States?
A African Americans should use nonviolent resistance to
fight for civil rights.
A the Midwest
B African Americans should separate from whites and form
their own self-governing communities.
C New England
B the South
D the West
C African Americans should use violence to overthrow the
government and establish their own nation.
D African Americans should sue the federal government to
establish equality among the nation’s citizens.
14. The final destination of the Freedom Riders was
A Montgomery, Alabama.
B Washington, D.C.
C Selma, Alabama.
D Jackson, Mississippi.
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ASSESSMENT
15. Huey Newton, Eldridge Cleaver, and Bobby Seale founded
which militant African American group?
A the Black Muslims
Document-Based Questions
Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer questions that follow the document.
B the Black Panthers
On the evening of July 2, 1964, as he prepared to sign the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964, President Lyndon Johnson made a
televised address to the American people. Below is an excerpt:
C SNCC
D the Chicago Movement
Analyze the cartoon and answer the questions that follow. Base your
answers on the cartoon and on your knowledge of Chapter 18.
“I want to take this occasion to talk to you about
what . . . [the Civil Rights Act of 1964] means to every
American. . . . We believe that all men are created equal.
Yet many are denied equal treatment. . . . We believe that
all men are entitled to the blessings of liberty. Yet millions
are being deprived of those blessings—not because of
their own failures, but because of the color of their skin.
The reasons are deeply imbedded in history and tradition
and the nature of man. We can understand—without
rancor or hatred—how this all happened. But it cannot
continue. Our Constitution, the foundation of our
Republic, forbids it. The principles of our freedom forbid
it. Morality forbids it. And the law I will sign tonight
forbids it.”
—Lyndon Johnson
18. According to Johnson, what are the origins of racism?
19. What does Johnson say forbids the continuation of racism
in the United States?
Extended Response
20. Select one of the African American leaders who advocated
a more militant approach to the problems of racism in
America than did Martin Luther King, Jr. Write an essay
comparing and contrasting the ideas of that figure with
King’s ideas, providing your views on which approach was
more effective and why. Your essay should include an introduction and at least three paragraphs with supporting
details from the chapter.
16. In this cartoon, American cities are represented by
A riots.
B water.
C mines.
D ships.
17. Which of the following describes the main idea of this
cartoon?
STOP
A American cities are being destroyed by racial issues.
B American cities are much like ships.
)JTUPSZ
C American cities need to change direction.
For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes—
Chapter 18 at glencoe.com.
D American cities should avoid racial issues.
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Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement
Jon Kennedy/Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
651