The sole pu rp ose of the au thor i n the preparation o f th i s Chart was to fu rn i sh a stim u l u s an d
i n dicate th e m ethod of H i stori ca l Stu dy to the you th w i th whom h i s professional d u ties brought h i m in da ily
con tac t i n the Col lege lectu re room I n h is con n ection wi th ed ucation al work the con v ictio n h as been
“
i
n
e
We l i ve i n an earn est an d
prod u ced that the A merican m i nd i s pecul iarly un historical
i ts t ndencies
tu m u l tuou s presen t l ooki n g to a vague fu tu re and co m parati vely cu t o ff from the prol ific past wh ich i s
”
still the m other of u s al l ; an d yet as a people we are m ore i nd ebted to the past and are more d eeply
con cern ed w i th u n derstand ing the lesso n s of the pas t than any other ex its ing nation There i s an o bl ig
tion therefore resti ng wi th g reat weigh t upon those amon g u s w ho are to be the m o ulders and gu iders o f
the opi n io n s and tendencies o f the A m erica n people to im b ue the m sel ve sw it h the tr u e h i stor ic sp i rit an d
to acquai n t them sel ves wi th the teach i n gs of the p ast Dr Chen ey has wel l rem arked : “ H u man h is tory
open s a bo u ndless field of i n vestigation w h ich no m an ever has or ever can ex plore to i ts re m otes t
”
bou ndaries
The sphere of h i story i s the sphere of facts even ts and deveI O p em en ts exten d i ng {th rough all
the cen tu ri es si nce the creati o n of man ;i t can n ot therefore be con structed on a priori princi ples b u t when
I t i s fu rther
p u rs u i n g secular or sacred narrati ve exh ibites even ts i n thei r conn ected a n d rel ated order
“
:
observed i n the lan g ua ge of Presiden t North r up
H i storical proce sses and m ovem en ts can have n ei ther
val ue nor sign ifi can cy except as they are comprehended i n th e l i g ht of u n derlyi ng ideas and pri nci ples ,"
hence the i m por ta n ce o t a co rrect m ethod i n the prosecu tion of th i s study Rightly u nderstood H i story
aff ord s scope for the exerci se of the highest po wers of t h e m i nd an d i s adapted to awaken th em to v igorou s
action I t appeal s profou nd ly to every elem en t of m an s natu re I t m eets hi s ph i losoph ical tendencies
presen ti ng the lofti est ach ievem en ts i n the sphere of metaphy sical thou gh t and appeal s to h is rel igio us
i n sti ncts by portray i n g a schem e o f rede m p t io n in which are co m prehend ed the i n fi n i te i n teres ts of ou r race
H i story may then be term ed the epi tome of al l l earn i n g
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I
of these pages reference has been freely made to th e h i storical w r i ti n g s
W il so n H u me Tacitu s D A u b ig n e Ridpath P ierce B an cro f t Barn u m Kohl rau sch
o t Th al h eim er G i bbon
Th iers Macau le y Froud e Ranke B uckle Hu rst Neander Stan l ey a nd others to who m we ac k nowled g e
n
the
p rep era t io n
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n deb ted n ess
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If i n the l i m i ted sph ere th i s Chart i s designed to range i t shal l i nci te the studen t to en te r th e
broad domai n of H istory and shal l help h i m i n traversi ng her pla i n s and scal ing her mo u n tai n pea ks the
most earnest wi sh of the au thor wil l be ful ly real ized
E H S
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Maco n Mo Novem ber 6 th
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1 8 78
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HI ST O RI CA L C HA RT @
@
9
GI
HRO NO LO GY
C
O
V
I
N G T HE
AN
EO U S GO V ER
FC O N
TE
MPOR
NM ENT S
FR O
EA RL I ES T
M
T
,
HE
HEN
T IC R
EC O RDS
A U T
TO TH E !
P
r e s
e n
t T i m
e
HO W
,
400 4
;
TO
B
.
O
S T U DY HI S TORY
1 8 7 8
.
A
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t
I n the study o f e v en t s the two ci rcu m stances of ti m e an d pla ce co n sta n tly d em and o u r atten tion A c
”
"
the t wo eyes of h istory
co rd ingly ch ro nol ogy an d g eog raphy have been called
T h e studen t w ill ther e
fore see the propriety o f u sei ng th is Cha rt in con nection w i th a rel iabl e m ap of th e worl d
H i story i s d i v ided i nto th ree g reat branches viz : A ncien t ( 4
0
04B C — 4
7 6 A D ) M ed iaeval ( 4
76
0A D ) an d Mod er n 1 6 0
0— 1 8 78 A
1 60
CI E
NT H I S TORY
AN
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m p i res wh ich r ul ed As ia Africa an d Eu rope
A ncien t h i story narra tes the su ccess ion o f E
u n ti l th e
Ro man dom in i on i n I taly was overthrow n by n orther n barbarian s A D 47 3 G eo g raph ica l ly i t co m
pri ses only the shores of the Med iterran ean and a par t of Western Asia The earl ies t h i storical record s
are fou nd i n the Hebrew scr i ptu res The fi rst govern men t of earth w as a T h eo cra c which ex tended
94 B C
The Patriarchate of th e twel ve son s of Jaco b
from Adam 4
0
0
4 C to S au l th e k i ng 1 0
Reu
ben
Si
m
eo
n
Lev
i
J
udah
Zebul
u
n
Issachar
Dan
G
ad
A
sher
Naphtal
i
Joseph
and
Benjam
i
n
;)
(
of Oth n iel Eh ud Sham gar Debora h ( fem ale ) G ideon Tol a J ai r Jephthah
an d the J ud geshi p
I bzan Elon A bdon Sam pso n Sa m uel Joel a nd A hiah ) were i ncl uded i n the Theocracy
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A t ter the d i spersion of the other decendan ts of N oah fro m Babel N i m rod g rand son of Ham
remain ed near the scene of thei r disco m fi t n re an d establ i shed a k i n gdom so u th o f the E u ph rates at th e
—1 54
hea d of th ePers iau g ul f T h i s i s kn own as the Chaldean dyn ast y from abou t ( 3 00
0
3 B C ) The fir st
da te i s u n cer tai n here so me au thori ti es placing it l OOO years la ter The on ly k nown ki n gs are N i m rod a n d
Chedorl ao mer Su cceeded by an A rabian dyn asty ( 1 5 4
3 — 1 2 98 B C ) A dy nasty of 4
robably
5 k ings
p
K in g Pau l ( 7 7 2— 7 47 13 C )
Assyr ian followed fro m ( 1 2 98 — 7 7 2 B
P h o e n icea ( k ings of Ty re ) acc ord in g to Herodotu s ( 2 7 5 05 3 2 B C )
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ib i t d
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t h e h s to ry
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SAWY ER S C H ART OF
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2
1
CH IN ESE EM PI RE ( B C 2 2 0
7 —A D
I s very ancien t and i s said by the C hi n ese to have ex is te i forty one thou sand years before the ch ri stian era
We have n o authori ty save the claim u rged by the peopl e of th i s vast em pi re for fix i ng the remar kable date
th i rty seven thou sand years ba ck of the ti m e gen erally fixed as t h e beg i n n i ng of the h u man race The earl i est
dy nasty known to the his to rian i s that of aia ( 2 2 07 B
bu t l i ttle i s k n own of the cou n try before the
ti m e o f Confuci u s d u ri n g the prevalen ce of the C how dy nasty ( 1 1 2 2 —2 5 8 B C ) Du ri n g the rei g n of Ch i n g
the g reat wal l was bui l t Elated wi th h i s own expl oi ts he form ed the desi g n of m aki n g
(25 6 B
posteri ty bel i eve that he was the fi rst E m peror that filled the C h i nese th rone a n d for th is pu rpose i t i s
sai d ordered all the h istorical record s to be obl i tera ted From ( 2 2 0— 2 8 0A D ) Chi na w a s d i v ided i n to
th ree k ingdom s v iz : the Sh o h a ny ; the Gori i n the n orth and the E
l in the sou th
I n the th i rteen th cen tu ry
the Ch i nese cal led i n the aid of the Mongol s to beat o f? the Eastern Tartars These fierce al l ies soon su bd u ed
not only the Tartars bu t the peopl e whom they ca me to defend and seized the cou ntry The K ubl ai Khan
dy nasty con ti n u ed for n early a cen tu ry when i t was o verthrown by the Chi n ese who co n ti n u ed to hold thei r
own cou n try u n ti l ( A D 1 6 4
4) when the expel led M ongols who had u n i ted w i th the Tartars an d form ed
the race kno w n as the M an tch o u s i n vad ed the E m pi re overth rew the prevail ing Chi n ese dynas ty and
establ i sh ed a perm anen t Tartar do m i n ion wh ich i s s til l i n power The Chi nese is on the whol e by far
the best n ati ve govern men t of Asia The gover n m en t is patriarcha l and the Em p eror has the remarkable
"
“
ti tl e of Holy Son of Heaven Sol e Govern or of the Earth and Great F
ather of h i s Peop le The popu lation
is
J A P A N ESE EM P I RE
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has a hi sto ry u sual ly con n ected w i th Ch i n a an d l ies to the east o f the form er Em p i re bei n g com posed
The Japanese have n om inal ly two E m perors ; one i s the su prem e pon ti ff and
o f a g reat n u m ber of I sland s
oracl e o f rel ig io n and the other a secular em peror who i s i n vested wi th absol u te au th ori ty The latter
resides at Jeddo the cap ital in the I slan d of N
ip h on
C o m m o n do re Perry wi th an A merican fleet v i sit ed
Japan i n 1 8 5 3 an d concl uded a com m erci al treaty wi th the Em pi re
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EGY PT I ANEM PI RE ( FO U ND M )
BY
ME N ES )
Em brac i n g three hi sto rical pe riod s
0B C
I Old em pi re from the earl iest ti mes to 1 90
—1 525 B C
I I Middl e em pi re ( Shepherd ki ngs ) 1 900
I I I N ew em pi re ( 1 5 2 5 — 5 2 5 B C ) The ebrew bondage an d exod u s occu rred som ewhere between
0— 1 2 1 9 B C
1 60
K IN GDO M S o r AS I A M IN OR
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From the occu pancy of the cou n try by th e Ph rygi an s to the close of the Lydian em pi re K i n gdom of
0— 6 95 B C )
0 B C ) The Herac l idae ( 1 2 0
Lyd ia three Dynasties bore r ul e The A tyadae ( before 1 2 0
— 54
Th e M a rm n adae ( 6 94
6 B C ) when C roesu s the last a n d g reatest m on arch was conqu ered by Cy rus
k in g o f Persia
GREC I ANS T AT ES — U N KN O W N T I LL 33 6 a 0
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Hi sto ry i s best d i v ided i n to three period s
I
II
My th ical period
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from th e earl iest tim es to the Dorian m igration s abo u t
,
0B
1 10
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C
.
13 C
A u then tic period from the Dori an m i g ration s to the beg i n n i ng of the Persi an wars 1 1 00—5 00
Herodotus b eg an h is hi stori cal record wi th the year 7 7 6 B C I t form ed th e fi rst d efin i te
sta rting poi n t for s u bseq uen t h i stori an s
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I I I Revol u tionary period from the be g i n n i n g of the Persian wars to the v ictory
don at Chaeron ea ( 5 003 3 6 B C )
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of
Ph i l i p of Mace
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D
om o Y AN
R
oN
H
o
CO
NTEMPORANEOUS
II I SI O
' ‘
RY
3
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.
Greece though o ne o f the smal lest co u n tri es of th e glo be a bo u t the si ze of the s ta te of Ohi o enjoys
th e u nd ispu ted ti tle to the con troll i n g l i terary power of the world She gave u s Hom er the father of poetry
Socrates the father of ph ilosophy ; Herodotus the father of h istory and Demosthen es the fa ther of ora to ry
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HEB R13W DY N AS T Y
Israe l becam e a kingdo m u pon the coronation
e f Sa u l th e son o f Ki sh
of the tribe of Benjam in
Ki n g Sa ul was def eated and slai n i n the
10
94B C
ba t tle o f Gi l boa 1 05 6 B C Da vi d t he so n o f w
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the tr i be o f J u da h su cceed to the th ron e ( 1 0
56
15 B
Sol omon succeed ed h is fath er to the
10
The ki ngd om ié here
t h rd n e ( 1 0
1 5 — 97 5 B C )
d i vid ed
o
f
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— TW O T R
H
O U S EO F J U D I A H
I BE
B
‘
Rh
H O U SE O F I SRAE L— F
ENT R I BES
J
.
the son of Solomo n reig ned
from 97 5 —95 6 B 0 Du ri ng thi s rei gn the ten
tri bes revol t from R
ehoboam an d procla i m
Jeroboa m the son of N ebat of the tri be of
Eph ram k i n g Be h o bo am con ti n u es to rei gn
over J ud a h a nd Benjam i n
Abijam su cceed s h is father to the th rone of
J uda h 95 6 — 95 3 B C
A sa su cceeded hi s father 95 3— 91 2 B C
Jehoshaphat 91 2 —8 96 B 0
Jehoram ( 8 96 —8 8 8 B
A haz iah ( 8 8 8 — 8 8 7 B C ) Slai n by order
e
o bo a ni
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Jero boa m ( 97 5 —95 2 B C )
Nadab 95 2 95 0B 0 Slai n in the siege o f
Gib b ith o u Baasha the co n spi rator reigned in
h is stead ( 950—92 6 B
Elah ( 92 6 92 3 B 0 Assassi n ated
Z i m ri the as sas si n reig ned in h is stead 92 4
B
he becam e the i n cendiary o f hi s o w n palace
and perish ed i n the flam es a f ter a rei g n o f only
seven days
—91 2
O m ri ( 92 4
Ahab 91 2—8 90 B C ) Fam i n e in I srael
d uri n g th i s rei g n
A h ab was defeated an d slai n
i n the battl e of Ra moth G il ead
Ahaz iah ( 8 90 B C D i ed from i nj u ri es
recei ved by a fall
Joram 8 91 B 0 Slai n by Jeh u
Jeh u s ucce ed ed to the throne 8 8 7 8 5 0B 0
Jehoahaz 8 6 08 4
3 B
J oash ( 8 43 —8 2 7 B 0
Jeroboa m I I ( 8 2 7 —7 8 6 B
Dea th o f
El i sha the prophet
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A thal iah ( 8 8 7 8 8 1 B C ) Q u een A thal iah
u s u rp ed t h e th ron e b u t was
slai n by order of
J eh o iad a the p ri est
Joash ( 8 8 0— 8 4
0B
Slai n by two of h i s
servan ts
—8 1 1 B C
A m az iah ( 8 4
0
) Assassi na ted
Azariah o r Uzzi ah ( 8 1 2 —7 6 0B 0 D i ed o f
leprosy
Jotham ( 7 60— 7 4
4B C
A haz ( 7 4
5 729B
Hezeki ah the G rea t ( 7 2 9 7 0
0 B 0 His
l ife w as lengthened fi f t ee n y ears i n answer to
prayer Book of Isaiah chapter x xx v i i i
Man asseh the Cru el ( 7 0
06 4
5 B C )
Am on [ 6 45 —6 4
3 B 0 Assas si n ated
Josiah [6 43 6 1 2 B
S l ai n i n the battle
o f Megi ddo
Jehoahaz ( 6 1 2 B 0 Reign ed th ree m on t h s
and was dethron ed
Jeho iaki m [6 1 2—6 01 B
Jeh oi achi n [ 6 01 B 0 Rei g ned th ree
mon ths when Ju dah was carri ed i n to capti vi ty
by N eb u chad nezzar
Zedeki ah [601 o r 5 92 B 0 Fi nal capti v i ty
an d en d o f th e house o f J ud ah
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NT ERREGNU M
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Zachariah 7 7 2 B 0 Re ign ed six mon th s
and was sl ai n by Shall u m
Shal l u m 7 7 3 B 0 Re i gn ed o n e m on th
an d was assassi nated
Menahem the br u te 7 7 3 7 63 B 0
Peka h ah 7 63 7 6 1 B 0 Kil l ed by a co n
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sp ira to r
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Pekah ( 7 6 1 —7 41 B 0 Slai n by Hoshea
T ig lat h P i leser k i ng of Assyria i n vad es the
lan d o f I srael and carri es m any o f the p eopl e
i n to capti vi ty
Hoshea ( 7 41 7 3 2 B 0 I srael aga i n led i n to
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En d o f the
h o u se
of
I srael
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4
SAWYER S C HA RT
SYR I A N K ING DO M
D
,
EM A BOU S BEA T
Hadad 1 04
Lot
0B
0 B 0; Rezon 1 00
—9
— 95 0B
20
Ben hadad I 95 0
Ri m m on 960
B 0 Ben had ad I I 90
Hazael 8 5 0B 0
0B
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MED I A EV A L H I S T ORY
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u nkn own u n ti l Rezi n
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62 5 B C
o
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r
T igl a t h p ilese r I I ,
5 B
A ss h u rl ikh kh us 7 5 3—7 4
usu rp er 7 45 —7 2 7 B
Shal m an eser I V 7 2 7 —7 2 1 B
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.
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Senach erib
Sargon ( u su rper ) 7 2 1 —3 7 05 B
0; Esarhadd on 6 8 0— 6 67 B
5 680 B
70
Asshu r em ieLi lin ,
7 B
A ss h urb a n ip a1 6 6 7 6 4
64
7 —62 5 B 0
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B
A
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47 6—1 096 A D
d i sti n ct period s
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Th i s
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epoch em brac es th ree
.
E
—
From the fal l of the Weste r n
E m pi re to th e r ise of the Carl o v i n g ian Em pi re
Du ri n g th i s peri od th e Moslem
47 6 —7 32 A D
power had i ts r ise “ Mah o m m ed the cam el d ri ver
the Syr ian fai rs m et
o f Mecca i n hi s jou r ne y s to
”
travel ers of all n ation s and rel igion s He rem arked
the g eneral con fus ion i n thei r rel igi ou s creed s and
“
co n cei ved the idea of rai sin g upon the r u i n s of al l
these cree ds the worsh i p of the On e God of whom
he aspi red to be con sidered the pro ph et and
apostle ” D u ri n g th i s period al so the Saracen s
crowded u pon the Rom an dom i n i on and after a
successful i ncu rs ion establ ished what i s k now n as
the Saracen Em pi re which con ti n u ed from about
The tide of the Sar acen i n vasi on
6 2 2 —7 32 A D
hav i ng rol led back two powers are seen ri s ing i n
the west
These powers are —The resto red
Rom an em p i re and th e tem poral so verei g n ty of the
Popes which together form the fram e work of
Med iaeval h i story
'
rst
P eriod
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S eco nd P
d—
th e
battle of Tou rs to
th e battle of F o n te naye 7 3 2 —8 41 A D Th e Sa n
i n pi eces
o n tenay e broke
g u ina ry stru ggl e of F
the em pi re wh ich had grown stong by the powerfu l
g en i u s of Charlemag ne an d by the su bs eq uent
treat y at Verd u n the dom i n ion s of thi s great gen
eral were d i vided between h is three grand son s ;
Lothai re rec e i v ed Italy and adjoi n i ng terri tory ;
Loui s the German the cou n tries east and north o f
the Rh i n e ; Charles the Bald rece iv ed Gaul west
the Rhone a nd Saon e Germany d ates her
of
er io
From
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Med iaeval h i sto ry be g i n s wi th th e fal l of the
Western Em pi re A D 47 6 at the dawn of the
period styled the Dark Ages Geog raphi cal ly
m ed iaeval history is concern ed wi th Eu rope an d
the adjacen t coasts of A sia and Africa The Dark
A g es cover the h i story from the fal l ofthe Western
Em pi re to the establ i sh m en t of the Feudal syste m
,
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.
Though we have em ployed th e above head i n g
we are i ncl i n ed to d iv ide Rom an h i story i nto th ree
g rand periods ; wi th th e fol low in g n am es :
I The Rom an ki n gdom from 7 5 3 — 5 1 0B 0
—30 B C
I I The Rom an Repu bl ic from 5 1 0
—B
I I I The Rom an Em pi re proper fro m 3 0
0—47 6 A D
There are two th eories of the origi n o f Ro me
an d her dom i n ion
First— The com mon legen d assign s the bu il d
i ng of Ro m e and the establ ishm en t of the Roman
k in gdom to Rom u l us
S eco n d — A G ree k trad i ti on ce l ebrated by
Vi rgi l i n the E
nead
book I I I section 1 4 and
bel ieved by most Rom an s i n th e days o f the
Em pi re traced thei r ori g in to a co mpany o f Trojan
em i g ran ts led to the shores o f I taly by En eas after
the f all f Troy
For a fu ll and able d i scu ssion of the even ts
con n ecte d wi th th i s em pi re em braci ng the ex t i ne
ti on o f th e Wes tern Em pi re : th e ban i sh men t o f
A u g u s t ul us to the Lucullan V il la and the decay of
th e Rom an spi ri t th e studen t i s referred to
G ibbon s Decl i ne an d Fall of the Ro m an Em pi re
v o l i i pa g e 3 8 0 etc
.
84
0B
,
ROMA N EM PI RE FROM [7 5 3
.
GO V ER NM E NT
or
.
N o certai n chron olog y before the ten th cen tu ry
B 0; A ssh u rd a m iril I d i ed 909 B
u likh kh u s
I I I 90
T ig la th im ir I I 8 8 9— 8 8 6 B
9— 8 8 9 B
Shal m aneser I I
A ss h u rna sirp a l I 8 86 8 5 8 B
Sh a m asiv a 8 2 3 — 8 1 0 B
8 5 8 —8 2 3 B
—7 8 1 B
Shal m an eser I I I
u l ikh kh u s I V 8 1 0
A ssh u rda m iri l I I 7 7 1 — 7 5 3 B
7 8 1 —7 7 1 B
.
]
Ben had ad I I I
5 —7 3 2 B 0
74
ASSYR I A N M O N ARCH Y—
M
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O
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HRU NO LOG Y
AND
CO
NT EMI O RA NEO U S
’
recoveri ng Pal esti n e and th e Holy Ci ty from the
dom i n ion o f I n fi del s d u ri n g the remarkabl e confl ict
k nown as th e H oly W ar T he sacrifice o f bl ood
and treasu re ex ten ded ov er such a wide fiel d
and
fill ed s u ch a pro trac ted peri od as to render an
es ti ma te on ly approx i mate A t l eas t tw o m ill io n
l i ves an d several bill ion s of weal th were con su med
by the h u n g ry m aw of the i n satiabl e demon war
du ri n g th ese two ce n tu ries of stri f e
Judged fro m i ts objec ti ve featu res th e war o f
the cru sades w as the m ost stu pend ou s fol ly o f th e
age ; bn t j u dged from i ts r esul ts i n break i n g th e
power of the F
e uda l system
i t was a l arge co n tribu
t or to the ci v il i zatio n o f Eu rope
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Babylon h ad
been govern ed for nearly fi v e
h u nd red years by Assy rian Viceroys bu t revol ted
under Nabo nas sar i n 7 47 B 0 Merod ach baladan
7 2 1 —7 0
9 B.
who was deth ron ed by Se n a ch erib
ez ekia h on hi s m i raculou s
sen t co n g ratulation s to
— 66 7
recovery Esarhaddon ( A ssyrian ) 6 8 0
B 0
Sao sd u d uch im es ( A ssy ri an ) 6 6 7 6 4
7 B 0 Ch i n
dad an iis ( A ssy rian ) 6 4
7 — 6 2 6 B 0 N a b o p o l as so r
resto re d the k i n gd om 62 5 —6 04 B C N
eb u ch ad
m ade ca pti ve of J udah and laid Jer usalem
i n ashes 5 6 1 B 0 Ev il Me rod ach 5 6 1 —5 5 9 B C
—5 5 5 B
A ssassi n ated N
ereg l isso r 5 5 9
C Labo ro
so a rch oe l 5 5 5 B C r ei g ned n i ne
m on th s an d w as
ah o n adiu s 5 5 5 —5 3 8 B
assassi n ated N
associated
h i s son Be l shazzar w i th h im in the overn m en t
Defea ted in battl e wi th Cy ru s Bagylo n w as
captu red h i s son slai n an d h i m sel f m ad e pri soner
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HN MON
ARCH Y
I A
ME
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B 0
A s ty ages ( o r Dari u s ) n ex t ascen d ed th e t h ron e
and exercised dom i n ion over the Medes from 5 98~
55 8 B
when the Med ean mon ar ch y w as
merg ed i n to the g reat Pe rsi an em p ire
Accord i ng to
erod u t u s the Med es revol ted
0B 0and chose De ioc es ki n g
fro m A s sy ria in 7 4
T h e tr ue hi s to ry of the k i n gdom begi n s wi th
the rei g n of P h rao rtes 6 3 3 B
who was sl ai n i n
battl e
He was s u cceed ed on t h e th ron e by Cyax ares
who rei g n ed fro m
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6 33 5 93
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BABY LO NI A N MO N ARCHY
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nation al exi sten ce from the t reaty of Ve rd u n
A D 8 48
Tl urd P er iod— From th e treat y of Verd u n to
096 A D
3 4
th e fir s t cr u sa de 8 4
Thi s peri o d gave bi rth to th ree of the g rea test
n am es i n h i story ; A l f ord the Gr eat ; Wil l iam the
Conqueror an d Po p e G regory V I I the fam ou s
H ildebrand That dreary serfd om the Feudal
sy stem , was developed a t th i s ti m e Th is per io d
al so gave birt h to the I tal ian Re p u bl ic
Th e C rusa des are gene ra l ly a ssi g n ed a d i sti nct
epoch in h is tory ex te nd i ng as they d id from 1 096
1 2 91 A D t hu s coverin g abou t two cen tu ri es
Se ven cru sad es were m ade for the p u rpo se of
.
H I STORY
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M AC E
Do
NI A NEM PI RE A ND
kI
0B
No o o n s ( 7 0
Ex h i bi ts three reat h i storical period s
I
From t i e ri se of the mona rchy to the
death o f Alexander the G reat abo u t 7 0
03 2 3 B 0
II F
ro m the dea th of Alexander to the bat tle
of I su s 3 2 3—8 01 B 0
l I Th e h isto ry of the several k in gdom s i n to
wh i ch Alexander s em pi re was d i vided upon h i s
d eath
First The Syri an Ki ngdom 3 1 2—6 5 B 0
—3 0
S ew nd E
t
u
nder
the
Ptol
em
ies
2
3
3
gyp
.
.
17
A
B
F
0
T/zzrd —
0
Macedon ia an d
F tl — The
FyM— The
G
reece a
bo il t
1
3 2 3 —3 0
.
ou
B
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C
z
T h ra ian K in
K i ngdom o f
c
Sixth — The Ki n gdom
'
om ( u n certai n )
.
ar o m us
g
-
of
Bi thyn i a
2 8 3 —1 3 0
331 74
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rt l /z—
cu
El
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t
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K i n gdo m of A rm e nia ( 1 90 B 0—7 9
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m— K i n
eve nl /z
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A D)
S ev en /I2 The K i n gdom of Pon tu s 3 6 3 —6 6 B 0
! lull — Ki n gdom o f Cappad oc ia ( 3 1 7 B 0
I
A
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C
B 0
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om
of
art h ian
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B o ctria ( 2 5 5 — 1 5 0B
em p i re
(2 50 B
0
.
.
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A D)
T w eIf t/z— J udean k i n gd om ( 3 2 3 B 0—4
4A D
Th i s latter k i n gdom ex hi bi ts th re e h isto rica
peri od s
I F ro m th e fall o f th e P ersian em i re te th e
r ise o f a n in depen den t Jewi sh k in gd
bm ( 32 3
226
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E
I 6S
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I I Th e ti m e o f the M aCabees ( 1 6 8
B
I I I The ti m e o f the Herod s ( 3 7 B 0—4
4A D
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SAW YE
R HR
’
PERS I AN h u m a n
The P asa rgad ian hou se be g an Wi th Ach i men es
6 5 0B C an d re m ain ed a d epen den cy o f the
k i ngdom o f M ed ia u n ti l 5 5 8 B C when a rev o lu t io n
u n der Cyru s prepared the fou n dation for th e great
Persi an E m pi re
Cyru s appeale d to have shared the g ov ern m en t
w i th Dari u s and was com m ander i n ch ief of th e
army com posed of M ed o Persian troops wh ich l aid
seige to the city of B abylon and fi nally captu ed
that ancien t stron g hol d by strategy 5 3 8 B C The
capi tal of Chaldea th us fel l i nto the hand s of th e
Medo P ers ian s and form ed the th i rd grand d i v i s ion
o f th e New Em pi re
A dopting A rch bishop Usher s Ch ronol ogy we
shoul d reckon the begi n i ng o f the Pers ian Dyn a
ty proper from 5 38 B C
Dari us ( or A s ty ages) reigned over the N
ew
Em p i re bu t for a brief period Hi s rei g n a ppears
to have been ch aracterized by g reat cl em ency toward
h i s s ubjects and especi al ly toward the capti ve Jews
i n h i s rea l m
A certa i n Jew ish youn g m an of tal en t n amed
Dan i el had been assigned to i m portan t service i n
the Em pi re and a con sequ en t jealou sly had been
awaken ed am on g the Persi an pr i nces
Da n iel w as si ngled o u t as a special object of
revenge by these pri nces an d by a su ccession o f
in tri g ues , a decree was secu red by wh ich h e was cast
i n to the l ions den i n hope of i nfl icti n g a cruel
d eath The story of h i s m i rac ulou s escape and i ts
i nfl uen ce u p o n the h istory o f h is ti me wi ll be fou nd
i n the B ibl e ( Dan iel v i chapter )
Cy ru s succeed ed h is grand father D ari u s abou t
5 3 4B C
Th e confl icti n g accoun ts of the relation sh i p
and h istory of Dari us and Cy rus gi ven by Herod
otu s an d Xenopho n are gen erally reg arded as i n
capable of recon ci liation ;we have th erefore en deav
ored to asc erta i n as n early as possi bl e the facts o f
this h istory fro m the B i bl ica l record
I n h is wars w i th Croesu s K i n g of Lyd ia Cy r u s
was v ictori ou s bu t when he t u rned h is arm s a gai n st
the Scy h tian Q ueen To m yeis he was defeated an d
taken prison er i n a bloody battle 5 2 9 B C
I t i s sai d the v ictoriou s qu een wh o had lost
her son i n a prev iou s encou n ter w as so i ncen sed
aga i n st Cy rus that she cu t o ff h is head and th rew
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G o mate s the A rtaxerxes of the B i bl e u su rped
the th ron e upon the d eath o f Cam byses and reign ed
from 5 2 2 5 2 1 B C
B y th is monarch the work of reb u il d i ng
Jerusa lem wh ich had been d ecreed by Cyru s was
s us pended ( Ezra ch apter i v )
The honor of royal ty and the vestitures of
a u th rit
y were soon wrested from h i m as w i th i n
the space of one year he was deth roned and slai n
D arius I I a scen ded th e thron e a n
d rei g ned
fro m 5 2 1 —486 B C
D u ri ng the pol i tical com m otion s ef the
prev iou s rei g n Bab y lon had revoted from Persian
rule bu t was now retu rned to her fo rmer all eg ian ce
b y the n ew m onarch
Thi s reign appears to hav e bee n peaceful as i t
was protracted So m ewhere abou t 5 1 9 B C
Dari u s hav i n g d iscovered i n th e palac e at Ach m etha
“
the form er decree of Cyru s for the bu ild i n g of th e
”
hou se of G od at J a ru s alem
Renewed the
i n struction s wi th a fu rther decree [Ezra v i
wh ich
en abled
the Hebrews to
6 —1 2 ]
beg i n afresh th e work of restori n g and em belisb ing
the tem p l e i n the h e lo w d city “A n d th e y ( the
elders of the Jews ) bu i lded and fi n i shed accord i n g
to th e co m m and m cu t of the God of Israel and
accord i ng to the com man d m en t of Cy rus and
”
Dar iu and A rt a xerxes King of Persia
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OF
B C)
i t i n to a v essebfl lled w i th h u m an blood ; cry in g
“
Satisfy thysel f wi th t h e blood f o r wh ich thou has t
”
th i rsted
Cam byses so n of Cyru s su cced ed to the Per
si an th ro n e and reig n ed from 5 2 9—5 2 2 B C A f
ter a sho rt bu t even tfu l reign of se ven years this
monarch perished wi th a mortal wou nd acciden tally
i nfl icte d by h i s o w n sword wh i le mou n ti ng h is
'
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A T
C
S
l
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CHR
O NO LOG Y AN D CONTE MPORA N EO U S H ISTORY
X erxes
I su cceed ed h i s father ftc the t hron e
48 6 4
65 B 0
He atte m pted to retri eve the di sgrace o f t he
battle o f Ma ratho n lost by h is father and i n 4
80
B C be ga n hi s celebrated cam pai gn agai n st the
Greeks Hi s army co ns i sted o f
sold iers
when he arri v ed at Ther mopylae I n the battles
o f Sal am i s and Platae a the Pers ian s were u t terly
defeated I n th e m id st o f h is greatness an d d efea t
Xerx es w as cu t dow n by the bl oody h and o f the
assass i n
A rta xerxes I sda o f the p re ced i n g m o n arch
no w
asce nded the throne and ad m i n i ste r ed the
65 4
25 B C
govern m en t fro m 4
Th i s Ki n g i s supposed to be the Ah as u eru s
o f the Scr i ptu res
as seen i n the book of Esther
The even t wh ich m ore especially m arks th i s
long reign i s th e i ssu i ng o f t w o d ecrees i n the i n ter
es ts o f the Jewi sh capt i ves
The fi rst i ssu ed i n 45 8 B C a n d record ed i n
the book o f Ez ra C h ap VI I 1 1 2 6
The seco nd i ssu ed i n 4
45 B C and recorde d
i n the book o f Nehem iah Chap I I 6 8
Thi s monarch was f ol lowe d i n the Pers ian
th ron e by h i s so n
x s a x ns n 4
25 n c
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Th is rei gn wh ich seem s to have open ed
s u spicio u sly w as cu t short i n the br ief per iod of
4
5 days by the han d o f the cr uel as sassi n So gd ia n u s
w h o aspi red to the t hrone
Sdgd ianns the cr uel hal f brother o f Xerxes
s ucceed ed to the th ron e i n 4
2 5 B C and re i gned a
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l i ttle m o re tha n si x mon ths when he was dethroned
and pu t to d eath
D ariu s II I [o r O ch us] al so hal f b rother to
Xerxes n o w ascend ed th e th ro n e from 42 44
05 B C
A r tax erxes I I su cceed ed h i s father i n the th ro ne
fro m 4
05 3 5 9 B C
Cyru s brother to th e re i gn i ng K i ng head s a
rebe ll ion agai n st the Persian govern men t an d i s
aided by G ree k au x illaries
Th e Rebel l ion i s pu t down by the Pers ia n
arm s Cy ru s i s slai n in the battl e o f C u na xa and
the G reek al l ies no w n u m be ring
m ake thei r
m em o rabl e ret reat u nder Xen ophon
A very i n teresti ng ac cou n t o f th i s Rebe l l i on
may be fou nd i n Xen ophon s A nabasi s
A rtaxerxes II I [o r C oh n s] the next occ u pa n t
from 3 5 9 33 8 B C was o n e o f the
o f the th rone
g rea test w arriors bu t the m ost cr uel ty ran t of h is
Thi s K i ng w as po i son ed by B ago as an E
age
gy p
tian who fed h i s fles h to ca ts and dog s and m ad e
swo rd handles o f h is bones
A rses succeed ed h is father i n 33 8 336 B C
he was succeed ed
a fter a bri ef reign o f t w o yea rs
b3
D ari us I V fro m 33 6 33 1 B C Th i s m onarch
was g randson o f Dari us I I I
After a rei gn o f five yea rs h e was defea te d i n
the ba ttle of I ss ue by Al exander the great an d
finally overth row n by Alexand er in the terri bl e
battle of Arbela Wh ile attempti n g to esca p e fro m
the battl e field he was slai n by hi s o w n satrap
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CH RON O LOGY A N D CONTE MPORAN EO U S H I STORY
G ERMA N GO ERN
V
N
ME I
' ‘
Germ any l i ke Gau l was anc ien tly occ u pied by
n u merou s tri bes some of wh ich only were s ubj u gated
by the Ro man s af ter a very fierce and prolon g ed re
s is ta n ce
We first m eet thei r arm ies co nfron ti ng
the R
Ro man
o m an legion s u nder the celebrated
Genera l Ca ins Mari u s B C 1 02 i n the Battle of
V ercel l ae n ear M ilan Ju ly 3 0 1 0
1
B C
The
G e rman s were repul sed an d fi nal ly met an o ver
w h el m n in
were ei ther sl ai n or
g d efeat ;
taken pri son e r by Mari u s I n 5 5 B
Ju l i u s
C ae sa r crossed th e h i n e an d i n vaded G erm any ;
b u t l i ttle was acc o m p l is ed
I t was afterwa rd con
0 who
q uered by Charl ema g ne abou t A D 8 0
fi xed h i s i m p e rialjres iden ce i n Germany
He was
strongly oppose d by the Saxon s who o ccu pi ed a
l ar ge portion of G erm an y ;bu t s ucceeded in estab
lish ing the sam e dynas ty which hi s father Pepi n
had er ected in Fra nce A D 7 5 2
CA RL O V ING I A N D Y NAST Y ( A D 8 0
0
( For n am es of E m p e rors an d period of rei g n
see Chart for Fran ce ) The Sa x io n s fi nal ly gain ed
th e ascendency and establ i shed the
sa xo n DY N AS TY ( A
91 1
Con rad I A D 91 1 —91 8
Hen ry I 91 8 —93 6
0tho I A D 93 6 97 3 ; crown ed by Pope
Joh n X I I i n 96 2
0tho I I A D 97 3 98 3 w as the au thor of a
bloody massacre and m et a deserved fate i n a m ortal
wou n d rece i ved by a poi son ed arrow
O tho 1 1 1 A D 98 3 1 002 Poison ed
Hen ry I I A D 1 0
02 —1 024
—1 0
Con rad 11 A D 1 02 4
39
56
Hen ry I I I A D 1 0
3 9— 1 0
5 6— 1 1 0
x co m m u n i
Hen ry I V A D 1 0
6 E
ca ted by P e p e Paschal I I an d depo sed by h is so n
H en ry V A D 1 1 0
6 —1 1 2 5 marri ed t h e da ug h te r
of Hen ry the I of England
Lothai re I I A D 1 1 2 5 — 1 1 3 8
Con rad I I I A D 1 1 38 — 1 1 5 2
Fredri ck B arbo ras sa A D 1 1 5 2—1 1 90
— 1 1 98
H en ry V I A D 1 1 90
detai ned Rich
ard I of Englan d i n ca p ti v i ty
Ph il ip A D 1 1 98 4 2 0
Ass assi na ted
8
0th o I V A D 1 2 08 — 1 2 1 2 E
xco m m uni ca
ted and deposed
Fred ri ck I I A D 1 2 1 2 —1 2 5 0d eposed and
Hen ry Lan d g rave el ec ted i n h is stead
.
