Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive
All Theses and Dissertations
1984
The Incidence of Obesity in LDS College Women:
The Effect of Selected Physical SocioEnvironmental Variables on total Percent Body Fat
in Two Populations of LDS Women
Carrie Tanner Summers
Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Summers, Carrie Tanner, "The Incidence of Obesity in LDS College Women: The Effect of Selected Physical Socio-Environmental
Variables on total Percent Body Fat in Two Populations of LDS Women" (1984). All Theses and Dissertations. Paper 5152.
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rvv
L
k
3.02
302
THE INCIDENCE OF OBESITY
IN LDS COLLEGE WOMEN
EFFECT OF SELECTED PHYSICAL SOCIO
VARIABLES
TWO
ON TOTAL
A
environmental
PERCENT BODY FAT
PAT IN
populations
OF LDS WOMEN
I s
thes
thesis
1
presented to the
department of health sciences
brigham young university
in
partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
master of science
by
carrie tanner
summers
august 1984
THE
4
this thesis
present form
young
by
by
carrie tanner
summers
is accepted in its
is
the department of health sciences of brigham
university as satisfying the thesis requirement for the
degree of master of science
IA
robert burgener
A
I1
C
date
committe
commltfee
commit4e
chairman
ron
L
rhodes
committee member
ron
L
rhodes
department chairman
7
acknowledgements
deep appreciation is expressed to those who
toward the completion of
lent so
much
this thesis
special thanks Is offered to dr robert burgener and
dr
ronald rhodes for their continuing encouragement and guidance
throughout this project
peterson
thanks is also given to joyce peerson
and prepare
this thesis
who
helped type
in final form
finally gratitude is offered to the authors parents
and husband
ray
this thesis could
for without their continual love and support
never have been written
table of contents
page
I edgements
acknow
acknowledgements
edge ments
I1
1
list
list
of tables
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ID
9
iiI
i
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vi
vi
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vilI
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introduction
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statement of the problem
nu
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I
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hypothesis
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alternate hypothesis
delimitations
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theories of obesity
6
selfconcept
self concept
7
obesity
and
measuring obesity
related studies
procedures
on
G
obesity
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sequence of events
i agn
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design
research des
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analysis of data
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causes of obesity
obesity and health
3
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9
chapter
5
page
paae
daae
summary
conclusions and recommendations
summary of
the findings
conclusions
Is
recommendations
I ography
bibliography
B I1 b
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if
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29
31
appendices
A
questionnaire
B
nomogram
354
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39
59
list
of tables
page
tab
ie
tabie
table
1
the relationship between total percent
fat and age height and weight
0
2
an
analysis of variance between age
percent body fat
Is
3
an
0
9
an
7
0
0
0
0
G
relationship between snack foods
body
fat
0
0
0
0
0
and
0
0
0
19
0
total
0
0
0
0
analysis of variance between weight
total percent body fat
percent
6
0
0
0
5
0
Is
and
analysis of variance between height
total
tota percent body fat
I1
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0
body
0
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10
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0
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0
0
0
22
and
0
0
and
0
23
0
total
0
0
24
1
the relationship between total percent body fat
and major among women attending BYU and CSUF
25
the relationship between irregular menstrual cycle
and total percent body fat
0
vi
vl
0
26
list
of figures
page
figure
1
relationship between age group
body
2
3
fat
0
0
0
0
0
9
S
and
0
0
relationship between height group
percent body fat
a
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total
and
0
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and
relationship between weight group
percent body fat
total percent
0
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0
diapter
diaster
CHAPTER ONE
introduction
peoplet obesity Is not solely
for most people
nutritional
problem nor one of genetic
susceptibility
lifestyle consisting of patterns
a problem of
a medical or
it
becomes
of eating and physical
activity 16
in the
affluence beauty and health
was a mark of
referred to as
now
the
word
a behavior maladjustment
obesitym
obesity Is derived from
to eat carrying with
however
trait
longer regard obesity as a positive
we no
is
nineteenth century excess weight in a person
it
today
instead
8
over
ob
last
20
old assumption that obesity
the centuries
centuriesold
3
the simplest definition of obesity Is
there Is
when
28
it
only
years has evidence begun to accumulate which contra-
dicts this unitary concept
which
edere
and
Is a single entity due to the single cause of overeating
in the
it
an
a
condition in
excessive amount of body fat specifically
exceeds 20 to 25 percent body fat for males and 25 to
percent body fat for females
are involved with obesity
involving physiological
it
168
because other factors
faceted problem
is clearly a multi
multifaceted
psychological
and
cultural factors
168
many
studies have been
done in a
variety of areas related
2
esty
ob esly
to obesity
esty
I ege
co
college
I1
1
esly
unfortunately though research involving ob
obesity
I f Ic
an
andd a spec
specific
women
1
ame y th
re
19 on nnameiy
namely
religion
church
urch of
thee ch
1I
1
jesus christ of latterday
latter day saints
this study
reason
was
1
1I
are limited
LDS
undertaken using
college
LDS
for this
women
as subjects
statement of the problem
the purpose of the study Is to determine if there Is
