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The electrochemical series EqLQYROW )JH± )±DT +2DT+DTH± +2O $XDTH± $XV &OJH± &O±DT 2J+DTH± +2 %UOH± %U±DT $JDTH± $JV )HDTH± )HDT 2J+DTH± ,VH± +2DT ,±DT 2J+2OH± 2+±DT &XDTH± &XV 6QDTH± 6QDT 6V+DTH± +6J +DTH± +J 3EDTH± 3EV ± 6QDTH± 6QV ± 1LDTH± 1LV ± &RDTH± &RV ± )HDTH± )HV ± =QDTH± =QV ± +2OH± +J2+±DT ± 0QDTH± $ODTH± 0JDTH± 1DDTH± &DDTH± 0QV $OV 0JV 1DV &DV ± ± ± ± ± .DTH± .V ± /LDTH± /LV ± &+(0'$7$%22. 3K\VLFDOFRQVWDQWV îPRO± $YRJDGUR¶VFRQVWDQWN$ &KDUJHRQRQHHOHFWURQ )DUDGD\FRQVWDQWF *DVFRQVWDQWR ±î±& &PRO± -.±PRO± ,RQLFSURGXFWIRUZDWHUKZ 6HOILRQLVDWLRQFRQVWDQW î±PRO/±DW. 0RODUYROXPH9PRIDQLGHDOJDVDW.N3D673 0RODUYROXPH9PRIDQLGHDOJDVDW.N3D6/& /PRO± /PRO± 6SHFL¿FKHDWFDSDFLW\cRIZDWHU -J±.± 'HQVLW\dRIZDWHUDW& JP/± DWP N3D PP+J & . 6,SUH¿[HVWKHLUV\PEROVDQGYDOXHV 6,SUH¿[ Symbol Value JLJD G PHJD 0 NLOR N GHFL G ± FHQWL F ± PLOOL P ± PLFUR ȝ ± QDQR Q ± SLFR S ± 5. 1+105GDWD 7\SLFDOSURWRQVKLIWYDOXHVUHODWLYHWR706 7KHVHFDQGLIIHUVOLJKWO\LQGLIIHUHQWVROYHQWV:KHUHPRUHWKDQRQHSURWRQHQYLURQPHQWLVVKRZQLQWKHIRUPXOD WKHVKLIWUHIHUVWRWKHRQHVLQEROGOHWWHUV 7\SHRISURWRQ &KHPLFDOVKLIWSSP 5±&+ 5±&+±5 5&+ &+±&H 5±&+ O CH3 C OR O or CH3 C NHR 785129(5 &+(0'$7$%22. 7\SHRISURWRQ &KHPLFDOVKLIWSSP CH3 R C O 5±&+±;; )&O%URU, ± 5±&H2–2+ O R C NHCH2R 5²2²&+ RU 5²2²&+5 O O C CH3 O R C OCH2R 5±2±+ ±YDULHVFRQVLGHUDEO\XQGHUGLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQV 5±1+ ± 5+& &H ± OH H O R C NHCH2R O R C ± H O R C O H 6. &+(0'$7$%22. &105GDWD 7\SHRIFDUERQ &KHPLFDOVKLIWSSP 5±&+ ± 5±&+±5 ± 5±&+ ± 5±& ± 5±&+±; ± 5&±1+ ± 5±&+±2+ ± 5& &5 ± 5& &5 ± 5&22+ ± ,QIUDUHGDEVRUSWLRQGDWD &KDUDFWHULVWLFUDQJHIRULQIUDUHGDEVRUSWLRQ Bond :DYHQXPEHUFP–1 &±&O ± &±& ± &±2 ± & & ± & 2 ± 2±+DFLGV ± &±+ ± 2±+DOFRKROV ± 1±+SULPDU\DPLQHV ± 785129(5 &+(0'$7$%22. DPLQRDFLGVĮDPLQRDFLGV Name Symbol DODQLQH $OD Structure CH3 H2N DUJLQLQH NH CH2 CH2 CH COOH $VQ H2N $VS &\V H 2N JOXWDPLQH COOH COOH CH COOH CH2 SH CH COOH O *OX JO\FLQH *O\ KLVWLGLQH +LV CH2 CH2 CH COOH ,OH C CH2 CH2 H2N CH COOH H2N CH2 COOH N H2N CH COOH CH3 CH CH2 H2N CH COOH NH2 COOH N