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— depr iv ed o f h i s
Con rad I V A D 1 2 5 0
th ron e b y the Pope w h o bestowed the crown u pon
Wil l i am Earl of Hol land
—1 2 5 5
W i ll iam A D 1 2 5 0
The el ectors
co ul d not agree u po n a s uccessor
n o usa s o r n a rs n ua o L U X E M BUR G A N
D
BA V AR I A , A
D 1 2 7 3—1 41 0
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1 2 7 3 1 2 91
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NT ERREGNU M
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—1 34
I V of Bavaria A D 1 3 1 4
7
Fr ed rick I I I hi s r i val d i ed 1 3 3 0
Charl es I V of Lu xem bu r g A D 1 3 4
7 1 37 8
\Ven ce s la u s of Bohem i a A D
1 3 7 8 —1 4
00
Fred rick D uke of Br un sw ick A D 1 4
00
m u rd red as soon as el ec ted
Ru p e rt Cou n t P a la t in e o f the Rh i ne A D
—1 4
00
14
10
J o s s n s Mar qu ess of Morav ia A D 1 4
10
14
38 D ied 1 4
11
~
Seg is m u n d K i n g of H un ary A D 1 4
10
g
38
Chosen by two parties o f electo rs
The l atter was chosen K i ng of Bohem ia in 1 41 9
Lo u is
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H OUSE
A US T R I A —
or
A
D
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14
3 8 —1 7 92
Al bert I I D uke of Au stri a A D
K i n g of Hu ngary an d Boh em i a
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14
38 1 4
39
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IN T ERREG N U M
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A D
Adol ph u s o f N
as sa u A D
42 98 to the
1 2 92 —
excl u sion o f Al bert Rod ol ph s son ; deposed and
slai n at th e battle of Spi res
Al bert D uke of A u s t ira A D
1 2 98 —1 3 0
8
son of Rodol ph ; assassi nate d by h is nephew
Hen ry V I I o f Lu xe m bu rg A D 1 308 1 3 1 3
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IN TERREG N U M
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Fred erick I V A D 1 4
4
0— 1 493
M ax i m il ian A D 1 4
93 — 1 5 1 9 h i s so n
Charles V— I o f Sp a in A D
grand
son of Fred rick I V abd icat ed
Ferd i nan d I A D 1 55 8 1 5 6 4 Kin g of H u n
gary bro ther of Charles V
—1 5 7 6 son o f F
red
Maxi m i l ian I I A D 1 5 64
r i ck and K ing of Bo h em ia an d H u n g ary
Rodolph I I A D 1 5 7 6 1 6 1 2 so n o f Max im il
ian I I
0
Matth ias A D 1 6 1 2 —1 61 9 brother of R
dolph I I
Ferd i n and I I A D 1 6 1 9—1 6 3 7 co usi n o f
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a
SA W YE R S C H ART O F
’
8
d ied i n 1 7 45
Rodol ph son of the A rch D uke Charl es of H un gary
F ran cis I A D 1 7 4
of Lo rrai ne
Ferdi n and I I I A D 1 6 3 7 —1 6 5 8 son of Fer
5 — 1 7 65
G ran d D uke of T u scan y C o n so rt of Mari a Theresa
d i na n d I I
Joseph I I A D 1 7 6 5 — 1 7 90son o f Fran cis 1
Leopol d I A D 1 6 5 8 1 7 05 son of Ferd i n and
and Mari a Th eresa
III
—1 7 9
Joseph I A D 1 7 05 47 1 1 son of Leopol d 1
Leopold I I A I) 1 7 90
2 brother o t J o sep h
II
C harl es V I A I ) 1 7 1 6 —1 7 40 broth er of J o
—1 8 0
se h succeeded by hi s daugh ter
Franci
s
I
I
A
D
1
7
9
2
4 son of Leopold
p
—1 7 4
2 Q u een of
0
Maria Theresa A D 1 7 4
I n 1 8 04th i s m on arch took the ti tl e of Em per
H u n gary an d Bohem ia whose ri gh t to t h e Em p i re
or of A ustria on ly
The d ifl e ren t con federation s for med by the
was s u s tai n ed by E nglan d
G erm an States were finally d i sru pted i n 1 8 6 5 The
Elector of
5
2 —1 7 4
Charl es V I I A 11 1 7 4
n ew E m pi re w a s fou n ded i n 1 8 7 1
B avaria w h ose clai m was su pported by France
The cro w n was cop tes ted i n a general Wa r Charl es
BR I TI S H G OV ERNME N T B C 5 5 — A D 1 8 7 8
t i me an d th at u pon hi s d em ise en ry the son of
The Battle of a st in gs i n w h ichO I I arol d I I led
Steph en
M atilda shou l d s u cceec to t h e k i n g dom
th e E n g l i sh an d W ill ia m th e Con q u eror th e Nor
rei g n ed from ( A I ) 1 1 3 5
m an s decided in favor of th e l atter and E n gl and
passed u nder Norman r ule from 1 06 6 to —l l il f)
— 1 1 99
H OUS E o r
A D 1 1 54
A D
— 1 1 89
HEN RY u ( A D 1 1 5 4
)
—1 0
6
6
8
7
1
0
I
reign
ed
from
f
n
l
an
d
E
o
W i l l iam
g
The M o n a rch who n ow ascended th e th ron e was
A D
the
fi
rst
rul
er
of
th
i
s
hou
se
The
n
ame
Plan
ta
en
et
u
E ven ts of th i s rei g n The revol ts of the E
B la i r/( z g cn irt z
deri
ved
from
t h e Span i sh
w as
gl i sh 1 0
I n su rrectio n s d u ri n g 1 06 8 9
67 A I )
”
“
a spri g of wh ich was worn
l l tH
Vi l pl a n t )
(
A D
by I l en ry s father i n h i s hat H e nry l ike K i n g
War wi th France a nd death o f K i n g \Villia m
Dav id w a s deth roned by h is son bu t th e con duc t of
10
87 A D
“
o
the two was qu i te d i ssi m il ar The f r mer bestowed
W ill iam I I succeeded h i s fath er on th e th ron e
”
u
pon
h
i
s
u
n
g
rateful
ch
il
dren
a
m
al
ed
iction
wh
ich
of En gland 1 0
8 7 —1 1 0
0A I)
he n ever C oul d h e prevail ed on to retract The
The K i ng was a ba c h el or an d hav in g been
l atter forgave t h e con d uct of h i s u n n atu ral son
sl ai n ( accord i n gto on e accou n t ) by accid en t wh i le
say i n g would that I had d ied for the Oh A b so l em
en g aged h u n ti n g wi th h is friend W al ter Ty rel was
my son my son
su cceed ed by h i s brother
R I C HARD 1 ( A I ) 1 1 8 9
—1 1 35 A
0
H E N RY I ( 1 1 0
ich a i d for h i s u nd u ti fu l
Th e co m p n n e t io n s o t R
Hen ry d ied i n Norm andy Dec l s t 1 1 3 5 an d
behav ior toward h is f a th e r h ad a decide d i n fl u ence
was succeeded by h i s n eph ew Stephen M atilda
u pon h is rei g n l I is coron ation was sign al ized by
the dau g h ter o f I I en ry I by the w ill o f her father
th e J e w is h Massacre bu t w it ho u t th e Ki n g s order
was hei r to t h e th ron e bu t Stephen her cou si n
I l e joi ned i n t n e cru sade ; concl uded a truce w i th
u su rped th e power and w as an oi n ted k i n g by the
S al ad i n i n favor of the ch ris tian s i n Pa l esti ne ;
A rchbi shop of Can terbu ry Dec 2 6 t h 1 1 3 5
re t u rn i n g hom e w a s captu red and i m pri son ed by
Matilda con tested th e ti tl e an d powerfully aided by
e n n a ny
Hen ry V I Em peror of G
B y i n terposi tion
Robert Earl of G lo u cester fin al l y captured Ste phen
an d ran so m w as rel eased an d after a remarkabl e
an d hav i ng loaded h i m wi th i ron s th rew h i m i n to
jou rn e y reached En gland i n 1 1 94A D
prison C i vi l war en su ed bu t by a n egotiation of
—1 2 16 A
D)
J OH N ( 1 1 99
the great m en o n both sides i t was a g ree d that
Th e you n g est son of Hen ry I I n ow ascen ded
Stephen should possess th e crow n d u ring hi s l i fe
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A
C HRO N O LOG Y
ND
CO NT E MPORA N EOUS H I STORY
the throne D u ri ng thi s rei g n the Saxon and
Norm an l anguages were s u p lim en ted by the Engl i sh
ton gue ; th e fii un da t io n l aid an d m uch o f th e
su perstructu re raised of those l i berties wh ich are
still the glory and the safety of the En gl i sh N ation
D u rin g th is reign al so a s tandi n g army w as fi rs t
l iv ied a nd an an n u al el ection of Lord Mayor and
She ri ff s o f th e ci ty of London i n sti tu ted
Subm i ssi o n was m ad e at th i s ti me by the
Engl ish peopl e t o I n nocen t I I I Pope of Ro me
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H E N RY
1 11
(A D
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12 16
.
Succeed ed to t h e th ro ne The coronation o f
Hen ry occurred at G lou ces ter on Oct 2 8 th 1 2 1 6
o nly elev en days after the d ea th of hi s father As
the yo u ng Ki n w as bu t n i n e years of age the earl
”
“
of Pembroke w as chosen protecto r o f the real m
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ED W ARD I ( A U 1 2 7 2
Was crow n ed at Westm i n ster A u g 1 9th 1 2 7 4
Prom i n en t am on g the even ts o f t h is rei g n were the
u cs t o f Wal es a nd persecu tion and ban i shm en t
Co n
d
of the Jews fro m En gl a nd to the n u m ber f
A D 1 2 90 T hey were not al lowed a residen ce
i n Englan d agai n u n ti l the ti m e of th e Com mon
wealth A D 1 61 9; wars wi th Ph il i p of France
and trou bles wi th Sc otlan d em barras sed th i s rei g n
I n a battl e w i th th e Sco ts th e brave W illi am
Wall ace was cap tu red and su bseq u en tly exec u ted
by o rder o f the Ki ng i n Sm it hfi eld En glan d A D
Ro bert Br uce avenged the death of h i s
1 30
5
co u n try man and re sc ued the l i berties of Scotland
by a decis ive v ictory o ver the En gl ish led by
Edward I I at Ban n ockb n rn J un e 2 5 t h 1 3 1 4A D
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wi th Fra n ce en su ed the latter occasion ed by E
ew ard s
cl ai m to th e crown of France th rough h i s m other
I sabel la The K i ng w as s uccessfu l i n tw o m em er
abl e en gag emen ts W i th the French ; th e bl oo dy
battl e C recy A ug 2 6 1 3 4
6 where the En g l ish u sed
art illery — and the French and thei r all ies l ost ful l
troops ;and the battl e o f Po it urs Sept 1 9th
1 3 5 6 i n wh ich K i n g J oh n of France was captu r ed
an d taken by the Pri nce o f Wal es ( styled the black
pri nce ) a p riso ner to En g land B y a se bs eq u en t
treaty May 8 t h 1 3 6 0Ed w ard ren ou n ced al l cl ai m to
th e cro w n of Fra nce on pay m en t by the Fren ch o f
crowns o f gol d as a ran so m for their k i ng
The treaty was agai n broken an d i n 1 36 9
Ed ward b v ad vi se o f Parl i am en t resu m ed the ti tl e
of K i n g o f Fran ce The Pri nce of W al es by
far the m ost n oble a n d b ri ll ian t m il itary l eader o f
h i s age d ied after a l in gerin g i ll n ess Ju ne 8 th , 1 3 7 6
The K i n g s death occu rred soon after that o f h is
son Ju n e 2 1 st 1 3 7 7 l ea vi ng the th ron e to be fi lled
by hi s g ran d son Th e most popul ar l aw enac ted
i n th i s reign was the statu te “wh ich l i m i te d high
treason to th ree princi pl e he ad s — co n spi r in g th e
death of t h e k i ng l evy i n g war agai n st h i m an d
”
ad her i ng to h i s enem ies
Ed ward I I I m ay be
a t/
ng l zs/
cal led th e F
te r of E
z C o m m erce
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R I CH ARD H(A D 1 3 7 7
Richa rd son of th e B lac k Pri nce u p o n wh om
th e crow n dev ol v ed was bu t eleven y ears o f age,
an d the Engl i sh Lo rd s “el%ted a cou nci l to cond uct
”
busi ness
Th e yo un g
t h e ord i nary co u rse o f
k i n g was c rowned at Westm i nste r J u ly 1 6 th ;
A mong the n oted even ts of th is rei g n were — th e
labo i n s u rre t io n dn 1 38 1 ; the death o f Joh n
W ickl ifi e th e Cau tiou s Reformer 1 38 5 the es
ta blis h m en t of the first n ewspaper p u bl i sh ed in
Engl an d 1 38 6 ; an d the rem arkable ac h i evem en t
i n l i terary work by G
the father
eo fi ry Chau cer
of En gl ish poetry Richard was deposed by th e
s u ff r age of bo th hou ses o n the ch arge o f ty rrany and
m iscond uct in 1 3 99 an d W ith h i s tu rbu l e n t rei gn
end ed the House o f Plan tagenet
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ED W ARD u ( A D 1 3 2 7
Succ eed ed to th e th ron e bu t was depos ed by
hi s Q u een I sabel la an d execu ted i n a m ost horri ble
man n er at Ber k ley Cas tle by au thori ty of th e
Queen s param ou r Roger Mor t i m er a Welsh baron
.
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ED W ARD I n ( 1 3 2 7 —1 3 7 7 A ID )
A scend ed the th rone at the ag e of fou rtee n bu t
the real power was i n th e hand s o f Isabell a an d
Morti m er Fi nal ly i n 1 3 30 Morti m er m et h is
deser ved fateand by au thor i ty of Parl i amen t was
han ed o n a gi bb o t at Tyb urn f Th e Q ueen was
ed to her o w n house at Risi n g s n ear London
con
an d Edward assu med the rei n s of govern m en t f o r
h i msel f Fu rther trou bles W i th Scotland an d war
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F A N A ER
( A D 1 399
Hen ry I V, A D 1 3 99—1 41 3, u su rped th e
th rone of En glan d h avi n g w rested the crown fr om
the Ear l o f March w h o w as the ri g htfu l hei r Th i s
reign i s m arked by o m islz p ersecu tio n s W ill iam
T
HE H OUSE
O
L
C
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R
ST
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10
’
SAWYER S CHA RT OF
San tre w asbu r ned at the stake
an d other
cru el ties perpetr ated by the adheren ts of th e n ew
ad m i n istration The power of the com mon s w as
au g m en ted d u ri n g th i s rei g n
succeede d
22
Hen r y the V A D 1 41 3 1 4
h i s father to the th rone The p ri nci pl e even t s of
th is rei g n were the persecu tion of the Loll ard s or
fol lowers of W icklifi e ; ( amon g others thei r leader
Cobham was execu ted ) The battl e of A g rinco u rt
Oct 2 5 1 41 5 between t h e Engl i sh forces com
m an d ed by the ki n g i n person a n d the French
“
forces l ed by the dau ph i n and al l the prin ces of t he
”
blood
“
No battl e says Hu m e was ever m ore fatal to
France by the n u m ber of pri nces and nobi li ty slai n
”
o r taken p ri soner
Th i s p ri nce w h o possessed
many V i rtues died at the early a ge of 3 5 y e ars an d
l eft th e th ron e to h i s i n fan t son Th e d uke of
Bedford was appoi n ted protector Soon after th e
K ing s death Catheri n e h is w idow m arried Si r
O wen Tudor g rand father of Hen ry V I I
H en ry VI ( A D 1 42 2 — 1 46 1 ) now ascend ed
the th rone A noted event of th is rei g n was the
s uccess of the French u nd er th e leadershi p of Joan
o f A rc ( or Maid of Orl ean s ) who was fi nal ly c a
p
t a red by th e Engli s h and bu rn ed i n the Market
pl ace of Ronen ; ( J un e 1 4; 1 4
3 1 2)
The K i ng fel l i n to a d i stem per wh ich render
ed h i m i n capabl e o f m ai n tain i n g t h e place of roy
al ty hence the Q ueen and c oun ci l ap po i n ted th
D uke of Yo rk l ieu te n an t of th e Ki n gdom and par
l ia m en t con ferred the fu rther ti tle of protector d u r
i ng pleasu re 1 45 4
The fol l o w i n g y ear : th o Ki n g hav i n g recovere d
h i s heal th an n u l led th e protectorsh i p T h e d uke
o f York then l evi ed an army —a battle w as fou g h t
at St Al ban s May
The d uke of Somer
set the K in g s favori te was slai n an d the K in g h im
self cap tu red Th i s was the fi rst bl oo d s p il t i n that
fatal q uarrel wh ich con ti n u ed ful l 3 0years wh i ch
was si g n al ized by 1 2 p i tched battles cost the l i ves
of 8 0p ri n ces an d al most e n t irel v an n i hilated t h e
an cien t n ob il i ty of Englan d
by nature wel l fi tted for th e work of the Ki ngdo m
The l ead i ng even t of th i s reign W as “the war
”
of the Roses
T h e wh i te an d the red rose were th e
sy m bols o f the hou ses of York and Lancaster re
s ect i v
ely
55
( 14
p
Ed ward V A D 1 48 3 Edward was bu t 1 2
years of ag e at the death of h i s father ; accord i ngly
th e K i n g had no m i nated the d uke o f Gl ou cester
r egen t The am bi tion s G louces ter cau sed the ex
most accom pl i shed
ecu t io n of the earl of
n obl eman i n England to whom she was i ndebted
for th e i n trod ucti on of the art of pri nti n g) u nder
whose care the you ng pri nce was left S ubsequen t
1y he cau sed the execu tion of the you ng K i ng an d
the royal pri nces They were s dfi o ca Wd i n thei r
beds by the i n h u man T y rrel
Richard suc
{ ieh a rd I I I A D 1 4
85
8 3 —1 4
On e of h i s fi rst
ceede d h i s nephew to the th ron e
acts w a s to l oad the famou s B u ck i ngham ( wh o h ad
a ssi sted h i m i n u su rpi n g the crown
) with g ran ts
an d h onors B u t the u n i versal detestation of Rich
ard s cond uct tu rned the att en t ion of t h e n ation to
w ard l l e n r
y the earl of Richm on d
A u n ion of th e roses was e ff ected by a m arria ge
of the ea rl of R i ch mond to Pri ncess El izabeth el
de t-daughter of K i n g Ed ward I V .
Richard sou gh t to defeat th i s u n ion an d ad
ed to m eet H en ry ( who was n ow on hi s way
r anc
fro m France ) They m e t on the field of Bosworth ,
w h ere after a d es p erate encou n ter Ri chard was
slai n a nd en ry ad v a nced i n tri um ph to Leiceste r
( Au g u st 2 2
The period of t h e l lan tag en e ts form s one of
the m ost i m portan t epoch s of En g l ish h isto r v
The l aw was ad m i n i stered by th ree cou rts iz
The K i ng s bench t h e com m on ple as and the ex
che q uer A rich l ite ratu re h ad been produced
adorned w ith t h e names o f C hau cer an d G ower of
The pri nci ples of the
\Vic kl itf e a n d M an dev il l e
Re formation were develo p ed and prom ul gated d u
r in g th i s p eriod
HE mou s e
YORK A D 1 46 1 — 1 4
85
Edward I V A D 1 4
61 448 3 Thi s pri nce at
the a ge of twen ty years assu med the crown and
becam e the fi rst rul er of t he above named h o u se
He was the eldest son of th e d uke of Y ork and
—1 50
9) the earl of
5
8
1
4
A
D
(
{ ich m o n d tho u g h n ot e n ti tled to the th ron e w as
crowned on th e 3 0th of October 1 48 5 by th e A rch l
bishop of Can terbu ry
Th e accessi on of th e Tudors to the Engl i sh
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Eu o us r;
rl n o n
'
85
( A I) 1 4
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H en r y
Vl l
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I
CH RON OLOGY
A
ND
CO NTE MPORAN EOUS H ISTORY
,
th ro ne i s n ear ly coi nci den t w i th the pro p er era of
mo d ern h i story
The d isti ngu ishi ng h is torical featu re of th e
rei gn o f the Tudors i s the prog ress an d final estab
e f o rm a tio n
C i v il freedom was
lis h m ent o f t h e R
al so en co u raged du ri n g th i s pe ri od
Hen r y d i ed of co n su m p tion A pril 2 5 1 5 09
Baco n co mpares h im with Lou i s X I of France an d
Ferd i nand o f Spai n an d descri bes th e th ree as
“th e tres m ag : o f K i ngs of those ages ”— th e g ea t
m asters o f k i ngcraft
Ki n g Hen ry p articicip a ted i n the A m er i can
d i sco veries and th rough Sebastian Cabot may be
sa id to have d i scovered th e iu a in lan d of the
N orth A merican Conti n en t
Hen ry VI I I ( A D 1 5 0
9— 1 5 4
7 ) who su cceed
ed h is ta th er to the th rone celebrated h i s marriage
wi th the i nfan t Catheri n e ( J u n e 7 ) and the Ki n g
and Q u een were crown ed at Westm i n s ter on the
9 Th e p ri nci pal even ts o r thi s
2 i th o f J u ne 1 5 0
”
“
reign were the cel ebrated battl e of Fl odden Fiel d
between K in g James o f Scotland and the earl of
Sur ray
D i vorce of Cathar in e of A ragon wh ich resu l ted
ig the establ i sh m en t of the Epi scopal ch u rch in
England The remarkabl e promotion and fin a l fall
Parl iam e n t declared the K in g
o f ca rd i n al Wol sey
“
the only su preme head i n Ear th of the Ch u rch of
”
England
F
irst co m p lete copy of the Engl ish B ibl e pri n t
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Hen ry exco m m u n icated by the Po pe who d e
l i vered hi s soul over to the d ev il a n d h is dom i n ion s
to the fi rst i n vad er
The Ki n g f ou nded Trin i ty col lege Cam brid ge
and card i nal Wol sey fou nded Ch rist ch u rch
Cx
ford i n tend i n g to ca l l it Card inal college bu t u pon
h i s fal l ; the Ki n g took p ossession of the reven ues
and chan ged the n ame Wol sey fou n d ed at Oxford
the first chai r f o r teach ing Greek
Edward VI ( A D 1 5 47 —1 5 5 3 ) was bu t 1 0
years o f age at th e death of h i s father hen ce the
K i ng had appoi n ted 1 6 execu tors to whom d u ri n g
h i s m in ori ty b e en tru sted the govern m en t
By the execu to rs I I ert f o rd the d uke o f So m
erset the K i n g s u ncle was chosen protector
A rch bishop Cran m er was ap po i n ted by th e
K i ng th e l ead er o f a com m i s si on of 3 0 pe rson s to
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11
proceed agai n st all heretics— Bapti sts were spec ially
m en ti on ed i n th e co m m i ss ion On the 1 3 th o f
Jan 1 5 5 1 G eorge Va n Pare a D u tc h B aptist
was bu rn ed i n Sm ith field ; and the to rch o f pe rse
c u t io n swep t th e ran ks o f the d issenters
Ed wa rd d i ed of con su m ption ( July 6 , 1 5 5 3) in
th e 1 6 t h year o f hi s age “ I n p ace requ iesca t ”
Mary A D 1 5 5 3 —1 5 5 8 The Q u een was de
Hen ry s
cl a red leg i ti mate by an act of parl iam en t
.
d i vorce o t Cathari n e of Arag on ( the Q ueens m oth
er ) pronou n ced by Cranm er was an n u ll ed Mary
was now re p a red to beg in the work o f restori n g
th e Ca t h o ic rel igion
D u ngeon s racks and sca f fol ds
wer e su m m on ed to h er aid and En gl and fai rly ran
wi th blood Cran m er Ridley an d Lati mer were
a mong the famou s Bi shop s of the Ch u rch o f En g
land who paid the fo rfei tu re o f thei r rel i giou s con
v ict io ns
am id t h e fl ames of m arty rdom After an
u n fortu nate an d bloody reign o f fi v e y ea rs Mary d ied
of a l i n g erin g fever N ov 1 7 1 5 5 8 l n terco urse
was opened between Englan d and the Eas tern e m
pi re of Mu scovy i n thi s rei g n
El izabeth A D 1 5 5 9 1 60
3 su cceeded h er
si s ter and her coron ation to ok place Jan 1 3 1 5 5 9
B ishop Carl isl e perform i ng th e ceremony The
Hou se o f Co m m o ns add ressed the Q uee n “that she
”
shou ld fix her choice of a h usband
She d ec l i n ed
say in g she desired n o fai rer rem embran ce than th i s
i nscri ption on her to m bstone : “ Here l ies El izabeth
”
who l i ved an d died a maiden Q ueen
The lead i ng
even ts of th i s reign were : The Reformation i n Scot
land u nder the lead of Joh n K nox ; the assi stan ce
of the French H u g u enots by t he Q ueen and her ex
com m u n ication by th e Pope The ri se of the Pu ri
tan s ; the m assacre o f St Bartholom ew A ugu st
34 1 5 7 2 ( i c ) the cold bl o od ed m u rder at Par i s of
Ad m i ral Col i g ny wi th 5 0
0 n oblem en and gen tl e
person s of i n feri or rank by
m e n and n early
order of K i n g Charles
For th i s a t ro cety t h e n obil i ty and gen try of
England were greatly i ndi gn an t and o ff ered to ra iso
and su p port an army for the i n vas ion o f Fran ce ;
th e Q ueen would not con sen t
The ex p id itio n o f Si r Thomas D rake un der
the au s p ices of the Q ueen ( he was the fi rst com
m ander in chief who sail ed rou n d the world ) 1 5 7 7
The B abi n g to n con spi racy or a ttem p t u po n
the li fe o f the Queen by Ro m i sh priests 1 5 8 6 ;
7
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SAW YER S C HA RT O F
12
Mary Qu ee n o f Scots was i n l ea g ue with the
con sp i rators ; at l e ngth the co n spi racy was
d i scovered and the parti es brou g h t to trial
fou rteen were con dem ned an d execu ted Th e tri al
of Mary was then taken u p an d on th e 2 5 of Oct
1 5 8 6 sen te n ce o f: death pronou nced u pon h er
Execu ted Feb 8 1 5 8 7 Tro u ble w i th Spai n
defeat of t h e I n v in ca ble A rmada 1 5 8 8 The I ri sh
The d om i n ion of the
re bel l io n 1 5 98 —1 6 02
E ngl i sh over Irel and though establ i shed i n abou t
ea l
1 20
0had be en m erely n om i nal u p to the O N
rebel l i on O N
ea l h a d bee n created Earl o f Tyro n e
The I ri sh were at fi rst s uccessful The Earl of
Essex com mander i a chi ef of the B ri tish forces
l anded at D o u bl in A pri l 1 5 99 Terms of peace
were fin al ly agreed u pon bu t not bei ng ap proved
by the Q ueen Essex was ordered to remai n i n
'
I rel and w as s ubseq uen tly d isgraced en ga g ed in an
i n s urect io n arrested tried condem ned an d execu ted
I n 1 602 T y ron e m ade an a bsol u te
F
e b 2 5 1 60
1
su rren dered and the I ri sh rebel l ion end ed O n the
2 4o f March 1 6 0
3 havi n g n am ed the K i ng of
Scots as her s uccessor the Vi rgi n Q u een qu ietly
passed away hav i n g reigned forty —fi v e years an d
i n her death closed the reign of the Ho use of Tudor
wh ich had ex tended over 1 1 7 years fou r m on t h s
and t w en ty~fi v e days
3
E n o n sn o r s w a m — ( A D 1 6 0
TH
Th i s pri nce
J am es I A D 1 6 0
3 1 62 5
sig nalized h i s accession by d istri bu ti n g a p rofusion
in
o f t i tl es ; i n th ree m on th s after h i s arr ival
En g land he i s said to have besto wed n ot less than
0k n i g hthoods He made con siderable pa rad e of
70
l earn in g and was flattered by h i s cou rtiers as the
British Sol omon ; bu t the Du ke of Sul ly charac
t erized h i m as th e most learned fool i n ch ris t in do m
Events o f th is reign worthy of special notice are
the g un po wder plot 1 6 01 ; the roman tic career of
9—1 6 5 1 ; co m mencemen t of En g l i sh
Su m erset 1 6 0
colon ization in A m er ica 1 6 06 ; tran slation of o u r
co m mon versio n of the bi ble 1 6 1 1 ; execu tio n of
S i r Wal ter Ral ei g h 1 6 1 8 ; fall of Lord Bacon 1 6 2 l
d i scovery o f th e refracti on of l i gh t by S irrel lin s
1 62 4
Charl es I A D 1 62 5 — 1 6 04 Marries the
French pri ncess I I en iret ta a nd be g i n s the ad m in is
t ra tio n of the gover nmen t i n the twenty fi f th y ear
o f h is age
E ven ts of h i s reign : Wa r wi th France
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T
HE
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and Spa i n ; another rebel l ion in I rel an d in su rrec
t io n i n Scotlan d ;opposi tion to the l i turgi cal serv ice ;
i n sti tu tion of t he Lon g Parl iam en t N
ov
3 1 64
0;
i m peach m en t an d execu tion of t h e Earl o f Strafi ord
( one o f the m ost em i nent personages th atflh as a p
1
B egi n n i ng o f the ci v i l
p eared i n En g land ) 1 6 4
Battle o f E
d ge H il l Oct 2 3 d
w a r A u g 2 2 1 64
2
i n wh ich th e k i n g s forces were defeated by the
Trial and
i n sp rgcn t s u n der Gen Ol i ver Crom wel l
sen tence of K i ng Cha rles by th e te n regicides and
h is execu tion by order of Crom wel l Jan 30 1 6 43
The establ ishm en t of n ewspapers o ccu red d ur in g
th i s reign A mon g th e g reat scholars w h o l i ved
an d w ro te a t thi s ti m e those most w ildly kn own are
8
Wi l l iam Harvey 1 5 7 8 — 1 6 5 7 ; Joh n M i lton 1 6 0
— 1 6 91
Robert
Boyle
1
2
7
1 67 4
6
; Joh n Locke
;
2 1 7 27 ;
1 632 1 7 0
4; I s iac Newton 1 6 4
.
