SY STEMATIC BIC MAIM'
The Classification of Organisms
with special reference to the grapevine
Dr. Stephen J. Krebs
Viticulture and Winery Technology
Napa Valley College
"Systematic Biology" is a method of categorizing and naming
organisms that was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus
Linnaeus (1707-1779). It consists of a hierarchical framework
that makes it simple to understand the similarities and
differences among all living creatures.
There are seven basic categories in the "Systematic Biology"
framework, shown below in uppercase font:
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
Sub-Phylum
CLASS
Sub-Class
ORDER
Sub-Order
Super Family
FAMILY
Sub-Family
GENUS
SPECIES
Variety
Clone
Every organism is assigned to a group at each of these levels.
There are a total of six Kingdoms: Plant, Animal, Fungal,
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Protista (protozoa and slime
molds that are part-fungus, part-animal in nature). These are
the most inclusive categories and large differences may be
found among the members of each Kingdom. Thus, we do not learn
very much about individual organisms at this level of
classification.
Next, each Kingdom is sub-divided into several Phyla (Phylum,
singular; Phyla, plural), also sometimes called Divisions.
These are still very broad and inclusive categories, but for
organisms to be grouped together in a Phylum, they must have
more shared characteristics than at the Kingdom level.
Each Phylum is sub-divided into Classes. Then the Classes are
further sub-divided into Orders. It is easy to see that the
total number of categories is increasing rapidly as we work
through the hierarchy. The amount of similarity among
organisms placed in each category is also increasing.
In horticulture, it is the next level of detail, the Family,
that really becomes helpful in understanding the relationships
among plants. At this level, organisms placed together in the
same Family must have many shared characteristics. For
example, Vitaceae, the Grapevine Family, contains only flowerproducing plants that grow as vines.
Families are sub-divided into Genera (Genus, singular; Genera,
plural), and each Genus is sub-divided into Species. The
combination of the Genus and Species names is called the
binomial, which means "two names". The binomial is often
referred to as the scientific name of an organism. The full
binomial is needed to precisely identify a particular organism.
All grapevines are members of the Genus Vitis. Among the
shared characteristics of all Vitis plants are the production
of seeds in berries, similar leaf and shoot forms and the same
general growth habit.
The high degree of similarity of all members of the Genus Vitis
is reflected in the fact that Vitis plants are compatible
reproductively, which means that they can inter-breed to
produce hybrid off-spring. The new hybrid plant is made up of
a mixture of traits from both the male and the female parents.
All Vitis plants are also graft-compatible, which means that
viable physical unions of two separate Vitis species plant
parts can be produced. This makes it possible to join a
desirable fruit-bearing type and a useful rootstock type to
produce a grafted vine. The genetic identities of the two
plant parts do not intermingle, so each portion of the grafted
vine retains its own unique traits.
The Genus Vitis contains approximately 60 different Species,
all of which are readily recognized as grapevines. In many
cases, the differences between two Species are very subtle.
About 30 of these Vitis Species are native to America and about
30 are native to Asia.
The Species category is sub-divided into Variety to distinguish
among variants within a single Species. In horticulture, these
varieties are grown for agricultural or ornamental purposes and
are referred to as cultivated varieties, also called cultivars.
In the same way, varieties that occur in wild populations are
referred to as biological varieties or biovars.
Variations within a single Variety of grapevine are referred to
as Clones. The differences among Clones of a wine grape
variety may be quite small. The plants may look nearly
identical in the field, with differences only becoming apparent
after the fruit has been made into wine.
Of the Vitis Species native to Asia, by far the most important
is Vitis vinifera, which means "wine-bearing grapevine". Its
native range is in the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea
and the Caspian Sea. It was domesticated very early in human
history and was eventually spread throughout the temperate
zones of both hemispheres. Almost all the familiar grape
varieties grown worldwide are members of Vitis vinifera,
including wine, raisin and table grape types.
