..
~~
~3
*BRITISH C O L U M B I A
..
."
__
.,
.
FOREST
SERVICE.
.
_.
VICTORIA. B.C.
f +
LL
~.
Exotic Trees in the Coastal Region of
BritishColumbia
.
.
BY
E. H..Garman
."
.
1949
..
*
EXOTIC TRSES I N THE COASTAL REGION OF BRITISH CDLUMBIA
No doubt the lack of
hardwood t r e e s i n t h e n a t i v e v e g e t a t i o n
and
t h e v e r s a t i l i t y of t h e softwoodsNature so readily provides have tended t o
r e s t r i c t t h e useof hardwoods i n B r i t i s h Columbia. T h i s has delayed interest
i n t h e i r use, but recent enquiries regarding the
growth o f introduced species
o f "hardwoods" prompts a review of the present situation. This review refers
to plantations of c o n i f e r s and d i c o t s 1 i n t h e lower Fraser Valley,
and on
Vancouver Island. The o l d e s t and l a r g e s t i n t h e FraserValleygroupare
at
t h e Dominion Experimental Farm, Agassiz. The o t h e r s known t o t h e writer a r e
Forest Service plantations farther
west, a t GreenTimbers Forestry Station
near New Westminster,and
a t AlouetteRivernear
Haney. On the southern end
of Vancouver Island are located the
Arboretum o f t h e Dominion Experimental
Station, near Sidney,andgroves
in the Victoria City parks.
Halfway up the
Island, on the east s i d e n e a r l a t i t u d e 500 N., Forest Service plantations
a r e s i t u a t e d a t Echo Lake, and on the Campbell River Experimental Forest.
The conifers as a group t h r i v e i n s i t u a t i o n s and on sails which
a r e u n s u i t a b l e f o r the more valuable dicots; a t t h e same timethey g i v e as
heavy and o f t e n a much heavier yield per acre,
have a r e a d i e r sale i n the
pole stageof growth,and mature as quickly o r more quickly. A t the h'ind
River Arboretum, i n the State of
Washington, which is s i t u a t e d on an open,
north slope of a cut-over Douglas f i r site, many t r e e s were planted i n
groupsoftwenty-fiveofeachspecies.
A t first both conifers and d i c o t s
a United S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e r e p o r t s t a t e s
that dicots
were set out, but
were so u n s u c c e s s f u l t h a t l a t t e r l y a t t e n t i o n h a s
been limited to conifers.
Dicots thrive on mild brown s o i l t y p e s , and many o f o u r yellow and r e d f o r e s t
soilsaretooacidtosuit
them. Perhapsthe Coastal climate i s b e t t e r
suited to support the
growth o f c o n i f e r s on t h e s o i l s developedby this climate. The uniform p r e c i p i t a t i o n and high sumraer temperatures o f the contin e n t a l climateproduce f a s t growth s u i t a b l e t o d i c o t s , b u t t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e
Lacking i n B r i t i s h Columbia.
,.
Vancouver Island mountain range to
Due t o t h e b a r r i e r o f t h e
moisture-laden winds, t h e e a s t c o a s t o f t h e
Island and lower elevations on
t h e Mainland c o a s t i n t h e l e e o f these mountains are s u b j e c t t o a moisture
regime o f moderate seasonal variation, characterized by a deficiency o f
water i
n the Summer. Also, thethermalefficiency2ofthecoastalclimate
during the summer i s considerably l o w e r t h a n f o r t h e hardwood b e l t o f t h e
w
Tes
h i c o t s ( d i c o t y l e d o n s ) is the correct and, therefore, preferred name f o r a l l
northern Angiosperm t r e e s , which are comnonly c a l l e d hardwoods, but do not
a l l have hard wood.
*Thermal efficiency i s an expression used in the Thornthwaite climatic classif i c a t i o n ( s e e Thornthwaite, C.W., 1948; Geographical Review 38: 55-94, o r
Sanderson, E., 1948; S c i e n t i f i cA g r i c u l t u r e 28: 501-517).
It i s based on
the annual water need of plants,
which i s computed from mean a i r temperature.
Water requirement f o r growth of -plants i n B r i t i s h Columbia is s i m i l a r i n
quantity to the need a t the same l a t i t u d e i n e a s t e r n Canada, but the modia t t h e Coast reduces
f y i n g e f f e c t of the maritime climate on temperature
physiologicactivity,less
growth i s produced i n t h em i d - s m e r
months, and,
therefore, "thermal efficiency"
is lower a t t h e Coast.
