Chapter
9
The Blood and
Blood Vessels
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Introduction
Word Elements Specific to the Blood and Blood Vessels
Capillaries, Arteries, and Veins
Capillaries
Arteries
Conducting Arteries
Medium-Size Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
The Superior Vena Cava
The Inferior Vena Cava
Terminology of the Blood
Blood Plasma
Formed Elements (Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets)
Blood and Blood Vessel Disorders and Procedures
Cholesterol
Common Abbreviations
Exercises
Pre-Quiz Checklist
Chapter Quiz
105
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efore studying the terms commonly associated with the blood, we will
consider the vessels through which it travels. The reason for doing so is
that blood vessels share with the heart the job of transporting blood to
all the cells in the body. This chapter introduces the terms relating to blood
vessels, constituents of blood, common diseases, and methods of diagnosis and
treatment.
B
WORD ELEMENTS SPECIFIC TO THE BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
The word elements shown in Table 9-1 are often found in terms relating to the
blood and blood vessels. You will recognize them in many of the terms you will
learn in this chapter.
TABLE 9-1 COMMON WORD ELEMENTS RELATED TO THE BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
Element
ang/i/o
arteri/o
ather/o
-ectasis
-emia
hem/o; hemat/o
phleb/o
thromb/o
varic/o
Type
root
root
root
suffix
suffix
root
root
root
root
vas/o
vascul/o
ven/o
root
root
root
Refers to
vessel
artery
gruel-like
dilation
blood
blood
vein
clot
dilated; from the Latin
word varix (“a dilated vein”)
vessel
vessel
vein
CAPILLARIES, ARTERIES, AND VEINS
Capillaries
The capillaries (singular: capillary) are a good place to start in a study of the
blood vessels, not because they are the largest of the vessels; on the contrary, they
are the smallest. They are mentioned first, however, because they are the most
numerous and because they deliver nutrients from the blood to the body’s cells.
The transfer of blood to the capillaries begins in large vessels and progresses
through vessels of ever-diminishing size.
Arteries
Arteries (singular: artery) carry blood away from the heart and, eventually, to the
capillaries. Arteries contain muscle tissue, which allows them to vary their diameters.
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107
Two terms are associated with this action: they are vasoconstriction (a narrowing of
the artery’s diameter) and vasodilation (an enlarging of the artery’s diameter).
When the muscle tissue contained within an artery contracts, vasoconstriction
occurs, thereby producing a resistance that increases blood pressure. When the
muscle tissue relaxes, vasodilation occurs to effectively lower the blood pressure. All
arteries have this capability, but in varying degrees, depending on their function.
The arteries nearest the heart must be able to accommodate the large volume of
blood it pumps out with each beat. Artery diameters become smaller as they get
nearer to the capillaries. The three kinds of arteries are conducting arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.
Conducting Arteries
Conducting arteries, sometimes called elastic arteries, can have an inside diameter as great as an inch. The aorta is an example of a conducting artery. The pulmonary artery and the aortic trunk are examples of conducting arteries, which
move blood away from the heart. Three major conducting arteries branch from the
aortic arch, as shown in Figure 9-1. They are the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. Both the right subclavian artery
and the right common carotid artery attach to the brachiocephalic trunk.
Medium-Size Arteries
Medium-size arteries, sometimes called muscular arteries (because they contain
a lot of muscle tissue), typically have an inside diameter of about one-sixth of an
Right common
carotid artery
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Right subclavian
artery
Left common
carotid artery
Left subclavian
artery
Aortic trunk
Pulmonary
artery
FIGURE 9-1 Conducting arteries.
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Capillaries
Arterioles
Veins
FIGURE 9-2 Schematic diagram of the arteriole-capillary-vein network.
inch—roughly the height of the letters h and l in this sentence. The external carotid
artery in the neck is an example of a medium-size artery.
Arterioles
Arterioles are the smallest arteries, with an average inside diameter of 0.0018 of
an inch, or about 1/100 the size of a medium-size artery. Arteries and arterioles
connect to the capillaries, which can be as tiny as one blood cell (or about onefourth the size of an arteriole) in diameter (Figure 9-2).