I)
1 64
9
.
Crom wel l d is sol ves th e lo n g P a rlia m en t ( A p l 2 0
and assem bles a n ew Parl iam en t composed
of representati ves ( E
ng lan d
( Ire
( Scotlan d
la m lti ) u pon whom he devol ved the whol e a u th o ri
ty o f the state
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Th is Parl iam en t assem bled (J uly 4
) com posed
largely of fifth m ona rchy m en anabaptists and
I ndepend en ts
They began by seek i ng God by
"
pra yer ( Hu m e ) l n Dec ~Syde n ham an I nd e
penden t p roposed th a t the Parl iamen t shoul d
resi g n i ts po w er i n to the h ands of C rom wel l
Rou se the S p eaker i m med iately l eft the chai r and
th e majori t y fol lowed The f e w who remai ned
i n the h o u se were expelled by Col W hi te wi th a
body of sold i ers C ro m well recei ved the ti tl e o f
“
H is H i g h ness the Lo rd Protector and a cou n ~
o il was ap oi nted
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En gl and was d i vided by the protector i n to 1 1
m il i tary ju risd iction s each pres ided over by a Majo r
G eneral I m p ortan t events : War w i th Spai n and
ac q u isi tion o f J a m a ica Death of the celebrated A d
m i ral D rake j ust after th e naval battle of San ta Cruz
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the 3 rd of Sept 1 6 5 8 Oli ver Cromw el l
passed away ;and was succeed ed i n the protector
sh i p by h i s elder s o nRichard The n ew protecto r
wan ted th e abil i t ies of h i s fath er and u n eq ual to
the task assi gn ed h i m s u rren ded the p rot ectorsh i p
( Apl
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SA W YER
S C HAR
T OF
14
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wa r of the S pa n i sh s u cce ssi o n ;
th e battle of
R
a m i l l ies May 2 3 1 7 0
6 g ave to En g l an d al m o st all
S pan i s h Fl an ders ; a u n io n w i th S co tlan d was
s u bseq uen tly e ff ected i n 1 7 0
7 ; the treaty of
U tr ech t wh i ch i n vol ved great pol i ti cal i ss u es was
ratifi ed March
1 7 1 3 ; the fa m e of M arl b oro u gh
w h ich h ad ad v an ced so rapi d ly toward the zen i th
u n ti l n ow beg an s u dden ly to decl i n e an d th e pol i te
co m m an der s t u n g w i t h r e proach reti red t o th e
co n t i n en t ; Q u een A n ne ex pi red at K en si n g ton
aft er a stor m y rei g n o f tw el v e years A u g u st 1 1 7 1 4
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4 1 67 8
D 1 7 14
)
GEO RGE I ( A D 1 7 1 4
The Pr i n cewho n ow ascended the th ro ne o f
Englan l was the son of Lu neb u rg D u ke of
B r u n s wi ck an d S oph i a g ran d d au g h te rof Ja m es I
of En g la n d h en ce s eco n d co u sm of Q u een A n n e
the last r u ler of the H o u se of S t u art
no u sa
i
or B auu s w rc t ,
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EE LD E R
(T H
Son of Ja m es I I and M ary d E
s te
m ad e seve ral
e ff orts to sec u re to hi m sel f the s u ccessi on o f the
th r one of E n g lan d d u ri n g th e r ei gn s of A n uc
Ge o r ge I a n d G
eor ge I I r es pect i vely T h e atte m pt
m ade i n th i s r ei g n by P rin ce J a m es h ei r apparen t )
to resto re th e for m e r f l ouse i s kn ow n as the “ M ai s
”
Rebel l ion ( 1 7 1 5
O th er i m portan t e v en ts
of the rei g n of G eor ge I w ere : Th e i m peach m en t o f
Lord B ol i n g b roke for secretly favori n g th e S t u arts ;
the death of Lo u i s X I V of F ran ce 1 7 1 5 the treaty
r atified w i th Lo u is X V , h i s s u ccessor 1 7 1 7 ; th e
deat h of Marlbo r o u g h on e of the g reatest gen erals
En gl an d has prod u ced J u ne 1 6 1 7 2 2 ; th e estab
l is h m en t of th e coi n ag e cal led “ Wood s hal f pen i e "
1 7 2 4w h ich called forth the D raper s Letters
by
S w i ft ( see S h aw s En g l i sh Li terat u re pa ge
th e k i n g s death wh i le en rou te f or H a no ver ca u sed
i t i s cl ai m ed by a reproach f u l l etter o f h i s Q u een
Soph i a w ho m he h ad con fi ne d i n th e C astle o f
A h l eu for th i rty two years o n Su spi ci o n o f cri m e
w h ich was th row n i n t o h i s co ach ; th e read i ng o f
the l etter prod u ced co n v u l sion s fro wh ich he d i ed
J A M ES I I I
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1 7 27
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h i s fathe r G eorge I wh o i t i s said “h ad been
obl i ge to con verse w i th Wal pole cha n cel lo r of the
E x cheq u er i n Lat in w h ich th e l atter had al m ost
forgo tten and wh ich the ki n g h ad n e v er p erfectly
"
lea r n t
The m ore i m p ortan t even ts of thi s re i n
g
were : Th e war w i th S pa i n in part d u e to q u es
t i o n s ari si n g con ce rn i n g th e b o u nd ari es of G
eo rg ia
an A m erican co lony n a m ed i n ho n o r of t h e k i n g
wh ich co n ti n u ed fro m 1 7 3 9 1 7 4
3 : the wa r between
Pr u ss ia an d A u st ri a i n wh i ch the battl e of
Mo l w itz 1 7 4
1 was won by th e p o w erfu l ar m of
Fred r i ck the G
r eat of Pr u ss ia ; th e i n vasio n of
B avaria by the Fren ch i n 1 7 41 w h i ch aro u sed “th e
”
B ri ti sh l ion a n d a l arg e ar m y u n d er Lord S t a i r
was ad van ced i n to G
er m any i n 1 7 4
3 ; abo u t the
th o f J une th e k i n g
attend ed by h i s so n the
10
D u ke o f C u m berland j oi n ed the B ri ti sh a r m y n ear
th e v i llag e of Detti ng en The Fren ch an d th ei r
all ies had al ready taken str o n g posi ti on s a n d a
dead ly en co u n ter was i n ev i tabl e The k i n g pl aced
h i m sel f at th e h ead o f a den se m ass o f B ri ti sh a n d
I l a u o v eria u i nf an t ry and l ed the ch ar ge ag ai n st
the d isci pl i ned ar m s o f Fran ce ; the char ge was
i rres i sti ble and the v ict o rio u s ki n g ad va n ced a t
o n ce u p o n H an an The Fren ch were u tterly p u t
t o rou te and o bl i ged t o evac u ate G
er m any Th i s
w a s the
last field on wh i ch an En g l ish k i n g
d i spl ayed the an cien t valor or took a person al share
i n the bl o ody con test C harl es g rand son of
J a m es I I i n vaded S co tlan d an d hav i n g bee n p ro
clai m ed K i n g Ja m es V I I I at E d i n b u r g ad v an ced
h i s ar m y toward D u n bar w h ere h e m et an d
defeated th e B ri ti sh fo rces u n d er S i r John C ope
The p rec ip i tate
i n the battle o f Preston Pan s
ret r eat o f Sir J o h n C ope fro m th i s field pro voked
th e scath i n g re b u ke fro m Lord M ark K err wh o
recei v e d h i m at B erwi ck “ I bel i eve y o u are th e
fi rst g eneral wh o has e ver bro u gh t the n ews of h i s
ow n defeat !
C h arles desi r ed t o m ove at on ce
u p o n London b u t f o r o n ce the Fren ch were too
"
sl o w an d th e last opport u n i ty for th e restoration of
t he S t u arts passe d u n i m p roved The b attle o f
Pres ton Pan s an d d ef ea t o f C op e pro d u ced th e
”
“
g reat al ar m i n Lon d on kn o w h as B lack Fr iday
The D u ke o f Cu m berla n d ad va nced w i th a stron g
force a gai n st t he P retender The two ar m ies m et
o n C u l loden Moor and after a desperate en co u n ter
C harles was fo r ced to rel i n q u i sh the field and th e
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GEO RGE
(A D 1 72 7
was f o r ty f ou r years of a ge a t the t i m e of h i s
accession to the B ri ti sh th n n e H i s speaki ng
En gl i sh w i th fl u e n cy gave h i m an ad van tag e o ver
n
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C HR
ON
O LOG
Y
A
r ebel l i o n th u s ca m e to a n en d A p ri l 8 1 7 46 A
reform at ion of the ca lenda r w as eff ected by Lo rd
C hes te rfield i n 1 7 4
8 ; th i s sa m e yea r i s m e m o rabl e
as fi xi n
g the pe ri o d of the d eath o f I saa c \Va t ts
D D a B apti st cl ergy m an w h o s e njo yed the
fri e n dsh i p of the ben ev o l en t S i r Tho m as A bn ey o f
Lon d o n D r Wat ts i s j u stly d i sti n g u i shed fo r hi s
s u ccessfu l past orate i n Lo ndon ; fo r the m any choi ce
hy m n s wh ich h e con tri b u ted to ch ri sti a n psal m ody ;
”
“
o
t
an d fo r h is able rea t ises o n L g i c an d o n th e
”
“
I m pr o ve m en t of th e M i n d
The ad m i n i st rati o n
o f \Vill ia m Pi tt d is t i n g u i sh es th i s r ei g n T h e
str u ggl es between th e En g l ish and th e Fren ch
—1 7 6 3 res u l ted i n the c o n q u est of C an ad a
fro m 1 7 5 4
by the B ri ti sh and C olon ial troo ps The d eath o f
K i n g G eo rge ca u s ed by the b u rst i n g of the ri gh t
ven tr icle o f the h eart o cc u red O cto be r 2 5 1 7 60
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HSTO RY
CO N
TE MPO R
AN
E
OU S
ND
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I
rej oi ce that A m eri ca has r es i sted Th ree m i ll ion
o f ou r fell o w subj ects so los t to every sen se of
v i rtu e as ta m ely to g i ve u p thei r li berties wou l d be
fi t i n stru m ents to make s l a v es of the res t ” T he
b ut other od iou s l aws en acted
ac t w as repea l ed
wh ich fi nally i g n i ted th e fl am es of “ th e A merican
”
Re vol u tion 1 7 7 5 —1 7 8 9 Thi s reig n i s n oted fo r
t he re vi val s i n
E ng l and Sco t l and W ales an d
A meri ca u nder the g rea t E ng l i sh E van ge l is t
G eor ge W hi te fie l d who d i e d wh i l e i n A m eri ca i n
1 7 7 0 The great re l i g iou s movem en t u nder Joh n
W es l ey abou t th i s ti m e resu l ted i n the establi sh
m en t of M ethod i sm M aca u ley says of W esley
“
h i s ge n i u s fo r governm en t was not i n feri or to
”
that of Ri che l i eu H e di ed i n 1 7 91 i n the ei g hty
ei g h th y ea r of h i s age The death of \Vill ia m P i tt
occu rred o n the 1 1 th day of M ay 1 7 7 8 a few day s
a fter h is cel eb ra t ed speech i n the H ou se
of C om
m on s i n oppos i tion to a m otion o ff ered by the
D uke of Ri chm ond reco m m cad ing p ea ce w il l: the
I n the su m m er
A m erica n C o lo n ies a t ( my p r zcc
Spai n j o i n ed Fran ce i n the war agai n st
E n g land ; m a n ites to es o f alleged gri evance s were
pu b l i sh e d i n P ari s an d M ad rid to whi ch an swer
was made i n the M em o irc yusl gfim l ff or “j u sti fy
”
i ng m emorial
d rawn u p by Edward G i bbo n and
ci rculated w idely i n E urope T h e di stu rban ces
k n o wn as Lord G eorge G o rd o n s riots occu red i n
1 7 8 0 Th e I ri sh P arl i am en t d eclared thei r i nde
n dence
e
i
n
The
i
ndependen
c
of the
1
8
2
7
e
p
U n i ted Sta tes of A m eri ca was recogn i zed i n 1 7 8 2
The sam e yea r W i ll i am P i tt J r was appoi n ted
C han cel lor of th e E xch eq uer Th e war be tween
E n gl a nd an d the al li ed powers of F ran ce and Spai n
”
“
was termi nated by th e peace of Versai l les i n
I n J u n e 1 7 8 5 K i n g G eorge I I I gave
1 783
audi en ce to M r Adam s the fi rst m i n i ster from the
“
Th e ki n g sai d that no tw it h s tan d
U n i ted Sta tes
i ng h e had been the l as t to co n sen t to separation
he wou ld be thg fi rst to welcom e the fri endshi p of
”
the U n i ted States as an i ndependen t power
Th e
celebra t ed i m peach m en t of W a rren
asti ngs
occ u rred i n 1 7 86 The F ren ch Revol u tion ( 1 7 8 9
1 80
2 ) bu rs t wi th a to rn ado of v iolen ce that sh ook
E u rope to i t s fou ndati on The S l or m m g of f lu:
B a st zle w as th e sign al for those bu rn i ngs
an d
“
l
n
d
r
i
n
and
bu
tcheri
es
whi
c
h
soon
su
nk
the
p u e
gs
”
pol i tes t nation i n the w o rld to the le v el of a horde
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So n of Fred ri ck Pri n ce of Wal es and A u g u sta
an d g ran d son o f G
eo rge I I as ce nded the th r o n e at
Thi s yo u n g pri n ce
t he age o f twen ty tw o years
m ar r i ed C h arlotte of M eck len b u r g S trel i tz aged
seve n tee n yea rs an d thei r cor o nation fo l l o wed i n
A m on g the m ore i m po rtan t e ven ts of t hi s
1 761
re i g n were The resi g n ati o n of Wi ll i a m Pi tt the
Earl o f C h ata m En gl an d s g reatest s tate s m an i n
1 7 6 2 ; th e r i se of the I nd ia n e m pi re fro m 1 7 5 7
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P las sy
an ded by
( 17 5 7 ) between the
B ri ti sh f o rces co m m
G en eral O l i ve an d
the I n d i an s l ed b y B u raj ah Dowl ah V i ceroy o f
B en gal w as won by th e B ri ti sh ;th i s vi ctory decid ed
the fate of I n d i a an d l aid th e f o u ndati o n of the
v ast I n do B rita in E m pi re I n th i s battle, the
abo b n u m bered
forces of th e N
w i th fo rty
’
pi eces of arti llery C l i ve s ar my n u m be red only
0
0 ( 20
30
0
0 of w h i ch we re se poy s ) wi th te n
pi ece s of artilery ; b u t B ri ti sh d i sci pl i n e an d
valor we re i r resi sti ble and the powe r of the S a raj eh
was b roken ; the i m pol i ti c step of Lo rd G re n vi l le
C hance l lor of the E x che q u er i n ex ten d i n g “tire
”
s ta m
o rth A m eri ca n Co lo n i es to
p act to th e
rai se a r even u e for defray i n g the e x pen ses of “ the
”
F ren ch an d I n d ia n war th e p ri n ci pl e scen e of
—1 7 6 3
wh i ch w as i n A m e ri ca , fro m 1 7 5 4
On th i s
d et establ e act M r Pi tt m ad e a powe rf u l ad d ress
before the H o u se of C o m m o n s “Y o u h a ve ” sa i d
th e gr e a t sta tesm an “ n o ri g h t to tax A m eri ca
I
1 7 63
Th e battl e of
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SAWY E R S C
’
16
o
of savages E d m u n d B urke i n h i s “Refl ecti on s on
th e Revol u ti on i n France an d on the proceed
”
i n g s of certai n soci eties i n L ondon most elo q u en tly
deno u nced the proceedi ngs i n Fran ce an d aptly fore
told th e fu t ure desti n ies of th at cou n try B urke s
:
publi catio n w as atta cked by Thom as P ai n e i n h i s
“Righ t s of M an ” an d by Si r James M aci n tosh i n
”
h i s t d icia e G
D r P r iestl y a leadi ng
a ll zcu e
U n i tar ian and arden t ad m irer of the Fren ch Revo
l u t io n celebrated th e an n i versary of the captu re of
the Basti le by a g reat di n n er at Bi rm i n gham J u ly
1 4 1 7 91 wh i ch provoked a riot that i ssued i n the
destruction of two ch u rch ed ifi ces an d M r
P riestly s d we l l i ng together w i th hi s l ibrary
phi losoph i cal app aratu s an d m an u scri pts of works
wh i ch had cost hi m years of labo r Thi s revol u tion
awoke the sl u mberi n g en erg ies o f Napo l eon Bon a
parte who at the ag e of twen ty years b egan h i s
remarkable career an d i n the bri ef sp ace of n i n e
teen years rose fro m an u nk now n L i eu ten an t to the
th rone of the French E m pi re I n the great battle
of A u sterl i tz fou g h t D ecem ber 2 1 8 05 N apo l eon
won a bri l l i an t v i ctory over the Ru ssian s and
A ustrian s The sam e year L o rd N
the
el sen won
g reat naval batt l e of Trafal gar in whi ch he was
o p posed by a su perior Fren ch and S pan i sh A rm ada
c o m man ded by C om m odore Vi l l eneu ve G oi n g
i n to the enga gem en t N elson fi xed to th e mast head
hi s last si g nal — Eng la n d exp ects every m m : to d o
lzzs d u ly — which was greeted wi th cheers by the
Bri ti s h m ari n es The strug gle was fierce and
blood y bu t the b rav e N el son l ike G eneral W olf at
Il i s
Q u ebec f e ll am id th e h u zzas of v ictory
dy i n g words were ; “ than k G od I have do n e an y
”
d uty !
The French were s uccessfu l o n la n d O n th e
th of O ctober 1 8 0
14
6 the P russi an s were defeated
by Na po l eo n at Jen a B o naparte hastened i n to
S pai n to j o i n Soul t agai nst the Bri ti sh u nder Si r
Joh n M oo re The Bri ti sh army. retreated to
C oru n na where they were o vertaken by G
cn l Sou l t
and an i ndeci si ve batt l e fought o n the l 6 th of
Jan uary 1 8 09 M oore was m orta l l y wou nded by
a can no n ba l l an d was b u ri ed at m i d ni g ht on the
“
”
ram parts wi th hi s ma rtial cl o ak arou nd h i m for
t he Spani sh use no co fli u s
N ap o leon h av i n g been
sudden l y called from Spai n to A ustri a by a declara
tion of war from the E m per o r Fran c i s advan ce d
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agai n st the A u stri an army wh i ch b e defea ted i n
several en gagement s ; c u l m i nati ng i n “the bloody
”
battle of W agra m in the su m m er of 1 8 0
9 whi ch
lai d A u stria at hi s feet The term s of pea ce wh ic h
followed i n volved the marri ag e of N apoleon wi th
the A rchdu chess M aria Lou i sa Th e sa m e y ear
Bon aparte an nexed th e States of the Ro m ish
C hu rch to France ; was excom m u n icated by P ope
P i u s V I I b u t retal iated by carryi n g the h a u ty
pon ti ff o fl to Savona The D u ke of W ell i n g to n
who succeeded Si r John M oore i n Sp ain def ea ted the
Fren ch u n der G en l M arm on t i n th e grea t battle
of Salaman ca o n the 2 2 d of J u ne 1 8 1 2 D u ri n g
the t i me t he F re n ch army were i n occupation of
th i s celebra ted u n i versi ty tow n the y destro yed
twen ty two ou t of the twen ty fiv e colleg es W h i le
the wars of N apo l eo n were ag i tati n g al l E u rope
new tr i a l s were g atheri ng f o r E n g lan d The dis
regard o f the doctri ne of n eu tral i ty by whi ch G reat
Bri tai n had i n fl ic ted seriou s i nj u ry u p on A m eri can
co m merce p ro voked a war wi th the U n i ted State s
whi ch Co n ti n ued for t wo years ( 1 8 1 2
The
E u ropea npo wers n o w form ed a coa l i tio n for the
cr ushi ng of N apoleo n whose gen i u s h ad wel l n i g h
mastered the frag men ts o f the old Ro ma n E mpi re
W i th a vast ar m y o f
he p u t the al li es at
defian ce Then fo l l owed the battles of D resden
Geo ss Bu ren D en new ita K atzbach an d L ei psi c
all wh i ch decided i n favor of the a l l i es The last
of these battles was cal l ed by th e G erman s the
“
or
battle of the n ati on s ”
N apoleon was fo rced across the Rhi ne havi ng lost
over
m e n i n b i e cam pai g n i n G ermany
e stubborn ly con tested the ad van ce of the a l li ed
powers towa rd P ari s bu t was swept back by the
overwhel m i n g fo rces of the enemy wh i ch en tered
th e Fren ch capi tol M arch 3 l st 1 8 1 4 N apol eo n
was co mpel l ed to abd icate April 1 1 th and a
prov i siona l go v ern men t was for m ed to eff ect the
resto rati on of the B o u rbon s
L o u i s X VI I I arri ved fro m E ng l an d on the 3d
of M ay an d su bseq u en tly si g ned a treaty of peace
wi th the al li ed powers by wh ich t h e bou ndari es o f
1 7 92 w ith s l i g ht add i ti o n s were secu r ed to th e
Fren ch Napo l eon was al l owed to retai n the
i m perial ti tle was as si g n ed the i sl e of E lba as h i s
dom i ni on an d was decreed a pen sion of s ix m i ll i o n
Fran cs
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OF
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CH R O N O L O G Y
Wh i le the
A
ND
'
OO
MPO R
AN
N
TE
E
OI I S
Er p
congr es s was i n ses si on at
Vienna Ja n ua ry 1 8 1 5 in teliige n ce rea c hed th em
that Bon aparte was agai n o n the co n t inent and
Th e
troo ps we re rap idly j oi n i ng hi s s tanda rd
a
c of W ell i n g ton w as at o nce assi g ned to the
co m ma n d of the al lied forces and advan ced h i s army
u a ea n
,
,
,
W
in
H
.
Belgi u m
osti l i ti es w e re begu n by M ars hal
Ney on t he 1 5 th o f J u ne a nd c u lm i n ated Su nday
J u n e 1 8 th on the pla i n s of W a rs a w o ,
ev en i n g
”
“
wh e n th e O ld G uard m ade the fi nal charge
agai n st the Bri ti sh posi tion Thi s w as th e fi rst
ti m e N apole o n had co m e i n co n tac t wi th B ri ti sh
t roops G ree k ha d met G reek and n ow the tu g of
wa r N apoleon led th e charge s u ppor ted by the
The g uard ad van ced i n too dark
e
dau n tless N
y
and th rea ten i n g co l u m n s A t the to p of a gen tly
slopi ng rid ge the B ri tish g u ard s we re lyi n g down
to avoid the fi re of the Fren ch arti l le ry ; but as the
Freneh col u m n s appr oached W el li ngt o n ga v e the
ord er to ri se an d a terri ble v o l l ey was pou red i n to
the ran ks of the as sai lan ts T he Fren ch col u m n s
staggered the i ron D uke orde red a cha rge and the
Bri ti sh gu ards fell li ke an a Valahch e u pon the f oe
men The old guard had n ow m et a foeman
and w ere h u rled bac k i n on e
w or thy the i r ste el
m i ngl ed m ass of dea th and agony The power of
N apol eo n was fore v er broken and h i s li fe wen t ou t
i n lon e exi le u po n St H el e na M ay 5 th 1 8 2 1
The
dea th of George I I I h ad occu rred abo u t a year
after a reign of 60
ear li er ( Jan u ary 2 9t h
years the lon gest of any so vereign that ever sat o n
’h e E ngl i sh th ro n e
into
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17
Thi s v i ct o ry resu l ted
the est abl ish m ent o r G reek in depen de nc e
ed ,
ber 2oth , 1 8 2 7
c
r
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.
The d ea th
,
.
H I ST O RY
of
the
1 83 0
Ki ng
.
u
occ m xl
2 6;
Ju ne
.
Will i am
I V ( A D 1 8 30—1 8 3 7 ) the D uk e o f
Cl a rence an d n ex t s n rv iv iii g b roth er o f G eorge I V
Th ere w as
w as procla i med Ki n g i n h is 65 th y ea r
great pol i tical exci te men t i n Engl a n d a nd I reland
d u r ing
I n the for m er yea rthe Ch o lera
v i si te d En gl an d I n the la tter y ear the “ reform
”
bi l l passed the hou se of Co m m ons The br ill ian t
ca reer of Wi ll iam W il berforce o n e o f the most
d i sti n g ui sh ed philan th ropists
an d
statesm en
au thors o f En gl and was clo sexl by deat h i n 1 8 3 3
The a m end men t o f the poor l aw and the a bol i tio n
of
Briti sh slavery in th i s y ear were l ar gely d u e
to the former labo rs o f W il be rf o rce an d h i s co ll ig ues ;
w as vote d as
co mpensation to the
sl ave owners The dea th o f K i ng Will ia m occu rred
J un e 2 0 1 8 3 7
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G eorge I V ( A D
.
— 1 8 30
1 8 20
)
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the P ri nce of
W al es n ow as cended the th ron e at the age of 5 8
y ears A s he h ad be en reg ent d uri ng the l ast ten
years wh i le hi s f ath er w as i n secl usi on h is accession
prod u ced l it tle or no chan ge i n the sta te of afl a irs
A mong the even ts of thi s reign worthy of spec i al
no ti ce were— the C a to street con spi racy v iz : an
attem pt u po n the l i ves of the cabi n et m i n i sters
Tri al of Q u een C arol i ne
The efl ort of th e Roman C atholi cs u nde r the lead er
ship of D an i el O’ Co n n ell to secu re sea ts in p a rl ia l
m en t
The great finan ci al pani c
The na val battl e of Na v ari no i n wh i ch the G ree ks
Frenc h and E ngl is h
w ere aided by th e Ru ss i an s
and th e Tu rki sh and E gy pti an fl eets wer e totall y de
,
.
Q uee n Vic to ri a ( A D 1 8 3 7 —1 8 7 8 ) the on ly
ch ild of the D uke o f K en t s ucceed ed h er Uncl e
W ill i a m I V o n the throne of E ngl an d in her 1 8 th
year The first year o f V ictor ia s rei g n was m ark
ed by i nsu r rections in Can ada Othe r no ted even t s
a m ine in I rela nd
o f thi s rei gn were ; the F
The great ex posi tion i n Crys tal Pal ace i n Hyde
Park
The Cri mean war between the
Russian s o n th e on e hand and the all i ed forces
Engl ish Fren ch Tu rks an d Sa rd in an s —o u the
other The war opened Sept 1 41 8 5 4 by an attac k
o f t he
al l i ed forces u po n Eu pato ri a o n the wes t
coas t of the Cr i m ea The Russ ian s were defea ted
and fel l bac k u po n Sebastopol Bal aklava and
I nk erman n were desperately co n tes ted th en came
the final ch ar ge upon th e fortifica tion s o f Sebas to pol
wh ich were carri ed ( Sep t 8
T h us end ed
“
most m emo rabl e s i eges int h e an nals of
o n e of the
”
hi story
The Rebell ion agai n st the Bri ti sh r ul e
i n I nd ia occ u rred i n 1 8 5 7 The ho rrors o f th i s
ebell ion an d th e deter mi ned en ergy and co u rage
R
wi th wh ic h i t w a s met are fres h in the memory o f
many no w l i v ing La w re n ce Hav elock Wi lson
and Col i n Cam pbel l pl ac ed Bri tish valor i n h igh
rel ie f d uri ng th i s b l oddy str ugg l e The rebel l io n
h ad th e ef f ec t to d i ssol ve T H
EM
I ND I A COM P ANY
wh ich had so lon g govern ed tha t m i gh ty E m pi re
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18
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i
r
govern ed by a secretary o f sta te
V ictor ia i s
a ssisted b y a co u nci l o f 1 5 mem bers
ack nowl ed ged soverei gn
I n 1 85 8 by act o f both houses t h e Jews were
agai n ad m i tted te p arl ia m en t ; and a Jew ( Lord
t i me (1 8 7 8 )
B eako n sfi eld) i s at the presen t
'
Englands C h ief m i n i ster The presen t reign has
”
“
been m arked by the refor m o f th e C ri m i n al law
The ad van cem en t of Ed ucation w i th Lord
B rou g ham as the m os t con spicu ou s name i n lead
nt ; the establ ish men t of the B r iti sh
o f th e moveme
school of Art wi th the i ll u striou s names o f G ai n s
borough Wi l son W iklie Turn er and L awrence ;
t h e progress i n scul ptu re l ed by Chan try Ba iley
and West m aco tt ; and the E van gel ical movemen ts
co nd ucted by Varl ey Morehou se Moody an d
others are amon g th e more f avorabl e sign s o f
progres s i n G reat Bri tain at th i s date Th e
adj ustm ent o f peace between the late con tend i ng
powers o f Russi a an d Tu rkey res ul ted i n an
i ncrease o f u risd ictio n by the Bri ti sh G
overn men t
A t thi s hour ( 1 8 7 8 ) several
o n the Med ite rranean
u ro pe are gatheri ng thei r
o f the g reat powers o f E
forces i n Ce ntral Asia f o r the probabl e pu r p o se o f
conquest o r d eci di n g a cla i m to the ol d paternal
es ta te o
f the A rya n race , u nd er the shadow of the
H i ndoo Koo sh
TH
E F RE NC H DY N AS T I ES
I nd ia is
no w
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Fran ce oc cupi es the terri tory o f a ncien t Gau l
She has an a rea o f
sq uare m iles a nd i n
1 8 6 1 clai med a popu lation of
Th e
Pyrenees s eparate Fr ance from Spain the A l p s
fro m I taly the J u ra mo u n tai n s fro m Swi tzerlan d
the Rh i ne fro m the D uchy of Baden b u t the rest
o f the fron tier is con ven tional an d has often va r ied
wit h the f ortu nes of war ; F
ance
h as ever been
r
con sidered o n e o f the bes t agricu l tu ral d istr icts o f
E urope Th e ch ief prod u cts however are w in e a nd
s il k
—98 6
r u n CARLO VI N G I A N DY N AS T Y
A
2
7
5
D
(
)
was establ ished by Pepi n of France who recei ved
perm iss ion fro m the P epe o f Ro me to assu me the
ti tle of ki ng an d who after ward reward ed the mag
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n a n im
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In
so n o f the preced
Lothai re ( A D 95 4
i n g monarch
Lo u i s V ( A D 98 6 98 7 ) so n o f Lothaire was
Thi s weak pri nce havi ng been
call ed the i ndolen t
poi son ed by h i s Q uw n term ina ted the Carlov ing ia n
dyn asty i n Fran ce
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of
the Po p e by co n f erri n g u pon h im th e
tem poral dom i n ion o f terri tory he had w rested from
the Lo mbard s i n ba ttl e
Pep i n re ign ed fro m ( A D 7 5 2 7 68 ) —tho ugh
Pepi n i s gen erally regard ed as the firs t ki ng w hb
occupi ed the t h rbne u n der the abo ve nam ed dyn as
ty
the nam e Carlovi ngian i s deri v ed fro m
Charlemagne w h o co n qu ered the Barbar ian s of
Ger many abo u t A D 8 0
0 an d gave n am e to a
race o f k i ngs which rul ed France and Ger many f o r
abou t t w o cen tu ries
C harle m a gn e s ucceed ed hi s father ( A D 7 68
Th is cel ebra ted p rin ce co nfi rm ed and en l arged
the gran ts o f h is father to the Holy See an d abo u t
the year A D 8 0
0 was crowned by Leo I I I
”
“
E mperor o f th e West at R m e
Lo u i s the Debon air ( A D 8 1 4
—8 7 7 w as crown
Charl es the Bald (A D 8 4
0
)
ed as E m peror in A D 8 7 5
Lo ui s I I ( A D 8 7 7 — 8 7 9) su cceed ed his f ather
on the Fren ch th rone
Lo u i s I I I ( A I ) 8 7 9
Carloman I I ( A D 8 8 2
—88 7 usu rp ed th e th rone
Charles I I ( A D 8 8 4
)
wh ich sho uld have d ecen ded to Charles the si m pl e
E udes o Hugo co u n t of Par is ( A D SS7
Charl es I I I cal led the si mple ( A D 8 93
Ro bert I ( A D
Ro bert the brother
of E udes who n o w aspi red to the throne was slai n
in battle after a reig n o f o n e yea r
Rodolf d u ke o f B urgu ndy ( A D 92 3
Lo u i s I V ( A D 936—95 4
) was so u o f Charl es‘
,
,
ity
‘
T
ECu
H
DY N AS T Y
m
.
.
H ugh Cape t ( A D 98 7 — 996 )
o f H u gh
the cou n t of Pari s seized the cro w n in prej ud ice o f
Charles o f Lorrai ne the u ncle o f Lou i s I V
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h o u se
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CH RO NOLOG Y AN D CO N
TE MPO RA N EO U S H I STORY
R
0
obert
v
1 31
II
,
so n o f
H ugh Ca pet ( A D
.
.
996
.