- 2
-
Y
same l a t i t u d e i n e a s t e r n Canada. Thistypeofclimate'alsooccurs
in the
north-south trenches of the Interior valleys
i n B r i t i s h Columbia, but similar conditions are not found i n any other forested region o f Canada.
It i s very important to
choose t h e r i g h t s i t e f o r
a plantation,
B r i t i s h Columbia
and it i s p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d s u i t a b l e s i t e s i n
f o r most of the imported hardwoods, because successful silvicultural pract i c e i s limited by t h e r u l i n g f a c t o r s o f t h e l o c a l environment, including
The introduced species must
climate anddevelopment o f natural vegetation.
be able to
compete w i t h t h e succession of vegetation on young s o i l s , o r be
givenperiodicculturaltreatmenttoreducethatcompetition.Introduced
The
species tend to show a lackofadaptabilityimmediatelyafterplanting.
the
growth
of
hardwoods.
A
Forest
Service
plantadry,cool
summers check
tion near Oyster River
on Vancouver Island suffered i n t h i s way; i n i t i a l
survival of caragana,
ash, andManitoba maple was good, but i n f i v e y e a r s a l l
three s p e c i e s f a i l e d t o
growmore than double their planting height. Failures do not necessarily mean that certain species are n o t s u i t e d t o t h e
climate. W
e know t h a t American elm will grow well i n B r i t i s h Columbia but
i t f a i l e d i n the Alouette plantation because
i t was planted on the wrong
site. In t h e same FraserValleyplantations,
White sprucedidnot
do well
because it was subjected to heavy competition but it might succeed~~under
propertreatment.
Lodgepole pine, grown from seedof Burns Lake origin,
when planted a t EchoLake,
Vancouver Island, has averaged less than one foct
i n h e i g h t growth f o r seventeen years; Ponderosa pine planted on the same
seedlings of the same stock planted on
-ite
has made s i m i l a r growth,whereas
a b e t t e r s i t e a t t h e nearby Campbell River Zxperimental Forest are about
In addition,pines on the poor s i t e areverysusceptible
twicethesize.
t o a t t a c k by the Sequoia p i t c h moth. These reasons for failure can
be put
t o good use i n future investigations.
1
It must be borne i n mind that p l a n t a t i o n s of e x o t i c t r e e s may.be
particularlysusceptibleto
damage and l o s s . It i s well known t h a t a disease
which i s endemic on n a t i v e t r e e s may prove t o be v e r y v i r i l e on introduced
trees of a c l o s e l y r e l a t e d s p e c i e s .
It is not so well known t h a t native
animals may be harmfultospecies
new t o t h e i r environment. Animals damage
trees t h a t a r e a n o v e l t y t o them: B i r d s and s q u i r r e l s , as well as weevils,
eat the leading bud, and damage of t h i s type, which causes multiple leaders
t o form, is. prevalent i n p l a n t a t i o n s o f Ponderosapineand Red pine a t Green
daTimbers. A s t r i k i n g i n s t a n c e of i n t e r f e r e n c e is a l s o e v i d e n t i n r e c e n t
mage t o trees.atAlouetteRiver.
In t h i s plantation,three pines-Scots,
Red, and Ponderosa--were damaged i n t h e t o p s a s
a t Green Timbers. Then, a t
twenty years of age, the Scots pine
and Red pine plantations were e n t i r e l y
ruined by extensive breakage that appears to
be the work of bears but needs
a possible contributing cause.
closer examination for evidence of
An adaptable species often i s a v e r y u s e f u l a d d i t i o n t o a plantation. It can be introducedto improve the growth cr stand conditions of
W
e could well borrowfrom B r i t i s h experience and i n t e r p l a n t
nativespecies.
o u r heavy-branchedDouglas
fir and Sitka spruce, to
Japanese larch with
suppress t h e growth of side branches.
The t w c
But the
trees i
killed
plante
althou
found
a t the
coast:
inch
t o 1,(
farin
mon b'
Noma
fir.
ing,
mapk
was I
I
The :
lard
of nr
nut,
tree
diam
hard
ment
indi
PO'
alde
in
fI
- 3 I
A t Alouette River the larches
and sequoia have larger diameters,
a r e t a l l e r , and a l s o a r e growing f a s t e r t h a n any of t h e o t h e r f i v e c o n i f e r s
and four dicots introduced i n t h e plantation. In mean annualdiameter
g r o w t h Giantsequoia was t h e only species to exceed t h e n a t i v e Douglas fir.