Veins
Veins carry blood back to the heart. They follow the same path as the arteries
(with blood flowing in the reverse direction, of course). Also, like the arteries, they
vary in diameter, becoming larger as they approach the heart because of the
increasing volumes of blood they must carry.
fascinating fact about veins is that some of them are duplicated, one having a
e Adeep
route within the body and the other running near the surface of the skin.
When you are hot, the blood flows through the veins near the surface to dissipate heat, and
when you are cold, it flows through the ones deeper inside the body to keep you warm.
The vein counterparts of the conducting arteries are the superior vena cava and
the inferior vena cava. Together, they are known as the venae cavae, the Latin plurals for vena and cava. All the other large veins of the body system drain into one
or the other of these. The counterparts of the muscular arteries and arterioles are
the medium veins and venules. As its name implies, the superior vena cava drains
blood from the upper body, including the head, neck, shoulders, and arms. The
inferior vena cava, likewise, receives blood from the lower body, the dividing line
being the diaphragm. Figure 9-3 shows the location of the superior and inferior
venae cavae and principal connecting veins.
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109
Great cerebral vein
Vertebral vein
Brachiocephalic
veins
Internal
jugular vein
Superior
vena cava
Azygos vein
Hepatic veins
Inferior
vena cava
Renal veins
Lumbar
veins
Gonadal vein
Digital veins
Femoral vein
Tibial veins
FIGURE 9-3 Locations of the major veins.
The Superior Vena Cava
The superior vena cava collects the blood returning from the cranium from
smaller veins, such as the great cerebral vein and the internal jugular vein, which runs
alongside the common carotid artery. The brachiocephalic veins collect returning
blood from the vertebral vein and then connects up with the azygos vein, which in
turn connects to the superior vena cava, often referred to by its abbreviation: SVC.
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The Inferior Vena Cava
Blood entering the inferior vena cava (IVC) includes that returning from the
lower limbs, spinal cord, liver, kidneys, and reproductive organs. The names of
these veins include the digital, tibial, femoral, and lumbar veins, all of which are
familiar enough to you by now to indicate what parts of the body they serve. The
gonadal, hepatic, and renal veins serve the following parts of the body: the reproductive organs, the liver, and the kidneys, respectively. You will learn more about
the terminology associated with these organs in later chapters.
TERMINOLOGY OF THE BLOOD
Whole blood is made up of plasma and the formed elements it contains.
Blood Plasma
Blood plasma, a yellowish liquid that is 90% water, also contains proteins and
other nutrients in solution, such as water-soluble vitamins and minerals. In addition, it carries the formed elements that are a part of whole blood: namely, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Thus, although whole blood remains a fluid, it is
about five times denser than water.
The three main classes of blood plasma proteins are albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens. Two other terms that name common blood proteins are antibodies (also
known as immunoglobulins) and lipoproteins.
Formed Elements (Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets)
Erythrocytes are red blood cells, abbreviated RBC, and leukocytes are white blood
cells, abbreviated WBC. Red blood cells make up 99.9% of the formed elements in
the blood. Hemoglobin, which is abbreviated Hb and binds only to RBCs, gives
blood its red color. Each RBC contains approximately 280 million Hb molecules.
A single drop of blood contains about 260 million red blood cells. The number of
white blood cells present in a drop of blood is only 35,000 or so, although WBCs
are not much larger than the RBCs.
White blood cells do not all do the same job and are not all the same size. However, all WBCs are at least slightly larger than RBCs. In fact, the WBCs of one category are double the size of RBCs. The terms naming the WBC categories are given
in Figure 9-4 and are discussed further in Chapter 13.
Platelets, which are very small in comparison to both RBCs and WBCs, are
formed elements that are important in the coagulation process. They are produced
in the bone marrow and vary somewhat in shape (Figure 9-4).
Erythrocytes
Basophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
FIGURE 9-4 Formed elements in blood.
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Platelets
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BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES
Table 9-2 lists common abnormal blood conditions, along with some of the
procedures used to diagnose and correct them.