Henry 1 son o f Ro bert [A D 1 03 1
Phi li p I so n o f Hen ry [A D 1 0
60
Lou is V I so n o f the form er Ki ng [ A D
1 10
8—1 1 37 J
Lo u i s V I I in f a n t so n of Lou i s V I [A D
1 1 3 7 —1 1 8 0
J
Ph il i p A ug ustu s al so so n of Lo uis V I [ A D
—1 2 23
1 1 80
J
Lou i s VI I I so n o f Phi li p [A D 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 6]
won the appellation Coeu r de Lion by h i s n bb le
d ari n g
Lo u i s I V [ A D 1 2 2 6 —1 2 7 0
] was the so n o f
the form er m on arch and i s g eneral ly cal led St
Lo u i s Duri ng h i s ch i ldhood the regency was
con fided to Bl a n ch e of Castile the qu een dowager
A t the age o f 2 i years , th i s pri n ce assum ed
the rei n s o f govern men t an d was i m med iately ih
vol ved i n war wi th H en ry I I I of England He
en ga ged i n th e cr usades i n 1 2 4
8 ; spen t fi ve year s
i n Palesti n e where he ran somed n early 1 2 0
0
prisoners Re tu rn i n g to Fran ce he em pl oyed h i m
sel f in promoti ng the enjoy men ts o f p eace and j u st
ice H is dea th occu rred in a sec on d cru sade [ 1 2 7 0
]
before the wall s of Tun is wh ich ci ty he was be
sieg i n g Thi s K i ng was made a sai n t by Pope
Bon i face V I I I
Ph il i ps I I I so n o f St Lo u i s [ A D 1 2 7 0
1 2 85 ] u p o n the death of h is father ra ised the siege
of Tu n is and retu rn ed w i th the army to Paris
whe re h e was crown ed i n 1 2 7 1 He was afterward
en gaged in war wi th Peter of Arag on
Ph il i p I V [ A D 1 2 8 5 —1 3 1 4
] was th e so n o f
the form er K i ng by I sabell a of A ragon
A sed i tion broke ou t d u ri n g th i s rei gn ca used
by the Earl of St Paul wh ich w as final ly pu t down
by the Ki n g
the m emorabl e battle o f Mon s
wh ere more than
Flem i n g s were sl ai n
Ph il i p w as e n gaged i n war wi th Englan d and
als o had a quarrel wi th the Po pe of Rom e Th e
latter res ul ted i n h i s excom m u n i cation from the
Cathol ic ch u rc h
—1 3 1 6 so n o f Ph il i p I V
Lo u i s X [A D 1 3 1 4
]
by rea so n o f certai n pecul i ari ti es w as styl ed , 1126
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HOUSE O FV ALO I S
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-
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Lo u i s X rei gn ed on ly a few days
Ph il i p V [ A D 1 3 1 6—1 3 2 2 ] the so n o f Phi l i p
I I I , was p referred to the d au g h te r and hei ress o f
Lo u is X a nd was ad m i tt ed to the thone in acco rd
an ce wi th til e sa lrc l a w
Charl es I V ( A D 1 32 2 —1 3 2 8 ) th e th ird son
of Phil i p I I I s ucceed ed hi s bro ther to the th ron e
Hi s reign te rm i nated the Ca p et dy nasty in France
,
.
,
19
~
.
I
‘
Thi s hou se was d i v id ed i n to th ree branches
Fi rst The i m m ed iate decen da n ts of Ph i ll i p I I I o f
the p reviou s d y nas ty Seco nd The branch o f
Orl ean s Th i rd The branch o f A n go u lein e
Phil i p VI ( A D 1 3 2 8 — 1 3 5 0) th e first ru ler
o f the abo ve hou se was th e g rand son o f Phi l i p I I I
Ed ward I I I of En gl an d havi n g clai m ed the crown
war broke o u t between the En gl ish an d F reneh i n
wh ich the for mer were s u ccees f u l i n a n u m ber o f
i m po rtan t battl es an d se ized u pon som e Fren ch
terri to ry
—1 36 4 succeed ed to the
John I I (A D 1 3 5 0
)
thron e on th e d eath of h i s father when F rance w as
d istrac ted by the faction s exci ted by Charl es K i ng
of Navarre K i n g Joh n succe ed ed i n ca ptu ri ng
Charles whom he threw i n to p riso n b u t h i s brothers
Ph il i p an d Geo ff rey con ti n u ed h i s d es i g n s i n
wh ich th ey were seconded by Ed ward o f En g land
Kin g Ed wa rd plan n ed an i n vasion of F ran ce
A u army u nd er Ed wa rd the Pri n ces of Wales over
ran Lan gu edo c and an o ther ar my co m mand ed by
the K i n g i n person i n v ad ed t h e co u n try from Calai s
The K i ng was recal lexl to Engl and to rep e ll an
i n vasion of the Scots The followi ng year ( 1 35 6)
the Pri nce o f Wales wi th an army
stron g
pen etrated i n to the very heart o f Fran ce K i n g
John provoked at thi s i n vasion m u stered an army
m en and ad van ced to i nte rcep t
o f over
the Pri nce The two ar m ies m et at Poi ti ers an d
i n a sangu i nary battl e the French we re p u t t o
rou te l eavi n g thei r Ki ng among the prison ers
Joh n w as ta ken to Lo n do n and l od ged i n the pal ace
o f Savoy where
he re mai n ed a p ri soner u n ti l hi s
death
The E ngl i sh proposed to restore the K i ng to h i s
th rone, b u t th e con d i tion s requ ir ed we re rejec ted
by the French
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J oh n I [A
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D
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1 316
a posthu mou s
so n
of
.
20
H
SA W YER S C A RT OF
’
—1 3 8 0 w h o n o w suc
Charles V ( A D 1 364
)
ceeded to the thron e was the first p ri n ce w h o bore
the n ame Dau ph i n B y n ature and ed ucation h e
h ad
w as ~wel l s u i ted to repair the i nj u ries Fran ce
su stai ned i n the rei g ns o f Phi l i p a nd Joh n I n
ken ch
1 3 6 9 the war bet w een the E n g l i sh an d F
again broke o u t an d th is ti me the arm s o f France
were v i cto rious and a t reaty be tween the two p o w
ers secu red to France the g rea t part o f her former
possess i on s
—1 4
C harl es V I ( A D 1 3 8 0
2 2 ) su cceed ed h is
father o n the th rone o f France
D ur i n g th is rei g n the Engl ish again u nder
took to acq u i re French terri tory b u t the exp ed iti
o n s were fr u i tless
2 2 —1 4
Ch arles V I I ( A D 1 4
6 1 ) th e v ictoriou s
so n o f Charles VI asserted h is clai m to th e throne
wh ich was clai m ed by the E ngl ish i n behal f of
the i n fant pri nce He n ry V I of Engla nd The
Du ke of Bedford p rotector o f the latter k i ngdom
i n vade d France i n 1 42 8 an d laid siege to O rl ean s
The French m u st have su rrendered t h is key to so u th
France bu t f o r t h e s trange i n ter p os i tio n o f J ca n De
Arc a cou n try girl o f 2 7 years o f age For the ci r
c u m s ta n ces con cern i ng the rai si ng the s iege an d
c rown in g of Charles V I I at Rhi m es &c ( see
H u m e s H istory of En gl an d p p 2 1 2
Lo u i s X I ( A D 1 4
61 14
8 3 ) son o f Charles
VI I who had mad e a n u ns ucces sfu l attem pt to
dethrone h i s father and fled to the co u rt of B u r
gu ndy was crowned A ug 1 5 1 46 1 Atrociou s
execu tions tyranny and si n i ster i ntri g ues m ark
th i s reign : N everthel ess Po p e Pau l I I besto wed
u po n Lou is the ti tle of most Ch ri stai n K i n g
C harl es V I I ( A I ) 1 4
8 3— 1 4
98 ) the afi a ble
s o n of Lou is X I ,ascended the th ron e o f F
ra n ce i n the
sam e y ear wi th Richard I I I o f Englan d and as
Richard was the las t of the Plan tagen e ts so Charl es
was the l ast of the Capet branch of the house o f
al o is
Th
i
s
reign
i
s
d
isti
ngu
ished
for
th e i n v as
y
io n o f I taly by the F
ren ch w h ich res ul ted i n
the
i nau g u ration of the poli tical syste m of Eu rope o r
o f t hat series o f wars a n d negotiati on s among
i ts
d i ff eren t ki ngdo ms wh ich has con ti n u e d to the
presen t ti m e
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ORLEA N S BR AN CH
'
Lou i s
XI I,
or T
(A D
.
.
H
E HO USE
or
14
98 — 1 5 7 5 )
ALO I S
V
styl ed
f ather
o f the peopl e was the so n o f Charl es V
D uke o f Orl ean s an d Mary o f Clev es l He
attemp ted th e conq uest o f G enoa Napl es an d
M ilan b u t was u n successful I n h i s w an wit h
Spai n h e was v ictor i n the great battl e o f Raven na
bu t by the loss o f h i s nephew th e d istingu ished
General Gasto n De F
o ix h e was deeply g rieved an d
when cou rtiers congrat u lated h i m u p o n h i s v icto ry
”
“
repl ied I w ish my en em ies s uch tri u m ph s
Late i n l ife Lo u is marri ed Mary sis ter o f Hen ry
VI I I of E n g land the gran d mother o f the ill fated
Lady Jan e G rey
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T
HEA N G O U LE M E B RA N C H O FT H
EHOUSE O F
e
A LO I S
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th
V
Francis I ( A D 1 5 1 5
D uke o f A ngo u
lem e son in l aw to th e preced in g m on arch s ucceed
ed to the throne of France at the age o f 2 1 years
I n 1 5 1 8 Franci s succeed ed by the ai d o f Car
d in al Wol sey i n recover in g Tou rn ay fro m the
Engl i sh O n the death o f the Em peror Maxim il
i an Francis and C harles of Spai n were th e ch ief
com peti tors for the crown of Germany Charles
was s uccessful an d su bseq uen tly formed an al l ian ce
wi th Hen ry V I I I agai n st Francis War was de
Fo r th ree years Franc is m an ta ined
cla red in 1 5 2 2
the u nequal con test w i th great v al o r b u t was fi n al
ly o verpowered and taken pri so ner ( Feb 2 4
H is rel ease was fol lowed by a rev ival of the war
w i th C harl es i n 1 5 2 7 Meanwh i le the I m perial
arm s u n der Bou rbon were tu rned u pon Rome
Th e
C i ty was sacked an d Pope Clem en t V I I made
pri son er Hen ry and F
ran c is es 0u s ed the cau se o
f
p
the P e p e A French army was i m med iately
thro wn i n to I taly an d the I m perial ists compel led
In 1 5 43 Hen ry
to res to re Clem en t to h i s l i berty
broke h i s leag ue wi th Franci s and fo rm ed an all i
ance w i th the E mperor Charles f o r the i n vasion
of France Th e war con tin u ed wi t h l i ttle resul t
to ei ther co m batan t for three years when peace
was concl uded J u n e 7 1 5 4
Franci s death o c
6
cu r red the fol low i ng year He may j ustly b e re
garded as one o f the abl est Pri n ces w h o had occu
pied the Fren ch th ron e H i s l i terary attai n m en ts
”
“
won h i m the name of Father o f Le tters
so n o f F
rancis I
Hen ry I I
7
1 54
The only even t
sl icceed ed hi s fath er on the throne
was the i n vasi on
o f s pecial i n terest i n th i s reign
On
ran ce by the Span ish a nd Engl ish ,
of F
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S A W Y ER S C HA R
T OF "
’
22
.
u n ri val ed attrac tion s soo n became an object o f
d i str u st an d hatred to the cou rt party an d the
clouds wh ich at the close o f the previ ous reign had
oss the pol iti cal heavens o f Fran ce
o n ly fl it ted ac r
rapidly gathered i n in ky bl acknes s and broke i n a
v iolen t stor m wh ich rendered tenan tless the Ho u se
The sad fa te o f Lou is and h is lo vely
o f B ou rbo n
Q ueen form s o n e o f th e most thr il l i ng roman ces
o f h is to ry The Ki n g was g u il loti n ed J an 2 1 1 70
3
and the Q ueen peri shed u p o n the scaff old Oct 1 6
,
I
1 7 93
v iz :
1 80
4
N a p ol eo n I
,
,
of
Fra nce
No p o leo n s ad m in i stration w h ich w as o ne o f
the most e ven tful i n hi sto ry , co n ti n u ed u n ti l 1 8 1 4
whe n he fe ll u nder th e hea vy blow i n flic ted by
the cbm b in ed p o w ers o f E u ro p e and con sen ted to
ex ile o n the i slan d o f El ba
I n March 1 8 1 5 B onaparte le f t E lba
e n te red
F
ra n ce rais ed a n ar m y a nd fough t the bloody
battle o f Waterloo (J u n e
i n wh ich the Fren ch
ar m y w a s to tal ly defea ted an d t h e stran g e m an o f
Eu rope co m pel led to fly for refuge to the seabo ard
to w n o f R
oeh e fo rt where he
s u rre n dered h i m sel f
o n the 1 5 t h o f J u ly i n to the han ds o f the E ngl ish
In the assem bly o f the cou n ci l o f s ta te LaF
a e tte
y
pro posed the a bd ication o f Napo leo n ;b ut t h eE m per
ior havi ng an tici pated th is deci sion vol un tar ily
abd icated the t h rone and sou g h t protec tio n u nder
n la n d
the po werfu l arm o f E
He was co n vey ed to
g
St ele na where he d i ed May 6 th 1 8 2 1
is l as t
”
“
words
Tete D A rm ie i nd icate that he t ho ugh t
h im se lf at the h ea d of h is ar m y watch i ng t he fi ne
t u at ing cu rr en t o f battl e
EH O USE o r BOU RBO N a ssro s nn
TH
.
I
,
.
,
I
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,
T
,
S ix years were s p e nt in variou s ex peri m en ts
o ve mber
o f g o vern men t when o n the
9t h
of
1 7 99 a law Was p assed wh ich i nsti tu ted the prov is
io nal co n s ulate
T he choice of con s uls fe ll u p o n
B on aparte Sieyes and Du cos The con su l s
re pa ired to the c i ty o f Paris where a session was held
i n wh ich “ i t w as ag re ed by co m mon co n sen t that
S ieyes shou ld prepare the co nsti tu tion and that
”
G eneral Bonaparte sho u ld govern by i t
I t was u rgen t i n f act that so m e o ne s ho u l d
g o ver n f o r the state of t h e cou n try i n a ll respects
was d epl orable ; d i sorder both m oral an d ma teria l
w a s at i ts
h i g hest The la w wh ich d ecre ed t h e
provis ion al consu l sh ip co n f erred extensi ve po wers
o n the three consul s
Th i s la w i n ves ted them wi th
”
“
the plen i tude o f d i recto ral power ; i t specially
charged t h em t o “restore ord er i n all the depart
”
m en ts o f the ad m i n is t rat ion ;
to “res to re d omestic
t ran q u il i ty and to obtai nf o r France a n honorable
”
a nd sol id peace
I t associated wi th the m two leg islati ve
C o m m issio n s of t w e n ty fi ve m e m bers each O n
the 1 1 th o f No ve m ber the con s u l s m et D ucos
“
said General B on aparte ta ke the arm chair ; le t
”
u s del i berate
Th egeneral com pl i ed an d d u ri n g
the n ext fi ve years hi s del iberation cou pl ed w i th
h is actio n res u l ted i n the es tabli sh m en t o f the
French Emp i r e The fi rs t repu bl ic ex te nded fr om
A D 1 7 93 —1 8 0
4
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T
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HEF RE NC H E M PI RE ( A D
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.
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i sm
Monarchy
be re es tabl i shed u p o n t h e
bas i s o f con sti tu tional l i be rty an d ci v il eq ual
w as
.
to
,
,
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HE FI RS T RE P UBL I C or sc a rve s ;
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'
proclai m ed
w as
'
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n ew
,
,
Lou is XV I I h i s so n i s u sually n u m bered
w i th the K ings o f France though he n ever reign ed
He d i ed i n p riso n J an 8 1 7 95
.
onarch pos si ble
E m i re th ere
Napo eo n Bo n
n ew
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May
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E m peror
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o ne m
th e
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th e erec tion
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i ty ;an d
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aparte
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Louis X VI I I ( A D
bro t h er of
the u n fortu nate Lo u is XV I retu rn ed t o Pa ri s o n
the 8 th of J u ly 1 8 1 5 a nd was pl aced u pon t h e th ro ne
“
He was a weak p ri nce ; wel l n am ed t h at d ry stick
of Bo urbon i s m
He w as barely seated o n the th rone wh e n
schem es wereop foot to overthrow th e bld dy na s ty
and to place Lou i s Ph i l i p pe at the h ead o f a co n
s t it u t io n a l Monarchy
“
I perce i ve ” the ki n g o nce sa id wh en s peak ing
of h is co u si n “that altho u g h Loui s Ph i lip p e
”
n ot sti r he ad vances
C h arles X ( A D 1 8 2 1 1 8 3 0
) s ucceeded h is
bro ther o n the t h ro ne Li ke the F
re nc h i n fidel
Vol tai re of who m Macau ley say s “ he co u ld n o t
b u ild u p he could o nl y tea r dow n ; he w as the very
V i tr uv i u s of ru in zf Charles was ad m i rab ly adap ted
to co m p lete the ru i n a nd forever blas t th e
p ros
p ects o f the B o u r bo n s
Revol utio n agai n co n v u lsed th e F
re n ch datio n
a nd C harl es was d ri ven fro m the th ro n e
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C HRO NO LOGY AN D ’ C ONT E MP ORA N EO U S H ISTORY
ru n
z
s e ns e o r o ar na u s
0 48 ) the D uke
Lou i s Ph i l ippe ( A D
of Orlea ns and seco nd cou si n of the p reced i n g
mo narch now g rasped the scep ter wh ich for two
stri ven
c ent u ries th e fa m il y of O rlea ns had vai n ly
to secii re Par is was the scene of blood sh ed an d
terror and the d uke o f Or le
an s was the secon d
man of de sti ny wh o h ad power to con trol l the
revol u tion
re n c h
eo ple in th emid s t of a v iole nt
F
p
e was
fi rst crea t ed lieu te n a n t g e n era l of t he
k i ngdo m, and soon
r
crown
ed
k
i
n
g
of
afterwa d
Fr ance O n the 9th of A u g ust 1 8 30 he too k the
oath to gover n only by the la w s a n d “ to ca u se good
a n d e xac t u s t ice to be
a dm i n istered
to everyone
j
ecce rd ing to h is righ t and to ac t i n every th i n g
w ith t he s ole v iew tethe i nterest the welfare a n d
”
the gl ory of the French peopl e The new k i ng h ad
been cradl ed in m i sfortu ne and co ul d h earti ly sy m
d nation who had chosen
p a t h ize wi th the oppresse
’
hi m to ex ecu te h er la w s
Lo uis Ph il i p p e had b een a wanderi n g Pri nce
T h e sto ry of hi s l i fe is stranger than fiction
B o rn
i n Paris in 1 7 7 3 ed ucated u nder M ada m e De Gen
l is ; he en te red the army i n the c o m m and of Gener
a l K el le rm a n n ;d is t in n
is h ed h i msel f as
o m m an
g
r
der f a troop o f d ra o o u s a gai n s t the Au str ian s at
o
Vzilm y ; was su m moned before the com m i tt ee of
p ubl ic safety wh ich d is covered the schem eo f Gen
eral D u m o u riez for rai si n g the you n g d uke to the
th ron e
Both fl ed to Aus tri a whence the d u ke m ade
h i s way i n d isgu i se to Swi tzerland ; s ubseq uen tly
in g rea t Stra i ts o f ind igen ee h e obta i n ed a p ro f es so r
i n th e colleg e at Reichenau o n a salary of
$ 2 5 8 , a year ; here he taugh t h i story geo g raphy
ma themati cs a nd the Engl i sh langu age Weary of
h i s fate the ex ile pi n ed to l eav e Eu rope and i n
A merica fin d an asyl u m wh ere h e cou ld forget the
g reatness a n d the su ff eri n gs wh ich had bee n the
A fri end i n form ed Mr
co m pa nions of hi s you th
Morris of Ph ilad elp h ia fo rm er em b as sado r to France
fro m t h e U n i ted States of hi s desi re which p o ver
ty f orbad e gratificatio n ; the ki nd hearted A merican
off e red the royal ex i le free pass age to P h i l adelp hia
an d h i s serv ices a ft er arr i va l t he re ; an d
al so sen t
h im $ 1 0
0to defray expen ses to Hamb u rg Delay
ed ia h is voy age h e traveled o n foot throu g h D en
1 8 3 —1 8
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Swed en an d N
or way pu shi n g his explo r a
tion s e ren beyo nd t h eA rtic ci rcl e a nd th en t urn
i ng Sou th travers ed the d es er t wh ich l ies between
the Northen Ocea n and the ri ver Tom ea O n h i s
re tu rn to Ha m bu rg he recei ved the i n tel ligen ce that
the F
renc h d i rectory wou ld g ra n t l i be rty to h i s
brot hers , who had b een prisoner s si nce thei r fathe rs
dea t h o n co n d i tion t h at the d u k eof Orl ean s wi t h
th em would co nsen t to ban ish men t fro m Eu rope
Consen t w as gi ven and th e d uke sai led ! at o nce
fo r A m er ica where he arr ived October 2 4 1 7 96 ,
and was Joi ned by h i s b rot hers the 7 th of Febr ua ry
fol l owi n g
N ews ca m e o ff thei r m others ex i le to Spai n
Phi l i p p e and hi s bro t hers resol ved to joi n h er in
her exi le
They passed i n wi n te r to the O h io ri ver th ence
by be a t down th e Oh io and M i ssi ssi ppi to N
ew O r
lea ns
Several o f the boatme n we re d isabl ed by e xpo s
u re a nd t h e pri nce s we re o bl idged to take thei r
places ; arri ved at N
em bark ed f o r
e w Orlea ns they
C u ba ; o n arri v i n g there they were refu sed hospi tal
i ty ; proceeded thence to alif ax w h ere by the ki nd
ness of t h e d uke of K en t ( t h e father of Q u een V ic
tori a ) they were sen t to En glan d ; arr i v i ng i n Lo n
0
don February 1 5 1 8 0
The d uke alon e l i ved to see h i s mother w hom
he fou nd o n the island of M i norca Septem ber 7 th
1 80
9 So m eti m e previously he had fo u nd h i s o n ly
s is ter and together they v is i ted the above i sl and
g ree ted thei r m other and the three em barked for
Palermo where Phi l i ppe m arri ed the daughter o f
Ferd i nand K ing o f Napl es Fro m Sicily P h ilip p e
repai red to France whe n news cam e of the eleva
t iou of Lou i s XVI I I to the th rone
Sad and ro m an tic as was the begi n n i n g of hi s
l ife t he close of Ph i l i ppe s caree r was to be sh rou d
ed i n gl oo m
a nd th e
I n 1 84
8 a new revol u tion broke out
k i ng w as forced to abd icateth e th ro ne Hi s l i fe
endan gered Ph il ip p e “ shaved o fl h is wh iskers p u t
on green S pec tacles call ed h i m sel f Sm i th an d es
”
caped wi th h i s fam ily to England where he d i ed
Au gu st 2 6 1 8 5 0
8
CO ND F RE N CH RE P UBL I C ( A D 1 8 4
TH
ES E
m ar k,
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The n ew repu bl ic was preced ed by a p ro vi s
,
H
SA W YER S C A RT
24
’
gover n m en t co m pos ed o f La martin e D upon t
Gorm ir
de L’E
A rago Led ru R
ure
o ll i n Mari e
Pog is an d C rem ieu x wh ich con ti n ued from F eb
Pari s was to r n by
8
8 to Dece m be r 1 8 4
ru a ry 1 8 4
th e bloody throes o f revol uti o n G ene ral Caraig nac
was appoi nted d i rector wi th u nl i m i ted powers ; bu t
as soon as order was resto red by a battle i n wh ich
the national g uards were v ictor iou s h e resign ed
that o ffice an d was made Preside n t of t h e cou nci l
Th e new con stitu tion requ ired that a Pres i
d en t be elected for t h e term o f f o ur years
Lo ui s
Napoleon Bon ap arte ( n ep h ew o f N a p o l eo n I ) was
elected b y an o verwhel m i ng m ajori ty He took the
p resc ri bed oath Decem ber 2 0th and th e prov i s i onal
g overn m en t was su perseded by the secon d French
repu bl ic Lou i s occu pied the fou r years of hi s
presidency i n lay ing p lan s for the restoration of
the E mp i re O n De ce m ber l s t 1 8 5 1 i n the dark
n ess and s ilence of the n i gh t seven ty ei g h t person s
i n cl ud i n g the pri nci pal ge neral s an d statesmen of
France were seized at thei r o wn hou ses and carri ed
away to prison A hea vy m i l i tary force was
m assed i n the c i ty O ffi ces o f n ewspapers were
occu pied by sold iers A p roclam ation was pri n ted
and d istr ibu ted before day l i g ht ; an d when the
populace wen t forth u pon the m o rn ing o f Decem ber
they read the an nou nce men t ; “ the nation al
2d
assem bl y i s d issol ved ; u n i versal su f frage i s re
establ ished ;the el ecti ve col leges are s u m mon ed to
”
s
1
t
meet Decem ber 2
Pari s i s i n a state of siege
N apoleon by an election was i n vested w ith sol e
po wer o f govern men t for ten years Hav i ng t he
rei n s o f govern men t fu l l i n hand he cau sed a n ew
el ection and o n t h e 2 d of Decem ber 1 8 5 2 the late
Presiden t became Napoleon I I I Em pero r o f
France
ion el
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NEW F RE N CH E M PI RE ( A D 1 8 5 2
I n assu m i n g the ti tl e of Na poleon I I I Lo ui s
Bonaparte recog nized the so n of Napoleon I as
the second E m pero r of the sam e n ame A fter the
battl e o f Waterloo h i s father had abd i cated i n h i s
favor b u t he was n ever seated u pon the thr on e
The fi rst prom i n en t even t aft er the restoration
of the E m pi re was the Cri m ean war N icholas
Czar o f Russi a m ade h osti le d em on stration s
agai nst th e Tu rks an d war was d eclared by the
Sul tan Oct 1 8 5 3
ra n
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France an d Englan d co ncl u d ed a close all iance
w ith each other an d w i th T urkey an d declared
war al so agai n st Russi a
Upon the bloody field s o f B alaklava and
I nker man n the al l i ed forces were v ictorious an d
the s ieg i n g col u m n s pressed clo sely arou n d Sebas
to pol A ustr ia an d Sard i n ia Jo i n ed the all ia n ce
Th e s udden deat h of the Czar an d the access ion o f
h is so n Alexander I I m ad e no p ercep table change
i n the war
Sebasto pol stil l re p ul sed th e most resol u te and
dar ing assaul ts B ut the cris is ca me o n the 8 th o f
September 18 5 5 when the French sold iery agai n
i m mortal ized them sel ves in the sto r m i n ga nd cap t
u re of the M al ako fi I n the war of the I tal ian
National i ty ( A pr i l 2 3 1 8 5 9 J u ne 2 4
Napol eon a t the head o f the Frenc h forces and
Sard i n ian all ies ably second ed by General Mac
Mahon defeated the A u str ian s at Mon te bel l o
t h , and
and
th ) P a te st ro
( May 30
( May 2 0
gain ed a m o re decisi ve v ic to ry at Magen ta ( Ju n e
4th ) Maren go (J u ne 7 t h ) a nd the fi nal con test o f
— 1 the
the war at Sol fer i no
I n 1 8 60
French at first i n all iance with the E ngl ish and
Sp a n ish a n d afte r their w i thdrawal wi th the re vol a
ed
t io n a ry Mex ican s i n vaded Mexico an d declar
war agai nst the gov ern me nt of Presiden t Juarez ,
P uebla was ta ke n by s iege and the ar m y en tered
the capi tal J u ne 1 863 Here a co uncil i n fl uenced
by the French , declared in f avor of a hered i tary
em pi re as the fu tu re govern m en t of Mex ico ; a nd
"
Max i m il ian a brother of the em peror o f A u st ria as
soverei g n
The war co n ti n u ed bet ween th e Juarez and
Max i m i l ian govern men ts u n til Ju ne 1 9 1 8 6 7
The French tr oo p s hav in g been w i thd rawn the
ne w E m eror was defeated
capt u red and shot by
p
order o f Presiden t J uarez The re vol u tion in
S p ai n has te ned the crisis wh ich was to chan ge the
whol e state sys tem of Eu rope J ealo usies g rew
ou t of the cand idacy of P rin ce Leopold f o r the
S p an ish thron e wh ich res ul ted i n th e F
ran co
P ru ss ian war
O n the 1 5 th of J u ly 1 8 7 0 Fran ce d ec la red
war agai n st Prussia and Napol eo n ad vanced hi s
army toward the Rh 1 n e The a l v ance o f the
French hav i ng crossed the Rh ine attacked th e
Pru ss ian ou t post o n the hei gh ts a bOv e Saar
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C HRONO LOGY
B r ucken A u g 2 d
e
A
ND CON
MP ORAN EOUS H ISTORY
TE
to succeed
Here the French pri n ce i m
”
“
p rial recei ved h is ba p t is i h o f fi re ; an d the first
ser iou s tr ial o f the m et ra illeus e was mad e A f te r
repeated disas te rs at Weis sem b u rg Worth , o r
rav el o tte an d Str sb urg
bach M etz Ma rs l a To u r G
a o
the g rea t a n d d eci si ve h at tle took pl ace at Sed an
The F ren ch were su rro u nd ed and dr i ve n i n to t he
to wn wh er
e th e whol e army , by capi tula t ion Sept
er s o f war N apo l eo n by let ter
2 d beca me p r i so n
s u rrendered h i mself to lth e K i ng of Prus sia, and
Was assign ed a resi den ce at Willi o l i nsh o he in
Hesse Cas tl e W h e n n ews of the su rrender at
an
re
hed
J ules Favre
e Cor s L eg is lat if
t
a
c
d
h
e
S
p
a o se an d
h
E
red th at
d
ec
a
m
pi
e
h
e
r
ad ceas ed
t
l
r
t o exi st ”
A prov isional governm ent w as fo rmed w i t h
e ne Troeb u at i ts head and w i th A rago
C re m ieux,F avre F
a m be t ta
erry G
and others as
m i n isters Su bsequen tly on F
1 2 th
eb
18 7 1
Pari s havi ng fall en i n to t he hand s of the en emy
t he assem bly met a t B o rdea u x proclai m ed a R
e
p ubl ic and el ec ted M Thiers chief exec u t ive
O n t h e 2 6 t of F
articles
of
peace
were
eb rd
ar
y
h
u
sign edat Veg- ank s to w hich p lace t h e sea t of gov
e m in en t had ieen removed
Franceceded A lsace and Germ an Lorai ne to
n d ag reed to
the Em p eror o f G
erm
ny
a
p ay $5
a
of
ra ncs , as w ar i nde m n i ty on
Ma rch 1 st the Ger m an troops w i th d rew and Par is
w as in a e the scen e of a terri ble co m m u n ism w h ich
nl d
end ed M'ay 2 8 t h 1 8 7 1
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P resid en t I h iers i n the ad m i n is trat ion
of the French Re pu bl ic The m u tteri n gs o f revolu
tion have b ee n hear d d u ri n g th i s pres iden cy an d
w i th p ol i tica l f o recas t so m e hav e p red icted a sp eedy
o verth row of the B onaparti st powe ri n Fran c
e
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HET HI R D FRE NC HRe rusu c ( A D
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1 87 1
Peace hav in g been agai n re stored to Fra nce ,
and the Re p u bl ic for the th ird ti m e establ i sh ed ;
t h eFrench peopl e began to repai r th e ru i n s of the
l atewar and to re cu p era te their ex hau s ted fi nanci al
and soc al strength
i
I
M Th i ers ( A . 1 8 7 1 —1 8 7 7 ) th egrea t states
m a n au d h i s torian en ter e
d v ig orou sl y u pon th e
d ut ies o f the n e w Pres iden cy p a n d i n the t erm an d
a h a lf o f o ffi ce wh ich o ccu rred u p to the ti m e of
h is dea th cohtribu ted l argely not on ly to the
res tora tion o f the for mer d i g n i ty of F
rance bu t to
her el e vation ,to a h igher and g ran de r desti ny
Mac M ahp n ( A D 1 8 7 7 —1 8 7 8 ) o n e o f the
di sti n gu i shed o ffi ce rs o f N apol e
o n I I I was chosen
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Mil li on,
and th e e ec t io n o f
of
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G
re vo lu ti o n i n F
ran ce a p p ears to b e
t he p re s i d e n cy h as j us t ta ke n p la ce ( 1
n ew
ra v y t o
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Nam —The
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G
The cl ou ds which co ver the pri m iti ve h i sto ry
of Spai n do not begi n to be d i ssi pated ti l l the p e ri
o d when the P h oe n ecian s
arri ved and form ed
es tab l is m en ts i n the cou n try before u nci vi l i zed an d
u n known The G reeks sh a red i n th e di scovery
and es ta bl i shed an extensi ve co m merce i n S p ai n
bes id es fo und i ng several Ci ties am on g them th e
n ote d Am pu ri as an d the u nfort u nate Sagu n tu m
The Ca rth agen ia n s su bseq uen tly made the m
sel ves m asters o f the w hole pen i n su la ; which i n
t u rn passed i n to the hand s of t h e v ic torio u s
Ro mans The Roman s were d isp o ss esed o f th e
co u ntry i n t he fo urth cen tu ry by the northern
barbari ans an d the Visi g oth ic k i ngd om of E
uric
cove ra i al l S p ai n D u ri ng the rei g n of Rod erick
A D 7 1 1 the A M DS and Moo rs i n v ad ed the
cou n try fro m the So u th R
oderick was defea ted
an d slain i n the battl e of X erxes d e l a F
ron tera
an d th e con qu erors took possess io n o f all Spai n ;
ex cept the fort resses o f th e Py ren ees whe re a f ew
Span i ards an d P elagian s esca p ed th e yoke o f the
Saracen s Pel agiu s a nd hi s s u ccessors final ly
co m pel led t h eMoors to w i thd raw to Afr i ca in A
D 1 492 and Ferd inand an d Isabel la becam e
Sovereign s o f Spai n
The co u n try ag ai n becam e the p os ssess ibn o f
aforei g n dyn as ty as i t decended to Joan [dau gh t e r
of Ferd i nan d an d
wi fe of Ph i l i p , A rch
D uke of A u stria
Spai n as a se p ara te K i ngdom may be s ai d to
begi n her h istory w ith the rei g n o f
Ferd i n an d V [ A D 1 5 1 2
wh o u n i ted
the two sm al l k i ngdom s o f A rago n and Casti le
by h is marriage wi th I sabella : and hav i ng mad e
conquest of G
un ada a n d Na varre beca m e m o na rch
of all Spai n
To the K i ng an d Q u een of S p ai n i n th i s
rei gn the world is i ndebted for the d iscover ies in
the N ew World by Ch ri stopher Co l u m bu s gand th e
fresh i m pu l se these d isco veries i n Am eri ca gav e
n dl ; th q i t m ann r i h i h th r i gnati n f Pr i d n t th
n i l d r R p b li
i a l i ttl r m ar kab l
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-
HEsrxy rsn DO M I NI O N
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25
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ess
e
s
as
e
e
e
e
u e
e, eve
n o
e
c
n w
e
e
u
es
cs .