Dahurian larchexceedstheheightofk'estern
hemlock on t h e s a w area. ComP r a t i V e growth of the best exotics,
and the native species,
a t twenty-three
Years of age i s :
AVERAGE HEIGHT OF DOMINANTS
t
i
Feet
-
-
Introduced Species Feet Native Species
rch
,
aahurian
Western l a r c h (1 t r e e )
Japanese l a r c h
Qhntsequoia
-
49
41
37
Western hemlock
Western
cedar
red
Douglas f i r
45
36
34
34
The tr*, o r i e n t a l l a r c h e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
Dahurian, tend to have wavy stems.
k t :heir small branches and a b i l i t y t o c o n t r o l t h e c o m p e t i t i o n o f o t h e r
t m are u s e f u l f e a t u r e s .
A l l l e s s e r v e g e t a t i o n and weed t r e e s have been
hi?-:*
out, and t h e f o r e s t f l o c r under them i s clean.
Despite the climatic
and soil differences encountered,
hardwoods
Coast
so far, they have not grown as f a s t a s t h e n a t i v e
hardwcod species
i n t h e same a r e a . The Dominion Governrent set o u t largeplantations
at :
b
eAgassizEkperimental Farm as e a r l y as 1892. On t h i s farm, i n the
:
& part of the Fraser Valley,
many e x o t i c f o r e s t t r e e s were planted,
:
Eastern American speciesplanted on theadjacent mountain s i d e up
c.
to
feet elevation. Twenty-three y e a r s l a t e r the Annual .&port f o r t h e
"*
S'ated t h a t t h e ones b e s t s u i t e d t o t h i s climate were common ash, con%ch,Western
catalpa,horsechestnut,tuliptree,Orientalplane,
aaple, elm, A t l a s cedar,Deodarcedar,
P o r t Orford cedar, and Noble
~ - . f'55-A f e w yearspreviously,otherspecies
were alsoreported to be t h r i v ..'
i-acluding oak, basswood, larch, white pine,
Scots
pine,
and %gar
Up t o this age very l i t t l e loss had occurredbut,
a t age forty, it
P F r t e d that some open-gmwn t r e e s had become decrepit and wereremoved.
% "_3ecim=ns l o s t were Sycamore maple, Nordmann fir, European ash, European
* 1
"
and Spanish chestnut.Severalnuttrees
were producingvaluablecrops
-.
-Z as well as wood, a t twenty-fiveyearsofage.
O f these Black walt
nnr, h E s h walnut, and Japanesewalnut were growing as vigorously a s arry
:.:~'k!=s
At twenty years old they were t h i r t y f e e t high and twelve inches
;.,
:
"
Shellbark hickory was very successful, and butternut was very
,i'_
,
k t n o t f r u i t i n g freely.
P h X d i n t h e past 50-60 years have i n many cases grown w e l l a t t h e
d:-w,
*;.2
n
g
,
s
o
0
~i
"
-=
"-
1
kv
,.~.
,~.
.,
E x o ttirce u
es ually
have
been
planted
with
space
for
free
developd so t k records show large diameter growth, but t h e i r height growth
i. . .
""e they havenot made f u l l use of s i t e v a l u e s .
Comparison with the
32 n a t i v e s p e c i e s shows the exotic hardwoods t o be much shorter than
sd b i r c h . For example, t h e B r i t i s h Columbia y i e l d t a b l e f o r Red a l d e r
fim =-stocked stands
shows t h e growth on good and poor s i t e s to be a s
*
ii
- 4 w3llows:
"
I
Average D.B.H.
Age
Years
Sites
Poor-
Good
Average Dominant Height
y
Po r
(inches )
7
20
30
~
40
50
9
l2
14
(feet)
5
7
9
11
76
92
104
112
50
63
73
drainec
corner
o
of 59 :
ash i s
the
ash be
at the
r
(
80
Only one t r e e i n o u r records exceeds the height
growthof Red a l d e r on poor
s i t e s ; anEnglish oak a t Sidney, Vancouver Island, was 54 f e e t h i g h when
i t i s 79 f e e t high and nearly
eighteenyearsold.
