dr Katarzyna Wardin
Polish Naval Academy
in Gdynia
Gdynia, 30.06.2014r.
ABSTARCT
I.
Education
In 1993, I got a professional training for English teachers at the Defense Language
Institute English Language Center, Lackand Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, USA, and
in 1997 I graduated from Teacher training college of foreign languages at the University of
Gdańsk and I got the Bachelor's degree in English Philology. In 1999 I started a master's
degree at the University of Gdańsk at the Faculty of social sciences, and then in 2001
I defended thesis written under the supervision of Professor Mark Malinowski in the
Department of International Relations and Political Science, and got a degree majoring in
public policy. My work involved armed conflict in Europe and was titled „Armed conflicts
threatening security and stability of the European Union (casus of former Yugoslavia).
In 2005 I graduated from the postgraduate studies at the University of Gdańsk in terms of
a methodical mentoring in English (consultation of methodical and teaching).
7. December 2006 I defended dissertation entitled “An assessment of transport flows of
terrorist activities in the Baltic Sea” in the Naval Academy in Gdynia, Faculty of Command
and Naval Operations, written under the direction of D.Sc. Krzysztof Kubiak and I got the
degree of doctor of social sciences in specialties: maritime security. In addition, in 2008,
I graduated from the pedagogical course for higher education didactics.
II
Professional career
Since September 1991, started work at the Naval Academy in Gdynia. After defending
my Ph.d., in 2007, I started work on the Faculty of Command and Naval Operations in the
AMW. At the same time, in the summer semester of the academic year 2007/2008, I led
lectures with national and international security, basics of geopolitics and conflict in
a globalized world at the University of Lower Silesia in the Institute of International Relations
in Wrocław.
Since September 2009 I have also worked at the Business and Administration School of
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Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski in Gdynia on the Faculty of Law and Administration at the time as an
Assistant Professor.
During my previous teaching activities in the Tri-City Colleges and Universities, I led
lectures of different subjects:

contemporary political systems;

international political relations;

international security;

armed conflicts of the modern world;

internal security in the European Union;

regime of intelligence services, and police;

terrorist threats.
At the Business and Administration School of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski in Gdynia I run
from 2012 activities in English for foreign students studying in Poland with the ERASMUS
programme. They cover flavored items from a range of international relations, international
security and terrorism.
In the academic year 2011-2012, I participated in a project funded by the European
Union, GenerationBALT facing the future, which concerned the development prospects of the
southern Baltic Sea region in the context of the adjustment of the degree courses to meet the
needs of the wider maritime industry. In the project I have made clear to the preparation of the
survey led to the representatives of politics, business, and education, and develop the results
of the survey.
Since 2009 I have been a technical editor of the "Yearbook of maritime security," issued
in the Naval Academy. In addition, I am a co-organizer of scientific conferences organized by
the Faculty of the Command and Naval Operations in the years 2013 and 2014, as well as the
scientific seminar for doctoral students (details in the annex concerning the teaching and
scientific achievements).
II.
Research interests
My post- doctoral work, on which I worked, is a result of my personal interests, as well as
years of consultation with a number of Universities, national government institutions, as well
as experience and knowledge learned from the publications, which I was the author or coauthor of. Maritime security considerations are especially close to me, because I focus my
Ph.d. dissertation around issues related to the threat of potential terrorist activities in the
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Baltic Sea area. Continuing in the research the issues of maritime security I decided to refer
them to the major international routes and paid particular attention to the fact of ever-growing
threats to security of maritime transport from piracy. The evolution of my interests of these
issues appeared in the course of my work, as an accademic teacher in the Department of
Command and Naval Operations. Participation in the work of the faculty research such as:
Warships of the asymmetric war, Maritime safety of the modern State, The analysis of the
potentials of marine forces logistics security system in the activities of national and
multinational level, as well as directing the scientific Works: The impact of NATO'S military
and political initiatives for the creation of peace and security of oil transport in the
Mediterranean Sea region and Geographical, economic and political determinants of
maritime piracy in the world, allowed me to take a look at the considerable importance of the
security of international maritime transport for the global world economy and see a significant
risk for this type of transport, which is due to piracy in the 21st century. For the most
important scientific articles, which were the result of my research I include:
1. Somalia a potential oasis of world terrorism, [in:] „Safety aspects of on water,
underwater security and sea flights”, Command of Polish Navy and AMW Gdynia 2007,
ISBN 978-83-602-7802-4, pp. 160-168.
