Grade
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ISBN-13: 978-0-328-78840-8
ISBN-10:
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V003 18 17 16 15 14
Unit 5 • Contents
Observing the
Messages of the
Natural World
Let’s Visit the Moon
by Patricia Newman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Our World in Space: Planets
by Erin Dealey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Running Moon
by Elizabeth Coatsworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Last Song
by James Guthrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sleeping Outdoors
by Marchette Chute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sun by Nancy Elizabeth Wallace . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
A Circle of Sun
by Rebecca Kai Dotlich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Sunflakes
by Frank Asch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3
4
by Patricia Newman
5
Look up at the night sky. Do
you see the moon? Maybe it glows
like a silver ball. Maybe it’s a thin
strip of light. Sometimes you can
see the moon during the day.
6
What is the moon made of? Why
does it change shape? How does it move
through space? Let’s discover the moon’s
secrets together.
7
The moon is different from the
sun. It is not as bright. The sun is a
star. The moon is not a star.
8
The moon is more like Earth
than the sun. Gray soil covers
the moon. It has gray rocks
and bits of glass, too. We say
the moon shines. But it does not
make its own light. The moon
uses the sun’s light.
9
Long ago, American Indians told
time with the moon. They talked
about two moons ago, not two months
ago. They also believed the moon and
the sun were gods.
Some people believed that a wolf
sung the moon into existence. Others
said the moon was made of fire. Still
others had the silly idea that it was a
ball of cream cheese.
10
Do you see dark spots on the
moon? Some people thought the
spots made a face. They called the
spots the “man in the moon.” Look
at the moon when it is full. Do you
see how the spots look like a face?
11
Over 400 years ago, a scientist
named Galileo looked at the moon
through a telescope. The telescope
made the moon look closer. It helped
him see objects that people never saw
before. Scientists discussed new ideas
about the moon.
12
Galileo thought the moon looked a
great deal like Earth. Both have tall
mountains. Both have deep valleys.
He also saw big flat spots. He thought
the spots were oceans.
13
Many years later, stronger telescopes
were built. Scientists could see more. They
found that Galileo’s oceans were dry.
The dry oceans were really deep holes, or
craters. Long ago, rocks flying through
space hit the moon and made these craters.
14
Flying space rocks are called meteors.
They are called meteorites when they
hit Earth. They come in all sizes and
shapes. They travel very fast. They often
hit the moon because the moon has no
air to stop them or slow them down.
Only a few meteorites ever hit Earth.
They almost always burn up in our air
before landing.
15
When it rains on Earth, craters
fill with water, rocks, and dirt. But it
never rains on the moon. The moon
has no rivers or oceans. Plants and
animals cannot live on the moon.
16
The moon has no wind to blow the
soil. The craters never fill in. Many
moon craters are millions of years old.
Some craters are miles wide. Others are
only one foot wide.
17
From Earth, the moon looks as big as
the sun. If you put the moon and sun
side by side, you would be surprised at
how much smaller the moon is. It would
look tiny next to the sun. The moon is
really 400 times smaller than the sun!
n
u
S
diagrams
not to scale
18
The moon is close to Earth. This is
why it looks big to us. A rocket ship
from Earth travels about 238 thousand
miles to reach the moon. The trip takes
about six days. The sun is very far from
Earth. It is about 93 million miles away.
It is not yet possible for people to travel
that far into space.
23
8,0
00
mi
Moon
les
93,000,000 miles
Earth
19
The moon is about 2,160 miles across
its center. It would take an adult more
than 200 hours to ride a bike that far!
20
Earth is about 8,000 miles across its
center. That is nearly four times bigger
than the moon. Imagine a basketball
next to a tennis ball. That is how Earth
and the moon compare in size.
21
The moon and Earth always move
through space. The moon moves in a
path around Earth. The path is called
an orbit. While the moon orbits Earth,
Earth orbits the sun.
22
The moon needs about 27 days
to travel around Earth. Earth needs
one whole year to orbit the sun.
That’s 365 days!
23
On Earth, we never see the far side of
the moon. It always faces away from us.
The Soviet Union sent a rocket into space
in 1959. It took the first pictures of the
far side of the moon. The photos show
that the moon’s far side has many more
mountains than the side we can see.
24
Both Earth and the moon get their light
from the sun. Sunlight hits the moon.
The light bounces. We see the moon
because the sun’s light bounces off of it.
25
We see only the part of the moon lit
by the sun. Sometimes we see the edges
of a new moon. A few days later, we see
a thin strip of light. The strip looks like
a banana. It is called a crescent moon.
26
Each day we see more of the sun’s
light on the moon. Then, one day we
see a round moon. It looks like a silver
quarter in the sky. It is called a full
moon. Scientists say the moon is going
through phases when we see these
different shapes.
27
People walked on the moon for the
first time on July 20, 1969. Astronauts
Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz”
Aldrin flew a spacecraft called Apollo
11. They landed on the moon.
28
The astronauts wore spacesuits and
helmets. They carried air to breathe.