Now, a t thirty-five years,
33 inches i n diameter. However, i n a p l a n t a t i o n a t Green Timbers, t h i s oak
a t f i f t e e n years, average
grows a t about t h e same r a t e a s a d j a c e n t a l d e r ;
dominant height i s 32 f e e t , and d.b.h. 4.1 inches. Mention 'shouldbe made
g r o w hybrid poplars of rapid
growth f o r paper
here of the recent effort to
pulp. Some ofthese have been t r i e d a t t h e Green Timbers ForestryStation,
but none haveproduced a-satisfactory,fast-growing,
pulpwood t r e e . Equal
to the best of the
new hybrids i s an established one called "Carolina
poplar." Trees
of t h i s s p e c i e s a r e now t h i r t e e n y e a r s o l d andhave averaged
3.2 f e e t p e r y e a r i n heightincrement.
The native poplar has
shown up well
w i n comparisonwithhybridsdeveloped
f o r f a s t growth. In a plantation near
Camas, Washington, it i s reported (Pacific NorthwestForestExperimentStation,ForestResearch
Note No. 35) that nine-year-old native black cottonwoods have g r e a t e r volume than comparable t r e e s f o r f i v e o u t o f t e n h y b r i d s
t e s t e d , and have produced 77 per cent of the
volume put on by t h e best hybrid.
Therehasbeen
some i n t e r e s t l o c a l l y i n t h e production.of raw silk
f o r the silkworm,
by individuals. White mulberry, whose leavesprovidefood
hasbeengmrmsuccessfully
a t Sidney and Nanaimo. No doubt t h i s small t r e e
i s being grown i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of theProvince for its d e l i c i o u s f r u i t .
The
wood of Red mulberhas limited commercial use i n . t h e United S t a t e s .
Beech and Scots pine are amng the exotics
growing i n Beacon H i l l
Park, Victoria, B. C. Beech has a v e r y l i m i t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n
i n Canada and
it i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e that t r e e s o f Earopean beech planted i n a grove
are thriving.
English elm planted i n deep s o i l a t Victoria has produced very f i n e
These t r e e sa p p e a rf r e e
from disease
t r e e s a t aboutninety years o f age.
but young trees here are subject to
an unsightly "sooty" fungus disease late
in the season. It does l i t t l e damage, as thefungusdevelopsontheexudate
Under the conditions of the Alouette River
ofaphids working on the leaves.
p l o t , American white elm did not survive in competition with forest
weeds.
-not rich
g
In the Alouette River plantation
American white ash i s on a s o i l
enough f o r t h e b e s t growth of t h i s t r e e , y e t it i s the most vigorous
Japane
crop a
twenty
ment t
rich I
these
Woods
The 01
specit
its j 1
in ths
bead
is si
vince
of fu
other
from
of na
time
sity
ing c
but <
growl
usefi
tics
of s
ment
Stat
tree
Depa
of a
acce
- 5
-
d i c o ti nt h ep l a n t a t i o n .
Because t h e s o i l i s poor, and becausetheplantation
i s crowded by weed-trees, ,the best trees are
28 feet.high and 2.6 inches d.b.h.
at twenty-five years.
In comparison, a European ash i n a row growingon welldrained river-bottom soil near the shore
a t Port Clements, i n the north-east
corner of t h e Queen CharlotteIslands, a t the same age has a t t a i n e d a height
From t h i s it would appear t h a t European
of 59 f e e t and d.b.h. o f 19inches.
ash i s the better species but, at the Experimental Station,
Sidney, V. I;,
the growth of these two species was similar a t eighteen years of age,
White
ash being 25 f e e t andEuropean ash 23.5 feet high.
The differences i n growth
a matter of variation in site values.
at these three places are evidently
Larches were the f i r s t t r e e s t o f r u i t i n the Alouette plantation.
Japanese larch bore cones
when twenty-one years old, andWestern l a r c h had a
crop a t twenty-two years. White ash was v i r i l e enough t o produce f r u i t a t
twenty-three years of age.
It would be a n i n t e r e s t i n g and probably highly successful experiment t o p l a n t Wte ash, o r the smaller Oregon ash, and Blackwalnut i n the
rich river-bottom soils
of B r i t i s h Columbia. West of t h e Columbia v a l l e y
thesespeciesshouldproduce
good y i e l d s o f valuable woods. Otherveneer
woods than Blackwalnut would be worth growing near manufacturing centres.
The one most r e a d i l y c u l t i v a t e d i s Western white o r paperbirch.