2. The threat of oil transport from maritime piracy. The proposed KRA canal construction
in Thailand in order to bypass the Strait of Malaka, [in:] „International Security
Yearbook 2008”, Publisher DSW, Wrocław 2008, ISSN 1896-8848, pp.133-143.
3.
Modern-day piracy a threat to international maritime transport, Scientific Notebooks of
AMW, Gdynia 2009, ISSN 0860-889X, pp. 89-112.
4.
Piracy in the 21st century the threat of maritime transport security, LOGISTYKA N°2,
2010, CD disc.
5.
The Straits - bottlenecks of maritime transport, LOGISTYKA N° 2, 2010, CD disc.
6.
The strategic sea route of oil transportation threatened, Bellona, quarterly magazine of
Defense Ministry, Yearbook XCIII(V), N° 2/2011 (665), pp. 30-45.
7.
Freedom of navigation and its security — the problem of piracy in the 21st century, [in:]
“Quality to the challenges and threats of the 21st century”, under scientific supervision of
E. Ślachcińska, A, Zduniak, WSB Poznań 2011. ISBN: 978-83-61304-24-1, pp. 362-374.
8.
Influence of Pirates' Activities on Maritime Transport in the Gulf of Aden Region,
D. Duda, K. Wardin, [in:] „Human resources and crew resource management. Maritime
Navigation and safety of sea transportation”, under scientific supervision of. A. Weintrit
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T. A Neuman, Balkena book, crc Press, Taylor&Francis Group, Boca-raton-london-New
York-Leiden, 2011 ISBN 978-0-415-69115-4, pp.135-140, (own participation 80%).
9.
Preventive actions and safety measures directed against pirates in the Gulf of Aden
region, D. Duda, K. Wardin, [in:] “Human resources and crew resource management.
Maritime Navigation and safety of sea transportation”, under scientific supervision of. A.
Weintrit T. A Neuman Balkena book, crc Press, Taylor&Francis Group, Boca-ratonlondon-New York-Leiden, 2011 ISBN 978-0-415-69115-4, pp. 141-148, (own
participation 80%).
10. Costs of piracy in the horn of Africa in context of energy products security, [in:]
„Security in Government and business in the modern world”, part II, WSAiB, Gdynia
2011, ISBN 978-83-61505-88-4, pp. 176-188.
11. Maritime commerce at the Indian Ocean and Somali piracy, [in:] Transfer wiedzy,
Business Maritime Review, nr 8/2012, ISSN 2082-7520, pp. 58-63.
12. International maritime transport and costs of piracy, [in:] Scientific Notebooks of AMW
Gdynia 2011, ISSN 0860-889X, pp.133-150.
13. Private military companies - a panacea to the problem of maritime piracy –
LOGISTYKA N°5 2011, CD disc N°2.
14. Maritime operation "Atalanta" - the example of the effectiveness of the European Union
activities in solving problems of falling states, [in:] Polish Political Science Yearbook
2012/XLI, Publisher Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2012, ISSN 0208-7375 , pp. 287-307.
15. Maritime commerce at the Indian Ocean and Somali piracy, [in:] Transfer wiedzy,
Business Maritime Review, N° 8/2012, ISSN 2082-7520, pp. 58-63.
16. Maritime transport security and dilemmas of involving private military companies and
vesels protection detachement groups, [in:] “Security research paradigms” University of
Security in Poznań, Zakopane 4-6.12.2013, (Certificate of acceptation to publication).
17. The threat to international security, the role of weak and failed States-casus of a cultural
identity trap, [in:] The Scientific and Methodological Review Year VI, N° 4 (21),
University of Security in Poznań 2013, pp. 37-46.
18. Characteristics of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and its influence on international
maritime transport in the region, D. Duda, dr K. Wardin [in:] “Maritime Navigation and
safety of sea transportation”, under scientific supervision of Weintrit A. Neuman T. A
Balkena book, crc Press, Taylor&Francis Group, Boca-raton-london-New York-Leiden,
2013, ISBN 978-1-138-00104-6 (HbK), pp.177-185, (own participation 80%).
