Chapter 7 Section 3 – New American Diplomacy
(p. 276-283)
MAIN IDEAS
American Diplomacy in
Asia
(p. 276)
NOTES
 1899 = USA had 3rd largest navy

Naval bases in Pacific Ocean

Growing power in Asia
 1895-1900 = US exports to China increased x 4 times

China bought only 2% of US exports
President William McKinley (1897-1901)
Republican
The Open Door Policy
(p. 276-277)
1.) 1894 = ___________________________________________________________________________________

Korea belonged to China
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________
b.) _________________________________________________________________________________
c.) China gave _______________________________________________________________________

Proved that Japan was growing stronger using Western technology and that China was weak
2.) Russia forced Japan to ______________________________________________________________________

Manchuria bordered Russia

Russia was backed by France and Germany
3.) 1898 = Russia demanded that _________________________________________________________________
4.) Other countries wanted ______________________________________________________________________
 Germany, France, and Britain demanded leaseholds in China
 “leasing” = China would own the territory but a foreign government would control it
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________

Leaseholds became the center of “sphere of influence” for the foreign country

The foreign nation controlled economic development in this area
5.) __________________________________________________ Policy (1899) – all countries _______________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

see p. 277

President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay

Countries with leaseholds could not discriminate against other nations who wanted to trade in their
sphere of influence

All nations accepted it
The Boxer Rebellion
(p. 277-278)
1.) “the Boxers” = ____________________________________________________________________________

Society of Harmonious Fists

1900 = wanted to destroy “foreign devils” and Chinese Christian converts

Believed they were corrupting Chinese society
2.) _________________________________________________________________________________________

The Boxers and some Chinese troops attacked embassies in Beijing and Tianjin
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________

including the German ambassador
b.) Rebellion was _____________________________________________________________________

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the USA intervened
o 50,000 international troops with 3,400 US troops
 China was kept intact

US Secretary of State John Hay convinced the countries to not divide China up into European
colonies

China paid compensation for damages caused by the rebellion
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Chapter 7 Section 3 – New American Diplomacy
(p. 276-283)
McKinley Assassinated
(p. 278-279)
1.) _________________________________________________________________________________________

William McKinley v. William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan = anti-imperialism
o Also unsuccessfully ran with Democrat and Populist support in the Election of 1896
o Lost to McKinley in 1896 who ran a “Front Porch Campaign”

McKinley = “Four Years More of the Full Dinner Pail”

Chose Theodore Roosevelt as his Vice Presidential candidate
o war hero from the Spanish-American War to be his vice presidential candidate
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________
2.) Sept. 6, 1901 = ____________________________________________________________________________

Leon Czolgosz - anarchist
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________
o Roosevelt was the youngest man to become president (42 years old)
o “Now look, that . . . cowboy is president of the United States!” – Senator Mark Hanna (R
– Ohio)
 Roosevelt wanted the US to be more involved in world affairs to “civilize” other countries
President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
Republican
Balancing Power in East
Asia
(p. 279)
 Supported an Open Door Policy in China
1.) 1905 = helped to ___________________________________________________________________________
 Convinced Russia to recognize territories gained by Japan and persuaded Japan to stop taking new territory
a.) Roosevelt _________________________________________________________________________
2.) _________________________________________________________________________________decreased
a.) Both countries wanted _______________________________________________________________

Agreed to respect each other’s territories, support the Open Door policy and China’s independence

See “Past and Present – The Great White Fleet” – see p. 278-279
“Big Stick” Policy
1.) US should ________________________________________________________________________________
 Display American power to help promote peace and make nations think twice about fighting
 “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” – West African saying
Reasons for a
Panama Canal
(p. 279-280)
1.) _________________________________________________________________________________________
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2.) _________________________________________________________________________________________
 Would shorten the trip between the Atlantic and Pacific by 8,000 nautical miles
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Chapter 7 Section 3 – New American Diplomacy
(p. 276-283)
Acquiring the
Canal Zone
(p. 280)
 1850 = US and Britain agreed to build any canals together
1.) 1901 = ___________________________________________________________________________________
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________
b.) Gave US the ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 US had considered building a canal through either Panama or through Nicaragua
 1881-1889 = France attempted to build a Panama canal

Bankrupt, deaths due to diseases

France offered to sell its rights and land in Panama to the US
2.) 1903 = US offered to _______________________________________________________________________

Panama belonged to Colombia

$10 million and a yearly rent of $250,000

For the right to construct the canal and to control a narrow strip of land on either side
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________
 Panama resented Colombian rule

They wanted commercial benefits of a canal
 France wanted the US to take over their canal attempts in Panama