This
species i s native t o t h e B r i t i s h Columbia b i n l a n d , and a t AlouetteRiver
i t s juvenile growthandform
a r e s u p e r i o r to those of introduced
hardwoods
i n theplantation.Doubtless,
by methodicalselectionofspecies
t h a t would
be adaptable, m a n y f o r e s t t r e e s can be introduced; trees whose n a t i v e h a b i t a t
i s similar t o t h e c l i m a t i c and s i t e c o n d i t i o n s o f v a r i o u s p a r t s
of this Province. Hardwoodsgrown i n B r i t i s h Columbia and s u i t a b l e f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n
o f f u r n i t u r e , plywood, f l o o r i n g , t o o l handles, machine p a r t s , . and numerous
other uses, would be a d i s t i n c t a s s e t t o this Province, i s o l a t e d a s i t i s
from the manufacturing centres of the
Fast and limited i n number and q u a l i t y
In t h e p a s t , n e i t h e r Oovernment nor Industry have had t h e
of n a t i v e d i c o t s .
Now, with thenecestime o r f e l t t h e urgency t o i n v e s t i g a t e e x o t i c t r e e s .
sity f o r l a r g e r r e f o r e s t a t i o n p r o j e c t s , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f p l a n t i n g
or seedBoth c o n i f e r s and d i c o t s should be considered,
ing exotics is very pertinent.
but conifers have widerscope on many o f our s o i l s . Our knowledge of the
growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e x o t i c s i s very limited, i n view o f t h e i r p o t e n t i a l
u s e f u l n e s s i n o u r econcny; however, only through observing growth c h a r a c t e r i s tics over long periods
can it beimproved.
Two tablesfollow.Table
I i s a recordofthelocation
and growth
of some introducedspecies growing i n Southern B r i t i s h Columbia. i'leasurements f o r t h e t r e e s a t
Sidney a r e by courtesy of t h e Dominion Experimental
B. C. An e a r l i e r r e c o r d of the erowth of many of these
Station.Saanichton.
trees
contained i n t h e b u l l e t i n , " E x o t i c T r e e s
i n Eanada," by G". A. Hulloy,
Department o fI n t e r i o r ,
Canada, 1935. Table I1 i s a l i s t ofthe common n u e s
o f a l l t h e t r e e s mentioned i n t h i s note, together with their presently
accepted technical names.
is
I N SGUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Names
and
Location
ABIES BALSAMZA ( L . )
Sidney -
Ell.
Heig
Age
ktal
ft. )
e '-
Balsam F i r
Growth
Periodic
Annual
(ft. 1
30
30
1.0
34
27
1.0
34
47
2.1
34
59
2-2
28
21
0.7
75
29- 5
0.7
35
31
0.5
ACER INSIGNE VAN VOLXZKI Pax.
Sidney
35
54
O"2
ACFB PLATANODES L.
35
32
0-5
35
48
0.9
35
44
1.0
35
59
1.7
34
31
0.8
22
24
0.7
34
27
0.6
ABIES CEPRALONICA Loud.
Sidney
!
-
ABIES NOBILIS Lindl.
Greek F i r
Noble Fir
Sidney
ABIES NORDMNNIANA Spach.
Nordmann F i r
Sidney
!
:
ABIES PZCTINATA
Sidney
(Lam.)DC. 'Syn. A. ALBA
Hill) S i l v e r F i r
ACER CAPPESTRE L.
Sidney
~YCERSidney
GRANDIDENTATUM Nutt.Bigtooth
lYap1e.
Norway
Maple
Sidney
ACER PLATANODES RUBRUM Herd.
Sidney
ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS L.
Sidney
ACER RUBRUM L.
Sidney
Sycarbore Yiple
Red Maple
ACER SACCHARIXUM WIWI F i x .
Sidney
ACER SACCHAROPHORUM Marsh.
S i l v e r Maple
Sugar Maple
Alouette River
SCULUS CARNEA R a p e .
Sidney
Red. tbrsechestnut
-7
-
I
TABLE - 1 - a RECORD OF THZ WCATION AZJD GROWTH OF SORE I
I N SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA (CONTIN
Names
and
Location
I
CULUS GLABRA Willd.
Sidney
L.
CARPINUS BETULUS L.
Sidney
btal
ft.)
-,
B.H.
n.)