o
o
es
e
e
26
in au grat io n
the
in
'
i
g es
a
th e m odern
of
d D iscover ies
an
SA WY ER S
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I
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,
sage o f t h e Lech m
ortal ly wou nded Ti ll y an d re
i
p ul sed h is arm y
D ukeW allen s tein, the N
a o l eo n o f G erm any
p
an
om m an ders was
d most famou s o f the i mperial c
e
lace
at
t
h
e
e
d
i
m
peri
al
forces
m
et
t
h
a
o f the
h
p
d
Ki n g of Sw eden o nthe field of Lu tzen i n Saxon y
where a bl oody battle was fought, wh ich would
h ave decided i n f av o r o f the Sw eeds bu t for the
deat h o f th eir K in g [ N
og fiG
Ch arl es I I ( A
1 66 5 1 7 0
0) so n o f Phi li p
I V ; e n d ed the A u str ian bran ch wh ich h ad g i ven
fi ve sover ei g n s to th e Span ish n ation Dy in g
w i th ou t i ssu e h e l eft hi s cro wn by w i ll to Ph il i p
D uke o f Anjou gra n dson of Lou i s X I V o f
Fran ce
—1 7 4
5 ) D uke o f A nj ou ,
D 170
Phi l i p
0
b ut w a s
was procl ai m ed Ki ng N
ov
24
th
com pel l ed to con test the c rown w i th Charles A rch
D uke o f A u stria
Lou i s I reigned a few mon ths d u ri n g th e yea r
1 7 2 4 bu t the ad m i n i stratio n was res u m ed by Ph i l
ip and con ti n u ed u n ti l h i s d ea ui i n 1 7 4
5
0
“
5 — 1 7 5 9) on of the
Ferd i nand V I ( A D 1 7 4
preced i n g mon arch succeed ed to the t I ro n e an d
' n
reigned fou rteen years ;
1
'
Charles I I I ( A D 1 7 5 9—1 7 8 8 ) succeeded h is
brother o n the Span ish th ron e C harl es w as al so
”
“
Kin g o f Naples and the Two Sici lies
I ll 1 7 6 1
th i s m on arch decl ared war again st Great B ri tai n
and Po rt u g al w h ich co n ti n ued w ith vary i n g resu l ts,
n
u n til 1 7 63 Hosti l iti es were re newed aga in st E
g
land in 1 7 8 2 wh i le the la tter power was em bar
rassed w i th her e ff orts to
su ppress t h e rebel l ion of
her A merica n Colon ies Th e des i g n o f Sp ain ir‘i
thi s war failed of acco mpl ish m en t an d
was
declared th e fol lowi n g year
Charl es I V ( A D 1 7 8 8 —1 8 08 ) suc ceeded h i s
father to the th rone I n the year 1 7 93 “ Charles
began hostil i ti es aga i n st Fr ance ; b ut f ail i n g i n the
accom pl i sh men t of h i s obj ect he co ncl uded a treaty
of peace and s ubsequ en tly joi n ed France i n a war
agai n st G reat B ri tai n Th e all ied po wers were de
feated by the Engl i sh i n th e g rea t n aval battl e o f
Trafalgar Octo ber 2 1 , 1 8 0
I n 1 80
8
Charl es
5
form ed the desi gn of rem ov in g the seat of govern
ment to the ci ty of M ex ico i n N orth A m erica ; bu t
h is des ign was f ru strated whe reu po n the k i n g ah
d icted the th ron e i n favor o f h is son Ferd i na nd
,
C harl es I [ A D 1 5 1 6—1 5 5 6] son o f Joan o f
Cas ti le , and P h il i p o f A u stri a, beca m e K in g of
Spai n i n 1 5 1 6 and Em peror of Germany i n 1 5 1 9
He was a P r i nce of talen t an d gen i u s bu t h is
,
a mb itio n r u i n ed h i m ; and hav i n g res i gned h is
crown to h is son Ph il i p he ended h i s days in a
Monas tery
Phil i p I I [ A D 1 5 5 6—1 5 98 ] son of C harles
and I sabel
of P ortugal u n i ted to the
V,
dom i n ion o f h is father the K in gdom s o f N apl es
and Sicily Two y ears before he su cceeded to the
Span ish crown he had marri ed Mary Q uee n o f
ngland The u n ion seem s not to have been happy
E
In
Ph il i p m ade a dependency o f P ortu gal
was i n vol ved i n a q u arrel with El iza beth Q ueen
n lan d
of E
g
[ su ccessor to M a ry ] i n regard to the
etherlan ds and sen t “ the I n v i nci ble A rm vada ”
n l a nd
ag ai ns t E
The fl eet was destroyed
g
p artly by storm and partly by t h e B ri tish n avy
P h il i p I I I [ A D 1 5 98 —1 6 2 1 ] son o f Ph il i p
I I s ucceed ed to the throne P hi l i p d i sti n g u i sh ed
h i s rei g n b y the refor m o f t h e co u rts of ud ica t u re
an d by the ex pul sion of the rem n an t o f the Moors
to th e n u m ber of
who were tra n sported
I
i n to A fri ca
Ph ili p I V [ A D 1 6 2 1 —1 6 6 5 ] succeeded h i s
father o n the th rone of Spa in Th is P r i nce appears
to h ave possessed g ood n atu ral ab il i ties
bu t was
u nfortu n a te i n h i s a d m in istration Thi s reign i s
d isti ngu ished by the l lzzrty yea rs w a r i n E u ro p e
ch iefl y i n vol vi n g the i n terests o f the persec u ted
P ro testan t s in the Ge rman prov in ces ; I n 1 5 7 0
[
Max i m il ian I I had g ran ted l iberty o f con science
to the P rotestan t s of A u stria
] the s u fl ering espec
ia ll y fiin B o h em ia w as great
I n th ei r d istress the
P rotes tan t G erman p ri nces appealed to G u stav us
Adol ph u s, K i ng of Sweden
for p rotecti on
Thi s famou s warrior “the Li on of the North ”
sprang u pon the cruel p ersecu tors an d the very
erd in an d I I trembl ed u nder the shock
E mpi re o f F
!
The co ld hearted General Till y w h o h ad fou g h t
i n the S pan i sh army was ad vanced to the f ro n t an d
gai n ed several battles I n 1 63 1 he took the ci ty
o f Magdebu rg an d horri bly massacred the
in ha b i
tan ts K in g Adol ph u s fel l u po n h i m at the pas
.
OF
l
Voy
p eri od of
C HART
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O U S H ISTORY
N G
AN
MPQ R
E
I IE
QN
CH R
O NOLOGY
A gD
'
8) in : oo nj uuct io n
80
Ferd i nan d V II ( A J) @
wi th an d by ad vi ce of his flatih er .t ransf erred th e
Sp an i sh m on archy to the Em pe ror N apol eo n I w h o
pl aced h i s brother o n th e th ron e
Joseph B onaparte ( A D 1 808
u nder
took the go vern men t o f the rebel li ous S p an i a rd s
b u t w as fi n al ly ob li ged to evacu ate M ad rid
apol eo n e n tered Spai n at th e h ead o f hi s dre
tran s an d soon b ro u gh t th e Span iard s to term s
Th e co nfl ict was i rrepressible h owev er an d o n
th e ar ri val o f Engl i sh al l ies u nd er the d uke o f Wel
l i ngt ou J ose ph Bon apar te was co m pel l ed to reti re
fro m the Capi ta l an d fin al ly to cross the B idassoa
an d re en ter Fran ce
F
erd i na nd n o w retu rn ed
to
Mad rid an n u l led the con trac t wi th Napol eon and
res u m ed the thron eo f Sp ain i n 1 8 1 4 Th is reign
cont i n u ed u n ti l 1 8 3 3
I sabel la I I , ( A D 1 8 33 1 8 7 0
) daugh ter o f
Ferd in a nd VI I w as m ad e h ei r to the crow n by
th e wi l l o f h er fath er
Chri stian a m other o f the i nfan t I sa bell a w as
appo i n ted Qu ee n Regen t
D o n Carlos broth er o f
th e dec ea sed K in g clai m ed th e c rown ;o n the grou n d
th at the Sa l iqu e law p rohi bite d wom en occu py i n g
th e th rone
A ci vi l war en su ed wh ich lasted abo u t seven
years bu t result ed i n the establ ishmen t o f I sabel l a
o n th e Span ish th ro n e
—1 8 7 3
A m and u s I ( A I) 1 8 7 0
) cal led also
A m an deo Ferd i n ando Mari a D uke o f Aosta
secon d so n o f Ki ng Victor Eman uel o f I ta ly was
n o m i nated by G en eral Pri m su ccessor o f I sabella
o n th e S p an i sh thron e
Th e nom i nation was ra tifi
ed by the variou s Eu ropea n powers in 1 8 7 0an d h e
en tered th e o fli ce o f go vern m en t at Mad rid Jan 2d
1 87 1
Gen eral Pri m h ad been as sassi nated;a f ew
day s p rev iou s to h i s ar rival i n Spai n H i s o w n
l ife was co ns tan tly m ena ced by as sassins h e was em
h arras ed by ad m in i strati ve d i ffi c ul ti es and by Car
l i st i n su rrecti on s wh ich so d i scou raged the n ew
K i ng that he abd icated the th ron e f o r h i m self and
h i s hei rs Feb ruary 1 1 th , 1 8 7 3 an d retu rn ed to
I taly
TH
ES PA NI S H R
EP UBL I C
pruden t s ta tes man w as chosen to th e presid en cy
On N ovem ber 6 th 1 8 7 8 G eneral Sickl es U n i ted
S ta tes m i n i ste r to S pai n tele g ra ph ed to Was h ing
to n th e captu re o f th e Vi rgi n i a s by the C ub an s
That v essel w as sai l in g u nder th e A m erican
fl ag wh i ch was v iol a ted by i ts capture F if tw our
m en were shot as p i rates
so m e o f w h om were
A rn eri can ci t izens
Th e Span ish go vern m en t d i s
avowe d th e act an d gave up the ves sel th us aver
ti ng war
O n the 2 d o f J a n u ary 1 8 7 4 a rev o l ution in
Spai n over th rew th e gov ern m en t o f Presiden t
C astelar
sp a m sn n o u a ac n r RES TORED
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O n the l s t o f J an nary 1 8 7 5 the Sp a n ish re
vol u ti on en ded in t he resto ration o f the o ld ki n g
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On the abdi ca ti on o f Am an d u s I , th e Span i sh
co rte s proclai m ed and organ ized a repu bl ic
S enor C astelar " ( A D 1 8 7 3—1 8 7 4
) a wise an d
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Al phon so X I I ( A D 1 8 7 5 —1 8 7 8 ) so n of th e
ex Qu ee n I sa bell a w as procl ai m ed K i ng i n Jan u ary
1 8 7 5 a n d recei ved th e su ppo rt o f th e a rmy an d
n avy
A n ex trad i ti on treaty between Spai n an d th e
Un i ted State s o f A m eri ca w as ra tified o n the 2 1
o f Febru ary 1 8 7 7
TH
E SCA N D IN A VI A N K I N
GDO M B
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The Sca nd i navian s are gen eral ly lcn o w n as
th ree great fam il ies o r n ation s wh ich appea red in
the norther n pen i n su la o f Eu rope d u ri ng the si xth
Thei r first appea rance u po n
o r seven th cen tu ry
th e E ngl i sh co as ts i s pl aced i n the Saxo n Chron i cl e
u n der the year 7 8 7 A D They were i n race an d
lang u age closely co n nected w i th the A ngl o Saxon s
”
“
Th e languages o f al l the Scand i nav ian n a t io n s says
“
H u m e d iff er o nly sli gh tly fro m the d ial ec ts o f th e
”
Germ an ic tr i bes
Like thei r k i n d red th e o ld
od
Saxon s they worsh i p pe d Od i n as thei r national G
and fou n d thei r ch i ef occu pation and del igh t i n
ravag i ng the co as ts o f n eigh borin g n ation s
The Danes m ad e thei r i ncu rsion s m ai n ly u po n
th e coasts o f En gl and ; th e Norwe g ians u po n Scot
la nd and I rel an d ; and the Sw eeds agai n st the eas
tern shor es o f the B al tic
n a m s n DY N AS TY
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Th e early h i s tory
.
of
Denmark i s obsc u re
,
,
and un i n teresti n g con tai n in g merely the adv en
tu res o f pred ato ry w a rri ors whose p re e m i nen ce
con si sted in ferocity 81n d courage
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H
SA W Y ERS C ART
’
28
D ur i ng the ei ghth an d n i n th cen tu ri es o f t h e
C h ri stian E
y establ ish ed thei r dom i n ion in
ra the
par ts of E ngland wh i ch was whol ly su bd u ed by
Can u te the G reat as wel l as a p art o f Sco tl an d an d
The go v
al l o f N orw ay in the eleven th ce n t ury
é i ii in en t o f the cou n try as a k i n g do m bega n w i th
5
Gomor (A D 88 3 —93 5 ) whose reign was pre
ced ed by the cruel m u rder o f Ed m u nd K i ng o f ea st
A ngl ia because he would n o t renou n ce Ch ri stian i
or
E ric V I I I [A D 1 2 86
Chr istopher I I [A D 1 330
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Harol d I I ( A D 93 5
Sweyn ( A D 98 5
—1 0
Can u te I I ( A D 1 01 4
3 6 ) the great ki ng
De n mark En gl and an d ~ or way ; in trod uced
of
C hristian i ty
Can u te I I I ( A D 1 0
36—1 0
42 ) the so n o f f o r
m er m on arch ; the Hardican u te o f Engl and
Magn us ( A D 1 0
2 —1 0
4
7 ) al so k i ng o f N
or
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na a no n um
Im
.
—1 3 7
W ald em ar I I I [ A D 1 34
0
O lau s V [ A D 1 3 7 6
Margaret [ A D 1 3 8 7 — 1 3 97 ] ssyl ed the Sem i
ram i s o f the n orth q ueen o f Den mark Norway an d
Sweden was the dau g h ter o f W al demar 1 1 1
Er ic I X [ A D 1 3 97 —1 438] th e sam e as Eri c
X I I I o f Sweden , rei g n ed joi n tly w i th M argaret n u
t il 1 41 2 when he beca m e sol e soverei gn o f both
k i n gd om s Was fi n ally co m pell ed to rel i n qu ish bo th
crow n s an d the th ro n es rem ai ned u n occu pi ed u n ti l
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Chri stopher I I I [ A D 1 4
4
0
Christian I [ A D 1 4
was a power
48
ful p rin ce an d held dom in ion over the wh ole o f
Sca nd in av ia
Joh n [ A D 1 4
8 1 — 1 5 1 3] so n o f the f o r
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Sweyn I I ( A D 1 0
4 0
7 3 ) at the cl ose o f
whose rei g n the t h ro ne was le f t vaca n t abo u t fou r
.
,
7 —1
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,
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m m
sty led the
”
N ero o f the N orth
Cau sed the m assacre o f al l
the Swed is h nobi l i ty an d practiced other cru el ti es
f o r wh ich he was deth ron ed and i m pri soned
He
d ied i n pr ison i n 1 5 5 9 D uri ng th i s rei g n the
Swedes threw o ff the D an i sh yoke
Frederick ( A D 1 5 2 3 —1 5 3 4
) D uke o f Hols
tein u ncl e to Chr istai n I I was a l i beral p ri nce
Christian 1 1 1 ( A D 1 5 3 4—1 5 5 9) son o f Fred er
ick Hol stei n establ i sh ed the L u theran fai th i n
Den mark
Fred eric k I I ( A D 1 5 5 9—1 5 88 ) so n o f the f o r
m er ki n g
C hrist ian I V ( A D 1 5 8 8 —1 6 4
8 ) so n o f Fred
erick I I
Fr ederick I I I ( A D 1 6 4
8 16 70
) changed the
govern ment from an electi ve to a h ered i tary m on
archy vested i n h i s o w n fam ily
—1 6 99 son o f the f o r
Chri stian V ( A D 1 6 7 0
)
m er m onarch succeed ed by h is so n
Frederick I V ( A D 1 6 99
joi n ed the
league agai n st Charles X I I o f Swed en
—1 7 4
Ch ristian VI ( A D 1 7 3 0
6 ) s ucceed ed
h i s fath er o n the th rone o f Den m ark
Frederi ck V , ( A D 1 7 46—1 7 66 ) s ucceed ed h is
father
Ch ris tian V I I , ( A D 1 7 6 6—1 8 0
8 ) so n o f th e
Ch ri s tian I I , ( A D
.
Harol d I I I ( A D 1 0
77
Can u te I V ( A D 1 0
80
Olaus I V ( A D 1 08 6
Eric I I I ( A D 1 0
95
I E
RREGNU M
IN
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N icholas I ( A D
at
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1 10
5 1 1 35 )
-
.
w
ho
was k i ll ed
Sl isw ick
.
E ric I V
f oot
(A D
,
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1 1 35 —1 1 3 7 )
s u rnam ed Hare
.
,
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,
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Wal demar ( A D 1 1 5 7
Can u te VI 1 1 8 2
Waldemar I I ( A D 1 2 0
2
E ric V I ( A D 1 2 41
—1 2 5 2
A bel ( A D 1 2 5 0
) m urdered h is elder
ric ;an d was h i m sel f k i ll ed i n an ex ped i tion
brother E
again s t the Fr ison s The m u rder o f E
Abel
ric b
y
i s the su pposed b asis o f Shakespeare s Ham let
Chr istopher I [A D 1 2 5 2 —1 2 5 9] was destroy
ed by po iso n
Eric V I I , [ A D 1 2 5 9
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E ric V ( A D 1 1 3 7 — 1 1 47
Sweyn I I I and Canu te V ( A D 1 1 47 — 1 1 5 4)
r ei g n ed joi n tly over the Dan es
u nt il the for m er
w as behead ed
INT ERREG N UM
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30
S A W YER S p
’
m on arch ascend ed t h e th rone at the age of
fi fteen H is short l i fe was even tfu l an d rom an ti c
A t th e age of ei g hteen years he
i n a h igh d eg ree
gai n ed a bri l l ian t v icto ry over t he Ru ss ians at
m en h e attacked
Nar va ; wi th a force o f only
the Ru ssian army i n thei r tren ches an d i nfl icted
u po n them the i ncred ible loss o f
k ill ed and
pri son ers
I n the battl e of P u l to w a J u ly 8 1 7 09 h e m et
an overwh el m i n g defea t by Peter th e G reat
Charles was wou nd ed i n th e en gagem en t an d car
r i ed o ff the fiel d i n a l i tter He reti red to B ender
i n Tu rkey where he m et som e stran ge ex perien ces
I n 1 7 1 6 he i n vaded N orway ; t w o y ears l ate r he
sough t to p rosec u te the war i n N
orway bu t was
checked i n h i s p rog ress at the siege of F
rederick
s h al l where he fel l mortally wo u nded by a can non
s hot D ec 1 1 1 7 1 8
H i s reckl ess darin g w o n for
“
h i m the appel lati on the mad m an o f the n orth ”
is v ictor iou s career m uch resem bles that o f
Alexander ; h i s rom an t ic l i fe i s a reproduction o f
Cer van tes Don Qu i xote
Ulrica El eo nora ( A D 1 7 1 9—1 7 41 ) si ster o f
Charles X I I and con sort o f Frederick I ascended
th e th ron e u po n the death o f her broth er
Fr ederick I ( A D . 1 7 41 — 1 7 5 1 ) co n tin u ed
the rei g n i n h i s own person abou t ten years a f te r
th e death o f h i s con sort
Adol ph u s Fred er ick ( A D 1 7 5 1 — 1 7 7 1 ) de
p ended from the f a m ily o f Va sa
was the n ex t oc
cup an t of the S w ed ish th ro ne
G u stavu s I I I ( A D 1 7 7 1 — 1 7 92 ) eldes t so n
o f the former K i n g so on a llayed th e revol u tionary
spi ri t wh ich con v ulsed h i s k i ngdom bu t m is g u ided
by am bi tion arrayed h i m sel f agai n st the French
revol u ti on ists wh ich act pro voked domest ic d iscord
an d he peri shed by a shot fro m Cou n t A n kars troe m
at a m asq u erad e i n Sto ckh ol m March 1 5 1 7 92
G u stav u s I V ( A D 1 7 92 — 1 8 09) so n o f the
form er was dethroned and the go vern men t assu m
ed hy h is u ncl e the D uke of Su derm an ia Under
assu med n ames a n d i n strai tened circu m sta nces
G u stav u s wan dered i n E urope u n til h i s death
which occu rred i n Swi tzerland
Charles X I I I ( A D 1 8 09— 1 8 1 8 ) un cle o f the
former pri n ce a rested the th ron e from h i s relati ve
an d rei g n ed n i ne years
Charles
D 1 8 1 8— 1 8 4
4) a rench
f o ri ner
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AR
H
r or
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u
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u
n
t/
4n l u
'
,
Pri n ce was the n ex t occu pan t of the Swed i sh
th ron e
— 1 85 9 so n o f Charles
Oscar I ( A J D 1 8 4
4
)
X I V s ucceed ed h is f a th er i n th e crown an d
reign ed abou t fi fteen y ea rs
NO RW EI G
I A NGO V ER NM E
NT
N orway was d i vi ded i n to p etty p ri n ci pal i ties
u n ti l the n i n th cen tu ry an d was l i ttl e kn ow n ex cept
for pi racies I n A D 1 0
2 9 the co un t ry was co n
quered by Can u te the G reat o f Den m ark
The N o rw egia n s recovered th ei r in dep en dan ce
o n the death of Can u te
In A D 1 3 97 the con n
try was agai n i n c orpora ted w i th Den mark A
pe acef u l u n ion con t in ued u n til A D 1 8 1 4 when
by a treaty w i th G rea t B rita in Norwa y was ced ed
t o Sweden ; and h as si nce been u nder the Sov e t
ei gh ty of the K in g o f S w ed en bu t al l owed to ad
m i n iste r i ts laws u nder i ts o w n Con sti tu tion
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POR T UG E
S E DY N AS TY
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F
The Roman s kn ew Portugal by the n am e o f
Lu sita ina
A f ter their day i t was success i vely
s ubject to the Suev i the G oths an d the Moors
Abo u t the begin n i ng o f the twel f th cen tu ry Portu
gal regain ed her l i berty by th e valo r o f Hen ry of
Lo rrai ne ( grand so n o f R
o be rtZ K in
g of Fran ce )
w
ho ad m i n i stered the go vern m en t u nder th e title of
Cou n t
Hen ry I ( A D 1 0
93 4 1 1 1 ) the Cou n t of
Portugal b ecam e th e first rul er u nder the indep e n d
en t dy nasty
Al phon so so n o f Hen ry and Theresa and
an other Pr i nce beari ng the sam e n am e ex e rci sed a
—1 1 3 9 when
ua
s i dom i n ion
from
A
D
1
1
1
1
q
(
)
Al phon so Hen r iqu ez al so so n o f K i ng Hen ry
gai n ed a decisi ve v icto ry over a vast army o f
Moors com manded by fi ve K i ngs o n the plai n s of
O uri que
Al phonso I (A I) 1 1 3 9— 1 1 8 5 ) w as proclai m
ed K i ng o f Portugal by the sold iers w h o had share
d
wi th h i m the great v ictory over the Moors
Sa ncho I [ A D 1 1 8 5 —1 2 1 2 ] so n o f A l phonso
su cceed ed to the th ron e
A l phon so I I [ A D 1 2 1 2
was the
nex t occu pan t o f the Portugese th rone
Sa ncho I I [A D 1 22 3 42 48] after weari n g
the crow n abou t twen ty fi ve y ears w as deposed ;an d
the throne occu pied by
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CHR
O NO LOGY
A lp h on so I I I
[A
’
,
.
A
ND
CON TE M P ORA N EOUS H I STORY
D 1 24
8
.
—1 3 25 ] al so call ed B lony
1
n
i
s
D
0
A
27
De [
s i ns enjoy ed a pro sperou s reign o f fift y fi ve yea rs
,
Al p hon so I v [ A D 1 2 2 5 —1 3 5 7] see m s al so
e
enjoy
t ha v
ed a pea e ul and p ro trac t ed re ign
o
cf
—1 36 7 was ch i efly noted
e
t
e
r
A
D
1
5
3
7
P
]
[
f o r h i s severi ty
Ferd in an d I [ A .D 1 3 6 7 1 38 4] s u cceed ed h i s
father in the cro wn o f Portugal O n the d eath o f
th i s p ri n ce i n 1 383 the Sta te settl ed the crow n
u pon hi s broth er Joh n
—1 4
Joh n I [ A D 1 3 8 4
3 3 ] m arri ed Phil i ppa
daugh ter o f John , G ran d D uke of La ncas ter
U nder th i s en te rp ri si ng pri nce the fi rs t voyages o f
d i scovery i n the wes tern ocean we re proj ec ted
Edward [A I) 1 43 3 —1 43 8 ] foll owed i n p o s
ses sion o f the crown o f Portu gal
Al pho nso V [ A D 1 438 — 1 48 1 ] the Afri
ascen d ed the throne left vacan t by Ed ward
ca n
95 ] the great g ran d
Jo hn I I [ A D 1 48 1 —1 4
a
pri
nc
e o f fin e n atu ral and acq u i re d
so n o f Jo h n
L
abil i ty succeed ed Al pho n so the A frican I n thi s
rei g n th e Portu ges e m a de con q u es ts in Africa an d
d i scove re d the Cape o f G ood Hope
E m m an uel [ A D 1 495 —1 51 2 ] the fortu n ate
’
pr i nc e w h o next occupi ed the I o rt ugese throne
He sen t o u t
en co u raged the spi r it o f d isco very
a fl eet u n de r Vas co de Ga ma wh ich expl ored u n
kno w n seas to uched on the coas t o f Mal abar an d
di scovered B raz il i n 1 5 1 0 Th is rei g n i s fu rther
no ted f o r the plan tin g o f C ol on ies i n Africa and
A merica and the erection o f an E mpi re i n I nd ia
Joh n I I I [ A D 1 5 2 1 1 5 5 7 ] so n o f Em m an uel
su cceed ed hi s father o n the th ron e Joh n con ti n ued
the d i sco veries an d com m erci al en terp ri se begu n
by h is fa th er in I nd ia : B u t a m i sgu id ed r el igi ou s
led h i m to i n trod u ce the bl oo dy I nqu i si tion
zea l
in 1 5 3 6 wh ich con tri bu t ed n o l i ttl e toward the
decl in e o f the Po rtugese power an d i nfl uen ce
Sebas tian [ A D 1 5 5 7 —1 5 7 8 ] so n o f th e f o r
m e r had developed i n h i s ed u cation by the Jes u i ts
a wi ld f an a tici sm wh ich resu l ted in h i s death in a
battle w i th the M oors in Afr ica, A ug 4 1 5 7 8
Lea vi ng no issu e the c ro w n re verted to h i s grea t
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H
Hen ry I I [ a D 1 5 7 8 1 5 80
] a amish Card i
nal O n th e dea th o f He n ry A n thony h i s bro th er
,
.,
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-
,
81
seized the c rown bu t was depo sed by Ph i l i p I I o f
S p ai n w h o u ni ted Portugal to h is o w n do m i n i on
0
Ph i l i p I I [ A D 1 5 8 01 6 4
] o f Spa i n and
Port u gal
Joh n I V [A D 1 64
0—1 6 5 6 ] Duke o f B ragan
za, d i spossessed the Spa n iard s i n a bl o od l ess revo
l a tion a n d was p rocl ai m ed K i ng Dec 1 1 64
0
A l phon so VI [A D 1 6 5 6—1 6 8 3] so n o f th e
form er , deposed i n 1 6 8 8 o n acco u n t of h i s cr uel ti es
and h i s bro ther Peter m ad e regen t
Peter I I ( A D 1 68 3 1 7 06 ) accepte d the
crown wh ich hi s u n worthy bro ther had forfei ted
a n d enjoyed a prosperous rei gn o f n early t w o sco re
y ea rs i ncl ud in g h is regency
Joh n V ( A D 1 7 06—1 7 5 0
) succ eed ed h i s
father i n the th ron e ; and h is m i ld reign w as g rea t
ly co nd u s iv e to the ad van cemen t o f t h e Ar ts an d
the es tabl i sh m en t o f confiden ce i n co m merci al
ci rcl es
Joseph I ( A D 1 7 5 0 1 7 7 7 ) s ucceed ed h i s
father I l i s rei g n i s m em orabl e f o r th e ban i sh men t
o f the J es u ites
and the d estruction o f L isbo n by
an
ea rthq uake wh ich cau sed the l oss of fully
l i ves
Maria an d Peter I I I ( A D 1 7 7 7 1 8 1 6 )
ha v i n g bee n marri ed by speci al d i spensation o f
Pope P i us VI ascend ed the th ron e an d reign ed
joi n tly Maria was th e dau gh ter an d Peter the
b rother o f the preced i ng mon a rch O n the dea th
o f Peter ( 1 7 8 6 ) Mari a co n ti n u ed the reign i n h er
own pe rson u n ti l 1 7 92 when havi ng becom e d i s
qual ified by a state o f m elancholy which som e
have cal led i n san i ty her so n Joh n w as appo i n ted
re gen t
Joh n V I ( A D 1 8 1 6 482 6 ) rei gn ed th i rty
fou r years i ncl u di ng h i s regency D u ri ng th i s
reign the French i n v ad ed Portugal an d Joh n w as
com pel l ed to reti re from the co u n try He fl ed
w ith h i s afll icted m other to R
io de J a neiro Sou t h
A merica where the seat o f th e Portu g es e go vern
m en t was es tabl i sh ed f o r abo u t fi fteen y ears Th e
En g li sh ha vi ng co m pel l ed the French to w i thdra w
from Portu gal in 1 8 0
8 Joh n su bsequen tly retu rn ed
to h i s capi tal i n E u rope
Pe ter I V ( A D 1 8 2 6— 1 8 2 8 ) call ed D o m
Pedro su cceed ed h i s father i n the th rone o f Portu
gal and i n the n ew B r azi l ian Em p i re A f te r co n
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H
S A W Y ER S C A RT 0F
’
32
d i ng t h e con sti tu tion al go vern men t su bsti tu ted
f o r the o l d absol u te power wh ich h ad been clai m ed
by the K i n gs o f Portugal u p to th is ti m e he gave
th e crow n o f Portugal to h i s dau g h ter M ar ia da
G l ori a ( h i m sel f rem ai n i n g K in g d ur i ng her m i nor
i ty ) on cond i tion o f her marry i ng her u ncl e M i g uel
W hen however Peter ret i red to h i s Em p i re“ i n
B raz il h is brother M i g uel seized the th ron e an d
su ccessfu ll y m ai n tai ned hi m sel f for fi ve years
d u ri ng th e ci v i l war
I n 1 8 34
M igu el was ex p el led and Maria really
,
en tered upon her reign
Maria I I ( A D 1 8 2 8 —1 8 5 3 ) su cceed in g her
fath er o n the th ro ne may be said to have wor n the
crown o f Portugal abou t twen ty fi v e years : though
her Uncl e con trary to the sti pu lation s o f h er father
h ad wi thhel d the scepter fro m her f o r abo u t fi ve
y ears
Pete r V ( A D 1 8 5 3—4
8 7 8 ) son o f Maria I I
ascended th e th rone u po n t h e d eath of h is m other
ce
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RUSS I A N
DY
NA ST I E
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D UKEDO M
LAD I MI R ( A D 1 1 5 7
A n drew I ( A D 1 1 5 7 1 1 7 5 ) pri nce o f W h i te
Russia assu med the ti tle o f Gran d D uke
The D ukes whose n am es ap pea r i n the an nals
of thi s period are Michael I I W sel w ol od I I I
G eorge I I Constan ti ne J a ras la w 1 1‘ A lexan der
Nev s ki J a ras la w I I I B as il I Demetri us I And re w
I I Dan iel A lexa ndm v itz G eorge I I I Michael
I I I Basil I I Th is period ex tend ing o ver abo ut
1 68 y ears is ch iefl y d isti ngu ish ed b y ci vi l war and
co nfl icts with th e Pol es ; the Tarta r i n vas i on i n
1 2 2 3 u nd er T o u sh i and aga i n i n 1 2 36 u n der hi s
s o n Batu in which the whole cou n try w as brou ht
g
u nder Tartar dom i n ion T h e Tartar r ule left l i ttle
pri v ilege to the n ative pri nces ; sti ll the semblan ce
of govern men t was con t i n u ed at Vlad i m i r u n ti l
abou t 1 32 0 when the sea t o f the Ru ss ian go vern
m en t w as removed to Moscow
or V
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I n the great plai n s eastwa rd from the r i ver
El be d wel t the Slavon ian s ( a pastoral peopl e m o re
n u merou s bu t l ess p owerful than th e Teu ton s )
an cesto rs o f th e modern Pol es Bohem ian s
B ulgarian s Il ly rian s and a very large proporti on
o f the R
u ssian s
The h is to ry o f Ru ssia can not pro perly be sai d
to com m ence
before the m idd le of the n i n th
ce n tu ry A bou t A D 8 5 0 a Scan din av ian band
crossed the Bal tic a nd settled i n Russia These
peo ple were call ed V aragian s They were led by
u rick Sin e us and T ru ro r
t h ree b ro t h ers R
Ru ri ck
fou nded a dyn asty whi ch con ti n u ed to ru le u n i n
teru p ted ly til l 1 5 98
We gi ve the l ead i ng Rus
sian so verei g n s only
Ru rick ( A D 8 6 2 —8 7 8 ) fo under o f the o ld
dyn asty Igor O lega S w ia t o sl a w an d J aro p al k I
exercis ed a l i m i ted power for 1 02 years
—1 0
Vl ad i m i r I ( A D 98 0
1 5 ) m arri ed A n n a
sister o f the Em peror B asi l I I became a ch rist ian
acco rd i n g to the Greek
ch u rch i n 988 and es tab
l ish ed the G reek fai th i n Ru ssia
O n th e d eath o f th i s pri nce the cou n try was
d isrup ted by ci vi l war T he va riou s faction s l ed
by h is severa l son s each o f whom was eager to
gra sp the crown
.