They talked to each other by radio.
The moon has no air to carry sound.
They gathered moon dirt. They
gathered moon rocks. They saw tiny
holes the size of peas. Only 12 men
ever walked on the moon. Their boot
prints are most likely still there!
29
The moon is nearly five billion
years old. Wherever Earth travels,
the moon goes with it.
30
Now scientists study the moon
with space robots. The robots look
at the soil. They try to understand
what is under the soil. Maybe one
day we will live on the moon. Until
we do, we can look at the moon
from our backyards.
31
Our World in Space:
Planets
32
by Erin Dealey
33
What Is a Planet?
34
Planet:
shining in the night;
Stars help make
your circle bright.
Rocks or gas,
you spin in space;
Clearing others
from your place.
Sp
s
t
c
a
F
e
c
a
Planets get their light
from stars.
Stars are big balls of hot gas.
They make heat and light.
Gas can fill up any space,
big or small!
35
Stars or Planets?
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are. . . .
36
Most of the lights in the night sky
are stars. Some lights are planets.
Planets are round. They circle the sun.
This path is called an orbit.
Space is full of objects that can get in the
way of a planet. Planets are big enough
to keep their paths clear in space.
37
38
The sun is a star. It is the closest
star to Earth. This is why it looks
bigger than the other stars.
109 Earths
would fit across
the face of
the sun!
The sun gives Earth light and
heat. It is 100 times hotter on
the sun than on Earth!
39
Mars
Venus
Earth
Mercury
Eight planets orbit the sun.
Five dwarf planets circle the
sun, too. They are all part of
what is called the solar system.
40
Neptune
Saturn
Uranus
Jupiter
Why don’t the planets float away?
The strong pull of the sun keeps them
in place. This pull is called gravity.
41
The Inner Planets
Mercury
Venus
42
The first four planets are made of rock,
dirt, and metal. Guess why they are
called the inner planets.
They are the closest planets to the sun.
Mercury is first. Then come Venus,
Earth, and Mars.
Earth
Mars
43
Planet Earth:
Our Home,
Sweet Home
44
No other planet is like our Earth.
Earth is the third planet from the sun.
Earth is not too hot—like Venus. Earth
is not too cold­—like Mars. Our planet
Earth has water and air. Earth is just
right for life.
45
Next Stop:
The Giants
Four big outer planets are far from the sun. They
are called giant planets. They are big, round
clouds of gas and liquid. Scientists call Jupiter and
Saturn gas giants. They call Neptune and Uranus
ice giants.
Jupiter
46
Saturn
Q:
Why couldn’t
Mars and Venus get married?
A:
They didn’t have rings!
Uranus
Neptune
Space Fa
cts
u can
o
y
g
n
i
r
a
Saturn has
f the
o
ll
A
.
y
a
w
ra
see from fa
ve rings
a
h
s
t
e
n
la
tp
other gian
too!
e
c
i
d
n
a
t
s
of du
47
Dwarf Planets
Ceres, Pluto, Makemake, Haumea,
and Eris are objects in our solar
system called dwarf planets.
Ceres
They are much smaller than
regular planets. Other objects
in space share their orbits.
Eris
Makemake
48
Pluto
Haumea
Hey
­—n
o cu
ts!
Some
t
of Ne imes Plut
o cut
ptune
s in f
.
How
Nept
can t ront
une m
his b
oves
e?
orbit
in a c
is the
ircle
shap
e of a . Pluto’s
n egg
!
49
Planet Facts!
Hot Venus!
Mercury is closest to the
sun, but Venus is much
hotter! Clouds of gas trap
heat on Venus.
Pink Mars?
Mars looks red because the soil is rusty.
During the day, the sky on Mars looks
pink! Sometimes snow falls on Mars.
Do you think it is pink, too?
50
Big Jupiter!
The Red Spot is a
storm on Jupiter. The
Red Spot is bigger
than Earth itself!
Windy Neptune!
Neptune has the
strongest winds
in the solar
system.
Roll or Spin?
Most planets spin like tops.
Uranus rolls like a ball.
51
How Many Moons?
Moons are made of rock or ice. Not every
planet has a moon. Some have many. Mars
has two moons. Neptune has 13 moons.
Uranus has 27. Jupiter and Saturn each
have more than 50!
52
Saturn’s largest moon is Titan. Titan
is a lot like Earth used to be. Titan has clouds,
rain, and storms. But watch out! The storms
on Titan rain liquid gas!
r heard
e
v
e
u
o
y
e
Hav
say:
grown-ups
e hours
r
o
m
d
a
h
“I wish I
!”?
in the day
Mayb
e th
Merc
ur y: ey should
live o
Venu 1 day =
n
s: 1
day = 1,407 ho
ur
5,83
2 hou s
rs
53
Earth’s Very Own Moon
The Earth has one moon. The time it takes
to go around Earth is called a month.