-
26
6.21
35
26
5.4
26
45
9.1
35
37
6.2
34
28
11.2
35
21
4.2
WesternCatalpa
34
35
-
Atlas Cedar
33
51
-
33
51
21.5
33
38
10.2
35
18
4.8
33
35
5.8
, 33
49
13.2
34
40
13.2
34
44
12.0
Common Horsechestnut
European Birch
European Hornbeam
CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES Walt.
,
Growth.
?eriodic
Annual
(ft.)
35
(5. ALBA L.)
ULA PENDULA Roth.
Sidney
Age
yrs
OK0 Buckeye
CULUS
HIPWCASTANUM
Sidney
Heigl
Common Catalpa
Sidney
CATALPA OVATA Don.
Sidney
~
CATALPA
SPSCIOJA
Sidney
OrientalCatalpa
Warder.
CEIjRUS ATLANTICA Manetti.
Sidney
CEDXUS DEODARA Laws.
Sidney
Deodar Cedar
CiDRUS LIBANOTICB Link.
Sidney
CELTIS
OCCIDENTALIS
Sidney
L.
Lebanon Cedar
Hackberry
CZRCIDIPHYLLUM
JAPCNICUM
' Sidney
Sieb. & Zucc.
KatsuraTree
CUAFRECYPARIS
UWSONIANA
Sidney
ALLUMII Beiss.
Pt. Orford
Cedar
CWiCYPARIB LAWSONIAIU ERECTA Sudw.. R. Orford Cedar
Sidney
'HAMAECYPAHIS
UWSONIANA
SCHONGARIENSIS
Sidney
*.
Lr
+oar s i t e
a
~
I
Pt. OrfordCedar
:
-8
TABLE I--A
-
-
RECORD CF THE MCATION AM) GROWTH OF SOHE INTRCDUCED TREES GROWING
I N SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA (CONTINUED)
Heig
-
Ndme s
and
Location
Growth
Periodic
Annual
(ft.)
-
,Age
ps.
yo t a 1
ft.)
21
22
1.0
L. EuropeanBeech
?AGUS
SYLVATICA
Victoria (Beacon Hill Park)
20
20
.
M I N U S AMERICANA L.
Alouette River
White Ash
25
28
1.0
2.6
M I N U S EXCELSIOR L.
Sidney
European Ash
35
26
0-7
8.6
35
23
0.6
3.5
34
19
-
4.2
35
24
0.3
9.3
20
30
-
12.0
23
49
1.9
6.2
1.3
9.4
6.1
--
Mast.
XYFTOMERIA JAPONICA
ZWGABS
Sidney
CVptOEria
>INKGO BILOBA L. Ginkgo
Sidney
;T1lITSIA
TRIACANTHOS
~widney
L.
Honey Locust
JUGLANS INTERMEDIA VILK)R@NA
da lnut
Carr.
= J. NIGRA x
1.B.g
in.)
7.4
4
REGIA.
Sidney
JUGLANS
SIEBOLDIANA
Agassie
Naxim.
MIX DAHURICA Turez.
Alouette River
Japanese Walnut
DahurianLarch
LARrX ( U f T O L Z P I S h r r . )
Sidney
Alouette River
KAEMPFERI Sarg.
STYRACIFLUA L. ‘Sweet
i
JapaneseLarch
33
23
1.8
41
41
1.8
24
27
1.0
35
25
0.4
34
34
0.5
23
16-1E
GUUI
KIRUS ALBA L. White h l b e r r y
Sidney
i
PALTLOWNIA TGKENTOSA (Thunb.) Steud.Paulownia
Sidney
39
37
.
PIN
t
PIh
MIX OCCIDENTALIS Nutt.WesternLarch
Alouette River
Green Timbers F o r e s t r y S t a t i o n
LIQUIDANBAR
Sidney
.
.~
7.6
-
6.3
PI?
6.2
~
15.6
5
b
PI.
PC
Ca
1P
.A.
%
,+ *
TABLE I--A
"-
$-
"
..
RECORD C
TF
HE
L03ATION AND OROWH OF SOi'iE INTRODUCED TREES GROWING
I N BRITISH
SOUTERN
COLUi'iBIA (CONTINUED)
Heig , Growth
Name
Periodic
Annual
T
I).B.H.
ke
rrs.
?otal
:ft.)
24
17
0.7
2.8
ColoradoSpruce
34
37
1.2
11.1
JackPine
29
33
0.8
10.8
17
13
-
2.5
34
57
1.8
32.0
34
28
0.6
10.9
1.0
5-2
5.0
5.2
3.3
and
Lacation
- -
~-
W GLAUCA Voss. (P. CANADENSIS B.S.P.)