Philippe Bunau-Varilla – French company’s agent
3.) _________________________________________________________________________________Colombia
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________

Bunau-Varilla staged the uprising in Panama
4.) Nov. 3, 1903 = US sent ______________________________________________________________________

to prevent Colombia from interfering

Protesters said that Roosevelt had used unjustifiable aggression

Roosevelt argued that he had advanced “the needs of collective civilization” by building the Panama
Canal
5.) Panama __________________________________________________________________________________
a.) Made a ___________________________________________________________________________
Panama Canal
(p. 284-285)
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 See “Geography and History” on p. 284-285
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Chapter 7 Section 3 – New American Diplomacy
(p. 276-283)
The Roosevelt Corollary
(p. 280-281)
 1900s = Latin America owed large debts to European banks

1902 = Britain, Germany, and Italy blockaded ports in Venezuela after they defaulted on loans

US intervened and pressured both sides to resolve the issue
1.) _________________________________________________________________________________________
a.) Addition to _______________________________________________________________________

Monroe Doctrine (Dec. 1823) = Warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
and not to interfere in newly independent nations of Latin America

Britain supported the US in issuing the Monroe Doctrine
b.) US would ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

US wanted to keep economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere

See map on p. 281
c.) Wanted to ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ to take over Latin America
 1905 = US took over debt collection in Dominican Republic
 Used the Marine Corps as the agent to collect custom tariffs in the Dominican Republic
President William Howard Taft (1909-1913)
Republican
Dollar Diplomacy
(p. 281-282)
 Latin America resented the USA’s influence in their area
 Election of 1908 = William Howard Taft
1.) Dollar Diplomacy = ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

“substituting dollars for bullets”

US would increase trade

Help decrease poverty and political chaos in Latin America
2.) Replace _________________________________________________________________________________

To prevent Europeans fewer reasons to intervene in Latin America

US banks took over debts that Honduras owed to Britain

US took over Haiti’s national bank

1911 – US made loans to Nicaragua
o 1912 – US marines called in to stop revolts in Nicaragua and help collect tariffs
o 1925 – US troops left Nicaragua
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Chapter 7 Section 3 – New American Diplomacy
(p. 276-283)
President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
Democratic
Woodrow Wilson
(p. 282)
The Mexican Revolution
(p. 282-283)
 Election of 1912 = Woodrow Wilson
 Experienced in domestic affairs

Wrote books on state government, Congress, George Washington and 5-volumes on US history

University professor
 Opposed imperialism
 Promoted democracy to stop revolutions and war
1.) ___________________________________________________ = Mexican __________________ for 30 years

Mexico became more industrialized

Foreign investors profited

Mexican citizens lived in poverty
2.) 1911 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

Led by Francisco Madero

He supported democracy, constitutional government and land reform

Unskilled administrator

Conservative forces who did not want land reform plotted against Madero
3.) Feb. 1913 = General ________________________________________________________________________

Madero was murdered

President Wilson thought Huerta was too brutal
4.) US refused to _____________________________________________________________________________
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________
b.) Allowed __________________________________________________________________________
5.) US announced _____________________________________________________________________________
a.) US would ________________________________________________________________________

Groups that seized power in Latin America would have to set up “a just government based upon
law” in order to win US recognition
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Chapter 7 Section 3 – New American Diplomacy
(p. 276-283)
Wilson Sends Troops
Into Mexico
(p. 283)
1.) April 1914 = Mexico refused to _______________________________________________________________

US sailors were arrested in Tampico for entering a restricted area

They were released but US commander demanded an apology from Mexico
2.) Wilson asked Congress ______________________________________________________________________

Wilson saw this as an opportunity to overthrow Huerta

Wilson ordered the bombing of Veracruz and sent in marines to seize the city

Germans were unloading weapons at Veracruz

Wilson expected Mexicans to support Americans
3.) _________________________________________________________________________________________

International mediation settled the dispute
4.) ____________________________________________________________________ = the president of Mexico
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________

US had given arms to put Carranza in power
5.) Mexicans who opposed Carranza ______________________________________________________________
a.) _________________________________________________________________________________
b.) March 1916 = _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

His gang of guerillas burned Columbus, New Mexico

16 Americans were killed

Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and 600 troops to capture Villa

1917 – didn’t find Villa and troops were recalled because Wilson became more concerned about the
war in Europe
6.) _________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Britain ridiculed Wilson’s attempt to “shoot the Mexicans into self-government” as no improvement
over Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy
 Examples of some of Wilson’s successful foreign policies

1914 = US got exclusive rights for naval bases and a canal in Nicaragua

1915-1934 = US marines sent to Haiti to control rebellions

1916 = US troops sent into Dominican Republic to establish order
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