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19. The Gulf of Guinea the main area of modern sea pirates activities, Quarterly Magazine
Bellona, N° 4/2013, pp. 56-70.
In 2012, I released (BELStudio Publishing House, Warsaw) a monograph entitled
Modern-day piracy. Somali challenge and response of the international community, which
I consider to be an important component of my research on the issue of piracy. In the book
I presented the genesis of Somali piracy in the 21st century, as well as costs and additional
expenses shall be borne by the international community in connection with piracy off the
coast of Somalia. At the same time included in the book assessments and analysis led me to
continue the research and seek answers to the question of why piracy is still present in the
21st century, in spite of the action taken to limit it? The second important issue, that is the
logical consequence of the responses to the first question, was the wording of the questions,
what should be the response of the international community to this issue, to eliminate the
pirates offshore effectively?
As a result of the above I have written my post-doctoral dissertation, titled: A model of
respond to threats to maritime piracy, reflecting the mainstream of my interests, as well as
marks a period of scientific research carried out over the last seven years.
Although piracy is not new, but its intensity in some parts of the world, is definitely
higher than in other regions and represents a real threat to shipping lanes, goods transported,
but also the life of seafarers sailing on vessels, both commercial as well as tourist. The interest
was the impulse to seek Polish literature dealing with this issue, its roots and consequences on
a global scale. Query conducted showed that support in Polish sources are few only, and
found items were released in the 1980s. and 90. Of the 20th century. They were not dealing
with the problem of modern piracy, with all its attributes, focusing mainly on statistics and
facts presentation of Asian piracy in the Malacca Strait, and the Caribbean Sea area in
conjunction with the threat in selected ports of South America.
Among the books worth attention, and issued in the 21st century, is a monograph by
D.Sc. Krzysztof Kubiak Violence on the oceans. Modern-day piracy and maritime terrorism,
that shows the differences between these issues and presents a study of cases and the position
of the Master Mariner PhD Igor Jagniszczak titled Problems with shipping in the Gulf of Aden
and off the coast of Somalia, which, however, is dedicated to officers and shows security
capabilities of ships to prevent a potential pirate attack.
These observations, as well as numerous discussions with the professor's in the course of
the many international and national conferences, I attended, made me sure in the belief that in
the Polish scientific studies there is lack of a comprehensive assessment of the actions taken
5
by the international community, aimed at the elimination of piracy. This resulted in that
I decided to make a review of the English literature, which turned out to be far richer in books
compacts, studies, reports, and journal articles that include analysis and evaluation of the
response to the threat of piracy, however, does not provide a comprehensive, functional way
or a model of respond to the problem. Surely the problem turned to be, not sufficiently
recognized in national literature, in foreign literature is treated wider, but it is not, in the
assessment of the author, exhaustive. This shows on the one hand, high value, which the
international community attaches to the security of maritime transport routes and the threat
posed by modern-day piracy, and, on the other hand, the absence of proposals for
comprehensive solutions for this serious problem.
Losses incurred in respect of actions of pirates in all the regions of occurrence have not
been so far (2014) estimated, and projected the average cost to operate anti-piracy operations
and to ensure the security of maritime transport in East Africa has been calculated on the
amount of 7-8 billion USD per year1. That is the sum taking into account the fact that these
are only actions to reduce piracy, but they do not eliminate this threat totally.
The same basic question to which the international community should look for an answer
is whether ending of anti-piracy activities in East Africa will not re-growth activities of
pirates? (as was the case in South-East Asia). In the case of a negative response, it is
appropriate to place the next questions, why the action taken does not produce lasting effects,
and so what do you do to make such a lasting impact?
Reflecting on the answers to the above questions the author stated that the modern
existence of piracy is a complex problem, which is subject to a number of factors such as the
intensity of transport, internal situation in regions of the States and the level of involvement of
States, regional organizations and the international community at various levels in order to
eliminate piracy.