TABLE 9-2 COMMON DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH
BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
Term
aneurysm
angiitis (also vasculitis)
angiogram
angiography
angiopathy (also vasculopathy)
angioplasty
angiorrhaphy
angiospasm
angiostenosis
angiotomy
arteriolitis
arteriopathy
arterioplasty
arteriorhhexis
arteriorrhaphy
arteriosclerosis
arteriospasm
arteriostenosis
arteriotomy
arteriovenous
arteritis
hemolysis
hemopathy
hemophilia
hemorrhage
hemorrhagic fever
vasculitis (also angiitis)
vasculopathy (also angiopathy)
vasoparalysis
vasoparesis
vasospasm
Definition
a bulge in an artery (or a heart chamber)
inflammation of a blood vessel
the printed record obtained through angiography
radiography of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast
medium
any disease of blood vessels
surgical repair of a blood vessel
suture of a vessel
spasm in blood vessels
narrowing of a blood vessel
incision into a blood vessel
inflammation of the arterioles
any disease of the arteries
surgical repair of an artery
rupture of an artery
suturing of an artery
hardening of the arteries
spasm of an artery
narrowing of an artery
an incision into an artery
adjectival form of “arteries and veins”
inflammation of an artery or arteries
change or destruction of red blood cells
any disease of the blood
congenital disorder affecting the coagulation process
Discharge of blood
category that includes a number of viral diseases, one of
which is Ebola fever
inflammation of a vessel
any disease of blood vessels
paralysis of blood vessels
similar to but less severe than vasoparalysis
spasm in blood vessels (angiospasm)
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CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol, a fat-soluble steroid alcohol, is manufactured in the liver and
transported through the bloodstream. Cholesterol is delivered to body tissues,
including arterial walls, by low-density lipoprotein (LDL), known as “bad” cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as “good cholesterol” because
it returns LDL to the liver for excretion.
DECIPHERING MEDICAL DOCUMENTS
Read the following excerpt from a progress note, then answer the questions.
Complete blood count reveals a total leukocyte count of 6,600/mm3, Hb of 8.0 g/dL, hematocrit of 23.0,
and a platelet count of 149,000/mm3. Clinical diagnosis is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
1. What root and suffix combine to make up the word leukocyte? What does it mean?
2. What is Hb?
3. What is the suffix in leukemia and what does it mean?
A STUDY TABLE
9-1
THE BLO OD AND BLO OD VESSELS
Term and Pronunciation
Analysis
Meaning
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
albumins (al-BYU-mihns)
from the Latin albumen
(“white of an egg”)
antibodies (AN-tih-bodies)
anti- (“against”)
aorta (ay-OR-tah)
from the Greek word aeiro (“lift up”)
arteries (AR-tuh-rees)
from the Latin word arteria, meaning
“windpipe” (broadly, “a tubeshaped vessel”)
from the Latin word arteria, meaning
“windpipe” (broadly, “a tubeshaped vessel”)
from the Greek prefix a- (“single”);
and the Greek word zygon (“yoke”)
arterioles (ar-TEER-ee-oles)
azygos vein (AYZ-eye-gohs)
brachiocephalic trunk (BRAKE-eeoh-seh-FALL-ik)
brach/io (“arm”); cephal/o (“head”);
-ic (adjective suffix)
brachiocephalic veins (BRAKE-eeoh-seh-FALL-ik)
brach/io (“arm”); cephal/o (“head”);
-ic (adjective suffix)
one of the three main blood
plasma proteins; globulins and
fibrinogens are the other two
also called immunoglobulins; a
common blood protein
the main trunk of the systemic
arterial system
the largest of the blood vessels
the smallest arteries that
connect with the capillaries
a vein that connects the
brachiocephalic veins with