a
difference between total percent
body
fat
selected physical
and
socio environmental variables gathered from a demographic question-
naire
nuil hypothesis
null
there Is
between
no
significant difference at
total percent
body
fat
environmental variables
among
provo
utah
university
at Ful
fui
fullerson
fullerton
leron
fulleron
BYU
and
alpha level
selected physical socio
college
and
05.05
05
women
at brigham
young
california state university
california
CSUF
alternate hypothesis
there Is
between
significant difference at
a
total percent
body
fat
environmental variables
among
provo
utah
university
at
Ful
erton
fu
fui
leron
fullerson
fulleron
I1
1I
BYU
CSUF
and
alpha level
saclo
selected physical soclo
college
and
.05
05
05
women
at brigham
young
california state university
I f orn I a
ca
california
1I
1
1
dellmlalons
the study
sudy Is confined 0too utah white
whie single
whle
women
single
attending brigham
LDS
college
young
women
university
LDS
cal
and cai
ifornia
california
sae
college
white
whie
whle
attending california state university
3
a fui
ful
at
fullerton
leron
definition of terms
LDS
person
A
who
Is a member of the church of jesus
day saints
latterday
christ of latter
california CSUF women
have lived the
last
college
10
LDS women
time 858.5
85 credit hours
25
to
28
attending
an accumulation of
BYU
or
CSUF
as full
fat tissue
which exceeds
percent of body weight in females
as a percentage of the
Sk
sklnfold
skinfold
infold
the amount of fat in the
total
Call
caliper
cail per
A
pinching device designed to measure
millimeters fat beneath the skin
by
cambridge
utah
10
scientific industries
BYU
women
body expressed
body weight
in
LDS women
lange calipers manufactured
were used in
attending
BYU
this study
who
have lived
years in the state of utah
institute
by
CSUF who
students
percent body fat
the last
attending
years in the state of california
women
obesity
LDS women
religion auxiliary institution sponsored
the church of jesus christ of latterday
latter day saints which offers
classes
in
of
religious study
CHAPTER TWO
review of
literature
obesity has been referred to
of the twentieth century
it
problem
was
valued as a mark of affluence
beauty
this Is not the case today
weight carry a negative stigma
sigma
lean
it
new
was 100
prior to the twentieth century adiposity fatty
however
8
although obesity Is not a
8
Is being recognized as such more than
years ago
tissue
the health problem
by many as
and underweight as
and
health
overeating and excess
the trend
now
designates slim
the acceptable criteria of beauty
causes of obesity
while the underlying causes of obesity are unknown
of
exercise
may be a
major contributor
there Is
america and other developed countries to eat too
when one
reaches middle age 811
people
who
a tendency in
much
especially
overeat and are not
their excess
active are often the victims of creeping obesity
the result of modern sedentary lifestyles
body weight Is
lack
68
endocrine problems are a rare but occasional cause of
obesity
only two to five percent of all obesity
endocrine disorders
age
both
may
activity
be a
results
from
8
factor
in
obesity
and basal metabolic
patterns remain constant
19
4
rate
in the
may
elderly person
decrease while eating
5
cultural factors also play
associated with
Is
still
good
in
fellowship and in
associated with affluence
hereditary
to obesity
societies obesity
some
1316
bred to produce more or less
fat it Is believed genetic factors
them
foods are often
genetic factors are increasingly implicated
and
just as animals are
obesity
role
a
16823
families predispose
in some
seventy
seventyfive
five percent of overweight
children have at least one overweight parent
most obesity Is
to satisfy
related to overeating out of habit or
other than physical hunger
react to emotional stress with
group may
to eat
some need
food has become something
or satisfaction
16
a
feeling they need
that imparts
individuals need help
such
in
to deal with their problems without overeating
a sense of
security
feeling adequate
attention to
16823
emotional problems must precede any dieting
it
the latter
6
difficult to cure than
cancer 8
it has even been suggested that obesity cannot be
on
ed much like
ke al
onlyy control
onlyy 15 to
cured but on
cohol sm
alcoholism
ilke
controlled
has been said obesity Is more
1I
25
I1 1I
1I
percent of those
who
it off
for at least one
3819
and then
some
1I
try to lose weight are successful in
losing the desired amount and keeping
year
1I
there Is
a
completely different viewpoint
health professionals contend that certain people can be
chronically overweight but otherwise healthy
these individuals
should be permitted to be plump rather than become anxious about
a few
extra pounds
1611
6
theonies
theories of obesity
psychodynamic
psychodynamic formulations of obesity are conceptualized
as beginning in infancy and caused
rejection
by
feeling of
by a fundamental
the mother towards her child
because of these
strong feelings of rejection the mother attempts to compensate
by
over overprotective
protective behaviors toward her child
including excessive
the mother Is perceived as responding to
feeding
needs by the giving of food
a 11
the
childs
19
externality
persons
penson
research has indicated that the obese person
behavior is primarily determined
by
internal cues of hunger
and
19
by
eating
external cues rather then
lons of this theory
ions
implications
the impi
ications
icat
the research cited in its support are that obese persons
are not only more sensitive in their eating behavior to cues
such as the smell and
cues
and
taste of foody
food the salience
of the food
the effort involved in obtaining the food but that
obese persons are also more responsive than normal weight persons
to external cues in general
experimental findings suggest that
the obese are more distractible
ibie and are more responsive to
distract ible
variety of highly salient external cues
a
19
learning
learning theory explanations of obesity have centered
around the concept of eating as a highly overlearned habit
has generalized to a variety of environmental cues and
of emotional arousal
19
that
states
7
taIon
lalon
imitation
learning or modeling Is another influence considered
Im
important in the
obese
initial learning
later maintenance of the