Uhite Spruce
'(ft.)
-
(: i n . )
"
Alouette Hiver
CEA PUNGENS Engelm.
S BANKSIANA
Lamb.
CONTORTA Var. LATIFOLIA
Doug.
Engelm.
Lodgepole
pi
Coulter Pine
INUS COULTERI Don
INUS MASSONIANA
Lamb.
INUS PONDkCSA Doug.
Alouette R i v e r
PonderosaPine
Green Timbers F o r e s t r y S t a t i o n
Campbell River Exper'l Forest
INUS RADIATA Don.
23
27
18
22
17
17
25
15
22
-57
2 -9
7
20
22
9
5
-
-
34
54
1.7
27.4
40
20
50
1.1
21
11
15
-
12.0
3.4;
2.4-
34
55
1.8
28.1
13
42
-
-
b n t e r e yP i n e
Alouette River
PINUS R&SINOSA A i t .
Red Pine
Alouette River
Green Timbers F o r e s t r y S t a t i o n
PINUS SABINIANA Dougl.
DiggerPine
-
-
19.6
dead
$.l:
.
PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.
ScotsPine
V i c t o r i a (Beacon Hill Park)
Alouette River
Green Timbers F o r e s t r y S t a t i o n
PLATANUS
ORIENTALIS
L.
OrientalPlane-Tree
-
P. DELTOIDES x NIGFlA ITALIC
POPULUS EUGENE1 Simon Lewis
CarolinaPoplar
Green Timbers F o r e s t r y S t a t i o n
;,
h o p s damaged.
5.8
- 10 W
TABLE I--A
REWFUI OF THE LOCATION AND GROWH OF SOME I
I N SOUTHZRN BRITISH COLUMBIA (CONTIN
RODUCED TREES GROWING
'iF
-
\
.
Growtn
Periodic
Annual
(ft.)
28
46
1.9
POPULUS
VERNIRUBRENS
(mbrid)
Green Timbers F o r e s t r y S t a t i o n
11
42
-
7.i
QUERCUS B I G O K l R . W i l l d .
Sidney
35
45
1.3
11.4
35
15
79
32
1.5
-
32.8
22
24
1-5
1.e
24
27
0.9
4.2
34
71
2.5
60
02
-
23
34
2.1
36.1
35.c
7.4
34
65
2.0
29.f
TAXODIUM DISTICHUM Rich.BaldCypress
Sidney
35
10
-
1..i
TILIA AMERICANA'
Sidney
35
44
1.4
10.:
35
38
0.9
ll.!
35
30
d
35
38
0.9
Names
and
Petal
Age
ft ;
Yrs.. (-
-
Location
POPULUS NIGRA ITALICA
Sidney
Dur.
Lombardy Poplar
Swamp White O a k
GUERCUS ROBUFL L. English O a k
Sidney
GreenTimbers F o r e s t r y S t a t i o n
;iUERCUS BOREALIS
Michx.
Red
Alouette River
Oak
.''WRCUS COCCINZA b e n c h .S c a r l e t
Sidney
Oak
SEQUOIA GIGANTKA Decne. G i a n t Sequoia
Sidney
Victoria(StadaconaPark)
Alouette River
SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS 2ndl.
Redwood
;
.a.a
in. 1
9.0
4.1
Sidney
Vent.
American b s s w o d
TILIA MGLTKEI Spaeth = T. AMEIlICANA x PEI
*
Sidney
T I L I A PLATYPHYLLOS LACINIATA K. Koch.
Sidney
TILIA WLGARIS Hayne.
Sidney
F
'
Common Linden
%IUSAMERICANA L. - i t e ~ l r n
Alouette River
-IRIS (hybrid)
.Large-leaved Linden
-
(
'ad
10.:
10.!
see text
d m i n summer.
HEIGKPSand DIAMZTWS f o r t r e e s i n F r a s e r V a l l e y a r e a v e r a g e s of dominants i n p l a n t a t i o n
f o r Sidney, V . I . , t h e y a r e o f singlearboretumspecimens.
For Common and Technical names of a l l t r e e ? mentioned i n t e x t , s e e TABLE 11.