the superior vena cava
one of three major conducting
arteries branching from the
aortic arch
vein connecting the azygos vein
to veins of the head, neck,
shoulder, and arms
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113
THE BLO OD AND BLO OD VESSELS (co nt inued)
Term and Pronunciation
Analysis
Meaning
capillaries (KAP-ih-layr-ees)
from the Latin word capillus (“hair”)
cholesterol (ko-LESS-tehr-all)
from the Greek words chole (“bile”)
and stereos (“stiff ”)
conducting arteries (konDUCK-ting)
digital veins (DIJ-ih-tuhl
conducting (English word); arteries
(from the Latin word arteria)
digit (English word meaning “finger”
or “toe”); -al (adjective suffix)
elastic (English word); arteries
(from the Latin word arteria)
from two Greek words erythros (“red”);
kytos (“cell”)
from the Latin word femur (“thigh”)
from the Latin word fibra (“fiber”)
the smallest of the
blood vessels
a fat-soluble steroid alcohol
found in animal tissues and in
food; consists of both
high-density (HDL) and
low-density (LDL) varieties
the largest of the arteries and
nearest the heart
veins in the fingers and toes
elastic arteries (ee-LASS-ik)
erythrocytes (er-RITH-ro-sites)
femoral veins (FEE-mor-uhl)
fibrinogens (fy-BRIHN-o-jens)
another term for conducting
arteries
red blood cells; abbreviated RBC
veins in the legs
one of the three main blood
plasma proteins; globulins
and albumins are the other two
formed elements
common English words
phrase used to refer collectively
to the red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets
in the blood
globulins (GLAWB-yu-lins)
from the Latin word globus (“ball”)
one of the three main blood
plasma proteins; albumins and
fibrinogens are the other two
gonadal veins (go-NAD-uhl)
from the Greek word gone (“seed”)
veins in the reproductive sytem
great cerebral vein (seh-REEB-ruhl) cerebr/o (“brain”)
vein of the cranium
hemoglobin (hee-mo-GLO-bihn
hem/o (“blood”); the Latin word
the protein that gives blood its
globus (“ball”)
red color; abbreviated Hb
hepatic veins (heh-PAT-ik)
hepat/o (“liver”); -ic (adjective suffix) veins that drain the liver
immunoglobulins (IM-yu-nofrom the Latin words immunis
also called antibodies; a
GLOB-yu-lins)
(“tax exempt”) and globus (“ball”)
common blood protein
inferior vena cava (VEE-nah KAV-ah) from the Latin words vena (“vein”)
large vein that collects blood
and cavus (“hollow”)
from the smaller veins of
the lower body
internal jugular vein (JUG-yu-lahr) from the Latin word jugulum (“throat”) a vein in the neck that runs
alongside the common carotid
artery
left common carotid artery (kahfrom the Greek word karotides
one of three major conducting
ROT-ihd)
arteries branching from the
aortic arch
left subclavian artery (SUB-klaysub- (“beneath”); clavian (adjective
one of three major conducting
vee-ahn)
related to the clavicle)
arteries branching from the
aortic arch
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A STUDY TABLE
9-1
THE BLO OD AND BLO OD VESSELS (co nt inued)
Term and Pronunciation
leukocytes (LUKE-o-sytes)
lipoproteins (lip-o-PRO-teens)
lumbar veins (LUM-bar)
muscular arteries
plasma (PLAZ-muh)
platelets (PLATE-lets)
renal veins
right common carotid artery
(kah-ROT-ihd)
right subclavian artery (SUBklay-vee-ahn)
superior vena cava (VEE-nah
KAV-ah)
tibial veins
venae cavae (VEE-nay KA-vay)
veins (VAYNS)
vertebral veins (VURT-eh-bruhl)
Analysis
Meaning
leuk/o (“white”); and the Greek word
kytos (“cell”)
lip/o (“fatty”); proteins (common word)
from the Latin word lumbus (“loin”)
muscular (English adjective); arteries
(from the Latin word arteria)
white blood cells;
abbreviated WBC
a common blood protein
veins in the lower back
medium-size arteries that
connect the conducting arteries and the arterioles
