Basic things are simple
A theory of Earth life’s beginnings
by
Michael T Deans*
*independent, [email protected]
Abstract
During a primordial ice age, ice crystallized in
pools of liquid nitrogen on Earth’s poles [1], forming
diamond-like crystals creating order from chaos.
Models of diamond, Fig 1, made from matchsticks
and Plasticine™ or criss-crossed strips of cardboard
stapled together, are surprisingly strong.
Fig 1 Structure of diamond
Fig 2 Two-D version of phase transition showing 105° / 120° angles, 0.96 / 1.82
Ångström bond lengths and transition temperatures
Fig 2 shows random
temperature fluctuations
driving a ferroelectric
phase transition at 72 K,
accommodating water
molecules’ irregular
tetrahedral shape and
releasing latent energy as
infrared laser light with
wavelength λ ~4 μ, ice
light [2]. Trying to de-ice
aircraft wings with such
light were unsuccessful, it
Fig 3 Ice light created DNA
was reflected [3]. Just as
Marconi’s first trans-Atlantic radio signals were reflected, ice on Earth’s surface and in
clouds would have done so, Fig 3. Ice light photophosphorylated nucleotides synthesised by
lightning in Charles Darwin’s warm tropical waters. Polarized by reflection, the light
selected chiral, handed nucleotides, producing a noodle soup of chiral DNA, remember the
thalidomide disaster!
DNA pumps concentrate substrates in primitive cells
Alexander Oparin proposed life
began in primitive cells surrounded by a
soapy surfactant film, coacervates [4].
Fig 4 shows the first bio-active molecule,
a transport DNA, tDNA, analogue of
tRNA, lining a cell membrane pore with
hydrogen bonds. Lightning created an
electric field inside them and ice light
drove a ratchet mechanism, propelling
electrically charged carrier-substrate
complexes through. Concentrating life’s
molecular ingredients promoted chemical
reactions.
Fig 4 tRNAPhe showing the ‘hole’ [5] and
a tDNA embedded in a unit membrane
Fig 5 Trans-membrane apply membrane
H-bonds
potential
absorb 4 μ
radiation
net field
drives transport
Sixty-four tDNA variants predate protein synthesis and enzyme catalysis, constituting
life’s atomic alphabet, their substrate complexes its molecular vocabulary and rules its
grammar. Nine independent metabolic pathways embrace all medical knowledge.
At cell division, differentiation DNAs select tDNAs
Fig 6 [a] Adenylcyclase driving transport and [b] guanylcyclase driving protein
synthesis
Fig 6 shows differentiation DNAs, dDNAs selecting tDNAs. At cell division, they
control substrate uptake, analogous to messenger RNAs selecting tRNAs for protein
synthesis. tDNAs feeding from blastocysts and gastrocysts are starved of nutrients and
overheat, displacing adenylcyclase, guanylcyclase synthesizes hook proteins instead, Fig 7.
Fig 7 Five stage differentiation, each creating a hook protein,
1 Two-cell embryo, 2 Morula, 3 Blastula, 4 Gastrula forms and 5
Gastrula; 6 hooks allow unlimited growth
1 hook pairs gametes, 2, 3, and 4 hooks form spirogyra, sponges and simple worms
respectively. Our tissues use 5 hooks, 6 allow tumour and cancer growth. 1-hook immune
cells bind to the extra hook, preventing proliferation. Barrels of α-helices supplement tDNAs
in modern life. Extracting DNA for sequencing eliminates them but they account for the nonMendelian inheritance of familial metabolic disorders.
Minion structure and function
Proteins also form antiparallel β-pleated sheet hairpins
with alternate neutral/basic
[A, L, I | V / K | R] residues, P
forming an asymmetric U-bend.
They bind to uncoiled DNA
retaining B-helical spacing and
overlap, Fig 8. 21 units with nine
base-pairs form a coil and nine
coils complete a minion.
DNA’s greater stability
than RNA [6] favours it as life’s
Fig 8 Uncoiled DNA binds to a flat protein hairpin
precursor. RNA’s extra hydroxyl group prevents minion formation. The loss of tDNAs on
extraction obscures their persistence in modern lifeforms. Minions replicate 1,701 base pairs
with minimal uncoiling and recoiling, packing DNA on chromosomes better than
nucleosome core particles, Fig 9.
Fig 9 Minion replicates, a 21-unit coil and stacked minions forming chromosome
The oscillating proton ordered H-bonds between K or R’s ω-amines and DNA phosphates, Pi
flanking minions form 18 x 189 arrays, Fig 10, constitute the hands of biological clocks.