The crucial importance of security in maritime transport (in the era of globalized world
economy), causes that the piracy in the 21st century there may be no longer treated as a
problem of the regions where it occurs, but it is a challenge for all actors in international
relations. In view of the fact the presence of weak and failed States contributes to the extreme
poverty of certain regions and their inhabitants looking for alternative ways of earning a
living. They easily turn to illegal activity, which is in the present case, the piracy. The
development of a comprehensive model (at different stages) and effective one (at different
1
K. Wardin, Współczesne piractwo morskie. Wyzwanie somalijskie oraz odpowiedź społeczności
międzynarodowej, Belstudio Warszawa 2012, s. 324-339.
6
levels) to respond to the threat in each analyzed region in the world, would allow
identification of the mechanisms that we can use in all areas of activity of the pirates in order
to eliminate this phenomenon permanently.
The query of the available literature on the subject for identified issues, both in Polish and
in English has allowed the identification of the basic source materials used for the further
research, which were to show the size of modern maritime transport and the importance of
security in the 21st century. An important component of the issue was related to the fact of
existence of weak and failed States in the world, as well as the relationships between their
presence and maritime piracy. Extremely important for the research was the literature
providing analytical information related to politico-economic national origins and origins of
act of piracy in the various regions as well as its impact on contemporary maritime transport.
An important segment of literature were also all the reports containing data about the
activities of the international community at various stages, and levels, and associated with an
action of pirates.
The above introduction shows multilevel of the problem and suggests the complexity of
the research issues2. The awareness of results that the main subject has become a piracy
occurring in various regions and its impact on the security of maritime transport, which is
conditional upon the politico-economic situation inside the countries in the area of pirates’
activities, as well as actions of single States, regional organizations and the international
community to ensure security in maritime transport.
In order to carry out research accurately in the work were accepted the following specific
assumptions as well as time and geographical frames:
1. The research will be carried out only in selected regions of modern maritime piracy
world, namely: Southeast Asia and the Bay of Bengal, the West coast of Africa - the
Gulf of Guinea, the East coast of Africa - Gulf of Aden (the so-called Horn of Africa).
2. Studies on the stabilization of the political-economic countries, due to the dynamics of
change and the timeliness of the data, will include an analysis of the reports "Failed
States Index" of the years 2012 and 2013.
2
The starting point for the initiation of a research process-oriented former literature of the following items from
the scope of the methodology research: T. Jemioło, A. Dawidczyk, Wprowadzenie do metodologii badań nad
bezpieczeństwem, Akademia Obrony Narodowej, Warszawa 2008; L. F. Korzeniowski, Podstawy nauk
o bezpieczeństwie. Zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem, Dyfin, Warszawa 2012; J. Apanowicz, Metodologia nauk.
TNOiK, 2003; J. Apanowicz: Metodologiczne uwarunkowania pracy naukowej, Difin, 2005; J. Sztumski, Wstęp
do metod i badań socjologicznych, Śląsk, Katowice 1995; A. J. Chodubski, Wstęp do badań politologicznych,
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2013; B. Kuc, Z. Ściborek, Podstawy metodologiczne nauk
o bezpieczeństwie, PTM – Wydawnictwo Menadżerskie, Warszawa 2013; J. Zieliński, Metodologia pracy
naukowej, Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2012.
7
3. A study on the genesis of the prevalence of piracy in different regions will include
a brief historical study, but primarily will focus on contemporary piracy since the
1990s. 20th century until 2013 in the 21st century.
4. The time interval adopted for the analysis of contemporary maritime piracy activities
will cover the period from year 1994 until 2013.
5. The action taken by the Member States, regional organizations and the international
community to limit the piracy will be analyzed on the basis of initiatives taken since
the 1990s. by the end of the first quarter of the year 2014.
The acceptance of the subject of research enabled the author to formulate the following
research problem, which was presented in the form of a question:
Why action taken by States, regional organizations and the international community
to combat marine piracy are not fully effective, and in this case how a response model
should look like in the context of piracy threat to maritime transport?
Natural consequence of the wording of the research problem, was working on specific
research problems included in questions:
1.
What is the meaning of the modern international maritime transport for the world
economy and the impact on its security of weak and failed States?
2.
What is the modern-day piracy in terms of definition, where does it occur, what is
its characteristics and what are the causes of its occurrence?
3.