from the Latin word plasticus
as differentiated from its
(“molded”)
non-medical context, the yellow fluid that makes up a bit
more than half of whole blood
by volume
from the English word plate or the
smallest of the formed
Greek work platys (“flat”)
elements; important in the
coagulation process
ren/o (“kidney”); -al (adjective suffix) veins in the kidneys
from the Greek word karotides
one of two conducting arteries
attached to the brachiocephalic
trunk
sub- (“beneath”); clavian (adjective
one of two conducting arteries
related to the clavicle)
attached to the brachiocephalic
trunk
from the Latin words vena (“vein”)
large vein that collects blood
and cavus (“hollow”)
from the smaller veins of the
upper body
from the Latin word tibia (“shin bone”) veins in the legs
plural form of vena cava
the superior vena cava and the
inferior vena cava, taken
together
English word
the blood vessels
that return blood
from the tissues to
the heart
vertebra (“spinal column”); -al
veins flowing from the upper
(adjective suffix)
spinal area into the brachiocephalic veins
COMMON DISORDERS
aneurysm (AN-yur-iz-um)
angiitis (an-jee-EYE-tiss); also
called vasculitis
angiopathy (an-jee-AWP-uh-thee);
also vasculopathy
from the Greek word aneurysma
(“dilation”)
a localized dilation of an
artery, cardiac chamber, or
other vessel
angi/o (“vessel”); -itis (“inflammation”) inflammation of a vessel
ang/io (“vessel”); -pathy (“disease”)
any disease of blood vessels
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THE BLO OD AND BLO OD VESSELS (co nt inued)
Term and Pronunciation
Analysis
angiospasm (AN-jee-o-spaz-uhm)
ang/io (“vessel”); -spasm (“involuntary
muscle contraction”)
angiostenosis (AN-jee-o-steh-NO-siss) angi/o (“vessel”); -stenosis (“narrowing”)
arteriolitis (ar-TEER-ee-oh-LY-tihs) arteriol/o (the arterioles); -itis
(“inflammation”)
arteriopathy (ar-teer-ee-OP-ah-thee) arteri/o (artery); -pathy (“disease”)
arteriorrhexis (ar-TEER-ee-oharteri/o (artery); -rrhexis (“rupture”)
REK-sihs)
arteriosclerosis (ar-TEER-ee-o-skluarter/io (artery); -sclerosis (“hardening”)
RO-sis)
arteriospasm (ar-TEER-ee-oarter/io (artery); -spasm (“involuntary
spaz-uhm)
muscle contraction”)
arteriostenosis (ar-TEER-ee-oh-steh- arteri/o (artery); -stenosis (“narrowing”)
NO-sihs)
arteritis (ar-tur-EYE-tihs)
arteri/o (artery); -itis (“inflammation”)
hemolysis (hee-MAWL-ih-sihs)
hemopathy (hee-MAWP-uh-thee)
hemophilia (hee-mo-FEEL-ee-ya)
hemorrhage (HEM-o-rij)
hemorrhagic fever (hem-o-RAJ-ik)
vasculitis (also angiitis)
vasculopathy (vass-cue-LOPah-thee) (also angiopathy)
vasoconstriction (VAZE-o-konSTRIK-shun)
vasodilation (VAZE-o-dy-LAY-shun)
(also sometimes vasodilatation)
vasoparalysis (VAZE-o-pahRAL-ih-sis)
vasoparesis (VAZE-o-pah-REE-sis)
vasospasm (VAYZE-o-spaz-uhm)
Meaning
spasm in blood vessels
narrowing of a blood vessel
inflammation of an arteriole
any disease of the arteries
rupture of an artery
hardening of the arteries
spasm of an artery
narrowing of an artery
inflammation of an artery or
arteries
hem/o (“blood”); -lysis (“destruction”) change or destruction of red
blood cells
hem/o (“blood”); -pathy (“disease”)
any disease of the blood
hem/o (“blood”); -philia (from the
congenital disorder affecting
Greek word philos), meaning “love”
the coagulation process
hem/o (“blood”); -rrhage (“flow”)
discharge of blood
hem/o (“blood”); -rrhage (“flow”);
category of diseases that include
-ic (adjective suffix)
a number of viral diseases, one
of which is Ebola fever
vascul/o (“vessel”); -itis (“inflammation”) inflammation of a vessel
vascu/lo (“vessel”); -pathy (“disease”) any disease of blood vessels
vas/o (“vessel”); constriction (English
word meaning “narrowing”)
vas/o (“vessel”); dilation (widening)
