States of Matter 60 Minute Physical Science Lesson Science-­‐to-­‐Go! Program Grades: 1 -­‐ 3 TEACHER GUIDE States of Matter: A Solid Lesson where Liquids can be a Gas! Description Your classroom will be converted to a hands-­‐
on science lab as we investigate the States of Matter! Students will describe the molecular motion of matter as it transitions from solid to liquid to gas, and try different demonstrations to experience the properties of each phase. NOTE: Although solids and gases are relatively tidy, liquids occasionally flow in unexpected ways. We bring plenty of paper towels; please make sure students clear their desks for this class. Objectives •
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Identify the properties of solids, liquids and gases. Observe how these properties change as a substance undergoes a change in state. Discover the relationship between temperature and states of matter. Ohio’s Learning Standards Grade 1: Physical Science – Motion and Materials • Properties of objects and materials can change. Grade 3: Physical Science – Matter and Forms of Energy • All objects and substances in the natural world are composed of matter • Matter exists in different states, each of which has different properties How to Set Up Your Room •
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Please have student desks clear before the program begins. Please provide an empty desk or small table for the museum educator to set up display items. If booking multiple programs, transitions will be easier if museum staff sets up in only one location. Additional set-­‐up requirements o Divide class into 6 groups o If possible, please have this program in a classroom with a sink. Water is required. Introduce the vocabulary and additional resources provided below. Vocabulary atom-­‐the tiniest bits of material that can be combined to form molecules. Atoms are as small as they can be, and still be called by the name of the substance they came from. boiling point-­‐ The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas (vapor). compress-­‐ To squish things together. The molecules of a gas can be compressed together, but the molecules of a solid cannot. condensation-­‐ The process of a substance changing from a gas state into a liquid state. We most often observe this with water drops forming from water vapor into drops on cold surfaces. evaporation-­‐ The process of molecules of a liquid becoming a gas. They move much farther apart from each other and have more energy. fluid-­‐ a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or a liquid. freezing point-­‐ The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid. gas-­‐ A substance that is made of atoms or molecules with a lot of energy. They will spread out to fill any size or shape of container, and spread out as far as they can go. Gas molecules can be compressed together. liquid-­‐ A substance that will take the shape of its container, will flow down with gravity but their molecules tend to remain stuck together, and do not compress easily. mass-­‐ A quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle or object. Mass is measured by determining the extent to which a particle or object resists a change in its direction or speed when a force is applied. matter-­‐ Anything that has mass, and is made of atoms and molecules. molecule-­‐ The smallest piece of a substance that still has the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is made of two or more atoms. non-­‐Newtonian Fluid-­‐ A fluid whose flow properties differ in any way from those of Newtonian fluids. property-­‐ a characteristic of a substance that is constant under constant conditions solid-­‐ A substance that will hold its own shape, and has molecules that are stuck together. Their molecules cannot be compressed. Extension Activities Post Visit Extension Worksheet • Check out the attached worksheet for a review on content covered through the “States of Matter” program. Students will remember their favorite experiments as they record what happened. Chilling Out • Remove the labels from two tin cans. Half-­‐fill one can with water, chips of ice, and a handful of salt (the salt will help keep it very cold). • Half-­‐fill the other can with only water. • Place a thermometer in each can and record the temperature of each. Stir them both rapidly. • Observe the outside of the cans. Record your observations (frost will form on the outside of the can with salt and ice). Ask students to explain which states of matter they are seeing. OObleck (Mysteries of Non-­‐Newtonian Fluids) • Give each pair of students a plastic dish or tray containing a half a cup of cornstarch and a cup containing a quarter cup of water. Ask students to tell you the physical states of the water and of the cornstarch. Then have them mix the water into the cornstarch. Using their fingers, have the students rub and poke at it the mixture in the dish. If the mixture is jabbed sharply, it will resist and possibly even crack. If the mixture is pressed slowly, it flows like a liquid. Tell students to try squeezing it between their fingers or rolling it into a ball in their hands. Now ask them to identify the state of the mixture. Ask each student to explain their answer. This polymer, sometimes called “oobleck”, is an example of a non-­‐Newtonian fluid. To learn more about “Oobleck”, see the website listed below. • To more easily clean up this material, let it completely dry out! You can then vacuum up the dry cornstarch. Online Resources for Teachers and Students Click the link below to find additional online resources for teachers and students. These websites are recommended by our Museum Educators and provide additional content information and some fun, interactive activities to share with your class. CMNH Educators regularly review these links for quality. Web addresses often change so please notify us if any links have issues. Cleveland Museum of Natural History https://cmnh.org/edlinks Educator Resource Center (ERC) Materials for Loan The Educator Resource Center offers educator workshops, thematic teaching kits, animal dioramas, and more for loan to area teachers. Contact the ERC at 216-­‐231-­‐2075 for information on individual or school membership. Visit the Museum’s ERC website for more information on workshops https://www.cmnh.org/ERC Hours o Monday through Friday, 1 to 5 PM o Wednesday, 1 to 6 PM o Saturday, 9 AM to 2 PM If you’re interested in additional resources be sure to check out the following ERC materials or browse ERC materials online at http://cmnh.hosting.l4u.com Related ERC kits for this topic include: States of Matter: Use this kit to explore the chemical and physical changes of matter. Introduction to Inquiry for the Early Grades: Physical Science: Use inquiry to engage young scientists in 6 exciting, hands-­‐
on learning centers! Students will explore light, sound, and magnets. Books and extension activities also included. Post Visit Extension
MOLECULES
A molecule is the smallest particle or piece of an element that
can exist. It is so small you can’t see it with a microscope.
SOLID: Does not flow,
molecules stay in place
and move very little
LIQUID: Flows,
molecules move
easily and do
not stay in place
GAS: Flows,
molecules move freely
and expand a lot
SOLIDS
Draw what the solids looked like inside each container:
Were there spaces between the solids?
YES
NO
Did the solids take the shape of the container?
YES
NO
Did the solids flow from one container to another?
YES
NO
LIQUIDS
Draw what the liquids looked like inside each
container:
Did the liquid flow from one container to another?
States of Matter – Cleveland Museum of Natural History – Revised 2-2015
YES
NO
Remember the leaky bottle and the wet string demonstrated COHESION.
COHESION: The attraction of water mol ecules to one another.
2
Draw what the water looked like on the penny before it flowed off:
GASES
Did you see the gases inside each container?
Draw what you saw as the gases
flowed out of the balloon:
Draw where the soap
bubbles stayed after we
filled the tank with carbon
dioxide gas:
States of Matter – Cleveland Museum of Natural History – Revised 2-2015
YES
NO