The first person to set foot on the
moon was Neil Armstrong. He
and Buzz Aldrin left boot prints
in the moon dust.
s
t
c
a
F
e
c
a
Sp
Apollo 11 landed on the
moon in 1969. Apollo 11
is a spacecraft. An
astronaut is part of a crew
of a spacecraft.
54
There is no wind or water on the moon
to wash the boot prints away. The
prints will be there for a long time!
Buzz Aldrin walks on the
moon in 1969. Can you
find Neil Armstrong too?
Hint:
Look at
his visor.
55
Space Heroes
Many men have traveled
to space since 1969—
women too!
Mae Jemison
Sally Ride
So far, only robots have set foot on other
planets. Robots called rovers can take
pictures of what they find. This helps us
learn more about the planets.
56
Space Fac
ts
d by an
e
m
a
n
s
a
Pluto w
land.
g
n
E
m
o
r
f
girl
11- year-old
urney.
B
a
i
t
e
n
e
V
was
Her name
57
Learning About Space!
Telescopes help us see planets, moons, and
stars that are very far away. Space probes, like
rovers, can carry tools to study the planets.
58
Scientists have found more than 400 planets
outside our solar system. There are more to be
discovered. Maybe one will be like Earth, just
right for life. What if someone is looking at Earth
right now and wondering, “Who lives there?”
Here’s a silly sentence
to help you remember the
order of the planets:
My very eager mom
just served us noodles!
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
59
Running Moon
by Elizabeth Coatsworth
Sometimes when we drive out at night
I see the half moon, thin and white.
It runs beside us like a hound,
It’s there whenever I turn round.
I say, “Good moon, come on, good moon!
It won’t be long, we’ll be home soon,”
And when we stop, there in the sky
The moon stands still, as still as I.
60
Last Song
by James Guthrie
To the Sun
Who has shone
All day,
To the Moon
Who has gone
Away,
To the milk-white,
Silk-white,
Lily-white Star
A fond goodnight
Wherever you are.
Sleeping Outdoors
by Marchette Chute
Under the dark is a star,
Under the star is a tree,
Under the tree is a blanket,
And under the blanket is me.
61
A Circle of Sun
by Rebecca Kai Dotlich
Sun
by Nancy Elizabeth Wallace
Sun,
circle of warmth,
circle of light,
you are
a star.
62
I’m dancing.
I’m leaping.
I’m skipping about.
I gallop.
I grin.
I giggle.
I shout.
I’m Earth’s many colors.
I’m morning and night.
I’m honey on toast.
I’m funny.
I’m bright.
I’m swinging.
I’m singing.
I wiggle.
I run.
I’m a piece of the sky
in a circle of sun.
Sunflakes
by Frank Asch
If sunlight fell like snowflakes,
gleaming yellow and so bright,
we could build a sunman,
we could have a sunball fight,
we could watch the sunflakes
drifting in the sky.
We could go sleighing
in the middle of July
through sundrifts and sunbanks,
we could ride a sunmobile,
and we could touch sunflakes—
I wonder how they’d feel.
63
Unit 5 • Acknowledgments
Text
“Running Moon,” from The Sparrow Bush by Elizabeth Coatsworth. Text
copyright © 1966 by Grosset & Dunlap, Inc., renewed. Used by permission
of Grosset & Dunlap, Inc., a division of Penguin Group (USA) LLC. Illustrations
copyright by Nancy Wallace. Reprinted by permission of SLL/Sterling Lord
Literistic, Inc.
“Last Song,” by James Guthrie (Scottish, 1859-1930). Illustrations copyright
by Nancy Wallace. Reproduced by permission of SLL/Sterling Lord Literistic,
Inc.
“Sleeping Outdoors,” from Rhymes About Us by Marchette Chute. Text
copyright © 1974. Published by E.P. Dutton. Reprinted by permission of
Elizabeth Hauser. Illustrations copyright by Nancy Wallace. Reprinted by
permission of SLL/Sterling Lord Literistic, Inc.
“Sun,” from The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars by Nancy Wallace. Copyright
by Nancy Wallace. Reprinted by permission of SLL/Sterling Lord Literistic, Inc.
“A Circle of Sun,” from Lemonade Sun and Other Poems by Rebecca Kai
Dotlich, illustrated by Jan Spivy Gilchrist. Copyright © 1998 by Rebecca Kai
Dotlich and Jan Spivy Gilchrist. Published by Wordsong, an imprint of Boyds
Mills Press. Reprinted by permission.
“Sunflakes,” from Country Pie by Frank Asch. Copyright © 1979 by Frank
Asch. Used by permission of HarperCollins Publishers. Illustrations copyright
by Nancy Wallace. Reproduced by permission of SLL/Sterling Lord Literistic,
Inc.
Illustrations
04, 11, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 27 Shelly Hehenberger
33, 35, 39, 44, 49, 53, 55, 59 Chris Reed
64