narrowing of the arteries
the widening of the arteries
vas/o (“vessel”); paralysis (immobility) paralysis of blood vessels
vas/o (“vessel”); paresis (“weakness”)
vas/o (“vessel”); -spasm (“involuntary
muscle contraction”)
similar to but less severe
than vasoparalysis
spasm in blood vessels
(angiospasm)
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT
angiogram (AN-jee-o-gram)
ang/io (“vessel”); -gram (“record”)
angiography (an-jee-AWG-ruff-ee)
angi/o (“vessel”); -graphy (“process of
recording”)
printed record obtained
through angiography
radiography of a blood vessel
after injection of a contrast
medium
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A STUDY TABLE
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THE BLO OD AND BLO OD VESSELS (co nt inued)
Term and Pronunciation
Analysis
Meaning
SURGICAL PROCEDURES
angioplasty (AN-jee-o-plass-tee)
angi/o (“vessel”); -plasty
(“surgical repair”)
angiorrhaphy (an-jee-OR-ah-fee)
angi/o (“vessel”); -rrhaphy (“suturing”)
angiotomy (an-jee-AWT-uh-mee)
angi/o (“vessel”); -tomy (“cutting into”)
arterioplasty (ar-TEER-eearteri/o (“artery”); -plasty
oh-plass-tee)
(“surgical repair”)
arteriorrhaphy (ar-teer-ee-OR-ah-fee) arteri/o (“artery”); -rrhaphy (“suture”)
arteriotomy (ar-teer-ee-OT-oh-mee) arteri/o (“artery”); -tomy (“incision”)
ENHANCEMENT TERMS
angiogenic (an-jee-o-JENN-ik)
angioid (AN-jee-oyd)
angina pectoris (an JY-nahpek-TOR-ihs)
arteriovenous (ar-TEER-ee-oVANE-uhs)
atherosclerosis (ATH-ah-rohskleh-ROH-sihs)
basophil (BAY-soh-fil)
eosinophil (ee-oh-SIHN-oh-fil)
hemolytic (hee-mo-LIH-tik)
lymphocyte (LIM-foh-site)
monocyte (MON-oh-site)
neutrophil (NU-troh-fil)
phagocyte (FAG-oh-site)
vascular (VASS-cue-lahr)
venous (VEE-nuhs)
angi/o (“vessel”); -genic (“origin”)
angi/o (“vessel”); -oid (“similarity”)
angina from the Latin verb ango (“to
press tightly”); pectoris from the
Latin word pectus (“breastbone”)
surgical repair of a blood vessel
suturing of a vessel
incision into a blood vessel
surgical repair of an artery
suturing of an artery
incision of an artery
originating in a blood vessel
resembling blood vessels
pain in the chest (Note: Some
believe that angi/o (vessel) is
the root of angina; such is
probably not the case, since
angina once meant “sore
throat.”)
arter/io (“artery”); venous (adjectival
adjectival form of “arteries
form of vein)
and veins”
from the Greek word athere (“gruel”); the most common form of
-sclerosis (“hardening”)
arteriosclerosis
bas/o (“base”); -phil (“love”)
a white blood cell with granules that stain with basic dyes
eosin (a fluorescent dye); -phil (“love”) a white blood cell that stains
with certain dyes
hem/o (“blood”); -lysis (“destruction”) adjective form of hemolysis
lymph/o (“lymph”); -cyte (“cell”)
a white blood cell formed in
lymphatic tissue
mon/o (“single”); -cyte (“cell”)
a relatively large white blood
cell
neutr/o (“neutral”); -phil (“love”)
a mature white blood cell normally constituting more than
half of the total number of
leukocytes
phag/o (“eat”) -cyte (“cell”)
a white blood cell capable of
ingesting bacteria and other
foreign matter
vascul/o (“vessel”); -ar (adjective suffix) adjectival form of vessel
ven/o (“vein”); -ous (adjective suffix)
adjectival form of vein
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THE BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
ABBREVIATION TABLE 9-1
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS:
The Blood and Blood Vessels
Abbreviation
Hb
HDL
IVC
LDL
RBC
SVC
WBC
c
Meaning
hemoglobin
high-density lipoprotein
inferior vena cava
low-density lipoprotein
red blood cells
superior vena cava
white blood cell
Exercises
Exercise 9-1 Choosing the Correct Term
Fill in the missing terms to complete the sentences.