the repeated opportunity to observe other persons
state
one
family overeat
in ones
and
andor eat in response to cues unrelated
to hunger results in the child learning
this pattern
may be
or social approval
similar eating pattern
further maintained through parental reinforcement
19
Self Concept
selfconcept
there Is
a
little
and obe
obesity
selfconcept
self concept
argument against the axiom
Is a significant variable in
human
individuals
an
behavior
acceptance of himself Is positively and significantly correlated
with his acceptance of others
his
own body
process
how an
individual perceives
has an important influence on his behavior and his
reaction to the environment
which is a
10
the formation of the
body image
vital part of the total self concept Is
a complex
15
evidence from related studies shows feelings about the
body
image
are similar to feelings about the self
correlates with but
with emotional
body
which
stress
selfrejecting
self rejecting individual
negative concepts about ones
does not cause
and anxiety
so a negative body
a
usually bring about feelings of insecurity and inadequacy
ultimately influence selfconcept
self concept and performance predisposing
factors to functional disorders
such as obesity
15
obesity and health
obesity complicates and
may
predispose to
many
serious
8
health problems
including diabetes hypertension varicose veins
diseases of the digestive system cerebral hemorrhage and circulatory
16811
collapse
Is
itself
a
research suggests that
some
some
obesity
disease because of the metabolic differences
and non
obese persons
nonobese
a symptom of a
in obese
other studies reveal obesity as merely
disease 68
measuring obesity
for years
most people have solely depended upon
now
weight charts to determine proper
height
heightweight
research has
shown
inadequate
when
life
insurance company added frame
to the height
welgot
welght
weight charts
heightweight
size
and weight ranges
more
accurate and could measure the so
called
socalled
for each category
by a
they became
way
general appearance
pinching method
to diagnose obesity Is to consider
and subcutaneous
fat as estimated
anthropometric measurements with sk
skinfold
infold
8
calipers measure width
in
skinfold
millimeters of sk
infold at various
arm
mid
upper
trtcep
midupper
at
tricep
the
the
tricea
ie
A
percentage of
bone
hip
above
the
812
iliac
body
sites
Is obtained
by
triceps value
using a nomogram appendix
in the
the third column
by
weight
ideal
1113
the most practical
weight
recent
weight
height weight charts are
heightweight
in many cases
metropolitan
body
a
first
percent
column with
body
B
by
and suprabody
fat
aligning the
supraillac
the suprailiac
suprai
subrai lac value in
fat value
can be determined
reading where the straight edge crosses the middle column
for example
a female who measures 21mm
at the supraillac
suprailiac crosses the
supralltac
26
at the tricep
tricea
and
25mm
percent body fat mark in the
9
center column
this
with ats
kith
hts percentage of
considered obese
2
densimetry
body
fat she
underwater weighing
the precise calculation of the fraction of the
by
201
fat 211
method
permits
body weight
represented
although anthropometric measurement Is the simplest
for evaluating obesity densimetry Is
related studies
many
would be
on
accurate 219
more
obesity
studies have been completed using socio environmental
factors as predictors of obesity
there are three reasons
be considered in
why
the social environment should
the control of obesity
first
social forces
play a very important part in producing and maintaining obesity
despite increases
second
in
of individual obese persons
to
be
desired
the effectiveness of the treatment
this treatment sti
still leaves
1I
1I
much
third modifying the social environment has already
produced substantial benefits in the control of obesity and the
lessons thus can be applied even more widely 19
epiderniologic
epidemlologic studies of obesity that have included socioeconomic
status indicate that social
strong determinants of obesity
and economic
factors are
as garn has stated
involve measures of soctoeconomic
socioeconomic status we
socloeconcmic
find further problems with a simple genetic explanation
for poor boys and poor girls are leaner than those more
when we
generalized to poor
men as well
but in adulthood it Is the poor woman who
Is fatter and the rich woman who Is leaner and fatness
decreases linearly with increasing income in women
if
the level of fatness follows socioeconomic status or educational level in such a circuitous way then it Is difficult
to credit a purely genetic explanation at the present time
breed lean women nearly
outbreed
obese women in the united states ou
20
21 since this indicates that our now
nowfat
fat country Is on its
way to becoming fatter we need to find out why 18
180
affluent
and
this statement
may be
10
I rst ev
I dence of
evidence
the ffinst
first
1
1
influences obesity
was
Ilarge
I ronment
I a
ange sca
arge
aca
env
rosment
benv
lange
the iange
environment
largescale
scalee soc
social
how
obtained
1
by
1I
striking association
the results of the study
women
were obese
social class and
class
no more
than
16
5
among women
percent
among
percent in the upper social
the influence of socioeconomic status
social class of their parents
it
was
longer a persons family had been in
to
the
was more
prevalent
also the case that the
this country the less likely
1724
be obese
70
196870
the ten state nutrition survey of 1968
showed
that
was more common among white than among black men
but
the opposite
true for
was
the level of
in adolescents
women
obesity
in
affect the incidence
but for both black and white
was more
older
associated with
3
income did not
levels were associated with
groups
class
mobile subjects than those who remained in the
among downwardly
women
324
those of middle
analyses of this study demonstrated that obesity
obesity
and
survey of midtown
mcdown manhattan enabled causal influences
mtdown
be drawn about
he was
status
24
A
to
to
this study
30 percent of lower
that
showed
compared
317
between socioeconomic
particularly
the prevalence of obesity
1
town study a comprehensive
midtown
the mid
survey of the epidemiology of mental illness
showed a
I1
1
women
a lower level of
men
of obesity
lower income
obesity
in younger
prevalent in the lower socioeconomic
