CLASS X – PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2014-15
1. Heat
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Temperature (based on thermal equilibrium), heat
Specific heat capacity
Thermal expansion [solids and liquids only]
Methods of mixtures
Evoporation, condensation, humidity, Bioling, Melting, Freezing
2. Chemical Equations and Reactions:
2.1
Introduction to Language of Chemistry
2.2
Atoms, molecules, Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, Atomic mass, Molecular mass, Gram Atomic
mass, Gram molecular mass, Molar & Mole concept.
Some daily life examples of chemical reactions.
Chemical equations – writing chemical equations, skeletal chemical equations, balancing chemical
equations, writing symbols of physical states.
Types of Chemical Reactions:
Combinations reactions: (Exothermic chemical reactions, Endothermic reactions)
Decomposition reactions: (Thermal, Electrolytic, Photo-chemical reactions- examples only without
mentioning names)
Displacement reactions:
Double displacement reactions:
Oxidation and Reduction:
Corrosion and prevention of corrosion
Rancidity
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2 .6
2.7
2.8
3. Reflection of Light
3.1
3.1.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
Theories of light
Fermat principle
Reflection – its laws
Mirrors
Plane mirrors – image formation
Spherical mirrors, convex, conclave mirrors
Rules for Ray diagrams by sing laws of reflection
Images formed by spherical mirrors
Formula for spherical mirrors – focal length and sign convention
Application of reflection
4. Acids, Bases and Salts:
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
Introduction (for Recalling only) to Acids & Bases
Chemical properties of acids & bases
Acids & Bases in laboratory – Indicators
Reaction of Acids & Bases with Metals
Reaction of Acids & Bases with each other (Neutralization)
Reaction of Acids & Bases with Metal Carbonates and Metal hydrogen carbonates
Reaction of Acids & Bases with Metallic oxides with acids
Reaction of Acids & Bases with Non-Metallic oxides with bases
What do acids have in common? What do bases have in common?
Importance of pH in everyday life
Sensitive of plants and animals to pH
4.4.2
4.5
4,6
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
pH of soils, pH in digestive system,
pH tooth decay
Self defense by animals and plants through chemical warfare
Some naturally occurring acids
Salts
Nature of salts
pH Of salts
Sources of common salt
Common salt – a raw material for other chemicals (NaOH, Bleaching powder, baking soda, washing
soda, and their uses)
NaOH, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, NaHCO3 uses washing soda and its uses
Salt crystals – water of crystallization eg: CuSO4.5H2O, Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris
4.7.5
4.7.6
4.7.7
5. Refraction of light at plane surface
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.6.1
Refraction and its laws
Refractive index
Relative refractive index
Snells law
Total internal reflection and its applications (Mirages)
Applicationof total internal reflection
Reflection through a glass slab
Refraction through a thin slab
6. Refraction of light at curved surface
6.1
6.1.1
Refraction of light through lenses and prisms by using Fermat principle
Image formatioon
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.5.1
Lenses
Rules for Ray diagram
Images formed by the lenses
Formula for derived for thin lenses
Applications
7. Human eye and colourful world
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5.1
7.6
Least distance of distinct vision
Structure of human Eye
Common defects of vision - Myopia,Hypermetropia, presbyopia
Prism
Dispersion
Rainbow
Scattering of light
8. Structure of atom
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.3.2
8.4
8,4.1
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
Electro magnetic spectrum
Atomic spectrum
Planck’s theory/ Einstien’s theory
Bohr’s theory
Hiesenberg Uncertainity Principle – functions
Probability functions – probability diagrams - orbitals
Quantum numbers: (no mathematical derivations)
Main shells, Sub-shells and orbitals in different sub-shells
Electronic Configuration of elements in their atoms
l x rule, Energies of electronic energy levels (n+l) rule ; Aufbau Principal, Paulis principal, Hund’s
n
Rule of maximum multiplicity, Stable configurations.
9. Classification of Elements:
9.1
9.1.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
Need for arrangement of elements in an organized manner
Historical background of classification of elements
Doberieners Triads
Newland’s law of Octaves
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (Achievements & Limitations)
Modern Periodic Table.
Position of Elements in Modern Periodic Table
Trends in Modern Periodic Table (Valency, Atomic size, Ionization Energy, Electro-negativity, Metallic
& Non-metallic properties)
10.Chemical Bonding:
10.1
10.2
10.2.1
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Chemical bond definition (brief explaination)
Electronic theory of Valence by Lewis and Kossel
Octet Rule
Ionic and Covalent bonds: examples with Lewis Dot formulae
Shapes and bond lengths in molecules
Valence bond theory – examples like H2, Cl2, H2O, BF3, CH4, NH3, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 etc
Hybridisation and explaination of H2O, BF3, CH4, NH3 etc., molecules
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
11.Electricity
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.4.1
11.5
11.6
11.7
Electric charge
Electric force
Electric field
Electric potential, potential difference
EMF
Electric current
Ohms law, resistance, specific resistance, factors influencing resistance, electric shock
Kirchoff’s Laws
Series and parallel connection of resistances
Heating effect of electric current, safety fuses
Electric power
I2.Magnetic effects of electric current
12.1
12.2
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.3
12.4
12.4.1
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
Magnetic field – field lines
Magnetic field due to currents
Duet to current carrying wire
Due to circular loop
Solenoid
Magnetic force on moving charged particle and long straight conductors
Fleming’s left hand rule
Electric motor
Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s law (including magnetic flux)
Generators and Alternating Currents
Latent heat; changes of phases, condensation, fog and cloud, boiling, melting
13.Metallurgy:
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.7.1
13.8
Occurance of Metals
Extractions of metals – activity series and related metallurgy, flow chart of steps involved in the
extraction of metals from ore.
Enrichment of ores
Extracting metals low in the activity series
Extracting metal in the middle of the activity series
Extracting metal in the top of the activity series
Refining metals
Electrolytic refining
Corrosion – Prevension of Corrosion
14.Carbon and its compounds:
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.4.1
14.4.2
14.5
14.5.1
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.9.1
14.9.2
14.9.3
14.9.4
14.10
14.10.1
14.10.2
14.10.3
Introduction
Bonding in Carbon including Hybridization
Allotropes of Carbon (Diamond, Graphite and C60)
Versatile nature of carbon
Catenation and tetravalency
Chains, branches and rings
Saturated and Unsturated carbon compounds
Bonding of carbon with other elements
Functional groups in carbon compounds (alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, halo and esters)
Homologous series (Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes)
Nomenclature of Carbon compounds
Chemical properties of carbon compounds
Combustion (Blue and Sooty flame observed in carbon compounds, exothermic)
Oxidation (Alcohol to Acids)
Addition reaction
Substitution reaction
Important carbon compounds
Ethanol
Ethanoic acid
Properties of Ethanol – General properties, reaction of ethanol with sodium, reaction with hot
concentrated sulphuric acid.
14.10.4 Properties of Ethanoic acid – General properties, Esterification reaction, Reaction with a base, sodium
hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate
14.11 Soaps – Saponification, Micelles.