Several of the American Vitis Species are used as rootstocks,
because only these Species are resistant to the grapevine root
pest known as phylloxera. The roots of the American Vitis
Species are not severely damaged because they have co-evolved
with this native North American insect over a very long period
of time. All Asian Species, including Vitis vinifera, are
quickly killed when phylloxera feeds on the root system. By
grafting the Asian Vitis vinifera fruiting varieties onto
phylloxera-resistant American Vitis rootstocks, grapevines can
be grown successfully on soils that are infested with the
insect.
A set of conventions has been established for written
references to binomials, varieties and clones:
1. The first letter of a Genus name is always in uppercase font.
2. The Species name is always completely in lowercase font.
3. Both the Genus and Species name are used at each mention.
4. The binomial must be either written in italics (computer) or
underlined (typewriter or hand writing).
5. The first mention of the binomial must be written out fully;
in subsequent mentions, the first letter of the Genus and the
full Species name are used:
Vitis riparia and V. rupeatris grow in America.
There are two exceptions. Always fully write out the Genus
name when:
a) It is the first word of a sentence.
b) There is more than one Genus cited which starts with the
same letter.
6. The cultivar name is not written in italics, but each word in
the name should start with an uppercase font letter:
Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel and so on.
In formal writing, the Genus and Species is listed, then the
abbreviation "cv.", followed by the variety name:
Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot
When a cultivar name has a modifying word that indicates
color or contains a preposition, those words are written
entirely in lowercase font:
Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir
Vitis vinifera cv. Muscadelle du Bordelais
In the popular press, wine grape variety names are often
written entirely in lowercase, but this represents incorrect
spelling of proper nouns.
7. When a specific clone of a cultivar is mentioned, its name
appears in quotation marks following the cultivar name:
Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay "Wente"
If the clone is only designated by a number, it is written
using the number symbol without quotation marks:
Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon #8
8. In very formal usage, the last name of the person who first
classified an organism will appear after the binomial,
written in normal font, with or without parentheses:
Vitis rupestris (Scheele) or Vitis rupestris Scheele
For organisms that were originally classified by Linnaeus,
only the initial L. is used, with or without parentheses:
Vitis vinifera (L.) or Vitis vinifera L.
If an organism has been reclassified, the new binomial and
the person who reclassified it are listed first, followed by
the original binomial and the name of the person who first
classified the organism in parentheses, using the preceding
format.
3 Early history
Grapes
Vitis, Muscadinia (Vitaceac)
H. P. 01rno
University of California Davis USA
I Introduction
The grapevine is a perennial, woody vine climbing by
coiled tendrils. As a cultivated plant it needs support
and must be pruned to confine it to a manageable form
and CO regulate fruitfulness. The fruit (a berry) is
juicy and rich in sugar (15-25%), in roughly equal
proportions of dextrose and levulose. It is the commercial source of tartaric acid and is rich in malic acid.
Cultivation of the crop is largely concentrated in
regions with a Mediterranean-type climate, with hot
dry summers and a cool rainy winter period.
The world's vineyards occupy about 11 Mha. The
principal product is wine, the mean annual output of
which, 1964-68, was 280.9 MM. About 10 per cent
of this production enters international trade. The
biggest producers circle the Mediterranean, with Italy,
France and Spain in the lead. The production of table
grapes consumed as fresh fruit is about 6 Mt and the
leading growers are Italy, Turkey, Bulgaria, the USA,
Greece and Portugal. Production of raisins, largely
sun-dried fruit of seedless cultivars, reached 0.9 Mt
in 1970, the leading producers being the USA, Turkey,
Greece and Australia.
2 Cytotaxonomic background
La vie (1970) has summarized the cytotaxonomy of the
family. Vial contains about 60 species, but botanical
knowledge is incomplete. This genus is unique
amongst the 12 recognized in the family Vitaceac
in having 38 very small somatic chromosomes that
regularly form 19 bivalents at meiosis. Wild grapes
can be divided into three geographical groups:
American, Middle Asian and Oriental. North America,
especially the southeastern and Gulf region of the
USA, is particularly rich in Vitis. Bailey (1934) lists
28 species, but does not include Mexico.