both black and white
a lower prevalence of
lower income was
obesity 319
religious affiliation is yet another social factor linked
11
to obesity 324
prevalence of obesity
and
the midtown manhattan study the greatest
in
protestants
was among jews
among
protestants the pattern
the largest amount of obesity
explained
by roman
followed
further
was
was found among
with a decreasing prevalence among methodists
episcopalians
catholics
baptists
Baptis
tst
Luth erans and
lutherans
17
studies
on
the incidence of obesity
are practically non
existent
nonexistent
college students
among
there is but one study done at
boston university in 1969 wherein health records of 2343 students
ty
nc dence of obes
obesity
the incidence
i I i zed and
were ut
utilized
I1
1I
1
1I
I cu I
was ca
abed
ated
calculated
1
1
the
researchers compared majors of obese students to see iff there
were any
the results suggested
correlations
between obesity and major
incidence of obesity
there were
ty
obes
obesity
i
no
regarding the
LDS
relationship
field with philosophy having the highest
14
other studies done
I ege women
among co
college
1I
a
1
ing
and noth
nothing
on
the incidence of
at
aall
ali
ail has been done
I1
1I
religion
al
ail of the socio environmental studies suggest
all
that with
increasing affluence social attitudes fads social class level
one
social
of acculturation and religion all major aspects of ones
I1
environment are strongly related to obesity
24
CHAFTER THREE
CHAPTER
procedures
the purpose of the study
a
was
difference between total percent
to determine if there
fat
body
and
was
selected physical
socio environmental variables gathered from a demographic question-
naire
end sample
population and
the population of this study consisted of al
all
ali
ail
1I
students enrolled in
semester 1984
of religion
was
all
and
at
CSUF
classes at
PE 177
BYU
during winter quarter 1984
administered to 316
BYU
women
and 130
female
during the winter
at the institute
female students enrolled
LDS
LDS
A
questionnaire
CSUF women
sequence of events
the instrument used for data collection
was a 20 lem
item
iem
researcher
the questionnaire
the questionnaire
for final approval
was
was reviewed by
appendix
pilot study
at
was
by
the
the graduate faculty
brigham young university
refined after faculty input
brigham young university
was
this study
multiple choice questionnaire designed
of the department of health sciences
A
in
and resubmitted
A
conducted in two health classes at
25 women
participated
the pilot study
intended to expose any major flaws in the questionnaire
12
13
the researcher evaluated the pilot questionnaires and found one
question
consistently answered incorrectly
was
modified slightly
was
by
adding
this question
choices to narrow the possibilities
of not understanding the question
appendix
question
A
16
along with the questionnaire each subject was given
using lange sk
skinfold
sklnfold
infold calipers
infold test
a sk
sklnfold
skinfold
measured by the researcher on the
this data
and
was recorded on
were then appi
appl
applied
led
percent of total
to
CSUF
were given the
researcher
to calculate the
B
questionnaire
infold test
and a sk
skinfold
sklnfold
subjects enrolled at
by
BYU
in
PE
the
177
first
week of
january
the sk
sklnfold
skinfold tests taken in january were all administered
infold
qualified instructors
and taken on
with lange sk
sklnfold
skinfold calipers
infold
the right tricep
tricea
and
were involved in while taking
was used
suprailiac
supraillac
suprai
subrai lac
these previous measurements were
used as a baseline measurement for the exercise programs
B
by
questionnaire and asked to transfer their sk
skinfold
sklnfold
infold
measurements which had been taken during the
1984
these measurements
subjects at the institute of religion
in march 1984
were given the
appendix
supralltac
supraillac
right suprailiac
and
fat
in february 1984
at
tr1cep
right tricep
tricea
the questionnaire
a nomogram
body
each female was
PE 177
to calculate total percent
the
body
women
same nomogram
appendix
fat
research design
since this study Is descriptive research there Is
this situation tuckman recommends
ex post facto design specifically co
expost
corelational
relational 22 this
manipulation of variables
an
no
design Is diagrammed below
in
14
YI
CSUF 01
oi
Y
YI1
BYU
02
ya
y22
CSUF 05
03
ya
y2
BYU
04
ya
y3
yj CSUF 05
ya
y3
BYU OB
06
where
Y
yj
aj
age
YZ
height
ya
y33
weight
CSUF
0
01
03
05
BYU
0
02
04
05
percent
body ffat
at
percent
body
fat
only those variables proving to be significant
06
05
placed
when
into interaction with all other variables remained in the final
prediction equations
the research variables are
1
environmental
enviromental
selected physical socio envlronmenal
independent
variables
2
dependent
percent
3
moderator
Y
yj
aj
age
YZ
height
ya
y33
weight
body
fat
ond recommendations
rac mendat
conclusions and
ionS
mendations
lons
conclusions and recommendations were formulated as
function of the data collected and analyzed
by means of a
sion
the data was analyzed
lowed
followed
fol
fourway
four way analysis of co
covariance
variance foi
the hypotheses were tested at the
.05
05
05
a
by
regres-
level of significance
CHAPTER FOUR
analysis of data
daa
the purpose of this study
a
was
to determine if there
difference in obesity using total percent
physical socio environmental variables on
brigham young university
of
fullerton
A
tered to
CSUF
institute
california
infold test
classes
PE 177
of religion
for
and utah
10
was adminis-
and 130 CSUF
only those females
or more years remained
due to the imbalance of race and marital
the final study
status
among
the two universities
single
women
both having lived
ived in
these were narrowed to white
their respective state for
1I
or more years
the final sample consisted of
white
nonwhite
all non
and 105 CSUF women
84
BYU
women
and married women were excluded
the study due to the imbalance
from
there
three possible explanations for the large
were
number of women dropped from
1
naire
for
selected
attending
and sk
sktnfold
skinfold
A
females enrolled in
BYU
having lived in
10
LDS women
and
california state university
and
questionnaire appendix
316
fat
CSUF
females attending
in
BYU
body
was
the
BYU
many were
unknown
women
the
BYU
were not
sample
fully completing the question-