What are the determinants of piracy in Southeast Asia and what is the answer to the
problem of the States, regional organizations and the international community?
4.
What are the realities of pirate activities in West Africa and what preventive action
are taken in this respect by the States, regional organizations and the international
community?
5.
What are the circumstances of piracy in East Africa, as well as what is the reaction
of the States, regional organizations and the international community to the threat of
piracy in the region?
6.
Why the actions taken by the States, regional organizations and the international
community are not fully effective, and therefore, what the response model should
look like to ensure security in maritime transport?
The wording of the specific problems made it possible to generate a goal, which was
to construct a model of response for States, regional organizations and the international
community on piracy, in the context of the security of international maritime transport.
8
As a logical consequence of the adopted goal was the wording of the following specific goals,
including:
1. To show the importance of the modern international maritime transport and the
existence of weak and failed States in the context of maritime piracy;
2. To identify areas of strategic importance for maritime transport, where there is piracy,
and its characteristics and causes of the occurrence;
3. To present situation of piracy in Southeast Asia, as well as responses to the problem of
States, regional organizations and the international community;
4. To show the realities of the pirate activities in West Africa and preventive measures
taken in this regard by States, regional organizations and the international community;
5. To show the circumstances of the prevalence of piracy in East Africa, as well as the
reactions of States, regional organizations and the international community to the
threat of piracy in the region;
6. To evaluate the actions undertaken by the States, regional organizations and the
international community in combating piracy and develop a model of response to
secure maritime transport.
To achieve the above goals of research was possible through the implementation of the
following tasks:
1. Determine the impact of the weak and fallen States generating the threat of piracy on
international maritime transport and the global economy;
2. Select the places of piracy viable for maritime transport, the characteristics and the
causes of its occurrence;
3. Make the characteristics of the Member States in terms of the political-economic
characteristics in selected regions of piracy (South-East Asia, West Africa, East
Africa), as well as undertaken preventive action by the States, regional organizations
and the international community;
4. Measure efforts taken by the Member States, regional organizations and the
international community to combat marine piracy;
5. Build a model of respond to threats to maritime piracy to ensure safety in maritime
transport.
The analysis of the collected source and analytical materials, participation in a number of
conferences, symposia, discussions have allowed the author to place the following research
hypotheses: „Modern-day piracy occurs in some regions of the world, adversely affecting
the global maritime transport, which causes the need to develop a functional response
9
model of the security of maritime transport" Having regard to the above hypothesis, were
clearly stated six working hypotheses:
1. In the 21st century are present weak and failed States, which largely are the source of
piracy and cause threats to international maritime transport;
2. In today's world you can indicate the vital routes for the global economy of maritime
transport vulnerable to piracy, and name the determinants of maritime piracy;
3. Piracy in Southeast Asia calls not fully effective response by States, regional
organizations and the international community in order to ensure security in maritime
transport;
4. Pirate activity in West Africa has to take certain actions of States, regional
organizations and the international community to ensure security in maritime
transport;
5. Somali piracy in East Africa causes limited involvement of States, regional
organizations and the international community for the elimination of this risks and
ensure security in maritime transport;
6. The lack of full effectiveness of action taken in the regions, results in the need to
develop a response model to secure maritime transport.
The review of the adopted research hypothesis has allowed to achieve the goal established
for research. In addition, contributed to the complete content of a kind of vulnerability, which
was the lack of comprehensive research and studies concerning the importance of maritime
transport security in the 21st century, in conjunction with the contemporary maritime piracy
threat generated by the fact of existing weak and failed States and action taken by the States,
regions and the international community, but first and foremost to develop the concept of
a model of effective response to the threat of contemporary piracy to maritime transport.
A key selection criterion research methods, was the necessity to obtain the scientific
verification of the adopted test hypothesis (and working hypotheses), as well as the
achievement of the goals. Carried out at that stage of preliminary studies, analysis and critique
of the literature on the subject, showed an interdisciplinary character of the specified problem.
