A51E-0117
TORERO
1,
Hornbrook *,
1
Apel ,
2
Carpenter ,
2
Andrews ,
1
Lamarque ,
Rebecca
Eric
Alan
Lucy
Stephen
Jean-Francois
1
1
3
4
Doug Kinnison , Simone Tilmes , Brad Pierce , Rainer Volkamer , and the TORERO Science Team
Tropical Ocean tRoposphere
Exchange of Reactive halogen
species and Oxygenated VOC
Chemistry Division, NCAR, Boulder, CO, *[email protected]; 2Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom; 3NOAA/NESDIS Center for
Satellite Applications and Research, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Madison, WI, 4CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
1Atmospheric
TORERO motivation
Figure 3. TOGA data from the MBL (< 500 m) and U. of York data on surface
maps of MODIS sea surface temperatures (SST) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a).
4
6
8
CHBr3, pptv
10
0
20
2
4
6
8
CHBr3, pptv
10
Latitude (°)
Latitude (°)
Latitude (°)
-20
-20
-20
-110
-90
Longitude (°)
-40
-70
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
CH2ClI, pptv
-110
20
0
Ka'imimoana
GV TOGA
-40
-90
Longitude (°)
0.1 0.2 0.3
CHBr2Cl, pptv
-110
-70
20
0.4
Ka'imimoana
GV TOGA
-90
Longitude (°)
-70
Latitude (°)
Latitude (°)
Latitude (°)
-20
-20
-20
-110
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
CH2BrCl, pptv
20
0
0
Ka'imimoana
GV TOGA
-40
Latitude (°)
Ka'imimoana
GV TOGA
-90
Longitude (°)
0
50
0
22:00
3
2.5
16x10 14
12
2.0
12
10
1.5
8
1.0
8
6
4
4
0.5
2
0.0
0
0
22:00
3
2.5
16x10 14
12
12
8
1.0
4
0.5
altitude, m
1.5
10
8
6
4
2
0
DMS, CHBr3, pptv
2.0
0
22:00
Figure 2. Observations of DMS and several organohalogens during three
TORERO flights in both oligotrophic (RF05) and nutrient-rich environments.
12
8
1.0
4
0.5
16:00
18:00
20:00
RF05, UTC 29-Jan-2012
Ka'imimoana
GV TOGA
-110
-90
Longitude (°)
-40
-70
-110
-40
Ka'imimoana
GV TOGA
-90
Longitude (°)
-70
-110
Ka'imimoana
GV TOGA
-90
Longitude (°)
16x10 14
observed
modeled
12
2.0
12
1.5
8
1.0
Ratios of Halogenated Species
Ratios of pairs of halogenated
species, i.e., CHBr3/CH2Br2, are
indicators or MBL influence.
τCHBr3 ≈ 1 mo.
τCH2Br2 ≈ 4 mo.
τCH3I ≈ 1 week
τCH2ClI ≈ 2 hours
τCH2I2 ≈ 5 min
τDMS ≈ 1 day
Figure 4. RAQMS model curtain
plots showing MBL exposure, with
observed CHBr3/CH2Br2 ratios.
-110
8
6
4
2
0
14:00
-90
Longitude (°)
10
4
0.5
-40
-70
0
3
0.0
-40
4
22:00
2.5
-20
6
0
-70
0
8
2
0.0
100 150 200 250
DMS, pptv
10
16:00
18:00
20:00
RF12, UTC 14-Feb-2012
0
22:00
-70
2.5
3
16x10 14
observed
model
12
2.0
12
1.5
8
1.0
4
0.5
0.0
14:00
altitude, m
18:00
20:00
RF05, UTC 29-Jan-2012
0
12
1.5
CHBr2Cl, CH2Br2, pptv
0.0
observed
modeled
2.0
CHBr2Cl, CH2Br2, pptv
Latitude (°)
0
-20
-40
CHBr2Cl, CH2Br2, pptv
0
3
16x10 14
10
8
6
4
CHBr3, pptv
CH2ClI, CHBr2Cl, CH2Br2, pptv
4
DMS, CHBr3, pptv
CH2ClI, CHBr2Cl, CH2Br2, pptv
2
CHBr3, pptv
6
altitude, m
CH2ClI, CHBr2Cl, CH2Br2, pptv
0
CHBr3, pptv
8
2
18:00
20:00
RF15, UTC 22-Feb-2012
20
altitude, m
10
altitude, m
0.5
DMS, CHBr3, pptv
12
4
16:00
3
12
1.0
0.0
14:00
1
2
CH2Br2, pptv
altitude, m
CH2Br2
CHBr3
DMS/10
16:00
18:00
20:00
RF12, UTC 14-Feb-2012
0
3
16x10 14
8
14:00
20
0
20
1.5
16:00
3
0
Several VSLS were measured in situ using GC/MS on board the NCAR/NSF GV
using the NCAR Trace Organic Gas Analyzer (TOGA), and from the NOAA RV
Ka’imimoana by the University of York.
2.0
1
2
CH2Br2, pptv
Model output from the global CAM-chem chemistry-climate model, with recently
integrated observations of very short-lived (VSL) halocarbons and reactive iodine
and bromine species (Saiz-Lopez et al., 2012), are compared against several of
the VSLS observed by TOGA during TORERO.
2.5
Organohalogen measurements
GV altitude
CH2ClI
CHBr2Cl
0
20
Figure 1. Flight tracks of the 17 research flights flown from
Antofagasta, Chile and San Jose, Costa Rica, 19-Jan to 29-Feb-2012.
2.5
Comparison with WACCM/CAM-chem
Marine Boundary Layer Organohalogens
The primary objective of TORERO was to study the release
and transport of halogenated gases and oxidized VOCs in
the Eastern Tropical Pacific during the season of high
biologic productivity. Many halogenated gases, also called
very short-lived species (VSLS; t < 6 mo.) are emitted from
the ocean and can impact marine boundary layer (MBL) O3,
as well as stratospheric O3 due to convection to the UT/LS.
Despite efforts to quantify these species, uncertainties
remain as to the regional distribution of sources and sinks
of these compounds and their impact on MBL chemistry.
Chl-a
1
Hills ,
2
0
16:00
18:00
20:00
RF15, UTC 22-Feb-2012
0
22:00
Figure 5. CAM-chem modeled and
observed VSLS from three TORERO flights.
Summary
Figure 6. CAM-chem curtain
plots and observed CHBr3.
• VSLS emissions from the east-tropical Pacific Ocean are tied to factors involving
SST and biologically active chlorophyll-a production, but differ from DMS.
• MBL ship- and aircraft-based observations of most VSLS are in good agreement.
• Ratios of VSLS are indicators of recent influence of MBL air to the free
troposphere and of aging within the free troposphere.
• Initial comparisons of observations to WACCM/CAM-chem model output show
reasonable agreement with CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CHBr2Cl.
Saiz-Lopez, A., et al., ACP, 12, 3939, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3939-2012, 2012.