Biogeochemical Cycles
• Water
Water rises into the atmosphere in two ways:
rises into the atmosphere in two ways:
– Evaporation: Heat changes water from a liquid to a gas
– Transpiration: Water evaporates from the leaves of plants through openings called stomata
• Defined:
Movement of
water through
the
h atmosphere
h
• 75% of the earth
is water
• 99% off water
undrinkable
(salty & frozen)
• Water recycles
over and over
• W
Warm, moist air rises and eventually cools
it i i
d
t ll
l
– Condensation: process where water vapor turns into a liquid
• Rain, snow, sleet, or hail falls when water drops become heavy (Precipitation)
• Infiltration: Water soaks into the soil and collects
into the soil and collects as groundwater
• Process repeats
Process repeats
• Runoff: Water runs down hill into rivers, lakes, streams, oceans…
Animation Challenge
A
i ti Ch ll
Whose water cycle animation is y
better?
Some guy on the Internet???
Or
Mr Kobe’s??
Mr. Kobe
s??
Animation #1
Animation #1
Water evaporates and rises
Water evaporates and rises
Animation #1
Precipitation: Water falls
(rain snow sleet or hail)
(rain, snow, sleet, or hail)
Condensation: Clouds forms
Condensation: Clouds forms
Animation #1
Runoff: Water runs downhill
Runoff: Water runs downhill
Animation #1
Animation #1
Cycle Repeats!
Cycle Repeats!
Infiltration: Water soaks into the soil
Infiltration: Water soaks into the soil
Animation #2
The Hydrologic Cycle
Animation #2
The Hydrologic Cycle
Animation #2
The Hydrologic Cycle
Animation #2
The Hydrologic Cycle
INFILTRATION
Animation #2
Oxygen Cycle
The Hydrologic Cycle
O2
O2
• Autotrophs: Release O2 into atmosphere via photosynthesis
• All life: Absorbs O2 to be used during cellular respiration
– Respiration: creates ATP energy for cells
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
CO2
CO2
CO2
C
• Carbon
Carbon = (organic molecules) carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, = (organic molecules) carbohydrates proteins lipids
nucleic acids
• Plants & autotrophs:
– Intake: Absorb CO2 from atmosphere
¾ Create glucose & sugar via photosynthesis
– Output: Release CO2 during respiration
CO2
C
• Consumers
– Intake: Carbon moves up the food chain as 1 feeds on another
– Output: Release CO2 during respiration
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
CO2
C
C
C
• Decomposers
– Input: Feed on dead organic matter
I
F d
d d
i
– Output: Release CO2 during respiration
– Output: Organic molecules returned to soil during decomposition
• Human Industry
– Output: Release CO2 into atmosphere when fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are burned
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
N2
Ammonia
Nit t
Nitrates
• N = 78% atmosphere (most unusable)
• Soil Bacteria
– Nitrogen fixation: convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
– Nitrification: ammonia converted into nitrates
Nit t
Nitrates
• Plants
– Absorb nitrates through their roots
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrates
Ammonia
Ammonia
Ammonia
• Animals
– Ingest nitrates through the food chain (plants eaten)
• Decomposers
– Return ammonia to soil by feeding on dead matter
Phosphorus (P) Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
• No
No phosphorus in atmosphere
• Rocks
– Phosphorus released by
released by weathering of rocks
PP
• Lightning
– Energy breaks atmospheric nitrogen into Nitrogen oxide
– Nitrogen oxide falls in rain to soil
Phosphorus (P) Cycle
Phosphorus (P) Cycle
• Plants
• Animals
– Absorb P into th i
their roots
t
P
P
– Ingest P when plants eaten
l t
t
– P continues to move up food chain
Phosphorus (P) Cycle
Phosphorus (P) Cycle
P
• Decomposers
– Breakdown dead matter
dead matter and release P into soil
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
• Human Contribution
– Adding excess P from f tili
fertilizers
– P washes into lakes, etc…
– Excess P causes extreme algae growth
l
th