It forced to use in the process of testing a wide range of research methods. Their use depended
on the nature of solved problem. The solution of the problem and verification research
undertaken important research hypothesis (and working hypotheses) require the use of the
following methods: analysis (including analysis and criticism of literature, humanistic
analysis-legal, historical, comparative and system analysis methods as well as logical
structure), synthesis, generalizations and inference. In the course of analysis and criticism
10
of the available literature and polish and foreign language and other source materials, has
been fund that the issue had not taken, the overall recognition in Polish and foreign literature,
which convinced the author to the advisability of investigations undertaken. The research
material obtained by this method was of with a high complexity and by decomposition taking
place before the processes and events in the area of countering maritime piracy.
Analysis of legal institutions used to assess provisions contained in the international law
relating to the operation of NATO and the European Union and other States associated with
carrying out anti-piracy and helped to determine the existing legal restrictions that determine
how to engage in the fight against pirates.
Historical analysis has allowed to determine the origins of the phenomena, and to
identify the cause and effect, depending on which occur between the phenomenon of piracy in
the past; the same it supplied a comparative material to detect the analogy and regularity of
relating to present and future activities of the pirates
System analysis allowed for coverage of the analyzed phenomena, as the system of
internally components items with the specified structure. It was very useful in the analysis of
action taken at different stages and levels and to specify the desired strategy for dealing,
consisted of identifying and considering the available variants of anti-piracy actions in the
form of tables and diagrams of individual regions, which, as a consequence, allowed for the
construction of the concept of reaction model for piracy in the context of maritime transport
security.
The use of synthesis was used to generalize and put together the individual facts and
arising from analysis of the collected scientific material, inter alia, the formulation of
scientific opinions concerning the possibility of the implementation of the appropriate action
to combat piracy.
The comparative method has allowed to determine the probabilities and the differences
between the processes and phenomena. Thanks to its use possible verification the test results
was obtained and conclusions have been formulated on the basis of similar, already known
references in existing knowledge. It was used at the various stages of the research process,
however, proved to be particularly useful in the final stage of the research, because it has
allowed to make a fair comparison of engagement in anti-piracy operations in the different
regions.
The comparison and synthesis method is closely linked to generalization. Thanks to its
application, it was possible to move from the individual claims or observations relating to the
11
particular case to the claims at a higher level of generality, it is possible to identify universal
macro social determinants, limitations and regularity.
During the research process also used Delphi method. It was based on the many
discussions with the Group of Professor's many university centers, both national and foreign,
as well as experts from the scope of the law of the sea, maritime transport and maritime
safety. This method has allowed the widespread use of generalized rating forecasting experts.
During the research process were also used the following empirical methods: a
diagnostic survey in the form of surveys, using the questionnaire provided top respondents
personally by the author as well as over the Internet. It was used for selecting the most
important in the 21st century, areas of maritime communication lines and types of ships used
for anti-piracy operations and analysis of the documents, where the document should be
understood as any material that perpetuated human thought, enabling the transmission of the
content, for the formulation of theorems in the process to know the social environment3. This
allowed to organize and interpret the content of the documents for research and issue an
important hypothesis.
The organization and conduct of the study were derived from the approved research
problem, and applied research methods. The starting point for the initial phase of the study
was to define the problem area. This has been achieved as a result of analysis and criticism of
literature, which in the first instance allowed to state the state of knowledge, ideas and
theories from the scope of its research issues, and consequently, to determine the area of
research and the formulation of research problem, the adoption of methodological
assumptions, the organization of research and finally to establish the theme of the book,
which is titled: A model of response to the threat of piracy.
Appropriate implementation of research phases included the research phases formed at
the initial stage. However, the most important part was to assess the importance of maritime
transport in the 21st century, and the occurrence of weak and failed states. At this stage, the
research also developed various substantive chapters presented the book. The most laborious
stage of the research was to develop relevant analytical data concerning: political-economic
characteristics of States of the regions, to analyze the historical determinants of piracy and
their contemporary activities and involvement of States, regional organizations and the
international community in the fight against pirates.
3
S. Nowak, Metodologia badań społecznych, Warszawa 2008, s. 48.
12
They relate to the evaluation of individual regions in terms of their ability to anti-piracy
actions or their domestic situation. Obtained data have provided materials to the essential
stage of research, namely a comprehensive assessment of the collected and analyzed data,
and develop a model of response to the threat of piracy.
In the course of the entire research process, the author collected positive and negative
opinions of experts and the scientific community.