excluding the socioeconomic status question
reasons therefore these subjects were dropped from
the study due to this incompletion
15
16
there were
2
than
attending school
BYU women
CSUF women
there were
3
were
more married
more
minorities attending
BYU
than there
CSUF
this chapter Is
devoted to the
statistical analysis
the computer program used
the data collected
designed to
was
baci
faci
analysis of any data with unequal sample sizes
libate
facilitate
litate analysts
program developed
statistical
penn
at
state university
by norman nye
package for the social sciences
analysis of co
covariance
variance followed
by
SPSS
regression
of
A
was used
this
Is called
fourway
four way
to obtain
the data
the data computed
in
the following manner
by SPSS
1
will be presented and analyzed
grams will
scattergrams
scatergrams
scatter
be
presented to
indicate relationships between the variables of age height
weight
grams
scattergrams
scatter
analysis of these scatergrams
2
statistical data
and
their
and
accompanying
presentation of tables including analysis
3
of variance to determine if there were any significant relationships
between the variables and
and
total percent
saI
body
fat
analysis of the sal
statistical
sIcal information as
and 4
discussion
it relates to
I ab es
the var
variables
1
1I
figure
between
1
scatergram
Is a scattergram
scatter gram which presents the relationships
total percent
body
fat
down
and age group
across
the
data were arranged so that the higher age measurements corresponded
with the higher percent of body
at the 0.05
005 level
figure
fat
the value 0000 Is significant
of confidence indicating a high correlation
2 Is a
gram
scattergram
scatergram
scatter
which
plots the relationship
17
figure
3
LL
relationship
0
L
percent
C
0
0
total
ul sz
cl
CL W
000
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006
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rs
03
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figure
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CIL
mol
2
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1
1 3
between
co
percent
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and total
0
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oor
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4
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n
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ake
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9
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percent
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M
0
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0091z
OOCBT
ry
trl
tri
iri
ooo
000
G
1I
19
between
total percent
the data
fat
body
down
and height group
that the shorter height
shows
across
measurements correspond
fat the significant value of 0004
correlation at the 05 level of confidence between
with the higher percent body
indicates
body
fat
a high
height
and
figure
between
gnam which plots the relationship
scattergram
Is a scatergram
scatter gram
3
total percent
fat
body
down
and weight group
across
the data explains the smaller weight measurements correspond
fat
with smaller body
that there Is
a very high
fat
between body
table
A
1
0.000
0000 indicates
significance value of oooo
correlation at the
.05
05
05
level of confidence
and weight
presents the relationships between the moderator
variables age height and weight and the dependent variable
total percent body fat the alternate hypothesis states there
Is a significant difference
at the
.05
05
05
level of confidence between
selected physical socio environmental variables
body
fat at
BYU
and CSUF
and
total percent
this hypothesis Is accepted at the
0.05
005 level of confidence
table
1
the relationship between total percent
and age height and weight
moderator variable
age
height
weight
F
ratio
8.575583
8575583
12.90713
1290713
132.3914
1323914
significance at 0.05
005 level of confidence
body
fat
significance of
0.000
0000
0.004
0004
oooo
0.000
0000
F
20
keight group
between weight
relationship
total
tota percent
and
008
O
0
8
8
r
I1
008
body
008
cid
rid
08
0in
08
0
OD
m
ai
m
B
eat
fat
80
lh
080
00
0
ro
N
200
180
176
176180
171 175
171175
166 170
166170
rj
161 165
161165
156 160
156160
151
155
151155
0
146
50
150
1461
146150
1
1
U
cd
rd
141
145
141145
cv
ru
cv
3
140
136
136140
CU
CU
131
155
135
131155
131135
meea
m
rd
cm
126
130
126130
rv
rvru
ruru
CU
12
121
125
121125
1
rd
ard
rd
nrd
cv
n
ru
cd
116
120
116120
M
111
1111 15
1
106
110
106110
101
105
101105
rd
00
0
ai
00
0
0
00
0
0
4
percent body fat
00
0
N
cv
96
100
96100
rd
00
21
table
females age
2 shows
and
the relationship which exists between
the total percent
fat she contains
body
005 level
alternate hypothesis Is accepted at the 0.05
with an
F
0.000
0000
significance of oooo
a
the
of confidence
the acceptance of this alternate
hypothesis indicates a strong relationship between age and total
percent body fat
the range
years with a
was 18
30
1830
mean age
of 20
table
2
analysis of variance between age
and total percent body fat
an
percent
age
18
20
1820
38
24
20.1
201
127
12.7
127
19.69
1969
20.73
2073
24.58
2458
L
5
189
100.0
1000
22.200
22200
2219
22.19
2219
21
total
F significance
body
667
66.7
667
126
22
2122
23
25
2325
26
30
2630
mean
of sample
N
fat
clio
0.000
0000
significance at 0.05
005 level of confidence
table
3 shows
between height and
the positive relationship which exists
total percent
body
fat
the alternate hypothesis
Is accepted at the 0.05
005 level of confidence with
strong relationship between height and total percent
the range
61411 with a mean
4101161411
was 41011
table
and
significance
the acceptance of this alternate hypothesis indicates
of 0.004
0004
a
an F
4 shows
total percent
at the 0.05
005 level
body
height of
body
fat
51511
the relationship which exists between weight
fat
the alternate hypothesis Is accepted
of confidence with an
F
significance of 0.000
0000
22
table
an
analysis of variance between height
and total percent body fat
percent
height in
inches
4044
4548
48
45
454.8
4548
494.11
49 411
49411
50
54
505.4
5054
55
58
555.8
5558
595.11
59 511
59511
60
64
606.4
6064
total
4044
40
404.4
44
N
of sample
3
3
4
lg
ig
1.6
16
ig
lg
1.6
16
21
2.1
21
122
12.2
122
23
lg
ig
1.6
16
3
body
2219
22.19
2219
100.0
1000
189
total