I (A D 10
1 5 —1 0
54
) th e m os t n oted
o f these
p ri n ces reu ni ted the go vern men t, bu t a
d issol u tion agai n occ u rred at h is d eath ;and Ru ssia
was con vu ls ed w i th ci vi l war and harras sed by
Pol ish i n vasion s f or a fu ll half cen tu ry Th e fo l
lowi n g p e tty sovereign s stru ggl ed f o r the mas tery
u n ti l the ascen dan cy o f Vlad i m i r I I was ackn ow l
ed ged : I sj ial a w I Wsewol o d I S w iato p alk
—1 1 2 5 i s agai n f o l
Vlad i m i r I I ( A D 1 1 1 4
)
lowed by petty sove rei gn s w h o rul e u nder the
followi ng names u nti l the establ i sh m en t o f the
D ukedom o f Vl ad i m i r : Meich ael I J a ro p a lk I I
W iatsch elaw Wsewol od I I I sj ial aw I l ostisla w
and G eorge I Th e ci ty o f Mosco w was fou nded
by thi s last pri n ce
Y aroslaf
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D u kne e s:
osc ow ( A D 1 3 2 8
Joh n I ( A D 1 32 3 1 3 4
0) also call ed I van
e
was the first r uler u nder the N
ew Duk ed om
was fol low ed i n the govern m en t by Si mon Joh n
I I Dem etri u s I I Demetri u s I I I Bas i l I I I Basi l
I V, and Joh n I I I
Un der the l ast nam ed pri n ce the las t v es ti ges
o f Tartar serfdom i n Russia we re obli terated
5 ) w o n f o r h i m self
John I I I ( A D 1 4
62 1 5 0
an im p o rta n t p l ace i n hi story H is rei gn mar ks a
n ew epoch i n the an n al s o f Russia
J oh u was u n i ted
i n marri age with Sophi a, n i ece of t h e last G ree k
E m peror He was the fi rs t w h o ass u m ed t h e ti tle
or m
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C H RO N OLOGY AN D CONTE MPORAN EO U S H I STO RY
of Czar o r E m peror an d i s u sually rega rd ed the
fou nder of the Russian Em pi re
Bas i l V ( A D 1 505 1 5 3 3 ) so n of Soph i a
succeed to the th ro ne i n stead of D emetri u s eldest
He beca me i n vol ved i n a war w i th the
so n o f John
P o les an d s u bseq uen tly wi th the Cri m Tar tars The
latte r ente red R ussi a and hav i n g captu red Moscow
co m pell ed B as il to acc ept a posi tion of Vassal a ge i n
1 5 2 0 Bas il obtai ned the ti tle of Em peror from
M ax m il ia n I of Germany
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Cza a no m
or
M u sco v r , ( A D
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1 5 33
33
con vul sions the Czar el ect d ecl i ned the honor
He was however pers u ad ed to u ndertake the go v
m ad e one o f the most e fficien t and
ern m en t and
popul ar rul ers of h i s ti m e
M ich ael R
I) 1 6 1 3 —1 6 45 ) t h e fi rs t
o m a n o ff ( A
ruler of the great R
o m a no fl dy nas ty h ad wande red
i n exile and su ff ered in pri son bu t n ow he was
pl ace d i n a posit ion to dem and th e rel ease of the
royal ca pti ves H i s father wh o lan g u ished i n the
Pol i sh pri son at Warsaw was rescu ed by hi m and
h i s m ild rei g n was c h aracterized by reform s i n
social l ife
I t i s clai m ed that b e proh i bi ted the use of
tobacco as i nj u riou s to heal th and strength ; and
i ss u ed a proh i bi tion law agai nst the use of arden t
spi ri ts
A lex is ( A I) 1 6 45 —1 6 7 6 ) so n of the former
was u n l i ke h i s father Thro u g h h im se l f a nd hi s
ch ief m i n i ster M o ro s o fl th e o f fices and em ploy
ments of govern m en t were made articles of ta fli c
The o ppressed Russian s finally rose i n arm s agai n st
these abuses and oppression s ; bu t the reeki n g hand
of despoti sm su bd u ed thei r cries for j u sti ce w ith
t h e bl oody swo rd and l eg al chai n
Toward t h e cl ose of thi s reign a straggl i n g
ray of hope fel l u po n the v icti m s of thi s cruel
despoti sm an d som e ad van tages were sec u red to
the pe o ple by i n tercou rse w i th the more ad van ced
co u n tries o f the \Vest
Th eod ore I I ( A D 1 6 7 6 — 1 68 2 ) succeed s h is
father He was a sickly pri nce and after a m ere
nom i nal rei gn o f s ix yea rs left the th rone to h i s
brothers
I v an V a nd Peter I ( A D 1 6 8 2 —1 7 2 5 ) brother
and half brother of Theodore reig n ed joi n tly for
abou t seven years I v i n was al most bl i nd very
d ea f and wi thal id iotic Pete r was l i ttle more
than th ree y ears of age Sophia the beau ti ful and
accom pl i shed si ster of I v i n was mad e regen t
Sop h ia attem pted to sec u re th e crown to hersel f
b u t was defeated i n the u nder tak i n g
Peter I ( A
1 6 8 9—1 7 2 5 ) the G reat no w
as cend ed the thron e i n h i s o w n nam e and as th e
id iotic I vi n d id n o t i n terfere wi th the go vern m en t
he w as al low ed to l i ve i n pri vate and d ie i n peace,
i n 1 6 96 Pete r s rei gn w as very m arked i n ad v an c
i ng Russia to a l ead i n g posi tion among the powers
o f Europe
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Ivan I V ( A D 1 5 3 3 —1 5 8 4) the same as Joh n
I V su cce ed ed Bas il V
an abl e pri n ce
e was
wi th the Tar ta rs Poles
a n d i n h i s n umerou s wars
Swed es Dan es and Tu rks was g eneral ly successfu l
I n 1 5 5 3 the Engl ish trade was beg u n th rough
Archan gel Si beria was an nexed to the em p i re
i n 1 5 8 1 The art of prin ti ng a n d certai n branches
abo u t the close o f
o f man u factu re were i n trod uced
th i s rei g n
Theod o re I ( A D 1 5 8 4—1 5 98 ) so n of I v i n
su pposed to have bee n poi son ed
Bo ris G
8 —1 6 0
odoo no fi ( A D 1 5 9
6 ) the broth
a n d m in is te r o f The odore was placed on
er i n l a w
the th rone The beg i nn i ng o f th i s reign w as
si g nal ized by the emanci pation of the Ru ssian
serfs and o th e r j u st and l i beral ac ts ; b u t the S pi ri t
o f the
ty ran t at len gth betrayed i tsel f i n acts o f
cruelty w h ich co s t h i m h i s throne a nd h i s
l i fe
Demetri u s ( A D 1 606
the lost brother o f
Theodore who h ad w res ted the crown fro m G
od
o o n o fl was
hi m self deth ron ed and p u t to death i n
l ess th an a yea r a f ter he beg a n h i s rei g n
J o u ins ki ( A D 1 6 0
6 1610
) the leader of the
revol u tionary party seiz ed th e throne The co u n
try was d istracted by anarchy a nd ci vi l war d u ri ng
th i s rei g n and an i n terre g n u m of abo u t t h ree years
pas sed i n wh ich d es p era te e fl o rts were mad e by both
the Pol es and Swed es to seat a pri nce of thei r own
nation U po n the Ru ssi an th ron e
The Pol es were re pul se d i n a sangu i na ry battle
at Moscow i n 1 6 1 3 and a con vocation o f deputi es
from the nobl es pri ests an d bu rgesses of each
pro vi nce was held to el ect a Czar Mi ch ael
R
o m a o fl was
chosen
Sensibl
e
of
the dange rs
n
and cares which hedged abo u t the th ro ne am i d thes e
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34
H
A RT 0F
’
SA W YE R S C
'
Many cu riou s th in gs are rela ted o f th i s m on
arch Reali zin g the n ecessity o f a better n avy he
v is ited Holl an d u nder an assu med nam e in 1 6 98
en gaged h i m sel f as a co m mon laborer amon g the
shi p wr igh ts in the dock yard From Hol l a n d he
wen t to Englan d an d en gaged i n l i ke m an n er in
the royal dock yard at Deptford He h ewed an d
ham m ered l ike any other fru g al wor km an u n ti l he
had acqu i red the trade when he return ed to h i s
co u n try , an d ta ugh t h i s su bjects the ar t of
ow n
s hi p bu ild in g
Cathari ne I ( A D 1 7 2 5 — 1 7 2 7 ) w i fe o f Peter
the Great had bee n designated by the Em peror h is
s uccessor Leav in g th e m anag emen t o f the a ff ai rs of
the sta te to her ch ief m i n i ster M en sch iko fl th e
Em press gave herself u p to the m ost u n re stra i n ed
gratification o f her appeti tes and passion s These
excesses develo ped the most loathsom e m al ad i es
from wh ich she d i ed after the brief reign o f t w o
years
Peter 1 1 , ( A D 1 7 2 7 —1 7 30) son o f Al ex is
obtai n ed the th rone D u ri ng h is m i n ori ty Men
sch iko fl con ti n u ed the m ana gem en t o f the go ver n
m en t un ti l h i s O ppressi ve m easu res s ec u red h i s
ban ish m en t to Si beria I van D algo rusky brother
succeed ed to the
i u law to the you ng Em peror
m i n i stry an d u su r ped the crown
—1 7 4
A n ne ( A D 1 7 30
0) daugh ter o f I van
was chosen by a caucus o f general s and n obles to
s ucceed her father Con t rary to a pl edge she had
gi ven those w h o had raised her to the th ron e she
pl aced B i ren her former Cha m berlai n at the head
E x i le an d the knou t were the
o f the govern m en t
I t is affi rm ed h is
p ri ncip les by wh ich he ru l ed
ban i shmen ts to Si be r ia would averag e a hal f dozen
per day
The em press ca red l ittl e f o r the l i ves o f her
s u bj ects so lon g as she co uld i n dul ge h erself in
”
“
ch eer
f u l m us ic a nd g ay da n cing
A l i ttl e wh ile before her death hav i ng bee
o ff ended by one o f her m i n isters V olyn sk i ; she
ordered h i s tongue to rn from the roots h i s righ t
hand cu t off an d h i s m u tilated body behead ed
I van VI ( A D 1 7 4
01 7 41 ) gran d n ephew o f
the l ate em p ress was d eclared hei r to the th rone
B u t th e in n ocen t three m on ths o ld babe w ith h i s
m other An n e o f Meckl enbu rg only si xteen years o f
age as regen t co ul d n o t be ex p ected to enjoy the
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hon ors o f royal ty very long He was deth ron ed
and the Pri n cess El izabeth m ade em press
El izabeth ( A D 1 7 4
1 1 7 62 ) daugh ter o f
Peter th e G reat ; o n ascen d i ng t h e throne im p ris
oned the i n fan t I van an d the ro yal fam i ly
El izabeth ex h ibi ted so me trai ts of nobi l i ty as
well as others o f cru el ty She a bol ished capi tal
p u n ishm en t ; b u t subst i tu ted other cru el m od es o f
tor ture
Like El izabeth o f Engl an d she n ever m arri ed
b u t w as less noble than her na m esake She resign
ed th e m an age m en t o f state aff ai rs t o her m i n i ster
Pan in an d abandon ed hersel f to sham eless de
“
bauch Sh e di ed in 1 7 62 o f del i r iu m tremen s
w i th a hal f em ptied bran dy bottle i n h er hand and
”
obscene ra v in gs o n her ton gu e
The th ron e was l eft t o Peter I I I n ephew o f
El izabeth ; w h o can h ardly be said t o h ave rei gn ed
Con spi raci es were at once form ed wh i ch speed ily
d ep rived th i s d issol u te pri n ce o f h i s crown O n
the 9th o f Ju ly 1 7 6 2 Cath ar i n e con sort of Peter
en tered the capi tal i n the absence o f the Czar an d
repo rt ed her l i fe im p erril ed by the d ecree o t her
h usban d The sol d iery d ecl ared f or h er and sh e
was crown ed by the A rchbi sh op o f N
o v o g o rod as
sovereig n o f Ru ssia u nder th e n am e o f Cath ari n e
II
Peter was th row n in to p riso u by order o f the
em press where h i s l ife was p u t o u t by the ad m i n
is trat ion of poi son
Cathari n e I I ( A D 1 7 62 1 7 96 ) w h o form erly
bore the n ame SOp h ia was a Pru ssian ; and agai n
”
“
by
i ll ustrated the abu se o f the appellation Great
m ou ld i ng h er crim es i n col ossal d i m en sion s She
con cei v ed m any grand schemes wh ich were n ever
ex ecu ted ; an d f ou nded ci ties wh ich were n ever
bu i lt On re tu rn i n g from a si te o n the Dn ieper
where h e had accom pan ied the em press to lay the
fou n dation sto n e of a n ew ci ty Joseph I I o f
“
Au str ia d rily remarked
Th e em press an d I have
th i s day ach i ev ed a grea t work ; she has laid the
fi rst s tone o f a great cit y an d I have laid the
l astt
The most red eem i n g featu re o f her l i fe was
th e enco u ragem en t she gave to t h e developm en t o f
Ru ssian l i terat u re
1 ) so n o f th e preced
Pau l I ( A D 1 7 96— 1 8 0
ing em pres s succ eeded h i s m other o n the throne .
He mod ified so me o f the worst m eas u res o f h is
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A
CHRON OLOGY
ND
CONTE
MPO RA N EOUS H ISTORY
mothers reign : B u t hi s subs equ en t cond uct p ro
v o ked a con spi racy , and h e was m u rdered i n h i s bed
“
chamber H i s death cry was an d th en too my
”
Con stan ti ne !
A lexander I [A D 1 8 0
1 — 1 8 2 5 ] was crown ed
Septem ber 2 7 1 8 0
1 at the age o f twen ty fou r
Th i s em peror endeavored to promo te the wel fare o f
Russi a He broke t h e fetters whi ch had so l on g
p a ralized her com m erce and dom estic i n d u stry ;
es tabl ish ed school s ; elevated t he peasan try ; reo r
gan ized t h e m il i tary arm of govern m en t ; mod ified
the l aws ; i m prov ed the pu bl ic h i g hways ; rewarded
meri t i n h is su bj ec ts ; and co n tr i bu ted i n other way s
toward the promotion of h i s em pi re His cond uct
am id the sti rri ng scenes of the French revol u tion
and h i s con nection w i th Napo l eon Bonaparte ex
h ibited d ign ified ambi tion , a nd n obl e beari ng q u i te
i n ad van ce of many of h i s pred ecesso rs
N i chol as ( A D 1 8 2 5 1 8 5 5 ) s u cceeded h i s
brother Al exander Con stan ti n e th e parricid e hav
i n g rel i nqu i shed hi s clai m to the th rone and en ter
ed u pon the dom in ation o f Poland
N ichol as l ike h i s predece ssor sought to d e
v elo
p the esoteric resou rces of h i s em pi re ; bu ildi ng
ex ten si ve l in es of rai l way and f os teri n g i n ternal
i nd u str ies H is am bi ti on fi nally i n vol v ed h i m i n
a war w ith Turkey and her E u ropean al l ies i n th e
m idst of which he fel l by the hand o f d i sea se an d
was followed on the throne by h i s so n
Alexander I I ( A D 1 8 5 5 —1 8 7 8 ) con ti n ued
th e war of the Cri mea i n which h is father was ih
v ol ved at the ti m e o f h is death
A fter an obsti nate
con test w h ich co n ti n u ed m any m on th s h e was
overpower ed and ter ms of peace were ag reed
u pon
Su b seq u en tly in 1 8 7 7 , he beca me agai n in
vol v ed i n w ar wi th Turkey the i ssu es of wh ich
were more favorabl e to the Czar
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T URKI SH E M PI RE ( Ottom a n )
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ter part o f the th ir teen th ce ntu ry Os m a n at th e
head of a ban d of warriors took possession of th e
co u n try of the Sel euci dae i n A si a M in or The
conqueror assu med the name of Sul tan and pu rs u
i n g h i s co nqu ests took the ci ty o f Pr us s i n B ith y
n ia wh ich he mad e the ca pi ta l of hi s Em pi re
The Sul tans of T urkey begi n wi th the above
n am ed con qu eror
Osm an ( A D 1 2 99— 1 3 2 6) was al so call ed
Ot to man gave the latter n ame to that a u tocratic
dynasty wh ich nearly si x cen turies ago dom icil ed
i tsel f i n one of th e best portion s of the globe and
has si nce su stai n ed i tsel f by ex tortion and pl u nder
O rchan ( A D 1 32 6— 1 3 6 0
) son of th e for m er
— 1 38 9 son of Orchan
A m u ra th I ( A D 1 36 0
)
was assassi n ated by o n e of hi s o w n sol d iers
B aj azet I ( A D 1 38 9 1 4
02 ) son of A m u ra t h
beca m e i n vol v ed i n a war wi th Tam erlan e the cele
b ra ted sovereign of Tartary
The Tartars who h ad every wh ere been v icto ri
ou s en tered A si a Mi n or and con fron ted the ar my
of th e Sul tan betwee n Caesarea and A ngora The
fiel d was stu bbor nly con tes ted on bo t h sides and
the battl ei s said to have been on e of the blood iest
eve r fou gh t
Tamerlan e was v ictoriou s an d B aj azet was
made prisoner and th rown i n to th e i ron cagew h ich
he had prepared for h is antagon ist
H i s chagri n m ade h i m desperate and he beat
h is b rai n s o u t agai n s t the bar s of h i s cage
Soly man I ( A D 1 4
02 — 1 4
10
) so n of the pre
v io us Sul ta n secu red
t h e crown bu t was su b se
q ueu t ly dethroned by h i s broth er M usa Chel ebi
M u sa ( A D 1 41 0
441 3 ) succeeded Solyman
bu t was al lowed to reig n only three years wh en
he was p u t to death i n a v iol en t m an ner and th e
crown seized by an other brother
Moham m ed I ( A D 1 4
13 14
2 1 ) perhaps the
most gifted son of B aj azet was able by h i s co ur
age and talen ts to exe rcise dom i n ion over th e T u rks
for abo u t eight years
A m u rath I I ( A D 1 4
2 1 —1 4
5 1 ) w h o s ucceed ed
h is father o n the th ron e was a brave b u t cru el m an
e capt ur ed Thessalon ica an d p u t th e in h abitan ts to
the sword H e al so w o n the famou s battle of Var
n a i n whic h Lad islaus K i n g o f H ungary was slai n
The m oral atm osp h erefin wh ich he l i ved l ike all h is
pred ecessors was sul try
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Th i s E mp i re em braces terr i to ry i n E u rope
A si a and A frica Turkey i n Europe con tai n s
abo u t
square m iles an d
in
h aaita n ts
Tu rkey i n Asi a, em braces abo u t 5 60
0
0
0 square m iles o f t err i tory an d
in
habi tan ts : The Turkish possess ion s i n A fr ica are
m ade u p o f the states o f E gy pt Tri pol i and T u n is
The Tur ks were o f Asiatic o ri gi n I n the lat
35
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SA W YER S C
’
36
Mohamm ed I I ( A D 1 4
5 1 —1 4
8 1 ) the great
est warrior o f al l th e Tu rk ish S ul tan s w o n several
brill ian t v ic tories O n May 2 9 1 45 3 he ca p tured
Con stan ti nopl e a nd th us pu t an end to th e Greek
Em p ire an d establ i shed the seat of Tu rk ish do m i n
i o n more fi r mly in E u rope
8 1 1 5 1 2 ) succeeded h i s
B aj azet I I ( A D 1 4
fathe r o n the thron e He con ti n ued the work o f
conquest begu n by hi s predecessor ; bu t fi nally ex
han ste d by fati g u e an d debauchery he was abou t to
abd icate i n favor of h is el dest so n when he was de
th rone d by Sel i m a you nger son
Sel i m I ( A D 1 5 1 2 — 1 5 2 0
) si g nal ized h i s
reign by the massacre o f h is relati ves and others
who m i g ht em barrass h i s am bi tio us d esi g n s
H i s ar m s acq u ired terr itory i n Egypt Pers ia
an d Ar men ia
—1 5 6 6
Soly m an I I [A D 1 5 2 0
] h ad scarcely
m ou n ted the thron e wh en h e form ed th e desi g n
o f ex tend in g h i s Em pi re as m uch i n E u ro p e as h is
father had ex t ended i t i n Asia The u ndertaki n g
w as accom pl i shed by the most cruel and barbarou s
m ean s
Sel i m I I [ A D 1 5 66—1 5 7 4
] so n of S o ly m an
m ade p eace w ith Germany and P ersia and fu r
ther enlarged the O ttoman E m p i re
In 1 5 7 2 the Tu r kish n avy h i therto the most
for m idable i n Eu rope was al most a nih ilated i n
the great battl e of Le p an to
—1 5 95 on ascend i n g
A m urath II I [ A D 1 5 7 4
]
th e thron e of h i s father made war u po n Ru ss ia
Pol and Germ any ,and Ven ice an d s ubd u ed the
prov i nce o f Geor g ia
H e had twen ty son s n i neteen of whom were
cru ely pu t to death by th e
l dest ; who s uc ceeded
h is father o n the thron e as Moha m med I I I
Moham med I I I [A D 1 5 95 1 6 03 ] h ad no
soon er ascended the throne than he ca used oth er
execu tions a mong them h i s eldest son a pri nce of
excel len t q ual i ties
Ah m ed [A D 1 6 0
3 46 1 7 ] succeeded hi s father
at the age of 1 5 years
H is reign i s ch iefl y memorabl e for the g reat
fi res i n Con stan ti nopl e
M u stapha [ A D 1 6 1 7 — 1 6 1 8 ] succ eeded h i s
brother ; b u t was soon deposed on acco u n t of h is
cruel t y an d en to mbed in the castle o f the seven
towers
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HA RT O F
Osman I I , [A D 1 61 8 — 1 62 2 ] Was pl aced o n
the throne b u t after a re i g n of fou r years he was
m urdered and h i s u ncle restored to the thron e A f
ter occu p yi ng the th ron e abou t o n e y ear M u stapha
was agai n deposed
0] the brother
A m u ra th I V [ A D 1 6 2 3 1 6 4
o f O s m an w h o n ow
succeed ed h i s u n cle o n the
throne was a pr i nce o f both cou rage an d cruel
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ty
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I brah im [A D 1 6 4
0— 1 6 48 ] brother o f Am u
rath who had langu i shed fou r years i n p ri son was
elevated to th e th rone After a n i n e years reign
he was co m p elled to abd icate the th rone an d soon
afterward was pu t to death
Moham m ed I V [A D 1 649— 1 6 8 7 ] son o f the
u n fortun ate I brah im enj oyed a long an d pros p erou s
rei g n He co nd ucted th e cam pai g n agai n st Crete
an d added that i slan d to the dom i n i on o f the cres
en t The reign of thi s merci fu l p rince m arks an
i m portan t p a ge i n the h istory of Tu rkey
Soly m an I I I [A D 1 6 8 7 —1 6 91 ] was placed on
the thron e by th e so ldery w h o deposed h i s brother
He en gaged i n war with Germany and Ven ice b u t
was u n su ccessful
Ahm ed I I [ A D 1 6 91 1 6 95 ] s ucceed ed h i s
brother He was a weak p ri nce w ith l ittl e power
to do ev il an d l i ttl e d isposi tion to do good
M ustapha I I [ A D 1 6 95 —1 7 0
3] eldest son o f
Moham med I V was d isp sed aft er a reign of eigh t
y ears
A h med I I I [ A D 1 7 0
3 —1 7 3 0
] who s ucceed ed
h is brother as S ul tan of T u rkey i s ch ie fl y remem
bered for h i s cru elty to a body o f 1 40
0
0sold iers
“
who revol ted u nder h is tyran ny I t i s sa id they
were carr i ed off i n the n i g ht and d rowned i n the
B osphorus ” A hm ed was i n vol ved i n wars w i t h
Russia Ger m any Ven ice an d Persia wh ich m ade
ser iou s d raft s u pon the resou rces of the E m pi re
He was de p osed i n 1 7 3 0 an d h is nephew elevated
t o the th ron e
—1 7 5 4 also cal l ed
Mahm u d I [A D 1 7 3 0
]
Mo h am m en d V a ff ected considera b le alteration s in
the con d uct of the go vern m en t He was u ns u c
h is war wi th Russia and was obl i ged to
ce ss f u l i n
m ake i mportan t concess ions to K oul i K han i n
P ersia
—1 7 5 7 rel eas ed from
Os ma n I I I [A D 1 7 5 4
]
prison to asce nd the th ro n e on the death o f h is
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SAW YER S C HA RT OF
’
38
“
throne He is k now n as a wea k an d u n w ise
”
p ri nce
who
Fred erick W ill iam I I I ( A D 1 7 97 —1 8 4
)
0
n ext ascen ded the th ron e laid clai m to the Elector
ate o f Han over an d th u s beca m e i n vol ved i n a wa r
w i th N apo l eon B onaparte
Frederick was defeated i n th e cel ebrated bat
tl e o f Jena an d Napoleon pu sh in g h is con q uests
brought th e Pru ssian k in gdom u nder h is sway
An al l ian ce o f the Eu ro p ean powers recovered
the territory a n d res to red i t to the u n fortu n ate
Fred erick
—1 8 6 1
Frederick Wi ll i a m I V ( A D 1 8 4
0
)
s ucceeded h is father u po n th e P ru ssian throne
The revol u tion ary wave o f 1 8 48 roll ed th rou gh
P ru ssia bu t th e ki ng by bowin g to the po p u lar
wil l for a t i me al l ayed the tu m ul t
Wil l iam I ( A D 1 86 1 — 1 8 7 8 ) bro t her of Fred
er ick Wi ll iam I V , ascended the thron e i n 1 8 6 1
I n 1 86 6 war broke o u t between Prussia an d
Au stria in which the form er power th rou gh the
abl e m anagemen t o f Co u n t B ism ark p rem ier o f
K in g Wi ll iam attai ned bri ll i an t success
A s a resu l t o f the war P ru ssi a ad vanced i n
the fron t ran k i n th e
o n e mon t h from the rear to
g reat E uropea n Pen tarchy The E m p eror N
a p ol
eon I I I o f France havi ng declared war agai nst
Prussia i n 1 8 7 1 met an o verwhel m i ng defeat by
the arm s o f Will iam a n d the E m peror and ca p i tal
Fran ce fel l i n to the hands o f the v ictoriou s
of
G er man s
Th is war res ul ted i n the establ ish men t of the
o l d G erman
em p ire an d Wi ll iam I was crowned
em peror
A U ST R I A Ns ie n n a
A ustria has a hi story wh ich reaches back to the
earl y dawn f th e fou rteen th cen tu ry The famou s
house of Ha p sbu rg whose pol i tical fortu n es were
cradl ed i n the ancien t castl e of Hapsbu r g i n Swi tz
erland was among the most ill u striou s fam il ies of
E u rope Al bert succeeded Rodol ph h i s father i n
the i mperi al d iad em of Germany abou t 1 2 98 th u s
for a ti me associati n g the govern m en t o f A ustri a
w ith the Germ a n E m pi re The rul e o f Al bert of
A u stria was ch aracter ized by s uch ty ran ny over
the Swi ss that the brave and resol u te S w tzers
revol ted i n 1 3 0
7 u nder the lead o f the cel ebrated
W ill iam Tel l
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I n the year 1 8 0
4 pol i tical em barras m en ts
l ed Franci s I I to su rre n der th e d ign ity o f
th e German E m p ire and assu m e the ti tle o f Fran
ci s 1 Em pe ror o f A u stria From th i s date A u stria
m ay be said to have a d isti nct h i sto r
y
—1 8 35
Franci s I ( A D 1 8 0
4
) had ba rely en
t ered u pon the d u ties o f h i s new Em pi re
i n his
ca p ital ci ty V ien n a on the Dan u be when he becam e
i n v o l ved i n fresh com pl ication s w ith th e F
ren ch
B y the g reat battles of Maren g o an d Hohen l i nden
Ul m an d A u sterl i tz Au stria was depri ved o f large
tracts o f terri tory
In 1 8 0
9 Franci s opposed the A u strian arm s
to the v ictorious N apol eon ; b ut wi th resi stl ess en
erg y the great co n q u eror bore down h i s O ppo n e n ts
the capi tal o f A ustria d ictated h i s
an d en teri ng
A u stria was agai n dep ri v
o w n term s to Franci s
ed o f large possession s
D u r in g the fi nal stru g gle between Napoleon
and the al l ied powers o f E u rope A u stria agai n
reco vered her los t possession s an d acqu i red som e
ad d i t ional territory
Ferd i nan d I ( A D 1 8 35 1 8 4
8 ) succeed ed h i s
father on the A u strian th ron e H e had held the
rei n s o f govern m en t abou t th irteen years when a
revol u tion broke ou t wh ich com p elled h is a bd ica
tion of the th ron e i n favor of h i s n ephew F
rancis
J oseph Decem ber 2 1 8 48
Francis Joseph ( A D 1 8 4
8 — 1 8 7 7 ) began h i s
reign u n der a l i beral con sti tu tion b u t i n 1 8 5 2 he
succeeded i n revoki n g the con sti tu tion of 1 8 4
9
an d hence f rth u nder the Concordat the Em peror
o f A u s t ria has wielded absol u te power
The d i s
sol u tion o f the German Co n fed erati on i n 1 8 6 6
was fo llowed by a war between A ustria and P russia
i n which the A u strian s and thei r Saxon al l ies
m en were h u m bl ed at Sad owa
n u mbering
o ne of the grea test battles of modern ti m es J uly 3
1 8 66 by the P russian s w h o n um bered
P eace was concl uded on the 2 3 d of A ugu st and A u s
tri a lost her posi tio n as on e o f the lead i ng con ti
n eu ta l powers o f E u rope
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I T AL I A N D Y NA STY
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The early h i story o f I ta ly i s l in ked wi th the a n
nal s of Ro me
Clouds obscu re the o rigi n o f th i s
garden o f Eu rope and l i ttle that i s truly h i sto rical
can be d isco vered earl ier than B C 7 5 3 From
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C HRONO LOG Y
ND
A
CONTE MPORAN EOUS H ISTORY
th is date dow n to A D 4
7 6 I tal y fu rn i shes the
h ead q uar ters for the Roma n l e gi on s and the Cap i
E mpi re Som eti me after A D
t al o f the Great
50
0 the Lo mbard s ente red I taly and fou nded a
ki n gdom which con ti n u ed abo u t two cen tu ries
wh en i t was overthrown by C harlem agn e who be
ca me Em peror of th e Wes t The te rri tory passed
fro m the hand s of the old Ro man s to the n o rt hern
Barbarian s then to the French aft erward to the
German s ; bu t the I tal ian s refu sed any absol u te
co n trol by the foreign ruler w h o as ser ted hi s r igh t
of govern m en t
A bo u t the fou rteen th cen t u ry I ta ly was broken
u p ; and the followi n g states con st itu ted ou t of the
frag men ts
N aples Tusca ny Par ma and Lom ba rdy the
G enoesean d th e Ven etian terri tories the s t ates of
t he Roman Ch u rch an d other s mal l sta tes
The presen t ki n gdom o f l ta ly was for med by
accretions of terri tory f ro m the o t her states to the
dom in ion of Victor Eman u el The fi rst I ta l ian
p arl iamen t m et at Turi n Feb 1 8 1 8 6 1 and on the
2 8 th enac ted the n ew ti tl e of K i n g o f I ta l
y
Victo r Eman uel ( A D 1 8 6 1 1 8 7 8 ) w as ac
knowl ed g ed mon arch of the n ew k i ngdom i n 1 8 6 1
A few mon th s p rev iou s to his recei v i ng the new ti
tle he h ad taken possessio n of Paler mo ( Dec 1 s t
1 8 60
) an d thu s add ed Sici ly to h i s dom i n ion
Tusca ny was acqu i red the same year Mod en a
and Parma had al so d eclared for t he n ew k i n gdom
Su bseq uen tly i n 1 8 7 0 the K ing ga i n ed p ossession
e f t h e states of the C hu rch
B y thi s aq u is it io n of terri tory to the I tal ian
govern m en t the Rom an Po n t ifl was depri ved of th e
las t vesti ge of h i s tem poral p ower
H u m bert I [ A D 1 8 7 8 ] s ucceed ed to the
I tal ian throne on the death of h i s father Jan uary
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cer ta i n and ample retu rn s Dom estic peac e i s
m ain ta i n ed wi thou t the i n terven tion o f a l arge
stand i n g army A n efli cien t n a v ey brood s over
ou r co m merce wh ich fl oats every sea an d pen etrates
every cl i m e Ou r national reso urces are devel oped
by a faithfu l cul tu re of the arts of peace Every
Am erican enj oy s the fru i ts o f h i s ow n i nd u stry ;
and i s free to p u bl i sh hi s own con viction s Rel i g i on
free fro m persec u tion asks n o su bsidy from the
state ; bu t i s recogn ized for her rega rd sh o w n in th e
su ppor t of pu bl ic m o ral s an d i s m ai n tai n ed by
the benefacti on s of an en l igh ten ed con v iction and
a pu re fai th Ed ucation i s fos tered by pu bl ic gi f ts
and p romoted by pri vate en dow men t A r t science
an d l iteratu re are rapidly ad vancin g to a po si tion
i n th is cou n try wh ich wil l challen ge the respe ct
Al l the i n d u stries of ci v il ized
of older n ation s
l i fe are p l i ed w i th g rati fy i n g success Such i s ou r
presen t cond i tion ; bu t let u s retros pect the h i story
of thi s cou n t ry
I n p u rsu in g the hi story of the Un i ted Sta tes
i t i s wel l to n ote the the periods i n to wh ich it i s
d i v i d ed These are
First The period of Voyages an d D isco ver i es
A D 98 6—1 6 00
—1 7 7 5
S eco n d The Colon ial period A D 1 60
0
T/zzrd The period of Revol u tion an d Con fed