$00
- 11 TABLE 11--NAMES
OF TREES CITED IN THIS NOTE
CONIFERS
Exotic t o B. C. Coast
Common
Botanical Name
CEDAR
CEnRUS,
Atlas
Deodar
Lebanon
atlantica
deodara
libanotica
CEDAR
CHAHAECYPARIS
( 3 var. )
kwsoniana
Orford Port
"-
cR~ppoPIwIA
elegans
FIR
ABIES
balsam
Creek
noble
I
CRYPMMERIA
japonica
Nordmann
'
silver
balsamea
cephalonica
nobilis
NordmaMiana
pectinata
LABCH
European
0 Dahurian
Japanese
P western
LARIX
PINE
Coulter
digger
jack
lodgepole
kmterey
ponderosa
red
scots
w h i t e ye a s t e r n
PWUS
Coulteri
Sabiniana
Banksiana
contorta latifolia
radiata
ponderosa
resinosa
sylvestris
strobus
Massoniana
"
eumpea
dahurica
Kaempferi
occidentalis
i
REDWD
SEUWIA, giant
Y
SPRUCE
Colorado
white
S E W IA
sempervirens
gigantea
PICEA
pungens
glauca
*
TABIE I1 (Continued)
CYPRESS
TAXODIUM
distichum
bald
Native
CEDAR
P westernred
THUJA
plicata
DOUGLAS FIR
PSEUWTSUGA
taxifolia
0
H
E
m CK
TSUGA
heterophylla
0 western
SPRUCE
P Sitka
I
PICEX
sitchensis
DICOTS (HARDWODS)
Exoticto
B. C. Coast
ASH
U
European
Oregon
P white
FRAXINUS
excelsior
oregona
americana
BASSWOD
American
comn
(hybrid )
largeleaf
TILIA
americana
vulgaris
bltkei
platypbllos laciniata
BEECH
European
FAGUS
sylvatica
BIRCH
European
BETULA
pendula
BOX ELDER
ACm
ne gundo
BUCKEYE
horsechestnut
AESCULUS
hippocastanum
glabra
carnea
Ohio
redhorsechestnut
,
BUTTWNUT
JUGLANS
cinerea
CATALPA
comn
oriental
western
CATALPA
bignonioides
ovata
speciosa
- 13 T U B 11 (Continued)
CARAGANA
See PEA-TREE
CHESTNUT
spanish
horse
CASTANEA
sativa
(see BUCKEYE)
ELM
urns
white
English
americana
procera
GINKGO
GINKGO b i l o b a
GUM
LIQUIDAMBAR
styraciflua
sweet
fiACKBERRY
comn
CELTIS
'
occidentalis
HICKORY
shellbark
CARPA
glabra
IDRNBEAM
European
CARPINUS
betulus
KATSURA TREE
,
CERCIDIPHYLLUM
japonicum
LINDEN
See BASSWD
LOCUST
honey
CLEDITSIA
triacanthos
MAIDEN-HAIII TREE (See Ginkgo)
MAPLE
big tooth
Manitoba
( s e e BOX ELDER)
Norway
"
"
"
"
0 red
silver
sugar
sycamore
MULBERRY
white
ACER
grandidentaturn
negundo
p l a t a n o i d e s ' b p. rubrum
campestre
insigne
rubrum
saccharinum Wieri
saccharophorum
pseudoplatanus
MIR US
alba
swamp white
QUERCUS
robur
borealis
coccinea
bicolor
PAULOWNIA
royal
PAULOWNIA
tomentosa
PEA-TREE
CARAGAplA arborescens
PLANE
oriental
P buttonwood
PLATANUS
orientalis
occidentalis
POPLAR ( tiybrids )
Carolina
PoPuLus
"-
lombardy
Eugenei
vernirubrens
nigra italica
~
TULIPTREE
P yellow poplar
LIRIODENDRON
tulipifera
WALNUT
JUGLANS
nigra
regia
Sieboldiana
intermedia vilmoreana
black
English
Japanese
English x black
Native
ALNUS
rubra
ALDER
red
BIRCH
P western paper
BETUIA
papyrifera occidentalis
COTMNKIOD
P black
POPULUS
-
trichocarpa
REFERENCES :
Check list--Forest Service, United States
Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e - u s e d
f o r n a t i v e and naturalized American t r e e s .
e
Rehder, Fanual of Cultivated Trees-used
f o r introduced trees.
0 Refers t o a u t h o r ' s s e l e c t i o n o f introduced trees most l i k e l y t o produce
valuable wood p r o d u c t s o n s u i t a b l e s i t e s i n t h e c o a s t a l c l i m a t e .
i
j