Fig 10 Protons progress along aminephosphate H-bond chains
End view of minion showing H-bonds
and tunnels, T
The passage of light thrice around a coil determines their time unit:
τ = 3 x 189 x 7.37 x 10-10/3 x 108 ≈ 1.39 femtoseconds
where the 3 reflects Dekatron™ logic [7], 189 the number of base pairs per coil, 7.37
Ẵngström is β-sheet spacing, 3 x 108 the velocity of light and 10-15 sec is a femtosecond.
Minions as chips in the brain
Serving as chips in the brain, each minion coil stores one letter of an eighteen letter
word, Table 1. Their 64-character alphabet is analogous to the RNA triplet code for protein
synthesis. Those in one cell nucleus could remember the Bible, Koran and Shakespeare’s
works. Minions have greater capacity than neural networks [8]. Minions sharing a nucleus or
connected with others by nerve fibres (serving as optic cables) resonate, recalling memory.
Synapses with chemistry varying with brain region serve as filters. Storage is holographic,
destroying part of the brain doesn’t necessarily cause amnesia.
Table 1 Qualities associated with minion coils
#
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
QUALITY
unity
justice
stability
progress
love
peace
beauty
truth
goodness
goodness
truth
beauty
peace
love
progress
stability
justice
unity
PERIOD
8.7 f sec
5.5 p sec
350 p sec
22 n sec
1.4 μ sec
87 μ sec
5.5 m sec
350 m sec
22 secs
23 mins
1 day*
9 weeks
11 y*
685 y
43 k y
2.7 M y
170 M y
11 B y*
COLOUR
red
silver
blue
violet
bronze
yellow
pied
gold
green
green
gold
pied
yellow
bronze
violet
blue
silver
red
MASS
me / 7
mp / 7
2 x base pairs
8.3 n gram
0.033 p gram
130 p gram
0.51 μ gram
2 m gram
8.1 gram
32 k gram
130 ton
0.5 M ton
2000 M ton
8 G ton
31 P ton
1.8 Moons
84 Earths
Sun
DISCIPLINE
quantum mechanics
physics
chemistry
computer processing
biochemistry
genetics
biology
engineering
psychology
psychiatry
head hunting
sociology
politics
history
archaeology
palaeontology
astronomy
cosmology
each track represents a different quality, negative and positive track numbers correspond to
specialists’ introvert and extravert personalities, me = electron mass, mp = proton mass,
asterisks connote approximation and f = 10-15, p = 10-12, n = 10-9, μ = 10-6, m = 10-3,
k = 103, M = 106, G = 109, P = 1015.
The Tyger equation allows for relativity between perception and conception, rendering
plane surfaces spherical, justifying Einstein’s views on quantum mechanics [9] and new
axioms based on it explain gravitation. Computers and data-bases modelled on minions
promise human-friendly artificial intelligence satisfying Turing’s criteria [10], potentially
facilitating diplomats’ work.
Controversially, protons
accelerated along the tunnels marked T
above drive molecular scale nuclear
fusion [11]. Trapping the γ-rays
released could resolve global warming.
An infants’ first breath burning a
reference datum on its minions
determines their personality, justifying
astrology.
Fig 11 Tyger relativity equation
using polar coordinates ϴ and Ф, β = 63-9 and
e = base of natural logarithms.
Nine orthogonal metabolic pathways reinterpret
endocrinology and pathology
Minions’ nine-fold symmetry controls nine metabolic pathways requiring adequate
trace element nutrition to prevent mental and physical disorders. A minion-based data base
would facilitate diagnosis. Appropriate trace element supplements, Tables 2 and 3, would
prevent heart attacks, strokes, cancers, diabetes, Alzheimer’s dementia and rarer conditions,
improve health and reduce NHS expenditure.
Table 2 Periodic table showing essential, toxic and unused elements
Table 3 Nine independent biological pathways
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
SYSTEM
motility
sensitivity
excretion
respiration
metabolism
rigidity
assimilation
reproduction
water-pumping
TISSUE
muscle
nerve
kidney
lung
liver
bone
gut
gonads
heart
CARRIERS
Ca++ | Mg++
Na+ | K+
Mn++
I+
Cu++
SiF6= |AlF6≡
Zn++
Ag+ & arginine
Mn++ & SeO3=
SUBSTRATE
SO3=
catecholamines
salt
O2.H2O
amino-acids
apatite
β-Dglucose
pyrophosphate
water
PATHOLOGY
spasticity
depression
kidney failure
bipolar
growth defects
Alzheimer’s
diabetes
cancer
heart disease
1 Motility
Biological systems deploy resonant cavities to couple chemical and mechanical
energy. Sulphite, SO3= exchanging calcium, Ca++ for magnesium, Mg++, controls the
hydrolysis of ATP’s energetic phosphodiester bonds. Sarcomeres of striated muscle contract
to form ½-wave cavities resonating with the ~4 μ infrared released, Huxley’s model [12] is
thermodynamically inefficient. Mitochondria are commensurate with ~4 μ infrared generated
by oxidative phosphorylation, storing it until the cytochrome chain converts it to chemical
energy. Chloroplast grana have dimensions accommodating light wavelengths used for
photosynthesis, Fig 12.