1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart through the
arteries, to the medium-size arteries, sometimes called muscular arteries.
, also called the elastic
2. Blood then flows to the
, which are the smallest arteries, connecting with the
which transfer nutrients directly to the body’s cells.
3.
,
carry blood back to the heart.
4. The
drains blood from the upper body, and the
receives blood from the lower body.
5. Cholesterol is delivered to body tissues, including arterial walls, by low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as
cholesterol.
6. Cholesterol is manufactured in the liver and transported through the
.
7. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as “good cholesterol” because it returns LDL to the
excretion.
8. Narrowing of artery walls from cholesterol causes
for
in the vessel.
9. Arteriosclerosis is diagnosed by a radiographic procedure called angiography, and a surgical repair to the vessel
called
may be carried out.
10. If not repaired, the vessel could become completely blocked, cutting off oxygen to the heart, causing a myocardial
infarction, commonly called a
.
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PART 2
BODY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY
Exercises
Exercise 9-2 Converting Nouns to Adjectives
Convert each of the following nouns to its adjective form using one of the
following suffixes: -al, -ar, -ous.
Noun
Adjective
1. artery
2. vein
3. vessel
4. sclerosis
5. hemolysis
6. hemorrhage
7. stenosis
8. vasospasm
9. vasculopathy
10. angina
Exercises
Exercise 9-3 Matching Terms with Definitions
Place the letter of the definition in the right column in the space next to the
matching term in the left column.
Noun
Definition
1.
hemoglobin
A. carries blood back to the heart
2.
arteriole
B. the smallest but most numerous of the blood vessels, responsible for transferring nutrients directly
to the cells
3.
erythrocytes
C. the blood plasma proteins that are also known as
4.
capillary
D. contains muscle tissue and carries blood away
5.
leukocytes
E. the protein that gives blood its red color
6.
platelets
F. a large venous vessel that drains blood from the
antibodies
from the heart
upper body to be transported to the heart
7.
immunoglobulin
G. red blood cells
8.
vein
H. the smallest of the arteries, connecting with the
capillaries
CHAPTER 9
9.
10.
THE BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
superior vena cava (SVC)
119
J. white blood cells
artery
K. a formed element found in whole blood, which is
important in the coagulation process
11.
angiostenosis
12.
vasculopathy
M. discharge of blood
L. surgical repair of a blood vessel
13.
aneurysm
N. a congenital disorder affecting the coagulation
process, causing excessive bleeding
14.
angioplasty
O. “hardening” of the arteries
15.
HDL
P. the narrowing of a blood vessel
16.
angiography
Q. a bulge in an artery or a heart chamber
17.
LDL
R. radiography of a blood vessel after injection of a
18.
arteriosclerosis
S. any disease of the blood vessels
19.
hemorrhage
T. “good cholesterol”; picks up “dead” cholesterol
contrast medium
from cells and removes it
20.
hemophilia
U. “bad cholesterol”; delivers cholesterol to the body
Exercises
Exercise 9-4 True, False, and Correction
Read each statement, then indicate whether you think it is true or false. If
False, fill in the correct answer in the “Correction, if False” box at the right.
Statement
1. A vein that connects brachiocephalic
veins with the superior vena cava is
the renal vein.
True
False
Correction, if False
___
___
____________
2. Conducting arteries are the largest
of the arteries and nearest the heart.
___
___
____________
3. Vasoparalysis is the paralysis of blood vessels.
___
___
____________
4. Vasculitis is any disease of blood vessels.
___
___
____________
5. Hemopathy is any disease of the blood.
___
___
____________
6. Erythrocytes are white blood cells.
___
___
____________
7. The vein in the neck that runs alongside
the common carotid artery is the
vertebral vein.
___
___
____________
8. Lumbar veins are in the kidneys.
___
___
____________
9. The great cerebral vein is in the cranium.
___
___
____________
___
___
____________
10. The three main blood plasma proteins
include the femorals, globulins, and albumins.