CH2 LVROHXFLQH NH NH2 C *OQ H2N JOXWDPLFDFLG CH CH2 H2N F\VWHLQH CH2 O CH2 DVSDUWLFDFLG COOH $UJ H2N DVSDUDJLQH CH H CH3 C NH2 Name Symbol OHXFLQH /HX &+(0'$7$%22. Structure CH3 CH CH3 CH2 H2N O\VLQH /\V H2N PHWKLRQLQH 0HW H2N SKHQ\ODODQLQH 3KH 3UR VHULQH 6HU H N H2N WKUHRQLQH WU\SWRSKDQ 7KU COOH CH2 CH2 CH COOH CH2 CH2 CH COOH CH2 S CH2 NH2 CH3 CH2 H2N SUROLQH CH CH COOH COOH CH2 OH CH COOH CH3 CH H2N CH 7US OH COOH H N CH2 H2N W\URVLQH 7\U 9DO COOH OH CH2 H2N YDOLQH CH CH COOH CH3 CH CH3 H2N CH COOH 785129(5 &+(0'$7$%22. )RUPXODVRIVRPHIDWW\DFLGV Name Formula /DXULF &+&22+ 0\ULVWLF &+&22+ 3DOPLWLF &+&22+ 3DOPLWROHLF &+&22+ 6WHDULF &+&22+ 2OHLF &+&22+ /LQROHLF &+&22+ /LQROHQLF &+&22+ $UDFKLGLF &+&22+ $UDFKLGRQLF &+&22+ 6WUXFWXUDOIRUPXODVRIVRPHLPSRUWDQWELRPROHFXOHV CH2OH H HO H O H H OH H HOCH2 H O H O OH H OH OH CH2OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H H sucrose HOCH2 glycerol OH O HH HH HO H deoxyribose NH2 N HC C N C C N HN CH N H adenine H2N C O NH2 O C C C N C C guanine N N CH N H O C N H cytosine HN CH CH O C N H O C CH thymine CH3 O P O O phosphate &+(0'$7$%22. 11. Acid-base indicators Name pH range Colour change Base Acid 7K\PROEOXH 0HWK\ORUDQJH %URPRSKHQROEOXH 0HWK\OUHG %URPRWK\PROEOXH 3KHQROUHG 3KHQROSKWKDOHLQ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± UHG UHG \HOORZ UHG \HOORZ \HOORZ FRORXUOHVV Ka \HOORZ \HOORZ EOXH \HOORZ EOXH UHG UHG î± î± î± î± î± î± î± $FLGLW\FRQVWDQWVKaRIVRPHZHDNDFLGVDW& Name Formula Ka $PPRQLXPLRQ %HQ]RLF %RULF (WKDQRLF +\GURF\DQLF +\GURÀXRULF +\SREURPRXV +\SRFKORURXV /DFWLF 0HWKDQRLF 1LWURXV 3URSDQRLF 1+ &+&22+ +%2 &+&22+ +&1 +) +2%U +2&O +&+2 +&22+ +12 &+&22+ î± î± î± î± î± î± î± î± î± î± î± î± 9DOXHVRIPRODUHQWKDOS\RIFRPEXVWLRQRIVRPHFRPPRQIXHOVDW.DQGN3D ǻHc N-PRO–1 Substance Formula State K\GURJHQ + J ± FDUERQJUDSKLWH & V ± PHWKDQH &+ J ± HWKDQH &+ J ± SURSDQH &+8 J ± EXWDQH &+ J ± SHQWDQH &+ ± KH[DQH &+ ± RFWDQH &8+ ± HWKHQH &+ J ± PHWKDQRO &+2+ ± HWKDQRO &+2+ ± SURSDQRO &+&+&+2+ ± SURSDQRO &+&+2+&+ ± JOXFRVH &+2 V ± (1'2)'$7$%22.
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