Fig 12 Resonant cavities involved in bioenergetics
2 Sensitivity
Adrenal hormones
adrenaline, noradrenaline and
dopamine exchange 3 sodium
ions, Na+ for 2 potassium ions,
K+, Fig 13.
Morphine and codeine
form larger complexes which
block tDNAs, when they’re
replaced, pain sensitivity,
accounting for addiction.
Fig 13 Four catecholamines form
rings around Na+ and six around
K+, morphinans create larger
complexes
3 Excretion
Fig 14
Manganese
Manganese tetra-chloride, MnCl4= excretes tetra-chloride
salt, Fig 14, subject to aldosterone, angiotensin,
transports salt
rennin, histamine and aspirin. Carbonic anhydrase
catalyses the chloride shift [13], exchanging bicarbonate, HCO3- for chloride, Cl-. Carbon
dioxide, CO2 excretion controls acidity, pH:
CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3- + H+
4 Respiration
After inhalation, oxygen, O2 is bound to haemoglobin in red
blood cells, erythrocytes for transport. It’s usually hydrated, O2.H2O so
can’t diffuse through membranes. The thyroid gland packs iodine into
thyroxine. At tissues, a proton, H+ releases metallic iodine, iodinium,
I+, Fig 15 shows it bound to oxygen hydrate. Iodine is recycled as
iodide. Iodine deficiency causes goitre [14], iodide accumulating in
the eyes exopthalmos [15]. Mutant tDNAs cause bipolar disorder [16],
more or less oxygen corresponds to high and low moods, ameliorated
by lithium, Li+, diagonally related to I+ in the periodic table.
Fig 15 Iodine transports
oxygen hydrate
Littoral seaweeds use oxygen transport to protect
themselves from tidal concentration changes, their purple/
yellow colours reflect those of I+/I-, respectively.
Nicotinamide, active component of nicotine adenine
dinucleotide, NAD, fixes nitrogen and releases oxygen
from water, enabling all biota to respire. tDNA attaches a
proton to nitrogen, oxygen & nitric oxide, N2, O2 & NO
and binds them to nicotinamide’s amide/hydroxyl groups,
Fig 16. Nitric oxide’s control of vasodilation is explained,
cyanide, CN- and carbon monoxide, CO block this tDNA.
Replacing the Haber process [17] with genetically
Fig 16 Nitrogen fixation
modified organisms designed to fix nitrogen would be more efficient. A parallel process
introduced Earth’s atmospheric oxygen [18]. NAD’s partners, NADH, NADP & NADPH
carry protons through mitochondrial membranes, exporting energy generated by Krebs’
citric acid cycle [19].
5 Growth
Copper, Cu++ binds amino acids, c.f. Biuret test [20]; tDNAs feed them through cell
membranes for tissue growth and most biomedical research focuses on transfer RNAs,
tRNAs transferring them across the endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis. Liver
enzymes inter-convert ingested amino acids, providing the brain with a balanced mixture.
They can be assigned to nine groups, Fig 17.
Fig 17A Amino acids form nine groups
Fig 17B Balancing them controls growth
6 Rigidity
The parathyroid glands, coevolved with the thyroids
adjacent in the neck, incorporate fluoride, F- to parathyroid
hormone, PTH. Sunbathing enables Vitamin D to store UV
light of the wavelength energizing Si ~F bonds [21]. The
conjugated C-C=C bonds in Vitamin A isomer, retinal
transfer it as solitons [22] through osteoclast/osteoblast
membranes, Fig 18. Fig 19 shows silicon
Fig 18 retinal conducts, retinol doesn’t,
hexafluoride, SiF6= synthesis. It’s carrier for
silicon hexafluoride carries calcium
calcium phosphate as found in the mineral
phosphate maintaining bones and teeth
apatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, maintaining bones.
SiO2 + 6 F- + 4 H+ + UV-light → SiF6= + 2 H2O
(a pH sensitive reaction).