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PART 2
BODY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY
Exercises
Exercise 9-5 Choosing from Options
Choose the term in the right column that correctly completes the sentence.
Sentence
1.
Origin
is the inflammation of a vessel.
angiitis; angina pectoris;
arteriosclerosis; arteriospasm
2. Hardening of the arteries is referred to as
3. The phrase
.
means a pain in the chest.
angiitis; angina pectoris;
arteriosclerosis; arteriospasm
angiitis; angina pectoris;
arteriosclerosis; arteriospasm
4. A change in or destruction of red blood cells is known as
.
hemolysis; hemopathy;
hemophilia; hemorrhage
5.
hemolysis; hemopathy;
hemophilia; hemorrhage
is a congenital disorder affecting the
coagulation process.
6. Any disease of the blood may be referred to as
7. An incision into a blood vessel is called
. hemolysis; hemopathy;
hemophilia; hemorrhage
.
angiography; angioplasty;
angiorrhaphy; angiotomy
8. X-raying a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
is called
.
angiography; angioplasty;
angiorrhaphy; angiogram
9.
is the surgical repair of a blood vessel.
angiography; angioplasty;
angiorrhaphy; angiotomy
10. A printed record obtained through angiography is an
.
angiography; angioplasty;
angiorrhaphy; angiogram
Exercises
Exercise 9-6 Misspelled Terms
Check the terms below and correct all misspellings that you find.
Term
1. angiojenic
2. anjoid
3. arteriovenous
4. capillarys
5. erythrocites
6. gobulins
7. hemolytic
8. immunogobulins
9. leukocytes
Correction
CHAPTER 9
THE BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
10. platilets
11. tibial veins
12. venos
13. angiostenosys
14. angitis
15. vasseldilation
16. vasoparesis
17. angiotomii
18. angiorhaphy
19. lipoprotenes
20. inferior venae cava
Exercises
Exercise 9-7 Identifying the Conducting Arteries
Label the conducting arteries on Figure 9-5.
aortic trunk
brachiocephalic
left common carotid
left subclavian
pulmonary artery
right common carotid
right subclavian
5
3
2
6
7
1
4
FIGURE 9-5 Identifying the conducting arteries (Exercise 9-7).
121
122
PART 2
BODY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY
Pre-Quiz Checklist
_____ Study the word roots specific to the blood and blood vessels (Table 9-1).
_____ Review the definitions and etymologies listed in the study table.
_____ Check the exercises with the answers in the Appendix, and consult the review
table again to correct your errors.
_____ Complete the quiz, and check your answers.
Chapter Quiz
Write the answers in the spaces provided to the right of each item.
1. What is an aneurysm?
1. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
2. What is vasoconstriction?
2. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
3. What effect does vasoconstriction have on blood
pressure and why?
3. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
4. What are the three major conducting arteries branching
from the aortic arch?
4. _____________________________
5. Name five veins draining into the superior vena cava.
5. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
6. What are the three formed elements in whole blood?
6. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
7. Name the three main classes of blood plasma proteins.
7. _____________________________
8. What happens to blood pressure with vasodilation of
arteries and why?
8. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
9. What are the three main types of arteries?
9. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
CHAPTER 9
10. Name five veins draining into the inferior vena cava.
THE BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
10. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
11. What is the medical term for heart attack?
11. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
12. What does the abbreviation SVC stand for?
12. _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
13. What does the abbreviation Hb stand for?
13. _____________________________
14. Name two possible terms for inflammation of a blood vessel.
14. _____________________________
15. What is the medical name for a person who has a congenital
disorder characterized by excessive bleeding?
15. _____________________________
16. Hemorrhagic fever is a category of viral diseases; what two
symptoms are suggested by the etymology of the term?
16. _____________________________
17. What word signifies a change in red blood cells?
17. _____________________________
_____________________________
18. Name a common medical disorder that is characterized by
18. _____________________________
pain
in
the
heart”
or
chest
pain
resulting
from
sclerotic
or
“
narrowed coronary vessels, but that is not a heart attack or MI.
19. What is the one-word term for any disease of the blood?
19. _____________________________
20. What is the one-word term for any disease of the blood vessels? 20. _____________________________
123