Vocabulary for Chapter 3 American History Mercantilism: • Economic Theory used by Britain. o Used to protect mother countries industries o Created new tariffs to support the government o Important to increase foreign trade o Increase exports over imports o Accumulate money to enhance power in the world o Need a favorable balance of trade Parliament: • Governing body in Britain o Creates laws for both the mother country and the colonies. o Provide protection and enforced laws of the colony o Limited the power of the monarch after James II leaves power. Navigation Acts:
• Laws put in place by Parliament in an attempt to supervise the mercantilist system in the colonies. o Regulated shipping and trade o Gave provincial customs authority to colonial naval officers o Confined trade to ships owned and manned by English men. o Voided all colonial laws that contradicted the Navigation Acts. o Developed a Board of Trade that replaced the Lords of Trade. ƒ Were authorized to rule on colonial laws that violated parliamentary laws or common laws that worked against the realm’s interest. o Main purpose was to try and break the Dutch hold on the carrying trade and favor British shipping. Dominion of New England:
• King Charles revoked the Charter of Massachusetts o Reason was their failure to comply with the Navigation Acts. • Massachusetts is merged with several other colonies. o Included Southern Maine south through New Jersey. • King appointed a royal governor and a council to run the new royal colony with a free hand. o Appointed Sir Edmund Andros. ƒ A competent administrator ƒ Not an advocate of the Puritan faith o Ended representative government. o Taxed without input from colonists. o Town governments were outlawed. o Land grants revoked and lands had to be repurchased. o
Customs officers were put in place to ensure the Navigation Acts were followed. Questioned the legality of Puritanism. o
Glorious Revolution: • Precipitated by the birth of King James II‘s birth of his son. o Parliament feared the monarchy would be Catholic for a long period. o Feared for their Protestantism and parliamentary rights. • Parliament invited William of Orange and his army to sail from Holland. o Husband of King James II’s daughter. o Landed in England without any opposition. • James II fled England for France • William and Mary were installed as the new joint monarchs of Britain. o In return for Parliament’s support, William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights. ƒ Protected the rights of individuals ƒ Gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury. ƒ Taxes could not be raised by the monarch with out approval of Parliament ƒ The monarch could not raise an army with out the approval of Parliament. Salutary Neglect:
• An unspoken agreement that let the colonies develop without being over regulated by Britain. o Colonists were allowed to practice different forms of self‐government. • Policy benefited both Britain and the colonies. Cash Crops: • Crops that were generally grown for the primary purpose of selling to others for a profit. o Personal use was only after crops were sold • Economic basis for Americas’ southern economy. o Virginia and Maryland crops was tobacco o South and North Carolina and Georgia crops were rice and later indigo. Triangular Trade: • Colonial trade route between New England, the West Indies and Africa. o Called the triangular trade due to the shape of the three legged route. • The first leg of the route was from New England to the West Indies. o Ships carried goods from New England to sell in the West Indies. ƒ Fish ƒ Lumber ƒ Other goods New England purchased good from the West Indies and brought them back to New England. ƒ Sugar ƒ Molasses The second leg of the triangular trade route was from New England to West Africa to trade. o New England brought additional goods. ƒ Rum, made from the sugar and molasses ƒ Guns ƒ Gunpowder ƒ Cloth ƒ Tools o Traded with the West Africa for slaves The third and final leg of the triangular trade route was from West Africa to the West Indies. o Sold the African slaves for molasses and sugar to make more Rum. Many New England merchants became very wealthy form the triangular trade route. o Disobeyed the Navigation Acts ƒ Sugar and molasses were to be purchased from English colonies. ƒ Bought from the Dutch, French and Spanish colonies for a cheaper price. o Bribed customs officials to look the other way. o
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Middle Passage:
• It is the trip between Africa and the Americas within the Triangular trade route. Stono Rebellion: • Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739. o Twenty slaves met at the Stono River with weapons and proceeded to kill several planter families. o Proceeded south trying to get other slaves to join and go south into Spanish Florida where the Stono Indians would help them. o Group was surrounded by that afternoon by white militia. ƒ Fighting broke out and many of the rebellious slaves died. • Rebellion frightened many southern colonists. o Result of this rebellion was the passage of harsher slave laws. Enlightenment:
• A philosophical movement. o Characterized by reliance on reason and experience. ƒ Replaced dogma and tradition o Emphasis on a humanitarian political goals and social progress ƒ First developed in the field of science. • Looking beyond religious authority to explain how and why the universe worked. o Philosophy was another component. •
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Results: o Americans were better educated o New ideas made more sense to them than the large population of uneducated in Europe. Individuals that started this movement included: o Benjamin Franklin o Isaac Newton Great Awakening:
• A religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s. o Started by the New England preacher, Jonathan Edwards in the colonies. ƒ Called on colonists to examine their lives. ƒ Gave powerful sermons • Warned listeners that if they did not follow the Bibles teachings they would be heading for hell. o English minister George Whitefield arrived in the colonies in 1739. ƒ He also drew great crowds to outdoor religious meetings from Massachusetts to Georgia. • Called on sinners to reform • The Great Awakening started bitter debates. o People split for old churches to form new churches. o Created a more tolerant people for different beliefs. New France:
• Colonies settled by French government o Location is from Canada south to the Gulf of Mexico and west to the Rocky Mountains. o Sparsely populated colony ƒ Fur traders ƒ Priests looking to convert Native Americans o Excellent relationship with Native Americans ƒ Created military alliances with some tribes. French and Indian War:
• Resulted from the growth of French empire intersected with the British empire • Conflict began in 1754 o French built Fort Duquesne on what is present day Pittsburgh, Pa. ƒ Britain had already granted 200,000 acres of this land to wealthy planters from Virginia. o Virginia governor sent militia into the area to evict the French. ƒ George Washington let the group. o Washington established an outpost approximately 40 miles from Fort Duquesne. ƒ Called Fort Necessity o Washington attacked a detachment of French soldiers in May of 1754. o French counter attack. ƒ Washington is forced to surrender and return to Virginia without completing his mission. •
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One year later Washington returned to the area with General Edward Braddock. o Mission was to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley. o Launched an attack on Fort Duquesne. ƒ Was ambushed by French soldiers and Native American allies. • Used the Hit & Run method of fighting. Britain faced a large number of defeats with the French in 1755 and 1756. o King George II is angry at how poorly the British solders are doing fighting the French. ƒ Selects new governors to run the governments • William Pitt was one that was chosen William Pitt reinvigorated a very defeated British army o Battle victories soon shifted to the British o An alliance was made with the Iroquois Nation Very decisive changes in the war occurred in 1759. o Outside Quebec, British troops scaled the protective cliff around Quebec. ƒ French were taken by surprise ƒ Short but deadly battle ended in French defeat o This battle leads the British to become the victor in the war. War ended in 1763 and settlement came with the Treaty of Paris. o Britain claimed all lands east of the Mississippi River. ƒ This included Spanish Florida • Lost due to their allegiance with France. o Spain gained French lands west of the Mississippi River including New Orleans. o France kept control of a few island near Newfoundland and in the West Indies o Native Americans were the big losers in this treaty. Problems resulting from the French and Indian War. o British government stationed 10,000 troops’ territories to control the Native Americans and former French subjects. ƒ Added a huge expense to the British budget. • Forced to borrow money during the war which came close to doubling their debt. o British colonist saw the troops not as protectors by as a standing army against them. Proclamation of 1763:
• British government banned settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. o Created a Proclamation line that no settler was to move west of. o Those who had already moved west of the Proclamation line were expected to move back east. • Reasoning behind the Proclamation line. o Avoid further conflict with Native Americans o Governing the colonies would be easier o Would not need as many troops to protect colonists • Preventing colonist from moving west of the Proclamation line proved difficult. o Colonist did not follow this law and moved west of the Appalachians anyway. Sugar Act of 1764: • Enacted when it was discovered that the Customs Service was costing the British government more than what they were taking in taxes. o Prompted Parliament to pass the Sugar Act. • This law did three things: o Cut the duty in half on foreign‐made molasses ƒ Hoped colonists would pay a lower tax rather than risk arrest for smuggling o Placed duties on certain imports. o Strengthened enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to prosecute smuggling cases in a vice‐admiralty court instead of the colonial court ƒ Colonial courts tended to be more sympathetic toward smugglers. • This was one of the steps that led to disagreements between the British government and colonists over taxation. Key People
Sir Edmund Andros:
• Appointed governor of the Dominion of New England by King Charles II. • Personality and qualifications: o Strong administrator o Arrogant o High handed • Made many enemies in the colonies in a very short time. • Under his authority and his council changes were made to New England. o Levied taxes with no colonial input o Disassembled town governments o Forced colonist to reconfirm land titles with the Dominion ƒ Then was forced to pay rent to the Dominion o Ended representative government o Brought in customs officers to ensure the Navigation Acts are enforced o Questioned the legality of Puritanism • Due to his directives, Massachusetts colonist sent a prominent minister to London to try and get him recalled. o Glorious Revolution occurs before the minister can present his case. o Massachusetts staged its own Glorious Revolution. ƒ Arrested Andros and his royal councilors Slave:
• Term given to a person who becomes property of another individual. o All legal rights are stripped o All social rights are stripped. Benjamin Franklin:
• Self‐made man. o Considered the best example of the Enlightenment in the colonies. Born to a poor Boston soap and candle maker Believed in self improvement ƒ Worked his way to being an important colonial leader. ƒ Inventor o Embraced getting to the truth through experimentation and reasoning Had only two years of formal education. o Used his spare time for self‐improvement ƒ Read ƒ Studied literature ƒ Mathematics ƒ Foreign languages Wanted to use reason to improve the world around him. o
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Jonathan Edwards:
• Puritan minister who looked to revive the original commitment to the original Puritan religion. o Preached that church attendance was not enough for man’s salvation. ƒ People must acknowledge their sins and feel that God loves them. o His preaching was one of the driving forces in the Great Awakening. ƒ Most famous sermon is called Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God • When the Great Awakening ended, he was rejected by his own congregation. o Thought he was too strict about doctrine o Result of his loosing his congregation Edwards moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. ƒ Spent his remaining years as a missionary to a Native American settlement. George Washington:
• A Virginia military officer. o Sent by the governor to establish an outpost in the Ohio territory. ƒ Named his outpost Fort Necessity • Attacked a small French military troop near Fort Duquesne. o Result was a counter attack by the French. o Result was Washington was forced to surrender ƒ Returned to Virginia without completing his mission. • One year late returned to the Ohio territory with General Edward Braddock. o Goal was to force France out of the territory. o Involved in a battle on Fort Duquesne. ƒ French surprised them with their Native American allies. • Used the Hit and Run technique. ƒ Battle was lost, but Washington showed promise as a leader. William Pitt:
• Chosen by King George II to become the head of the British government in 1757. • Believed that he could win the war in North America. Believed that once that was done, Britain could move on to victories in other parts of the world. o Sent Britain’s best generals to North America. o Encouraged colonists to support the war. ƒ Promised large payments for military services and supplies. Under his leadership the victories began to come to Britain. o In 1758, Major Jeffery Amherst captured Louisbourg ƒ Fort in French Canada o Got the support of the Iroquois o
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Pontiac:
• The leader of the Ottawa Indian Tribe. • Did not like the British o Wanted the French to win the war. • Lead a group of Native Americans to attack British forts in the Ohio Valley. o Captured eight British forts and blockaded two others. ƒ Most known fort was Fort Detroit o Known as Pontiac’s War. George Grenville:
• Known as a financial expert. • Chosen by King George III to serve as prime ministers in 1763. o His job was to deal with the incurring debt that had been accrued during the French and Indian War. • Prompted Parliament to pass the Sugar Act of 1764. o He suspected colonists were smuggling goods into the colonies. o Hoped the new law would stop the smuggling. o The new sugar act: ƒ Lowered tax on foreign made molasses ƒ Placed duties on certain imported goods ƒ Strengthened the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a Vic‐admiralty court instead of a colonial court. George Whitefield: • Minister that was involved in the Great Awakening. o Presentation of his sermons brought in the crowds o Traveled from colony to colony presenting sermons guaranteed to awaken the crowd’s religious shortcomings. ƒ He would play the part of God then the Devil. o Sermons were held outdoors due to the large crowds that came to hear him speak. • Many other ministers tried to imitate Whitefield style. Sir Isaac Newton: • One of the leaders of the Enlightenment. o Physicist o Mathematician o Discovered a fundamental cosmic law. ƒ Gravity ƒ
White light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum “Old Lights”:
• A term given to ministers that emphasized the need for an educated ministry. o Did not approve of men preaching with little knowledge of the Bible or church laws. o Looked upon as “cold men of letters who totally lacked God’s saving grace.” o Lost a great deal of influence during the Great Awakening. o Generally of Puritan background. “New Lights”:
• Term given to men who were involved in the revival of religion in the Great Awakening. o Stressed the importance of emotional experiences. o Created new churches ƒ George Whitefield founded the Methodist Church. ƒ Baptist church was founded ƒ Presbyterian Church Foundation of new Colleges: • The American colonists were more literate than any other country in the world. • Developed due to the Great Awakening. o Established more colleges ƒ Harvard ƒ Princeton ƒ Columbia ƒ Brown ƒ Rutgers ƒ Dartmouth o Most were connected to some church group. Religious Toleration: • Developed due to the Great Awakening. o Looked at people as Christian or non‐Christian with a new common understanding. o Looked at what man can do with the gift from God instead of what God has done for us. o Salvation was with man, not God. Economic Strengths of the three regional areas of the Colonies:
• New England: o Diversified economy. •
ƒ Farming ƒ Fishing ƒ Lumber ƒ Shipbuilding ƒ Iron foundries ƒ Manufacturing of Rum ƒ Snuff ƒ Shipping ƒ Livestock Was a part of the Triangular Trade. •
Middle Colonies: o Was diverse, but not as diverse as New England ƒ Farming ƒ Shipbuilding ƒ Fur Trading ƒ Copper mining ƒ Production of glass ƒ Shoe making ƒ Production of Beer and Rum ƒ Lumbering ƒ Trade •
Southern Colonies: o Plantation and farming of Cash crops ƒ Tobacco ƒ Wheat ƒ Cattle ƒ Indigo ƒ Rice ƒ Silk o Manufacturing included: ƒ Military supplies ƒ Lumber ƒ Furs ƒ Some Iron Development of a plantation economy in the South: • Due to a warmer climate and a longer growing season farmers began planting cash crops. • Tidewater region: o Deep rivers allowed for trade ships to move directly to each plantation. ƒ Plantations became self‐sufficient and few cities or towns were needed. With the large growing plantations, slaves were needed to maintain crop growth and the daily running of the facilities. ƒ Plantations needed anywhere from 20 to 100 slaves to do most of the work. Only a small percentage of the farming in the South was large plantations. o
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Relationship with Colonies and Britain: • With the Navigation Acts came some tension between the colonies and Britain. o Britain wanted to ensure that only they profited from the British colonies. ƒ Most colonists benefited as well as Britain, but a few merchants resented the trade restrictions. • They continued to smuggle goods in and out of the colonies. • King Charles cracked down on Massachusetts. o Had enough evidence to support his belief that they were resisting British authority. ƒ Puritan leaders had made it known they did not like royal authority. ƒ Suggested that they did not have to obey British law. • Through Salutary Neglect the colonies got a taste of self‐govern ring. o This would eventually lead to a rebellion for independence. History of Slavery in the Colonies:
• Originally Indentured Servants were the main workforce particularly in the Southern colonies. o The numbers began to decline toward the end of the 1600s. o Southern planters had to find another workforce in order to continue with profits and the demands for their cash crops. • English colonists turned to African slaves as an alternative to Indentured Servants. o Slaves would work for life o Less cost and a longer working return • African Slaves were brought over via the Triangular Trade. o First to the West Indies o Later to North America African Culture retained by Slaves:
• Continued to create baskets and pottery as they had done in Africa • Musical traditions from their homeland • History told through stories of their ancestors • Dances that paid tribute to their ancestors and gods Slave resistance:
• Slaves used various methods in resisting subservience. o Work slowdowns o Faked illnesses o Breaking equipment o Rebellions French and Indian War:
• Problems developed between Britain and France over land claims. o Question of who owned the Ohio Valley. ƒ King George II of Britain had promised 200,000 acres of this land to the Ohio Company. ƒ France challenged the British over the land. • King Louis XV ordered French forts to be build along the rivers to protect their claims. • Washington was sent by Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia to give the French the message to leave the Ohio Valley and recognize British claims. o Washington delivered the message, but did not accept the order to leave. • Washington was sent a second time into the Ohio Valley. o This time he took troops with him. o Had orders to drive the French out of one of their forts. ƒ Fort Duquesne • French and fortified the fort. o Washington was outnumbered. o Shots were exchanged ƒ Washington was forced to retreat. • Major General Edward Braddock was appointed commander in chief of the British army in America in 1754. o Two additional regiments joined him in America. o Braddock did not like Native Americans ƒ Had no respect for them as warriors. • Washington warned Braddock that if a war developed they would be fighting a different type of war. o His suggestion was ignored • Britain needed to capture Fort Duquesne to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley. o Braddock marched toward the fort in 1755. o He was ambushed by French, Canadians and Native Americans hiding behind rocks and trees. ƒ Braddock was killed in the fighting • British losses continued. o Fort Oswego o Fort William Henry o Crown Point o Fort Ticonderoga o Louisbourg • Colonists lost confidence in the British army. o Many wanted to fight without the army. • William Pitt enters the picture as prime minister and secretary of state of Britain. o Offered encouragement to colonists o Had gained colonial legislatures cooperation o Sent troops and supplies o Appointed on the best officers o Formed a British, colonial army of 50,000 •
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British victories: o Won the second time at Lousibourg o French fled Fort Duquesne and set the fort on fire when the British approached. o French fleet was destroyed by James Wolfe’s British fleet o Fort Niagara was captured by the British and their allies the Iroquois. o Fort Carillon and St Frederick were captured o Quebec was surrendered in 1759. France surrendered in 1760. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763. o Britain claimed all lands east of the Mississippi River. ƒ This included Spanish Florida o Spain claimed all lands west of the Mississippi River. ƒ This included New Orleans o France kept islands off Newfoundland and territories in the West Indies. o Native Americans were the largest losers. ƒ Britain was hard to bargain with on trade ƒ Settlers began moving in on their lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. •
British victory created new problems: o Tribal leader Pontiac fears the growing number of new settlers will drive away their source of food. o Pontiac reorganized the Ottawa ƒ Attacked eight British forts in the Ohio Valley o British retaliate against the Ottawa by providing blankets with small‐pox to chiefs of two Delaware tribes. ƒ Disease spreads ƒ Tribes are weak and sick • Forced to sign treaties with the British which are not to their advantage. Tensions begin to develop between colonies and Britain: • Massachusetts and Britain are the main players in the new tensions. o Britain cracked down on smuggling during the French and Indian War. o Royal governor of Massachusetts authorized the use of the writ of assistance in the colony. ƒ Allowed customs officials to perform searches. • Ships • Buildings • Homes ƒ Boston merchants were enraged. • Taxes were imposed on the colonist to help pay for the war. o British debt was staggering and believed colonist should help pay for their protection. • Passed the Sugar Act. o Placed duties on certain goods o Lowered the duties on foreign molasses hoping to end smuggling Changed prosecution of smugglers from colonial courts to a Vice‐Admiralty court. Taxation without representation and how the colonies should be governed became the major disagreement between the colonies and Britain. o
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