Fig 19 Parathroid hormone, PTH delivers fluoride and retinal transfers energy
from vitamin D, synthesising silicon hexafluoride, transporter for apatite
When acid air pollution (SOx | NOx) acidifies the cavity behind the nose, it promotes
inappropriate SiF6= synthesis. Passed to the brain by the olfactory nerves, its breakdown
releases fluoride, F- causing Alzheimer’s disease [23]. Protein tangles arise when it disrupts
their folding [24] as they pass through tRNAs, and alumino-silicate plaques form from
associated aluminium hexafluoride, AlF6≡. Since fluoride is toxic, it kills neurons, the other
characteristic symptom of the disease.
Patients’ bones fracture easily, e.g. needing anaesthetics for hip replacement surgery.
Fluorinated anaesthetics introduce F- to the brain and four days later enzymes metabolise and
clear it, the kidneys simultaneously excrete fluoride as aluminium hexafluoride, temporarily
relieving dementia, patients think normally, recognize people and converse intelligently until
disintegrating nerve cells release more fluoride. Pharmaceuticals containing fluoride might
prevent or treat it.
Plants build their silica, SiO2 skeletons using the same pathway and acid rain [25]
causes leaf-fall, since liming the soil failed to prevent it, measures to reduce acid air
pollution [26] such as regulating diesel exhaust have been limited. Corroboration of my
finding might promote appropriate legislation. Prion diseases [27] have an analogous
explanation, a tRNA mutant misinterprets mRNA sequences, incorporating the wrong amino
acids to proteins which fold incorrectly, creating tangles; embedded rogue tRNAs render
them infectious agents. Genetically engineered tRNAs and tDNAs could prevent prion
disease inheritance.
Cod liver oil, UV lamps or sunlight prevent rickets [28] due to vitamin D deficiency
in infancy. Fluoridation of water supplies [29] replaces apatite with fluor-apatite, hardening
tooth enamel and countering childhood tooth decay. Excess causes tooth mottling, tea
drinking typically supplies enough fluoride.
7 Assimilation
The sugar concentration in
animal blood and the xylem and
phloem of plants need be kept
steady. Zinc, Zn++ complexes with
β-Dglucose, controlling
carbohydrate metabolism. As
Pavlov first observed [30], when
we anticipate, taste or smell food,
pancreatic β-cells pack insulin
with zinc for circulation, it binds
to the triangle of sweetness [31],
vitamin C derivative
β-diketo-Lgulonate takes it to
places insulin can’t reach, Fig 21.
Pancreatic α-cells secrete
Fig 21 β-Dglucose binds Zn, vitamin C derivative
glucagon, disabling glucose
β-diketo-Lgulonate delivers it where insulin can’t
transport and recycling zinc.
Zinc incorporates hydroxyproline to connective tissue protein collagen. Until limes were added to
their diet [32], providing vitamin C, ancient mariners lost digits and were sterile, dying of scurvy.
The zinc sulphide, ZnS in Calamine™ lotion works the same way.
Defective glucose transport causes the many types of diabetes, originally diagnosed by
watching a dog enjoying the sweet taste of their urine. Banting and Best discovered insulin
and Hodgkin determined its structure, winning Nobel Prizes [33]. Side-effects of diabetes
include blindness due to zinc accumulating in the eyes’ vitreous humour, kidney infections
due to sugar excreted in their urine and poor peripheral circulation affecting fingers and toes.
An implanted zinc monitor might improve its management.
When foetal haemoglobin is replaced with the adult form in new-born children,
bilirubin is released, if zinc to attach glucose for excretion is insufficient, neonatal jaundice
can result, causing seizures if bilirubin reaches the brain [34]. Colostrum, the first breast
milk, is the natural source of zinc [35]. The usual treatment is exposure to blue light, sucking
a midwife’s pewter spoon was an effective remedy.
Animals store glucose as glycogen and fat, plants as starch. Zinc regulates our appetites
for food and sex, appetizers and aphrodisiacs like oysters and caviar encourage snacking and
increase libido. Zinc supplements are effective against eating disorders anorexia and bulimia
and might address obesity. Copper-coil contraceptives release copper, Cu++, it competes with
zinc, preventing sperm taking up glucose and reaching their target.
Pauling advocated zinc and vitamin C supplements to prevent colds and flu [36], they
block tDNAs in the nose, preventing rhinovirus entry. Alcohol and barbiturates are
detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver, needing zinc as cofactor. Starving the brain
of glucose causes inebriety, alcoholism might be better managed by attention to zinc.