18.00
1800
24.33
2433
26.50
2650
18.85
1885
19.13
1913
19.08
1908
18.66
1866
48.1
481
91
6064
mean
328
528
32.8
328
62
5054
5558
F
3
significance
0.004
0004
significance aat 0.05
005 level of confidence
the acceptance of this al
ernae hypothesis indicates
alternate
a
strong relationship between weight and total percent
was 96
200
96200
the range
obesity
the total sample
when
was
not determined
BYU
mean body
fat
at the 0.05
005 level
are considered the
it
trends
was
seem
that
was
BYU
and
CSUF
the incidence of obesity
did have a lower percent of body fat
CSUF
percento
percente
with 22.48
2248 percent
since
22.19
2219 percent there was no significance
of confidence
showing the sample populations
same
Is of interest to note from these results that several
to appear
of snack foods
were asked
individuals at
was examined
with 21.82
2182 percent compared to
the
fat
pounds with a mean weight of 130
was found among
but
body
the
first
the
trend observed in this study
women
participating in the study
to identify which foods they snacked
on between
meals
fat
23
25
table
an
analysis of variance between weight
and total percent body fat
percent
I ght
we
weight
aht
1
in
4
lbs
100
96
96100
101
105
101105
110
106
106110
111
115
111115
120
116
116120
121
125
121125
130
126
126130
131
155
135
131155
131135
140
136
156
136140
156140
141
145
141145
150
146
146150
151
155
151155
160
156
156160
161
165
161165
170
166
166170
175
171
171175
176
180
176180
N
of sample
8
5
42
4.2
26
2.6
53
55
74
7.4
74
127
12.7
127
17
go
90
9.0
10.1
101
toi
lol
122
12.2
122
90
58
5.8
58
11.1
111
lii
iii
37
57
3.7
5.7
37
57
58
5.8
58
26
2.6
26
7
11
5
5
5
20.18
2018
2219
22.19
2219
25.28
2528
26.72
2672
27.20
2720
28.60
2860
30.40
50.40
3040
5040
29.00
2900
28.50
2850
48.00
4800
22.19
2219
oooo
0.000
0000
26
26
26
2.6
26
2.6
.5
5
1
1.1
11
ll
ii
2
1
J
100.0
1000
.5
5
189
fat
18.50
1850
19.00
1900
17.80
1780
19.50
1950
21.16
2116
18.63
18.65
1863
1865
21.47
2147
21.17
2117
53
55
5.5
5.3
10
14
24
19
23
25
21
total
F significance
icance
signia
signif acance
body
42
26
11
200
mean
significance at 005 level of confidence
there were five categories they were asked to choose
the results are listed in table
it
percent
the utah
women
snacks
it
on
body
fat
on
fruit
that the california
known how long
women had
and vegetable snacks
had a higher percent body
Is not
and
5
Is of interest to note
a higher
from
these
fat
on
fat
women had
and
and sugar
snack ing
been snacking
these foods
the second trend observed
in
the study
was
the relationship
24
table
5
relationship between snack foods
total percent body fat
snack food
body
BYU
vegetable
sugar
other
at the 0.05
005 level
of confidence
those
information
it
women who came
body
CSUF
fat
28.33
2833
25.00
2500
22.00
2200
18.50
1850
20.46
2046
status
between TPBF and socioeconomic
although not significant
provided some interesting
from
families
whose
yearly
20000
30000 had an average total percent
2000030000
income was between
fat of 25.29
2529 percent
women
fat
22.44
2244
18.50
1850
29.13
2913
31.14
3114
24.00
2400
fruit
fat
body
and
in
contrast to 18.50
1850 percent for those
100000
90000
900004100000
90000100000
whose famtliesv
families yearly income was between
this trend agrees with the studies that have been done on socioeconomic status and obesity
there Is more obesity among those
people of lower incomes than those of higher incomes
the third trend that provided
fat
body
fine arts
obesity
was found among
also found
among
the
those
women
in
the humanities
fields at both BYU and CSUF obesity
those women at CSUF in the physical and
and communications
among
mathematical sciences
in
interesting information
the relationship between academic major and total percent
was
was
some
women
in
the lowest percent of
biological
and
the field of physical education
body
fat
agricultural sciences
table
was found
and
6 shows a more
also
detailed
25
table
6
the relationship between total percent body fat
and major among women attending BYU and CSUF
academic major
agricultural science
biological
education
engineering science & technology
family home social science
fine arts
&
N
BYU
CSUF
8
19.75
1975
19.60
1960
23.50
2550
2350
22.83
2283
2285
25.50
2550
25.17
2517
ooo
0.00
000
20.33
2033
2035
20.50
2050
22.30
2230
19.23
1923
19.50
1950
20.69
2069
21
7
47
19
15
2
communications
humanities
nursing
physical & mathematical sciences
physical education
non
major
nonmajor
business
4
19
17
20
2300
21.96
2196
25.54
2554
25.44
2544
23.50
2350
27.00
2700
18.44
1844
21.65
2165
22.00
2200
I ty
De noes obes
denotes
obesity
1
view of
body
fat
the comparison between
BYU
0.064
0064 confidence level
it
was
relationship between
was
the closest of all trends with
thus indicating that obese
likely to have irregular menstrual cycles
who had
12 times per year
1012
irregular periods 10
28.33
2833 percent of body fat in contrast to those
to three irregularities per year
body
fat
table
category
each categorys
7
TPBF
although not significant at the
irregular menstrual cycle
0.05
005 level of confidence
more
regarding total percent
and academic major
the last trend observed
and
and CSUF
who had an
women
those
are
women
had an average
women
with one
average 21.52
2152 percent
indicates the total percent
body
fat with
26
table
7
relationship between irregular menstrual cycle
and total percent body fat
irregularities
per year
N
133
66
26
1
46
4 6
7 9
12
10
1012
79
12
9
never
Z
total
F significance
189
total percent
body fat
21.52
2152
22.73
2273
2275
22.83
2283
28.33
2833
21.73
2173
2219
22.19
2219
0.064
0064
I ty
obes
denotes oberty
obesty
1
CHAPTER FIVE
summary
conclusions and recommendations
this chapter concludes the report
a summary of
of the study and presents
the findings offers conclusion
conclusionssp and makes recom-
mendat
mendations
ions
the findings
summary of
purpose
CO
the purpose of this study
a
difference
was
obesity using total percent
in
physical socio environmental variables
young
to determine if there
university
BYU
on
body
fat
LDS women
was
selected
and
attending brigham
Ful leron
california state university at fullerton
and
CSUF
research procedure
the study sample consisted of
PE 177
classes
religion
each subject was asked
naire and have
fat
and 105 CSUF women
infold test
a sk
skinfold
total percent
nomogram
appendix