cration A I ) 1 7 7 5 —1 7 8 9
Fam l /z The N ational pe riod A D 1 7 8 9— 1 8 7 8
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89
P
ERI OD FI R ST
,
em braces th e h i story o f voyages an d d iscoveries
made i n the Wes tern Hem i sphere by the fol lowin g
n ation s
I Nor weg ian The Western Con ti nen t i s
su pposed to have been fi rst seen by ER
J U LF
SO N
a Norse n avi gator i n A D 98 6 He i s sai d to
have beheld the coast o f Labrador bu t d id n ot
e ff ect a l and i n g
I I Ice lan d ic LI E F E
a re x son
an I celand ic
voya ger land ed u pon the coas t o f Labrador A D
10
01
T HO R W A LD E
a rexs o n land ed u pon the
coas t o f
Ma in e i n A D 1 0
02 and i s said to have penetrated
the co un try as far as Fal l Ri ver Massachu setts
where he d i ed
T u o a sr nm E
a rc xsou al so brother o f L ie
] vis
05
i ted th e coast o f New Engl and in A D 1 0
H
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GO V E R NM ENT O FT HEU NI T E D ST A T E S O FA MER I C A
These Un i ted S ta tes con st i tu te an essential
portion o f a g reat p ol i tica l system em br aci n g al l
the ci vi l ized n at ion s of the globe The sovereignty
o f the peopl e i s
here a con ced ed ax iom and the
laws establ ished u po n that basi s are cher ished wi th
fai th fu l patrioti sm P rosperi ty follows the exeeu
tio n o f even j u sti ce ;i n ven tion i s q u icken ed by the
freedom of com peti tion ; an d l a bor reward ed by
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4
0
SAWY ER S CHA RT OF
’
TH
I NNK A RLSEFNE i s su pposed to have
O RF
coasted al on g the A m er ican con ti nen t from Mas sa
07
ch uset ts t o V irgi n i a i n A D 1 0
I f we determ i n e th e q u estion of the d i sco very
o f A merica by the well est a bl i shed princi ple of
th e Ph ilosophy of H i story “a n ev en! m u st be
”
zed by it s con se u ences
we m u st rej ec t th e
w a g/
q
N orwe g ian an d Icel a n d ic clai m s to the hon or of
the real d i scoverers of th e North A m erican Con t i
n ent They cam e they saw they departed
I I I Span i sh C H
R I STO PHE RC O LU M B U S sail i ng
u n der th e ausp ices of Ferd i n a n d and I sabella of
S p ai n d i scovered San Sal vador i n A D 1 492 :
J am ai ca and P orto Rico i n 1 494; and th e m ai n
l and of So uth A m erica abou t 1 1 96 A m a m c o
V E S P U CC I v i si ted So ut h A m erica i n 1 499 a n d t w o
years later m ad e a second voyag e apparen t ly
w i thou t aff ecti n g a n y n ew d i scoveries Retu rn i n g
to E u rope he p u bl i shed h i s clai med d iscovery i n
the \Ves teru Hem i sph ere an d succeeded i n
attach i n g h i s own n a m e to the t wo vast Co n ti n e n ts
P o n c e DE L E O Nd i scovered
o f th e Western Ocean
the P en i n sula of Florida A D
N U NEZ D r
B A LB OA d iscovered the Pac i fi c Ocean in A D 1 5 1 3
F ER NA ND E Z D r; C o u no v a made the d i sco very of
Y ucatan an d the B ay of C a m peachy A D 1 5 1 7
F ER NA NDO Co m e s d i scovered an d m ad e con q uest of
M exico 1 5 1 9 F ER D I NA ND M A G
E LLA N fo u n d a
passa ge to the Sou th P acific th rou g h a strai t wh ich
n o w bears the d isc o verers nam e A
D 1 5 19 In
th e fol lowi n g years A D l 5 2 0h e touch ed at a g roup
of i slan ds cal led the Lad ro nes ;s t ill la t er he cam e to
the P h il ip p i ne isl ands where he fel l i n a ba t tle wi t h
the n ati ves
V A SQ U E Z D EA e 0Nd isco v e red Ch ieo ra ( South
Carol i na ) A D 1 5 2 0 and k id na p ped a n u m ber of
n ati ve I nd ian s
He was made Governor of Ch icora
by C harl es V and retu rn ed to h i s n ew p rov i nce i n
1 5 25
The ou traged i nd ian s d rove h i m from the
cou n t ry an d he reti red to St Dom i n go i n d isgrace
I LO D E N A R V A E Z
PA M P H
w i th a com m issio n from
C harles V as Govern o r of Florida sail ed westward
and reached Tam p a B a y i n A p r il 1 5 2 8 \Vi th a
force of two h u nd red an d six ty sold iers an d forty
h orsem en h e pl u n ged i n to the w ilderness i n search
o f gold
The ad ven tu res of th i s l ittle ban d are
ful l o f wil d ro m an ce
F ER D INA ND D ESo re w i th a s p l end id squad ron
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left the harbor o f San Lucar i n 1 5 3 9 and a f ter a
prosperou s voyag e cast anchor i n Tam pa B ay
I m i tati ng h i s pred ecessor De Soto set o u t am id
the w ilds of the N ew World i n pu rsu it o f gold I n
1 54
0 he cam e u po n th e for tifi ed I n d ian town of
Mobile where a terr i bl e battle was fough t wi th th e
n ati ves Two thou san d fi v e h u n dred I nd ian s are
said t o have peri sh ed De Soto lost abou t o ne
h u n d red an d si x t y ei gh t in k i ll ed an d wou n ded
W ith th e rem nan t of h i s l i ttl e army the brav e
caval ier pu shed westward and cam e u pon the Mi s
s is s i
Crossi n g th e ri ver De Soto
1
p p i r i ver i n 1 5 4
moved northward u n ti l h e reached a p oi n t n ear the
presen t si te of N ew M ad rid i n M i ssou ri A gai n
th ei r co urse i ncl i ned to the sou th an d once m o re
the y stood u pon th e banks of the G reat Fath er of
Waters H ere n ea r th e si te of Natchez the p roud
spi rit of De Soto gave way and he peri shed from
fever Hi s rudely e ne flin ed rem ai n s were bu r ied
by h is broken hearted com rades i n the M i ssissi ppi
I V French V ERRAZ Z A NI d iscovered th e coast
of N orth Caro li na and coasted n ort h as far as
Newfou n dland i n A D 1 5 2 4 J AMES C A R TI ER
sailed u p the St La w rence ri ver i n 1 5 3 4 The
followi ng year havi ng retu rn ed to A m erica w i t h a
colony h e reached the C oast on St Lawrence bay
hen ce gave the n am e of that m arty r to the bay an d
ri ver wh ich have si nce retai ned the n a m e J O H N
l i B A U M a brave and ex perienced sailor i n sea rch
of a n asy l u m for the pers ecu ted H u g u enots
l eft France i n February 1 5 0
2 and stri ki n g the coast
of Flor ida sai led north as far as Port Royal A fort
an d n am ed Carol i n a i n honor o f
w as con structed
Charl es IX LA R
d iscovered Sabl e Islan d
oa
A I) 1 5 98 S AM U EL C H A M P LA IN d i scovered Canad a
i n A D 1 6 03 and selected th e si te of the presen t
ci ty o u e bec f o r a fort D r: M o Nrs sailed from
France A D 1 604 and an ch ored hi s fl eet i n th e
bay of Fu ndy He afterward s took possession of
No v a Scoti a and adjacen t i slands an d call ed the
cou n try Acad ia
V Engl ish J O H N C an er formerly a darin g
sail or and n ow a weal thy m erchan t of B ri stol was
com m i ssioned by Hen ry VI I o f En g land to
make d iscoveries and exploration s i n the Atlan tic
and I nd ian ocean s Thi s d i sti n g u i shed nav igator
sai led from B ristol i n A pril 1 496 an d on the 2 i th
o f J u ne moored h is fl eet o n the d is mal s hores o f
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CH RON OLOGY AN D CONTEMPORA N EO U S H ISTO RY
L a brad or Cabot wen t o n s ho re and took posses
u
s i o n o f the co u n try i n the nam e o f the ki n g o f E
gland Thi s is regard ed the real d isco very o f th e
N orth Am erican Con ti nen t S EBA S TI A N C A BO I
father in ex ploration s u p o n the
s ucw ed ed h is
RO B I s u R
A m erica n Coast A D 1 4
98
M AR TIN F
R
m ade the d isco very O f the Meta I n c og n i ta ( I sl an d )
in A D 1576 F
RANC I S D RA K E v i si ted the Pacific
coas t of North A m erica i n A D 1 5 7 9 M A RT I N
P R ING d isco vered Mar tha s Vi n eyard A D 1 60
3
VI D u tch H E N RY H U DSO N m ad e th e d is
in A D
co v ery o f Sandy Hook a n d H u dson s Bay
1 6 1 0 A D RI A N B LOC fi rst en tered the Con necticu t
r i ver A D 1 6 1 4 C HRI s rI A NSO Nd isco v ered Cast le
I sland A D 1 6 1 4 C OR NEL I US M AY d is covered
Delaware Bay A D 1 6 1 5
The abo ve record exh i b i ts w hat w e con cei ve to
be the m ost i m por tan t fac ts e m braced i n the period
O f v oy a es an d d iscoveri es
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E mb race s the es tabl ish men t of the A m erican col o
n ies The fol lowi ng abs tract of colon ial h i story
wil l g i ve the date o f settlemen t ti me o f erec tion
i n to i n dependen t sta tes of the Un ion by a dop ti ng
the Con sti tu tion and so me charac teri stics of the
several d istr icts o f the cou n try :
I V IRGI N I A C OLO N Y settl ed at Jamesto wn by
the Engl ish Lo n do n com pany A D 1 607 Becam e
sta te o f the Un ion 1 7 8 8 The
a n i ndepe nden t
su rface o f the cou n try i s vari ed ; the cl i mate good ;
the m ineral res ou rces em braci ng coal i ron and
sal t am ple ;ag r icu ltu ra l capabi l i ties large ; man u
f act u rin g and co m m erci l faci l i ties un s u rpassed ;
ed ucatio n l i be rally patron ized Rich mond i s the
capi tal
I I M ASSACH US ETTS C OLO N Y settl ed at Ne w
Ply mou th by the Engl i sh o u r Pi lgri m Father s
sel f ex iled o n acco u n t o f Rel i g io n A D 1 6 2 0
W as erecte d i n to a state o f t h e U n ion i n 1 7 8 8
She has a fai r cl i mate ; bu t the steri li ty o f her soi l
h as re ndered agricul tu re l ess rem unerati ve t h an
other i nd u stri es Her m an u f act u ries are among
the m os t i m por tan t ; her com m erce i s ex ten si ve ;
and her ed ucational faci l i ti es amon g the best i n th e
world B os to n i s her capi tal
III N
EW ANP s EC O LO N Y se ttl ed nea r t h e
p rese n t si te of Ports mou th , acco rdi ng to a gra n t
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P ER I OD SECO N D
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the cou nci l o f Plym ou th to G orges an d
M ason A D 1 623 Beca m e an i ndepen den t s tate
Her cl i mate i s rather cold
o f the U n ion i n 1 7 8 8
bu t h eal th fu l ; soi l l i gh t yet adapted to grazi n g ;
her m an u f act u ries are o f som e i m porta nce ; an d h er
m i neral weal th n o t i nsi gn ifican t The capi tal i s
Conco rd
1V N
EW Y O R K C OLO NY settl ed o n Man hattan
Island by the Du tch Protestan t refugees from
Flan ders i n Belgi u m o f th e sam e fai th as the
u uen o ts A D 1 6 2 3
Erec ted i n to an I nde
g
penden t state of the Un ion i n 1 7 88 W i th a tem
pe rate cl im ate ;vast com mercial resou rces ; a bu nd
an t agricul tu ral an d m i neral weal th she has n o
su perior in the gal axy o f s tates A l bany i s her
capi tal
V C O NN ECT I C U T C OLO N Y settl ed at W i ndsor
by th e En gl ish A D 1 6 3 0 The D u tch h ad tak e n
tem po ra ry possession a l i ttl e earl ier at Hartfo rd
bu t were co m pell ed to rel in qu i s h t hei r hold u po n
the co un try Erected i n to a sta te of the Un ion i n
A D 1 7 8 8 Cl i ma te tem perate ; h as l arge m i n
eral weal th consi sti ng O f go ld sil ver l ead i ron
copper and bism u th
Qu arries of excel len t m arble a nd gran i te
abo u n d Her m a n u f act u ries and com m erce furn ish
the chi ef reven ue to the sta te Hartford and New
Haven are joi n tly her cap i tal
VI M ARYL A N D C OLO N Y settl ed at St M ary s
by a colony u nder Leon ard Cal vert, secon d so n o f
Lo rd B al tim ore as an asyl u m for persec u ted Cath
o l ics and others A D 1 6 3 3
Beca me a state of the
Un ion i n 1 7 8 8 The cl i m ate i s m ild ; an d t h e soi l
adap ted to a g ricu l tu ral p u rsu i ts Her com merc ial
ad van tages are good The capi tal i s An napol i s
V I I R HODE I sLA ND C OLO N Y s ettl ed by Roger
Will iam s and other rel igiou s exi les from M assach u
set te s t Prov iden ce A I) 1 636 B ecame a sta te o f
the Un ion i n 1 7 90 Here fi rst th e Bapti st pri nci
ple o f so ul l i be rt y was all ow ed ful l exercise Th e
cl i mate i s tem perate ; her m anu f actu ries and co m
m ercial
p u rsu i ts aff ord th e p ri nci pal reven ue
are
joi
n
tly
her
capi
tal
Provi den ce an d N
p
ew ort
settl ed n ea r Wil
V I I I D EL A W A RE C OLO NY
m i ng tou by the Swed es u nder the auspices o f thei r
Christian K i ng G us tavu s Adol ph u s A D 1 638
Became a s tate o f the Un ion i n 1 7 8 7 Her cl i ma te
i s agreea bl e, exce pt am i d the severi ties o f wi n ter ;
f rom
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HA RT O F
SA W YER S C
42
’
h er soil i s general ly fertil e G rai n an d fr u i t
constitu t e her pri nci pal Teso urces Th e ca pi tal i s
Dover
settl ed a t a
I X N OR T H C AROL I N A C OLO N Y
p oi n t o n the ri ver Chowan by the En gl ish A D
B ecame an i ndependen t state of th e Un ion
Th e surface of the
i n 1 7 8 9 The cl im ate i s m ild
cou n try i s low in the east an d mo u n tai nou s i n th e
west The soi l is ferti l e bu t as yet her ag ricul
t u ral resou rces are only partial ly developed Her
forests y ield l u mber and t u rpen ti ne a bu n dan tly ;
yam s rice and cotton are successfully cul ti vated
Her fisheries are a so u rce of weal th Ral ei g h i s
h er capi tal
EW J ER S EY C OLO NY settled at E l izabeth
X N
town by En g l i sh P u ri tan s after the E n gl ish had
w rested the cou n try fro m the D utch A D 1 6 6 4
O r gan ized into a s ta te by the rat ification of th e
Dece m ber 1 7 8 7 , Her cl i mate i s
con sti tution
m i ld ; her agricul tu ral capabili ties u nl i m ited ; her
man ufactu ri ng i n terests i m portan t Ed ucation i s
generou sly promoted T h e capital is Tren ton
X I S OU T H C A RO LI N A C OLO N Y settl ed at Old
Charl eston by a com pany O f E n gl ish u nder West
and Sayle A I ) 1 6 7 0 B ecame an i ndepen dan t
state of the Un i on in 1 7 8 8 Her cl i mate i s gen ial ;
agric ult u re m an u facture an d co m merce y ield her
weal th Col u m bia i s her capi tal
X I I P ENNSY Lv A NI A C OLO N Y settl ed at New
Castl e on the D elew a re by Wil l ia m Pen n and th e
persecu ted Quakers A D 1 6 8 1 Becam e an i nde
penden t state O f th e U n ion i n 1 7 8 7 Her cl im ate
i s temperate and her soil ferti le Vast deposi ts of
coal i ron copper and zi nc ; and qu arries of marble
an d slate render her weal th in exh a u stable H er
capi tal is Harri sbu r g
X I I I G EORG I A C OLO NY settl ed at Sa van nah by
poor E ngl i sh debt o rs u n der the ph ilan th ropi st
General James Oglethorpe A D 1 7 3 3 Erected
i n to a state of the U n ion i n 1 7 8 8
Her cl i mate is
m ild an d aco n s iderab le portion o f her soi l cap
able o f m oderately rem u n erati ve cul t ivation The
cap i ta l i s A tlan ta
EF RE N CH AND I ND I A N W AR
TH
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The desolati ng stor m o f the French and I nd ian
war wh ich broke u pon the t h i rteen pri ma ry col on i e s
i n 1 7 5 4 con ti n u ed ti ll 1 7 63 when by the treaty o f
Pari s a large trac t o f terri t ory clai m ed by the
,
,
,
French was ceded to th e Engl ish A t the sa m e
ti me Spai n ceded Florida to t h e Engl ish Wh ile
the sacrifice o f blo o d an d tre as u re w as very exhau st
i n g to the feeble colon ies the war had taugh t them
the n ecessi ty o f closer u n ion which was an im
portan t p re p aro to ry s tep in the app roachi ng
struggle f o r I n dep endan ce
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T
HIRD P ERI OD
.
Revol u tion an d Con federati on The war o f
A m erica n I ndependence was an ev en t o f th e
m ost far re ach i n g sign ificance a ff ectin g as i t
d id the desti n ies O f al l nation s The question s de
cided by the confl ict of arm s was briefly th is
Eng lzls/z C olom es in A m erica lza v i ng
5 1m ]!
beco m e so v erezg
m g o v ern t/zcm sc/v es o r be g o v erned
M
e B r zl l s/
z I ll o n a rc/
z ?
To th i s
a s d e en den cces o
f
y
p
u
estion
o
u
r
Fath
e
rs
made
an
swer
W
e w ill
g o v er n
q
o u rsel v es
and prov ed thei r com petency for sel f
govern m en t i n the vi gorou s persecu tio n o f a seven
years war an d another seven years O f won derfu l
recu perat ive activ i ty u nder the articles o f con f ed era
tion
To French and other E u ropean patriots we were
i n some measu re i ndebted f or aid i n thi s protracted
yet v ictoriou s str uggle
The causes O f the A merica n revolu tio n are
briefl y s tate d i n the celebrated Declara tion o f I nde
dence m ad e i n the ci ty of Ph iladel ph ia J u ly 4th
“
1 776
T h e h i story O f the presen t K i ng of G reat
Bri tai n i s a h istory O f i nj u ries and usu rpations al l
havi n g i n d irect object the es tabl i shmen t of an ah
”
sol ute ty ran ny over these states
Thu s al lu red by
the phan to m of absol u te au thori ty Georg e I I I had
deter m i n ed to m ake the A merican Colon ies a n ew
fiel d for h is u n relen tin g w arf a reup On h u man free
dom
By a l ike cruel han d of oppressio n the l i be rties
of Poland had b een wrested from her The ci vi l
ri g hts of Sweden had been tor n away by treachery
and u rs n rp a tio n The i deal rep ubl i cs of the free
town s of Germany “l i ke so m any dy i n g sparks that
perish i ng u nder i m
go o u t one after
pe rial do m i n ion Ven ice and Genoa had st ifled
the sp iri t O f in dep enden cc in thei r pr o d igal l ux u ry
an d the shadows o f pol i tical ban kruptcy were dark
en in
Hol lan d had pro voked her
g upon them
doo m by ci v il di s co rd an d war brood ed l ike a
d reary n ightm are u po n thi s an cien t Sta te, N
ow
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CHRO NOLOGY AN D CO NTE MPORA N EOUS H ISTORY
shou ld B ri ti s h tyran ny succ eed by force o f arm s
i n th e es tabl ishmen t of absol u t is m i n A m erica the
las t Asyl u m f o r h u m an freedom seems a bo u t to be
clo sed fore ver Mo men tou s hou r
“
The knel l o f th e ages o f se rv i tu de and i n eq ual
i ty was r u ng those o f eq ual i ty an d broth erhood
were to da w n
As the fleets and arm ies of England wen t fo rth
to consol idate arbitrary power the so u nd o f war
everywh ere el se o n earth d ied away
Ki ngs sat still i n awe an d n ation s tu rn ed to
”
watc h the i ssu e
The Morn i n g 0%Th u rsday Dec l 6 th 1 7 7 3
dawned u po n Bos ton a day by far the most m o
m en ton s i n its an nal s
N igh t came o n and u nder co ver o f i ts darkness
”*
“
rifiin s wharf to
the Mohawks assem bl ed u po n G
cel ebrate the g reat Bos ton Tea Party
The fl i tti ng clouds of war no w gather i n i n ky
folds and a cal l f o r the U n ion of Colon ial i n te rests
is herald ed to every settlemen t fro m the froze n
plai n s o f Can ada to the sm ili n g everglad es o f F lo r
ida
O n the 1 8 th o f Apri l 1 7 7 5 G eneral Gage the
B ri tish co mm ander i n augurates the first cam pai gn
o f th e war agai n st A m eri ca n I ndepen den ce
I n the gray o f dawn o n the morn i n g o f the 1 9
the Bri ti sh v an guard com m and ed by Major Pi t
cai rn as sai ls the provi ncials at Lex i ngton an d si x
teen o f the patrio ts su rre nder th eir l iv es as m artyrs
i n the h oly ca u se o f freedom
The battl es o f Lexi ngto n Concord an d B u n ker
H il l are fou gh t in qu ick s uccession and then the
bi l lows o f war su rge a nd break along the Atlan tic
coas t for seven long gl oomy yea rs I n the su m mer
of 1 7 8 2 Richard Oswald was i nstructed by the
Bri tish Parl iam en t to repai r to Pari s for the pu r
pose o f con ferri ng wi th Benjam i n Frankl i n an d
John Jay Un i ted States E mbassadors in re
ga rd to te rms of peace O n the 3 0th o f Novem ber
prel i m i nary articles of pe ace were ag rw d to and
si g n ed on the part o f G reat Bri tai n by M r Oswal d
and o n be hal f o f th e U n itw States by F
ra n klin J ay
Adams an d Lauren s The term s ag reexl u po n were
rat ified by the A merica n congress i n Apr i l of the
foll owi ng y ear
On the 3d o f N
ov
1 7 8 3 the em bass ad ors o f
Holl an d ,Spai n Englan d Fran ce and the Un i ted
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,
Sta te s m et in solem n con feren ce at Pari s an d
ag reed u po n te rm s o f a permanen t peace
Th e cond i tion s o f the Treaty were bri efly
th ese : A fu ll and co m pl ete recogn i tion o f th e i n
dependen ce o f the Un i ted Sta tes ; the recession by
G reat Britai n of F
l ori da to Spai n ; the su rrender o f
all the
remain i ng te rr i tory east o f the M issi ss i ppi
and sou th o f the g reat l akes to the U n i te d Sta tes ;
the free n av igatio n o f th e M i ssi ssipp i and the
lakes by A m erican vessels ; th e co n cession o f
m utual ri g h ts i n th e N ew F
o u n dlan d fisher ies ; an d
the reten tion by G reat B ri tai n o f Can ad a and N
ova
Scoti a wi th the excl u si ve co n trol o f the St
Lawren ce
No l ess i m p or tan t res ul ts than these wou l d
have sat isfi ed th e l i berty lov i ng A meri ca n s o r
com pen sated for thei r larg e ex pend i tu re of blood
and treas ure i n the desolating w a r of the R
e v ol u
tion Wi th co nd i tion s so favorable to prosperity
the exhau sted en er g ies o f the colon i sts were rapid
ly rec u perated
The articles o f con federation u nder wh ich the
colon i es had stru ggl ed d u ring the war ; were fou n d
i nad eq uate for the growi n g i n teres ts o f a free an d
i ndependen t people ; hence in 1 7 8 7 a con ven tion
w as held in Phi ladel ph ia p res id ed over by G en eral
George Washi ngto n an d the presen t con sti tu tio n
of the Un i ted Sta tes fram ed and si g n ed by th e del e
ga tes
Th i s con sti tu tion was adopted by th e several
sta tes o f the confederated Un ion at the dates el se
where g i ven
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Non —A body of m
,
,
en num
i
i i
ber n g ab ou t m y , d sgu
sed t o
I di
n
ans.
m
,
Tlze
peri od o f
Nti
P ER I OD F O U RT H
o na l
a
.
The
qf #16 S ta t es
i ndependen t govern
U n io n
.
h i s tory as an
m ent extends from 1 7 8 9 down to the presen t ti m e
D u ri n g th e n ational peri od 2 5 n ew sta tes ha ve bee n
add ed to the un ion
V ERMO NT ad m i tted i n to th e u n io n i n 1 7 91
m ak ing the fou r teen th s tate Abou nds in gran i ty
m ar bl e an d slate quarri es Prod u ces m apl e su ga r
and i s adap ted to grazi n g Ed ucational provi sion s
l iber al Mon tpel i er th e capi tal
K E NT UCKY th e fi ft ee n th state ad m i tted J u ne
“
f
o
bears
the
sobriquet
dark and bloody
l st 1 7 92
groun d ” wh ich su gges ts the san g u i nary stru gg l es
”
“
red man
The so i l
o f her early settl ers wi th the
o ur
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4
4
H
SA W Y ER S C ART OF
’
v ery fert i le ; staple prod ucts are co m tobacco and
hemp ; prod u ces fine s tock , y iel d s a fin e var iety o f
fru i t and abo u nds in m i neral s Frankfor t i s th e
c ap i tal
TE
NNEsSEE th e si x teen th s tate ad m it ted i n
Cl i mate is good Soil in the m ai n fertil e
1 7 96
Stapl es corn tob acco an d cotton G ol d an d o ther
i
neral
s
are
fou
n
d
in l i m i ted qu an ti t ies
Nash
m
v il l e is the cap i tal
O H I O the seven teen th s tate ad m itted N
ov
Cl i m ate heal thy an d m i ld So il f er
2
2 9th 1 8 0
Abo unds in coal iro n and m arble Col u m
i tl c
bu s i s the cap it al
LO U I S I A N A the ei g hteen th state ad m i tted
Apr i l 8 t h 1 8 1 2 Surface l ow an d cl i mate n o t the
Cotto n and sugar can e ch ief p ro
m ost h eal thfu l
New Orl ean s is th e capi tal
d ucts
I N D I A N A the n inet ee n th s tate ad m i tted Dec
Co m merc ial fa i l i ties great So i l
1 816
1 1 th
very prod ucti ve Ed ucational pro v is ion s s u per ior
H er cap i tal i s I n d ianopol is
M I SS I SS I PP I the twentieth state ad m i tted i n
Com merce an d agricu l tu re co n sti tu te i ts
1817
pri nci ple resources Cotto n i s the chi ef staple
Jacks on is the cap i tal
OI s the twen ty fi rs t state ad m i t ted t o th e
I LLI N
u n ion D w 3 d 1 8 1 9 Her agricu l tural cap ab il i
ties not su rpassed by any si ster s tate T h e stapl e
p rod ucts are co rn w h eat oats potatoes an d hay
Fr u i t i s prod uced abun dantly Her m i neral re
sou rces are val uable The capital i s Spri n gfield
A LAB AMA the twen ty secon d state was ad m i t
th 1 8 1 9
H as secured po pul ation by
ted Dec 1 4
the surpassi ng fertil i ty o f her soi l Cap ital ci ty i s
Montgomery
M AI N E the twen ty th ird state ad m i tted to
the u n ion Mar 1 5 th 1 8 2 0 Sh i p b u ild in g i s
ca rr ied o n ex tensi vely Her fisheries are among
the bes t in the cou n try
The state capi tal i s A u
gu sta
M I SSOUR I the twen ty fourth state was ad m i t
ted ih
The cl i mate is variable the so i l
1 82 1
good and th e agricu l tu ral resou rce s u n ra vel l ed
I nd ian cor n is the pri nciple staple though other
p rod ucts are ex ten s i vely culti vated Stock raisi ng
e ngages con siderabl e i n d u stry
She possesses al so
large m i n eral weal th T he capi tal i s J efi erson
C i ty
is
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AR
RA NsA s,
the twenty fif th state was ad m i t ted
i n J un e 1 8 3 6
The eastern portion o f th i s state i s
largely occu p ied wi th m ars h es sw am p s and l agoon s
bu t other p ortion s are qu i te heal thful an d p rod u c
ti ve Corn and cotto n are the ch ief s taples
L i ttle Rock is th e capi tal
M I CH I GA N the twen ty six th s ta te was ad mi t
ted i n to th e Un ion Jan 2 6 th 1 837 The southern
pen in sula is very prod ucti ve wh i l e the n orther n
pen i nsul a con tai ns the ri ches t copper m i n es i n the
world an d u nl im i ted su ppl ies o f i ron Lu m ber and
sal t are exten si vely prod uced Her school s are
amo ng the best in the Un ion Lan si n g is her capi
tal
I D A the twen ty seven th state was ad m it
F
LO R
ted to the Un ion March 3 d 1 8 45 She has agri
cul tu ral co m mercial an d m an u factu ri n g faci l i ties
wh ich may yield weal th to fu tu re i nd ustry H er
capi tal i s Tal lah as se
T E X AS th e twen ty eighth state was ad m i tted
i n to the U n ion J uly 4
Havi n g ratified the
th 1 8 4
5
”
“
act o f an n exation the Lon e S tar was pl aced am i d
th e gal axy o f states Her cl i mate i s free from the
ex tremes o f both the tem perate and to rr id zon es
Her soil i s ferti le Th e staple products while em
braci ng those i n gen eral o f m ore n orthern states
i n cl ude al so i nd igo an d rice The grape m ul berry
and van i ll a are i ndigen ou s an d abu ndan t I n f ac t
Texas is a m zkro cosm os o f i tsel f Her capi ta l i s
A u sti n
I O W A the twen ty n in th state was ad m i tted to
th e Un ion D ec 2 8 th 1 8 46 She h as a u n i form i ty
Her cl i mate agr icu l tu ral cap abili
o f excel lence
ties and m i n eral weal th are u n su rpassed Des
Moi nes i s the capi tal
W I SCO N SIN the th i rtieth state i n the u n ion w as
ad m i tted in 1 8 4
The cl im ate i s very heal th ful
8
The su rf ac e i s a h igh rol l i ng prai rie com parati vely
wood less i n the sou th bu t covered wi th vas t forests
o f th e best pi n e i n th e north
Wh eat i s her ch ief stapl e Sh e al so p o ses ses
val uable m i neral deposi ts Th e capi tal C i ty i s M ad
I son
C AL I F OR NI A the thi rty fi rs t sta te was ad m i tted
Sep t 7 t h 1 8 5 0 She abo u n ds i n m ou n tai ns o f pre
as qu ick sil ver
cio u s metal s an d other m i neral s
pl ati n u m as phal tu m &c B u t great as i s h er m i n
eral weal th her agricu l tu ral poss i bil i ties are even
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46
SA WY ER S C HA RT OF
’
Alexander Ham il ton New Yor k S ecretary o f
the Treas ury
Ol i ver Walcott Con n ecticu t Secretary o f th e
Treasury
Ti mothy Pickeri ng Massach usetts Secretary
o f W ar
James Mc enry Marylan d Secretary o f War
Hen ry K no x Massach uset ts Secretary o f War
,
RE P UBL I CA N AD MINI S TR
A TI O N
,
Jam es Mad ison , Vi rgi n ia Pres i den t
.
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1817
.
H
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F EDERAL
AD
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MINI ST RA TI O N
John Adam s Massach u setts Presi d en t
,
1 80
1
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CAB IN ET
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.
Robert Sm i th M aryland Secretary o f Sta te
Jam es Mon roe Vi rgin ia
Al bert Gal latin Pen n syl van ia Secre tary o f the
Treasu ry
George W Cam pbel l Ten n esse Secretary o f
the Treas u ry
Aleck J Dall as , Pen n s yl van ia Secretary o f
the Treasu ry
Wi ll iam E ustis Massach u setts Secretary o f
War
John A rmst rong N
ew York Sec reta ry o f War
Jam es Mon roe Vi rgi n ia Secretary o f the War
Wi ll ia m
C ra w f o rd G
eo rg ia Secre ta ry O f War
Paul Ham i lton So u th Carol i na Secretary o f
the N avy
W il liam Jones Pen n syl van ia Sec retary o f the
Navy
B W C ro w n insh ield Massach u setts , Secretary
of the Navy
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1 7 97
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1 80
9
George Cl in ton New York , Vice Preside nt
El bridge G er ry Massach usetts V ice Pres iden t
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Thomas Jeff erson , Vi rg i n ia V i ce Presi den t
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CAB IN ET
Ti
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mothy Picker i ng Massch u setts S ecretary
,
,
of
State
Joh n Marshall Vi rgi n ia Secretary of Sta te
Ol i ver Walcott Con n ectic u t Secretary o f the
T reas u ry
Sam ue l Dex te r Massach u setts Secretary o f
the Treasu ry
James Mc en ry , Maryland Secreta ry of War
Sa m uel Dexter Massach usetts Secretary o f
W ar
Roger Gr iswold Massach u setts Secretary o f
War
G eorge Cabot Massac h u setts Secretary O f the
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Benj a m i n Stoddert Marylan d Secretary
Navy
RE P UBL I CA N AD MINI S T RATI O N
of
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RE P U BL I CA N AD MI NI ST RA TIO N
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Jam es Mad ison V i rgi n ia Secretary o f State
Sam u el Dex ter Massachu setts Secretary o f
the Treasu ry
Al bert Gallati n Pe n n syl van ia Secretary o f
the I h ea su ry
Hen ry Dearborn Mass achu setts Secretary o f
W ar
Benjam i n Stoddert Mary lan d Secretary o f the
Navy
Rober t Sm i th , Marylan d Secretary o f the Navy
,
.