The result of this process and research carried out is this book, consisting of: list of
abbreviations, introduction, six chapters, conclusion, a list of figures, tables, and graphs,
bibliography and three annexes. The chapters work corresponds to the particular research
problems, whose wording was made possible after the completion of the first phase of the
research.
The first chapter presents a typology of security in combination with maritime safety
and maritime security. In addition, it describes the importance of international shipping in the
21st century, and shows possible threats, including asymmetric threats, caused by existence in
some regions of the world of the weak and failed States.
In the second chapter was provided the coverage of the definition of maritime piracy.
Determinants examined the prevalence of piracy and compiled, on the basis of information
relating to the previous attacks of pirates, pirate typology of attacks and also rated the risk of
attacks by taking into account aspects such as region and its history, the fact of the presence
of important communication routes and the volume of maritime transport. In addition, there
have been select three regions for the pirates in today's marine world, threatening the security
of maritime transport.
The third chapter includes analysis of maritime piracy in Southeast Asia in the South
China Sea, the Straits of Malacca and in the Bay of Bengal. This chapter described the
countries in the region in terms of political stability, economic and historical circumstances of
piracy were showed as well as the intensity of the current activities of the pirates. The last
element was an overview of the involvement of the States, the region and the international
community in favor of maritime transport security.
The fourth chapter analyses the pirate activities in West Africa in the Gulf of Guinea.
Adopted chapter structure has allowed the presentation of the States of the region and showed
internal political, economic stability and historical conditions of piracy were analyzed,
showing the intensity of the current activities of the pirates. The final stage (as in the third
chapter) provides an overview of the involvement of the countries of the region and the
13
international community on the issue of combating pirates and ensures security in maritime
transport.
The fifth chapter was organized in terms of the structure in the same way as the two
previous ones, but its analysis included East African region - Gulf of Aden and the Horn of
Africa. Although the number of countries analyzed here is by far the smallest (only four), and
the historical determinants of piracy are the poorest, but the involvement of the States, the
region and the international community in favor of maritime transport security is the richest of
all regions. In this situation, the analysis of the response of the States, regional organizations
and the international community required the analyses of a number of documents that show
the commitment of combating piracy in the area.
The content of chapter six is the quintessence of research since shows developed by the
author the tables and diagrams showing the response of States, regional organizations and the
international community in specific areas to piracy, it also contains an assessment of the
action taken, separately for each region. The results of the research led in the final parts
allowed to build a model of response of States, regional organizations and the international
community in favor of maritime transport security, on the basis of the analysis undertaken of
the effectiveness of the measures taken in the various regions.
Dissertation closes the ending, containing major conclusions worked out on the basis of
the carried out research process.
It should be noted that the developed on the habilitation work/book applies to areas where
I particularly spent a lot of time in my scientific work, as Assistant Professor, which gave me
specific arguments and energy-generating, equipment in the necessary knowledge to scientific
assessments and analysis to support the empirical data. The subject of my publications,
monographic articles and participation in national and international conferences refers largely
to the issue of my work.
In the area of my scientific interests there are also problems of international terrorism, its
sources and the implications in the 21st century, issues of contemporary armed conflicts,
international security including energy and issues relevant to international relations, namely,
the defragmentation of modern States and failed States theory and their impact on the
international situation, as well as the fact of threats they create for international community.
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III.
Developments in teaching and scientific work
1. In 2006, the individual highlight of the Rector of Naval Academy in Gdynia for
innovative treatment of the issues related to the terrorist threat routes in the Baltic Sea,
shown in a doctoral thesis.
2. Honorable mention and giving the medal to the Commission of National Education for
special merit for the education and upbringing of 02.09.2011.
3. Memorial Institute for Military Badge Military publications from Bellona, of
07.11.2013.
4. In the course of my work I was the promoter of 67 undergraduate work and 16 theses
and a reviewer for more than 40 undergraduate and graduate theses, In addition,
reviewed 3 compact publications, as well as 2 scientific articles (list in the appendix
2).
Correspondence address:
Katarzyna Wardin
ul. Kalksztajnów 17B/8
81-236 Gdynia
tel. kom. 665674076
e-mail: [email protected]
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