Victorians called beryllium, Be++glucinium for its sweet taste, using it as a poison, likewise,
lead, Pb++ in lead acetate killed ancient Romans using it as a sweetener, both mimic zinc.
Indium, In++, diagonally related to zinc in the periodic table, may supply endocrine glands by
swapping with other divalent ions, indium supplements might manage obesity.
8 Reproduction
Before antibiotics were
introduced, silver, Ag colloid was
widely used in medicine,
reinstating it could control
resistant pathogens, [37]. The
pineal gland distributes silver
throughout the body in sixmember serotonin rings, Fig 22,
its sister hormone melatonin
promotes sleep.
Fig 22 Distribution of silver from the pineal
Porphyrins, Fig 23, inter-convert
light and chemical energy. Green
magnesium porphyrin in chlorophyll for
photosynthesis, red iron porphyrin carries
oxygen in erythrocytes’ haemoglobin and
pink silver porphyrin conveys UV sunlight
vitamin D absorbs. As above, vitamin A
delivers it as solitons to synthesize
pyrophosphate, Fig 24.
Fig 23 Porphyrin
Fig 24 Vitamin A carries energy as solitons from silver porphyrin to
synthesize pyrophosphate for transport complexed with arginine
Its complex with amino acid arginine comprises 24 hydrogen, 12 carbon, 11 oxygen,
8 nitrogen and 2 phosphorus atoms, just those needed to copy DNA at cell division. Anticancer drugs mimic it, Fig 25.
Fig 25 Anti-cancer drugs mimic the arginine-pyrophosphate complex
9 Osmoregulation
Mitchell’s chemiosmotic
theory presumes membranes
are semipermeable, allowing
water to diffuse through them
[38]. Implicitly, though safe in
Fig 26 Phosphomevalonate and
salty seawater our skin would
phosphomevalonolactone
absorb bath water but an
transport water
electric field, membrane
potential prevents it. Saturated fat breakdown [39] yields mevalonate, named after herb
Valerian, aka all heal. Fig 26 shows adding phosphate creates mevalonate-5-phosphate,
MevPi which exchanges with mevalonolactone-5-phosphate, MevLacPi to transport water.
Enzymes using manganese, Mn++ as
cofactor convert surplus mevalonate to
cholesterol [40], Fig 27. This waste product
is feedstock for making steroid hormones.
The pituitary gland has two parts, its anterior
section controls eight metabolic pathways,
the posterior packs selenium, Se into
hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. αtocopherol, vitamin E, delivers energy to
synthesize selenite, SeO3= as solitons.
Fig 27 Cholesterol synthesis from mevalonate uses the energy stored in 20ATP
Selenite exchanges calcium, Ca++ with manganese, named after Magnesia in Greece
like magnesium. Mnemonic man gains ease reminds you that manganese controls blood
pressure.
Fig 28 Controlling blood pressure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Factors controlling blood pressure, Fig 28:
Inherited mutant tDNA exchanging MevP i for MevLacP i.
Saturated fat consumption.
Good and bad cholesterol transporters, HLAs and LPAs.
Manganese for synthesising cholesterol.
Exercise affects calcium levels.
Sulphur in glutathione interferes with selenium metabolism.
Methyl mercury, HgMe+ competes with dimethyl selenium, Me2Se+ [41].
Selenium deficiency accounts for half Western deaths, arising from:
•
•
•
•
Precipitation during water purification [42].
Growing food in selenium-deficient soils.
Using high temperatures for food preparation and preservation.
Diets containing insufficient selenium.
Early life depended on selenium, its remains were buried on the seafloor, fossilised
and incorporated to sedimentary rocks. Plate tectonics drove them beneath continental land
masses to re-emerge in volcanic eruptions and mountain ranges. Sea floor manganese
nodules may also originate from primordial life [43]. Animal husbandry evidences selenium
dependency; selenium supplements prevent cattle getting hypertension in pregnancy, protect
sheep grazing pasture treated with super-phosphate against swayback and pigs en route to
market succumbing to heart failure. European royal families’ selenium-rich diets may
explain their longevity [44].
Hard water from limestone and water percolating through volcanic rocks contain most
selenium. Maps of surface geology correlate with those of breast cancer incidence [45].
Drinking water in Snowdonia, North Wales comes from igneous rocks, London’s from
sedimentary chalk and limestone sediments. Selenium deficiency causes deaths from heart
attacks & strokes, cancers of tissues specializing in water pumping: breast, bowel, cervix &
prostate and hypertension during pregnancy, eclampsia.
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