Joh n Q Adam s Mass achu setts Secretary o f
State
Wil l iam H Crawford Georgi a , Secretary o f
the Treasu ry
Isaac Shel by Ken tucky Sec reta ry o f War
Joh n C Cal hou n So u th Carol i n a Se cre tary
o f War
B W Cro w n ins h ield , Mass ach u setts Secreta ry
o f the Navy
S m i th Thompson New York Sec reta ry o f the
N avy
Sa m l L So u thard N ew Jersey , Secreta ry o f
the Navy
DE MOCRA TI C AD MINI ST RA T I O N
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CAB I N E
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Jam es Mon roe Vi r g i n ia Pres iden t 1 8 1 7 —1 8 2 5
D D Tom p ki ns New York Vi ce Presiden t
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CAB I NET
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th e
Tho m as Jeff erso n Virgi n ia Pres ide n t 1 8 0
1
1 80
9
Aaro n B urr N ew York V ice Pres iden t
G eorge C l i n to n
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Joh n Q
1 825 1 829
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Adam s Massach us etts , P res iden t,
,
CHRONOLOG Y
A
NE
ND
RN
EOU S H ISTO RY
CO T MPO A
4
7
John C Cal hou n, Sou th Ca rol in a Vice Presi
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en ry C
H
l
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CAB IN ET
lay ,
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3
Mar ti n Van B u ren New York Pr esident 1 83 7
1 84
1
Richard M John son Ken tucky Vi ce Pres i5
den t
C A BI N
E
T
s th Geo rgia
Secreta
ry o f S tate :
J o hn oT
y
Le vy Wood bu ry New Hampshi re Secret ary
of the Treas ury
Joel R Poi n sett Sou th Carol i n a, Secretary o f
l
Ken t u cky , Secre ta ry o f State
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Ri chard Rush Pen n syl v an ia Sec retary o f the
Treas ury?
Ja m es B arbo u r V i rgi n ia Sec reta ry o f War
Peter B Po rter New York Secretary o f Wa r
Sa m uel L So u thard New Jersey Secretary O f
th e N avy
I ST R
DE
M OC R
AT I C A DM I N
ATI ON
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A nd rew Jack son
1 837
Ten nessee Pres iden t 18 2 9
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Ma hlon D ickerson New J ersey Secretary o f
the Navy
Jam es K Pauld in g New York Secreta ry o f
the N avy
A mos Kendall Ken tucky Postm as te r G en
eral
Joh n M N il es C on necticu t Post m as ter
Gene ral
w m e AD MI NI S T RA TI O N
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Mart i n Van Bu ren
den t
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Joh n C Cal hou n So u t h Carol i na Vi ce Presi
den t
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N ew Y ork
Vice Pres i
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CAB I N
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Marti nVan B u re n New York Sec re tary o f
Sta te
Ed ward Li v i ngs to n , Lo ui siana Secretary O f
State
Lo u i s M cLa n e Del aware; Sec retary o f Sta te
Joh n Fo rsy th Ge or g ia S ecretary O f Sta te
S D I ngha m Pen n syl van ia Sec retary of the
Treas u ry
Lo ui s M cLane Del aware Sec retary o f the
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W ill iam H Harri so n O h io Pres iden t 1 8 41
1 84
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( Presiden t o n e mon th )
Joh n Tyler Vi r gi n ia V ice Pres iden t, ( becam e
Pre s iden t )
CAB IN ET
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Dan iel W ebster Massach u setts Secreta ry o f
Sta te
Tho mas E
w in
g O h io Se cre tary o f the Treas ury
Joh n Bell Ten nessee Secre tary o f W ar
Geo E Badger North Carol i n a Secre tary o f
the Navy
en
G ideon Gran ger New York Postmas ter G
eral
W H I G ADMI NI S T RA TI O N
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Le vy Woo d b u ry N
ew Ham psh ire Secretary o f
t he T reas u ry
Joh n H Eato n Ten nessee Secreta ry o f War
Le wi s Cass M ichi gan Secretary O f War
Beu j F B u tl er N ew York Sec reta ry o f War
John B ranch N orth Carol i na Sec retary o f the
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Joh n Tyl er Vi rgi n i a, Presiden t, 1 8 41 —1 8 4
( I nau gu rate d af ter th e d eath o f Harri so n )
CAB INET
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W m J Duane Pen n syl van ia Secreta ry o f the
Treas u ry
r B Tau ey Maryland Secretary o f the
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Dan iel Webster Massach u setts Secretary o f
Sta te
Abel P U pshu r Vi rg in ia sec retary o f Sta te:
Joh n C Cal hou n So u th Carol i na, Secre tary of
Sta te
T h om as Ewing Ohi o Secretary o f th e Trees
,
,
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Levy Wood bury N ew Ham psh i re Secre tary
o f the Nav y
Mahlon Dicke rson New Jersey Sec reta ry o f
th e N avy
Joh n MeLem Ohio ; W il li am F Barry Ken
tuc ky an d A W
Ken da l l Kentu cky ; Pos tm as te r
Gen eral s n o w added to the l ist o f Cab i net officers
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Wal ter Fo rw ard P enn syl vani a, Secretary
the Treasu ry
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of
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SA W YER S C
Joh n C Spe ncer
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G
N
ew
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M B ibb Ken tucky
eo .
.
of
York Secretary
,
Secrethry
‘
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HART OF
the
of
the
Treasu ry
Joh n B el l Ten nessee , secretary o f W ar
John C Sp en cer N
ew York Secretary o f War
Ja m es M Porter Pen n sy l van ia Secretary o f
W ar
W il l iam W i l ki n s Pen nsyl van ia Secretary O f
W ar
G eo E B adger North Carol in a Secretary of
the N avy
Abel P Upsh u r Vi rgi n ia Secretary o f the
N avy
Dav i d Hen shaw Massachu setts Secretary o f
the Navy
G W G
il m er V irg in ia Secretary O f the Navy
Joh n G Mason Vi r g in ia Secretary of the
Navy
Chas A Wicklifi e Ken tucky Postmaster
General
Fran ces G G ran ger N ew York Post m as te r
General
H ugh S Legare So u th Carol ina ; A ttorney
G en eral
1
Joh n N el son Maryl and At torney G eneral
( N ew Cabi net of fice )
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M il lard Fill more , N ew Yo rk Vice Presi den t
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DE M OCRA TI C AD MI NI S T RATI O N
James K Polk
1 84
9
Geo M Dal las
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Ten nessee
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CAB INET
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M Clay ton Del awa r
e Secretary o f Stat e
W m M Mered i th Penn syl vani a Secretary o f
the Treasu ry
Geo W Crawford Georgi a Secretary of War
W m B Pres ton Vi rg i n ia Secretary o f th e
Navy
Jacob Col lamer Vermon t Postmaster G
en
eral
M aryl an d A t to rn ey ge ri
R
ev erdy John son
eral
Thomas Ewi ng;Oh io , Secretary of the In terior
o w added to th e Cabi n et O ffices )
(N
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W H I G ADM I N
I ST RA TI O N
.
M illard Fil l more N
ew Yor k Pres iden t , 1 8 5 0
1 8 5 3 ( i nau g urated after the death o f Tay lor )
CAB IN ET
,
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.
Dan iel W ebster Massach u setts Secret ary o f
State
Thomas Corwin Oh io Secretary o f the Treas
u ry
Chas M Con rad Lou isiana Secretary o f War
Wm A G raham North Carol i n a Secretary
av
o f the
y
N at h an K H all New York Postm as ter
G en eral
Joh n J Cr ittenden Ken tucky A ttor ney Gen
eral
Alex H H Stuart Vi r gi n ia Secretary o f
the I n terior
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Pres iden t
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1849
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I 85O
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Lou isian a Presiden t
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W H I G AD MI NI S T RA TI O N
Zachary Taylor
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P en n syl v an ia ,
,
Vice Presiden t
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CAB IN ET
Jam es B uch anan Pen n syl van ia Secretary o f
State
Robert J Walker M i ssissi ppi Secreta ry of
the Treasu ry
Wm L Marcy N ew York Secretary of War
G eor g e Bancroft Massach usetts Secretary O f
the Navy
J oh n Y Mas on Vi r g i n ia Secretary O f the
Navy
Cave John son Tenn essee Postmaster G eneral
Joh n Y Mason Vi rg i n ia A ttor ney Gen eral
Nathan Cl ifi o rd Mai n e
Isaa c To u eey Con n ectic ut,
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DEMOCRA TI C ADM INI S T RA T I O N
Frankl i n Pierce
1 8 5 3 —1 8 5 7
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New Hamp sh i re Presiden t
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W m R K i ng Alabam a Vice Presiden t
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W 11 1 L Marcy N ew York Secretary o f S tate
Jam es G uthr ie Ken tucky Secreta ry o f the
Trea s ury
Jeff erson Dav i s M ississi pp i SeSretary o f War
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A
C HRO NOLOG Y
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Do bbi n North C arol i na
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Secreta ry
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M PORA N E
OUS H ISTORY
ND C ONTE
‘
of
Sol omon P Ch ase O h I O Secretary o f the
Treas u ry
W i l li a m P Fessenden Mai n e Secre tary o f
th e Trea s u ry
H ug h M cC ul loch I nd iana Secre tary o f the
T reas ury
Sim on Cam eron P enn sy l van ia , Secretary of
W ar
Ed w in M Stan ton Pen n syl van i a Sec reta ry
o f War
Gi deon Wel les Co nn ecticu t, Sec reta ry o f th e
N avy
Mon tgo m ery B lai r M a ryland Pos tmas ter Gen
eral
e neral
W ill iam Den n i son Ohi o Postmas te r G
Ed wa rd Bates M i ssou ri A ttorney Genera l
Jam es Speed Ken tucky Atto rn ey G ene ral
Caleb B Sm i th I nd ian a Secretary o f the
I n te rior
Joh n P Usher I nd iana Sec reta ry o f th e
I n terior
RE P UB L I CAN AD MINI S T RAT I O N
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Jam es Camp be l l P e nn sy l van i a, Postmaster
General
en
Cal eb C u shing Mas sach usetts A tto rney G
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Robert McC lell an d;M ichiga n
the I n te ri or
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Sec re tary
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D EM OCRATI C AD MINI ST RA TI O N
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Jam es B uch anan
1 8 5 7 1 86 1
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Penn syl van ia
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Pres iden t,
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B recken ri dge
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Ken tucky
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Vice P res i
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CAB IN ET
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Sta te
Howell Cobb Georgia Sec re tary of the Trea s
u ry
Phi l i p F lQi o m as, New York Secretary o f the
Tr eas u ry
Joh n A Dix, N ew Yor k Secretary o f the
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Lew is C ass Mich iga n secretary o f S tate
Jerem iah S B lack Pen nsy l van ia Se re ta ry of
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A nd rew Joh n son Ten nessee Pre sid en t, 1 865
of
a ssass i n ation
In
aug
the
u rated a f ter
1 869
(
Abrah am Li n col n )
,
,
l
J oh n B loyd Vi rg in ia, Sec r eta ry o f War
Jo seph Hol t Ken tucky
Isaac To ucey Co n n ecti c u t Secretary Of the
avy
A a ro n V B rown Ten n es see P ostmas ter Gen
era l
I
J oseph Hol t,
Horati o K i n g K en tu ck y ,
Jeremi ah S B l ack , Pen n sylvan i a, A t to r
n ey
General
Ed w i n M Stan ton Pen nsy l van i a, A ttorn ey
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Jaco b Thom ps on M i ss i s
si ppi Secre tary
I n terior
,
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W il l ia m H Seward N ew Y ork, Secret ary o f
State
H u gh McC ull och I nd i an a, Secretary of th e
Treas u ry
Ed w i n M Stan ton Penn syl vania Sec retary
o f W ar
ra n t Ill i noi s Secretary o f W ar
U l ysses S
J M Sch o field Ill i n oi s Secretary o f War
Gi deon W elles Con n ecticu t Secreta ry O f th e
N av y
W ill iam Den n i son Oh io Postm as ter Gen era l
Al exander W Rand all W i scon si n , Postmas ter
Gen eral
Jam es Speed Ken tu cky Atto rn ey Gen eral
Hen ry Stan bery Oh io , A ttorn ey G en eral !
W i ll iam M Evarts New York A ttorn ey
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Il l i noi s Presiden t
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Nw Y ork
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Han n ibal Ha m l in Ma i ne, V ice P res iden t
A n dre w Joh n so n Ten n essee
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A braham Li n co l n
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of
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Jam es Harl an, Iowa Secretary o f the I n te rior
Or vi lle H B ro w n i ng I ll i noi s Secre tary o f th e
I n terior
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,
Sec reta ry
of
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RS CH A RT
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SA W Y
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I ll i n oi s ,
Ulysses S Gran t,
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1 8 77
Pres iden t 1 86 94
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M arsh al l
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Con necticu t,
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Pos tm as ter
General
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J oh n W Tyn er I nd ian a Postm aster
eral
W ill ia m s Oregon A tto rn ey G
G eo rge
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Ed w ard Pierrepo n t N ew York A t to rn ey G
en
eral
Alonzo T af t Oh io A ttorney G eneral
Col u m bu s Delano Oh io Secreta ry o f t h e
I n ter ior
Z achariah Ch an dler M ich igan Secre ta ry o f
the I n teri or
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Sch uyl er Col fax I nd iana Vice Pres iden t
Henry Wil son , Massachu setts Vi ce Pres iden t
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C AB I NET O FFI CERS — FI RS T T E
Elih
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of
Ham il ton Fish N ew Y ork Secretary o f State
George S Bo utwel l M assach usetts Secretary
o f the Treasu ry
John A Ra wl i n s , Secreta ry o f War
Wi ll iam T Sherm an Secre tary o f War
W i ll iam W B el knap Iowa Secre ta ry o f War
Adol ph E B or ie Pen n syl van i an Secretary o f
the Na v y
G eo rge M Robeson N
e w Jersey
Secreta ry o f
the N avy
J A J Cres swel l Maryland Pos t m as ter
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Washbu rne Ill i nois Secretary
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1881
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den t
eral
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CAB I NET
W i ll i am M E varts N ew York Secretary of
Sta te
Joh n Sh erm anM O hio , Sec re tary o f th eTreas
u ry
ow a
G eorge W McCrear
Secretar y o f
w
W ar
R M Thom pson I nd iana Secreta ry o f the
N avy
Dav id M Key Ten n ssee Post m as ter G
e n:
e
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C harles Deven s Massachu setts A ttor n ey G en
eral
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Carl Schu rz M isso ur i , Seeretary o f the I n te
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S a s A MI LITA RY PO W ER
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EUNIT ED S TA TE
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A m oe S
Akerman G eorg i a A ttor ney
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Eben R Hoar Massach uset ts Attorn ey Gen
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Jaco b D Cox Ohio Secretary o f the I n ter io r
Col u mbu s Del an o Oh io Secre tary o f the
In ter ior
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CAB IN E T O FFI CE RS SECO N D T ER M O F P RES I DE NT GRA NT
El e h ere th e C ab i et o ffi cers of b t h term s are i
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Wi ll ia m A Wh eeler New York Vice P res i
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Ru therfor d B Hayes Ohio , Pres ide n t
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RE P UBL I CA N AD MI NI ST RATI O N
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Ham i l to n Fi sh New York Sec retary o f Sta te
W A Richardson Il l i noi s Secretary o f
the Treas u ry
B enjam i n
Br istow Ke ntucky Secretary o f
th e Treasu ry
Lo t M Merrill
Maine Secretary of the
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The theory o f o u r govern men t has al way s
l i m i ted the si ze of the A merica n arm y and navy ;
bu t su fiicieu t m artial spi ri t p revai ls to guard the
Nation agai nst the m enaces o f foreign powers
Th e f ollow in g co nfl ict o f ar ms h ave occ u rred
d u r i ng o u r National H istory
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W il l iam W
War
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Bel kn ap
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Secretary
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ZAlo nzo
Taf t O hi o , Secretary
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War
P en nsyl v an ia Secreta ry
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G eorge M Robeson New J er sey Sec retary o f
th e Navy
J A J
C res swell ;Maryl a
nd ; Postm as ter
G eneral
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N
or a
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1 8 1 2 ¥1 8 1 4
Upo n the i naugu ration of Presiden t Mad ison
the forei gn re lation s o f the Un i ted States we re
gloo my an d m ut teri ngs o f war w ere dis tin ctly
heard Th e i n solent condu ct o f th e B r i tish gov )
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—T h e V i ce Pres i de n t is g i ven in th e l i st th o u h n o t a m e m be r o f
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P re si d e ncy d u ri n g th e seco n d ter m o f th e P res i de nt ia l o fli ce
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CH RON OLOG Y
A
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CON T MP O A EOUS H ISTORY
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e nt in restri cti ng M m ican co m m erce, called
f o r retal iation an d o n the 1 9th o f J u ne 1 8 1 2 t he
P res iden t i ssued aproclam ation o f war The re
su l ts o f th i s
confl ict were i n sil gn ifican t, except
re
gard t heminth e light o f p u tting a peri od
h s til t ies b twtaen he two n ati ons
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5
section s o f Our grea t co u n try
A n i m portant ca u
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fed era te bat tery in C ha rl esto n upen E
o rt Sum ter
Gen eral Bea u reg ard , Confederate c omm an der at
en der
th e
Charl es ton had dem and ed gt h e su rr
fort o n th e 1 1 th o f
bu t Major A nder
so n sp u rn ed th e su m m on s, an d defen ed h is f o t res s
,
r
d
d u ri ng thi rty fo u r hou rs o f [ terri fic bom b ard men t,
w hen t he fort be
cam e u nte n able an d wi th h i s gal-7
lan t com rade s A nderso n w as obl iged to ca pi tul ate.
Th e m igh ty uphea val of popular wrath h ad
Co me h a d the A m er ican nation y aw n ed i a p art
open i ng a fea rful chasm to be fil l ed w ith th e bes t
bl ood an d treas u re o f the
o rth an d Sou th The
battl e plai n s o f B ull R
u n A n tietam Chickamaug a
,
Getty sb urg an d Sp e t tsyl v an ia, wi t h sco res o f like
bloody field s h ad they ton g u es to wh i sper “acros s
the i n terven ing y ea rs ;w eu ld pa l e o u r eheeks w i th
thei r rec i tal o f these sicken i n g horrors o f bl o ody
heca tom bs th ru st i n to th e h u ngry m aw o f t h e
dem on — C i v il Wa r
No t on ly was a costly libat io n o f bl ood off ered ;
b u t th ree thou sand m i ll ion s o f dol lars w ere ex pe nd l
2
ed i n bridg i ng the awful chas m
O n th e 9th o f A pril 1 865 G ene ra l AE Lee
surren dered the p ri n ci pa l con f ederate: army , aa
the d readful ci vi l w ar w i th al l i ts .bl oodshed and
de vas tation and so rre w w as vi rt ual l y a t an kendu m !
Lo ng iyears h a v e been s p e ut i n h eal i ng ! th e
wou nd w h i ch h as e f ten bee n torn aga p by ru th lessg
w ick ed h and s
i t
1
The w ar had barely c lo sed wh en .Presiden t
Li nco l n w as b ru tally m u rdered by J W Boo th ,
t h e col d bl ood ed ass assi n
”
man; w as
Th e d ea th of t hi s g reat an d
p rol ific o f u n told
th e restora
ti on o f the bl eed ing m em bers b f o ur o n ce h ap p y
i
un i eh to th eirpr
dp erb p h ere
I
:
Remarkabl e rec up erati ve energy h as been
ev i nced throughou t o u r whole
i ng
"
n early a decade an d a h al f wh ich
th e
H
,
The q u estio n which p reci pi ta ted the war wi th
Mex i co was the a nnexation of Texas t o th e Un i t ed
s May i sl e h ostil i ti es h av
States: q nthe m u g
ing a l ready beg un
al
f
rm
d
e
war
c ara tio n o f
a; o
l
k
h
a a no n ed by Presiden t Polk
ws n uc
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t
w o yea s
e m il i t r y power o f
h
I
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tha
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r t
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the Mex ica n govern men t was co m plete ly broke n
Th e E
m b ass ad o rs o f the two n ation s m et at
u ada
l u pe Hi dalgo i n th e w i nter of 1 8 4
8 ,and concl ud ed
a t reaty o f peace By t hi s w ar;w ho lly provoked by
the Mexi ca n s th e U n i ted States secu red so m e val
n abl e terri tory 4
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raged in every par t o f th e
So u th f o r fi ve lon g yea rs d esol ati ng many of th e
faires t fiel d s o f o ur co u n try ; l evell i ng h om es rea red
by piou s indus try a nd p at ien t frugal i ty ; co ve ri ng
o ur valley s a nd h il ls id es wi th : vast cem ete ri es o f
th e ma rti al dead fi l l ing ur whol e 'co u n try w i th a ;
y
p
re ti n ue o f mai m ed and h el p les s so l d iery to be p ro
v ided f o r by p u blic pen s io n s
o r spu rn ed fro m the
doors of o p ul en ce (by th o sem whose weal th w asgl ccu
f ro m th e war ” i n whi ch th e
y
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M ODER N H I S TORY
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d aw n o f mode rn h is teiy were ; th e establ i s hme nt of
"
th e ou se
iu erm any ; t h etrans i tio n
The
mo
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the Tudor dy nast y to the Ho us e of Stuar ts
nglan d ; the e rec tion o f th e House of B o urbo n
naugu
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o n o f the m odern p e r iod
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a
France the
rt
of
E
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voyages
by th e Span i sh gover
n
men t ; the th irty yea rs w ar in E u rope i n vol vi n g
the in terests O f pe rs ecu ted Pro tes tan ts , whos e cause
s o f Sweden ;
w a s cham pio ned by G u stav u s Adol ph u
th e bloodless revol u tion in Po rtugal by wh ich th e
Port u gese un der the D uke O f B raganza t hre w O ff
th e R
oke
t
he
fou
nd
ing
of
ussiah
t h e Span i sh
;
y
E m pi re;th e ce nso l idatio n O f th e O ttom a n D o mi n
io n i n E u rop e an d the con seq u en t serf do m Of th e
G r eeks ; the t ran si t ion o f Prué eia f ro m a D utchy t o
a K ingde m ; th e begi n n i ng o f th e co lon ization o f
N or th A merica ; the rel igieu s R
ef o rm atio n s in
Eu r o p e led by S avon arola Lu t h er Melan ch thon
Zwi ngl e Cal v i n B u n yan Spen er a nd o t h ers ; the
T ran sl a tio n o f th e Co mm on En gl i sh versio nof the
ree k
B i ble fro m the origi nal s Hebr ew and G
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wh en they
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thei r ind epen d en ce by f o rce o f
ga in ed
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was d isco vered by De Cabral a Po rthgesed n 1 5 60
Fi f ty years l ater acolon ial gov ern m en t w as es t
l ish ed by th e Port ugese w h o h el d p esses s ie n o f
0
co u n try u n t il 1 8 2 2
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AC U A Y
A
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RA GU A Y
,
d i sco vered in1 5 12 an d expl ored by Se bastiifn
t in 1 5 30 A f ort was bu i l t at B uenos Ay res
i
i n 1 5 34 an d w h en the Argentir e Rep u bl i c was
form ed 111 1 7 7 7 these s tates we re incl u ded iirth at
Re p ubl ic bu t we is ul ti m ately sepa ra ted by co n fl ict
O f aru is
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BOL IV I A PER U A N D EC UADO R
,
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w ith
a con sti tu tion much
R
l i ke t hat O f t hq n ited S tates: Her g overn m en t
e mbraci n g 2 3 states was con s ti tu ted in to a Repu t»
li e in 1 8 6 2 : Th i s govern ment is qu i te u n stable
and f req uen tly i n vol ved i n war
Th e coun try was
Or igi nally occu pi ed by a p eo p l e cal l ed
A zti cs w h o
h ad a tta in ed to a con siderable d eg ree O f ci v il ization
w h en ce n uered b
M i n es
q
y th e Span i sh in
i Th e ci ty O f Mex ico
o f go ld and si l ver abou n d
is
the cap i tal
,
PA
'
,
were con q u e red by Pizarro i n th e early pa rt o f th e
e f o u n ded P iu ra in 1 5 3 2
Ec uador
1 6 th cen tu ry
ach ie ved her i n dependence in
Peru and
B o l iv ia gun 1 8 2 1
a b l OOd
y war w i th S p ai n
The gover nmen ts are frequently d i stu r bed by
re vol u tion s
.
.
'
'
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MEX I C A N GOV ER N ME N T
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M EX I CO
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CH
I LI A N D T H
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were co nquered by the S pan i sh w h o f ou n ded San
ti ago in 1 5 41 » I nd ep en den ce was s ecu red in
bu t n ot a d m i t ted by Spai n till 1 8 1 8 » Th e A ran f
can ians o f C h i li ha ve an organ i zed go v erni n ent fi n d
po ss ess a fai r d egree O f ci vil ization The Arge nti n e
Repu bl ic i s a co nf ed era ticin o f fou rtee n states
'
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'
3
.
.
.
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CE N T RAL A M ERI CA
A FR I CA N G
RNM EN
Ts
O VE
,
disco ver
ed by Col u m bu s i n 1 5 0
2 ;conquered by
the Span i sh in 1 5 2 5 ; gain ed thei r i n dependen ce in
1 8 2 3 ; an d for med a confederation o f sta tes si m ilar
to Mexico , wh ich con ti n u ed u nti l 1 8 3 9; s i n ce w h ich
t ime the sta tes have mai n tai n ed separa te go vern
m ents
Her ekp erts are coh icn ea
l , cacao (f rom wh ich
c hocolate is m ade ) m ahogany an d dye w ee d s a l so
;
s ugar co ff ee and tob acco
w as
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SO U T H A M ERI CA N GO VER NM E NTS
Sou th A merica consists o f se veral gran d d i vi s
io n s o f terr i tory u nde r sep arat e s ta te go vern m en ts .
COLU M B I A V E N EZ U E LA A N
U I A N A,
D G
.
,
by Col u m bu s in 1 498 a nd held as
l
the possess ion o f Spai n u n til the presen t cen tury
'
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re
disce v ered
,
EGY PT ,
an d the m o re advan ced sta tes lyi ng up on the Med
iterra nea n are go vern ed by a cons ti tu tion al M o n
archy
The ch i ef prod ucti on s are wheat ba rl ey and
othe r g rai n s ; cotton an d i n d igo ; date pa l m s O l i ves
F
o res ts O f oak
el m
ch estn u t
figs and apricots
an d pin e abou nd ; wh il e thep lai n s f urni sh ex cel l ent
g razi n g
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have M en arch ial govern men ts Th e Moors usua lly
i n habi t th e tow ns ;th eA rabs feed t h ei r herd s u pon
the pl ain s; an d the B er bers dwel l in the moun tai n s
aged
an d
o f the Atlas and are us u al ly e ng
) val l ey s
Th e ch i ef p rod u cts of
in ag ricul tur al p u rs ui ts
7
.
'
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.
’
'
hoen i cia n co l o n i sts o f Ta rtes s us an d ( J a de s i n Spai n were very early attr ac ted to t h e s h o r es of
B ri tai n i n sea rch o f ti n whi ch was th en ex tensi vely u sed i n t h e man ufactu re o f weapo n s of war A r i s totl e
i s the fi rst wri ter who menti o n s t h e Bri ti sh i sla n ds by nam e l i e says f I n the ocea n beyo nd the P i lla r s of
”
ercul es are t w o very large i slands cal led Bri ta n ni c
P ytheas gi ves the fi rst acco u n t we have of t h e in
habi tan ts of these islands by mea n s of whi c h they beca me k n o wn to the R
o man s and awakened the i n q u i ry
o f P o lybi us and Sc i pi o before 1 0
0B C T he h isto ry o f the B r i t on s ca n not be said to have any cri ti cal v al
u s befo re the i n v asi o n of the cou n try by J u l i us Cm sar 5 5 B C
T h e C el ti c language s p o ken by t h e peopl e
who m C E
B SR
I m et i n these i s la nds has l ed cri ti cs to i d en ti fy the \Vel sh wi th th e an ci en t i nh abi tan ts
Dr u i
d i em w as the rel igion o f the o ld Bri ton s ; and i s sai d to h ave i ncu lca ted the pri n ci ples of p i ety toward th e
God s chari ty toward m en and fo rti tude i n su fferi ng u man sacri fi ces c o n sti tu ted the most revol ti ng fea
tu re o f thei r wors h i p T he B ri to ns were d i v id ed i n to n u mero us tri bes and fo un d t h ei r chi ef occu pati on i n
war Agricul tu re recei v ed some atte n ti on ; graz i n g al so co n sti tu ted a m ean s of support T he peopl e
cl o thed them sel ves in the ski ns of beasts an d d w el t in wattled h u ts T he n ati ve tri bes o ff ered stubbo rn re
s is tan ce to the R
o m an i n vaders b u t were fi nally s ub ugated b
Th i s n o
y J ul i us A gri cola abo u t 7 8 A D
j
ble con q u eror i n tro du c ed law s and c i vi li zation am o ng the B ri to ns and ta ugh t the m to rai se al l the co n v en
ien ces of l i fe
T h us i n corpo rated i n to t h e R
o man E
m pi re B ri tai n assu m ed an aspec t of great pr o speri ty
C hri stian i ty was probably i n trod uced i n to Bri tai n by P ri n ce Lu ci u s abo u t 2 00A D an d t h e Bible was t ra n s
lated i n to the Bri ti sh to n g u e T h e R
o man s hav i ng wi thd rawn thei r legion s from Bri tai n t h e Sa xon s in v ad
ed t he cou n try abou t 45 0A D T he Saxon s ruled B ri tai n nearly six cen tu ri es Th e m ost noted r uler of
t h e Sax o n l i ne was A lfre d the G
reat who had the h o nor of fo u ndi ng th e E
ngl i s h M o n ar chy abou t 90
0 A,
D T he Sa x o n s were fi n ally su pplan te d by th e D an es i n 1 01 6 A D C an u te th e D an i s h Ki n g su cc eeded
by i n trigue i n ob tai n i ng ful l p o session of the g o v ern m en t ;w h ich co n ti n u ed u nder D an i sh r ule u n ti l 1 0
66 A
A w h en by a deci si ve v icto ry at Sen l ac ( know n as the batt l e o f
asti ngs ) W i l li am D uke of o r m a n dy be
ca m e K i ng of E
n g lan d
T he
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of
Table
Contem p orar
y
T
GREA T
W il lia m
W il li a m
I
II
B
HEY E ARS
C
al
‘
P h ili p I
L I
72
S
1 10
8
Lo u is V I I
1 1 37
P h il i p I I
L uis V I I I
L uis I X
P h ili p I I I
P h il i p I V
L ui s X
J hn I
P h ili p V
C h ar les I V
P h ili p
J hn I
C h a r les V
C h a r les V I
C h ar les V I I
L ui s X I
C h a r les V I I I
E d wa rd
III
Ri c h ard I I
o
V
e n ry V I
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V
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H e n ry V I I
H y VI I I
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C
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ar
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en r
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1
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C h a r les I I
”
o
v
41 3
42 2
46 1
14
83
I 4
83
14
85
1
o
509
l s4
7
-‘ SS3
1 559
1
603
‘6 2 5
1 65
‘6 5
1 660
702
17 14
1 72 7
1 7 60
Ge rg e I
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o
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1
22
1
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W il l ia m
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1 8 30
8 37
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M a i m il ia n
C h a r les V
5 6°
5
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1
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18
1
92
4
1 34
7
1 31
8
4
1 87 1
1877
1 37 8
1
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70 O t h I V
85 F d i k I I
3 4 C n rad I V
3 6
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A d l p h us
3
3 8 A lb ert
H e n ry V I
L uis I V
C ar les I V
4
6
W e n c e s laus
4
8 3 Fr e d e r i c k
4
Ru p e r t
1 1
o
H e n ry
H enry
o
o
307
1 32 7
1 377
.
10
60
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Conquest
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Table of Contemp orary
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T
R E:
TheCourse of Lectures des i gned to be deli vered, by the Auth o r, in co nnecti o n
of th i s Ch art, w ill embrace the f o llo w i ng subjects :
I
of
X
.
II
.
the
use
Napole o n an d th e Fren ch D ynasty
XI
The su periori ty of a pu r democracy il
l u strated by Am erican H i story
X I I H i storica l resu m e of art sci ence and
l i teratu re
X I I I Pagan i sm
X I V Judai s m
XV
C hri stian i ty
XVI M a h o m etan is m
XV I I Ra tional i sm
XVI I I M orm on i sm
The o ri g i n of earth and m an
The pro p a gati on of the pred i l u v ian race
.
w i th
.
,
.
e
.
A da m
.
I I I H is to ri ca l cri tici sm o n the N oach ian
D el u g e
I V E thn o l ogy or the dev el opmen t of th e
Post d i l u vian Nations
V The g rowth of E m p i re
V I The origi n and deve l op m en t of the H i er
archy
E cclesiasti ca l reformation s
V11
V I I I The thi rt y years war in E u rope
I X The po l i ti ca l i nfl uen ce of the hou se o f
Stuart
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
N o re — Several of the above L ectu res were del i v ered at L a G range C ol l ege d u ri ng the sessi on s of 1 8 7 8
and 1 87 9 Th e cou rse wi l l be conti n u ed n ext year The au thor h as also bee n en gaged to del i ver thi s
cou rse of lect u res a t Bol i var C olle ge
.
.
.
.