naire were fed into
fat
body
84
women
BYU
attending
CSUF
to complete
institute of
a 20 item
iem
lem
question-
to determine total percent
was
then calculated
by means
body
of a
al
all
ail answers to questions on the question-
B
1I
a
VAX
computer and analyzed
way analysts
then a four
analysis of co
fourway
variance followed
covariance
was used
led in
enrol
enrolled
by a SPSS program
by
regression
to test the data for significance at the 0.05
005 level
I dence
of conf
confidence
1
27
28
finding summation
signia
signif icant
significant
icart relationship
A
1
height weight and total percent
was found between age
fat these three variables
were all statistically reliable at the 0.05
005 level of significance
no significant relationship was found between irregular
2
menstrual cycle and total percent body fat at the 0.05
005 level
a
however
body
trend seems to appear indicating obese
have
women
irregular menstrual cycles
more
no
3
significant relationship
was found between snack
005 level of confidence
fat at the 0.05
trend seems to appear at both universities
no significant relationship was found between socio-
foods and total percent body
a
however
4
status
economic
of confidence
income
total percent
however
no
does indicate the lower the
fat
body
significant relationship
total percent
6
005 level
fat at the 0.05
body
this study
the higher the percent of
5
and
and
body
obesity
005 level
fat at the 0.05
was found among
but upon total population analysis
at either university
was found between major
of confidence
individuals at
it
was
BYU
and CSUF
not found significant
this Is because the total percent
body
fat averages did not exceed the standard criteria of 25 percent
BYU
was
did have a lower average percent
established
that
it
2182
fat with 21.82
body
compared
to
CSUF
with 22.48
2248
the combined
average total percent body fat was 22.19
2219 which Is below the obesity
eve
level
1I
1I
29
conclusions
based on the findings of
this study the following conclusions
were made
body
1
age
2
the
height and weight positively affect total percent
fat
than the
enough
at
women
at
women
CSUF
BYU
had a lower
this difference
total percent
was
body
fat
not significant
to divide the population
3
irregular menstrual cycle closely approached significance
I I I tyo
064 probabl
probab
0.064
probability
with
th a 00064
w 1I
1
1
cat
I ng
n d 1I
indicating
1I
1
1
obese
women
are
more
ke y
likely
I1 I1
1I
to have irregular menstrual cycles
4
socioeconomic status followed the same pattern as
studies done
in
the past
on women and
obesity and socioeconomic status
status
had a higher percent body
the relationship between
those
women
of lower income
fat than those
of higher income
levels
5
the average total percent
body
fat for the entire
sample was below the obesity level
remmmendfll2as
based on the findings and conclusions of
the following recommendations were
1
made
the questionnaire should be administered only to
single white
2
this study
women
to see if the results
infold tests
Sk
sklnfold
skinfold
would be the same
should include the thigh measurement
for more accuracy
3
sklnfold
skinfold tests should
all sk
infold
be taken by one
researcher
30
for more accuracy
4
A
larger sample should
be taken so more
data
daa can
be analyzed and compared
5
A
more equal sample should be used so both
contain approximately the same number of
6
populations
women
the questionnaire should be altered
and expanded
to include other religions
7
further study should
irregular menstrual cycles
be pursued on
and obesity as
relationship between
it relates to
the distri-
bution of adipose tissue
8
natton should
determination
dearmi
deermi nation
9
use a sample with similar population catchment area
be made on length of snacking
snack ing
habits
ie
education physical education
religion religion physical educationphysical
bibliography
32
I
isography
ilography
bib lio
Ilo
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B 1I b
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2
allsen philip
life
wm
A
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I1
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bray
george
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CA
1984
onn
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amed
obesity in amer
1979
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o
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Beh esda
NIH
MD
obesity
Beh esda
behesda
obesid in perspective bethesda
obesiu
publication 1973
DHEW
A
MD
moment
koment attitudes toward obesity
college womens
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12
1012
research report vol 143 1978 pp
jim
5
chambliss
6
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new
7
mountain view
joyce M harrlson
harrison barbara vance fitness
an indolyl
individualj2ed
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groach 3rd ed
dubuque
indlyl
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duali
duall
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C
george
life
E
publication
4
1
steps to a longer
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1979
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handbook of normal and
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york
11
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dieting
dieling
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bese
I1
and
boston
the expression of
journel
journal
nai
nal of comprehensive physiojqur
jour
91
80
1977 pp
ap 374
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mcintyne C
mclntyre
mcintyre
acceptance of self and others journal of abnormal and
ap 624
25
010
vol 16 1952 pp
62425
psychology
olo
social Psych
psycholo
11
mcwilliams stare nutrition for good health
george F stickley
stick ley company 1974
12
survey on body image weight and diet of
miller T M
journal
bourna of american
merican diet association
college students journa
66
ap 561
56166
vol 77 1980 pp
philadelphia
1
13
neuberger
human
A
nutrition
sies lancaster england
14
pargman
Par gnan
david
students
26
pp
ap 621
62126
15
schilder paul
london
current issues
MTP press limited
controverand Con
tromer
1982
among
college
of
obesity
incidence
the
19690
journal of school
schoo hgaltho
health vol 39 1969
appearance
amace
image
imace and AQUe
alue
drance
alle arance
alance of
kegan
paul
franch
frubnerp
Fr
ubner
drubner
frubner
the
human 2
body
1935
and co
33
16
somogyl
Somogyit J
C
strole
srole
T
nutritional
new york
of obesity
17
esyahol
psychological
icat
ical
and
karger 1978
social aspects
lil
ill
in
langer S T michael mental health
herlth lii
mcgraw
new york
manhattan
manhatten
the metropolis the Man
battan study
hattan
stul
L
S
HIII
hlllilg 1962
H i 118
18
kard A
stunkard
Sun
medicine
vol
37
J
the case of obesity
1975
19
stunkard
Sun kard
A
J
20
stunkard
Sun kard
A
J
howard
21
vol
tolson lindsey
2nd ed
tuckman bruce W
new york
ed
23
vener
obesity
qbesitv
W
to action
in psychosomatic
psychosomatic medicine
saunders company
B
1980
obesity and the social environment
90
85 1980 pp
ap 178
17890
dowell
dowel
I1
I A
IA
1
corbin
wm
C
brown
1970
conducting
CondUct ido
loo educational research 2nd
jovanovlch inc 1978
harcourt brace jovanovich
226
1982 pp
ap
1982t
an overview
1102
09
110209
benjamin B
psychological aspects of obesity
new york
van Nos
rand reinhold company 1982
nostrand
wolman
libb
concepts
conceqt&
education
concerts in physical Uu
Catlon
cation
over Weight
Obese patients
weightobese
tionerp
tioner vol
24
195
236
195236
pp
ap
dubuque
22
A
from
from explanation
practi-
APPENDIX
PHYSICAL SOCIO
A
environmental questionnaire
35
cai
cal
ipen measurements
caliper
iper
trtcep
icep
tr bicep
lac
suprati
supraillac
suprailiac
subrati
persona
Pars
onal
1
1
2
A
HEIGHT
22
2122
4044
418
415
415418
48
45
4548
25
23
2325
11
4 99444111
419
4194111
30
26
2630
510
510514
54
50 514
410
410414
44
40 414
20
18
1820
21
31
35
3135
5054
518
515
515518
58
55
5558
40
36
3640
519
5195111
59 5111
41
610
610614
60 614
64
6064
615
65
3
WEIGHT
under 90
120
116
116120
146
150
146150
180
176
176180
M OR
7
90
95
9095
121
125
121125
151
155
151155
181
185
181185
100
96
96100
126
130
126130
156
160
156160
186
190
186190
101
105
101105
131
135
131135
161
165
161165
191
195
191195
110
106
106110
140
136
136140
170
166
166170
196
200
196200
111
115
111115
141
145
141145
171
175
171175
200
1f
af
4
B
5
YEAR
MAJOR
1I
spa n i c
hispanic
ack
Hj
asian
other
othe
HOOL
IN SC
SCHOOL
freshman
6
american indian
white
RACE
sophomore
IN SCHOOL
SCHO
junior
senior
graduate
36
7
70
OVERALL GPA
10
15
101.5
1015
1620
16
20
162.0
1620
2125
21
25
212.5
2125
8
9
25
30
253.0
2530
3135
31
35
313.5
3135
3640
36
40
364.0
3640
2530
MARITAL
STATUS
single
married
divorced
separated
1
attend sacrament meeting
one or two weeks
three or
long have you been a member of the
how
lifetime
11
05 yrs
ars
16
20
1620
LDS
more weeks
church
15 yrs
1115
ars
0 5
yrs
ars
yrs
ars
10
6610
11
1
widowed
how many weeks a month do you
never
10
I I dren
how many ch
children
u I mea
ffuli
mealss do you
full
how many
1I
I1
1
eat per
day
45
0011
4 5
23
6
2 3
12
are you
13
which of the following most
on a
vegetable
fruit
ie
ie
check
fat foods
ie
ie
1
all that apply
candy
cookies
cake
potato chips trench
french fries
of 2 or more
if yes explain
closely resembles one of your
celery carrots
other explain
I nation
comb
combination
no
apple orange
high sugar foods
high
yes
special diet
typical snacks
or more
37
how many
14
times per month do you date
45
0011
4 5
23
6
2 3
15
how many
times
this year did
you
mor
or mon
moree
experience irregularities
with your menstrual cycle
cycl
cyale
79
46
133
never
10
12
1012
7 9
4 6
1
father
FA hg
Is your father a member of the
16
yes
church
LDS
which priesthood does he hold
elder
seventy
HP
no
iff yes
how
1I
long has he been a member
ars
05 yrs
25
2125
21
yrs
ars
10
6610
0 5
yrs
ars
26
30
2630
15 yrs
1115
ars
11
yrs
16
20
1620
yrs
ars
etime
lifetime
if entime
I1
Is he generally
very slender
average
slender
over
uver
overweight
weight
obese
socioeconomic status of your family
17
below
beio
belo
60000
70000
6000070000
20000
000800000
2000030000
pooo
30pooo
oooo
40
30000
40000
3000040000
ooo
ooo
50
40
000
50000
40000
4000050000
00050 000
50000 60000
50000460000
5000060000
ooo
000 800000
70
70000
80000
7000080000
.000800000
ooo
ooo
000
000
300
200
30000
20000
000300
900000
80000
90000
8000090000
1000000
90000
100000
90000100000
v
0
00 0000
100000
1
mother
Is your mother a member of the
18
if yes
how
ars
05 yrs
0 5
25 yrs
2125
ars
21
LDS
yes
church
long has she been a member
6610
10
yrs
ars
26
30
2630
15 yrs
1115
ars
11
yrs
lifetime
16
20
1620
yrs
ars
no
38
Is she generally
very slender
slender
average
averane
overweight
average
ave raola
racle
racla
overweight
average
overweight
obese
19
are your siblings generally
very slender
slender
obese
20
would you consider
very slender
yourself
slender
obese
hone
hane
what iIss your home
how many
state
years have you
1I
lived
ived
there
APPENDIX B
6
NOMOGRAM
40
vom
WOM FO f4
won
fa
lom
kon
C
0
I
01D
r
47
1
tricep
TRICE
welce
weice
tricea
prr
pcrcent
parent 0064 an
partnt
fn
rrtr
i
cSUPTP
clma
illao
lma billao
liao
nold
gle
gie
folt
win
vin nolt
14
eal
eai 4 fold
ski
rold
rolo
folo
m
MM
M
hm
.55
55
3-
30co
ya
y5
350
35
i
so
1 30
0o
za
2z5
25
27
21
zc
20
v
aq
2q
16
24
&
15
0 O
10
10
S
15
5
5
IZ
adapted from
a nomogram by
irene paul
21
THE INCIDENCE OF OBESITY
EFFECT OF SELECTED PHYSICAL SOCIO
VARIABLES
TWO
swe
TOE
THE
IN LDS COLLEGE WOMEN
ON TOTAL
environmental
PERCENT BODY FAT IN
populations
OF LDS WOMEN
carrie tanner
summers
department of health sciences
MS
degree august 1984
ABSTRACT
the purpose of the study was to determine the effect of
selected physical socio environmental variables on total percent
body fat
the sample population consisted of single LDS white
women attending brigham young university BYU and california state
university at Ful
significant data as well as trends
fullerton
leron CSUF
that appeared
were included in
this paper
from the data collected it was concluded that the sample
populations at BYU and CSUF were the same the incidence of obesity
determined only among individuals attending both universities
the entire sample population mean was 22.19
2219 percent this percentage
did not meet the obesity criteria
was
005
correlation at the 0.05
of confidence between total percent body fat and the variables
level lof
of age height and weight
analysis of data indicated
a high
I1
f
C
COMMITTEE
OMMITTEE APPROVAL
CommItte 4 chairman
robert burgener committee
ron
L
rhodes
committee member
ron
L
rhodes
aman
cha I rman
department chairman
1