Most other related genera, including Muscadinia,
have 2n = 2x = 40. Formerly classified as a section
of Vitis, Muscadinia has only three known species,
restricted to the southeastern USA and northeastern
Mexico. The colonists of the Carolinas cultivated
M. rotundifolia directly and its domestication dates
from the latter part of the seventeenth century. Since
this species does not hybridize naturally with sympatric species of Vitis, it represents an example of the
domestication of a single species in situ. Though isolated in nature from Kris, M. rotundifolia can be hybridized experimentally with V. tnnifera and the cross
has been explored as a means of improving the
disease resistance of vinifera and the fruit quality of
rotundifolia.
The cytogenetics of the F, (vinifiraxrotundifolia)
with 39 somatic chromosomes and its backcross
derivatives have been studied in some detail (Patel and
Olmo, 1955). Unlike hybrids between Vitis species
(which arc fertile), the intergencric hybrids are highly
or completely sterile, though occasional viable seeds
are obtained in some combinations. At meiosis about
13 bivalents are formed, with univalcnts. The genomic
formula of the F / hybrid is thus 13 R`Rv+7A+6B, in
which 13 chromosomes of vinifera and rotundifolia are
homologous enough to pair. The ancient basic chromosome numbers in the family are probably 5, 6 and 7.
1'i:is species arc thus ancient secondary polyploids involving three- basic scts in the combination (6+7)+6
= 19. Muscadinia species, on the other hand, are (6+7)
+7 = 20. Both have undergone diploidization to give
regular bivalent pairing.
The delimitation of species in Vitis has been
extremely difficult if not altogether artificiaL Taxonomists have been reduced to using such ephemeral
characters as degree of hairiness of the young shoots
or leaves. Many species are sympatric with one or
more others and are extremely variable. This variability reaches its greatest expression in passing from
uniform tropical to subtropical environments where
great differences in rainfall exist within short distances
and isolated communities of vines become differentiated. The populations represent ecospecies rather than
species. All known Visit species can be easily crossed
experimentally and the F 1 hybrids are vigorous and
fertile. Studies of natural populations indicate that
hybridization has occurred and continues. Even though
species cannot be delimited on degree of genetic
isolation, the species classification remains useful
because of its practical value in separating norms of
variation that arc important in breeding. For example,
riparia is highly resistant to phylloxera but vinifcra
quickly succumbs; and riparia roots readily from dormant cuttings but aestivalis does not.
The estimated 10,000 cultivars of the Old World are
thought to derive from the single wild species, V.
vinifera, of Middle Asia, still found from northeastern
Afghanistan to the southern borders of the Black and
Caspian Seas. Legend and tradition favour ancient
Armenia as the home of the first grape and wine
culture. Small refuge areas isolated by the glacial
epochs are found scattered in southern Europe, but
their role in domestication is questionable. Negrul
(1938) has proposed three principal groups of cultivars :
occidentalis, the small-berried wine grapes of western
Europe; oricntalis, the large oval-berried table grapes;
and pontica, intermediate types of Asia Minor and
eastern Europe.
The fruit of wild vinifera (sylvestris) is palatable and
the wine is of a quality comparable to that made from
present cultivars. It was used in situ long before any
settlement occurred. Domestication started when
migratory nomads marked forest trees (usually poplar,
pear, willow, plum or fig) that supported particularly
fruitful vines. This was most often near watering
holes serving their herds. Sparing these vines was
associated with a spiritual taboo respected by other
tribes as well. As sedentary agriculture developed and
the mixed deciduous forest was cleared, fruit trees
and vines were spared along boundary lines where
irrigation ditches were developed and the vines were
out of reach of grazing animals. Vineyards as such
developed later when they could be protected by high
mud walls from the ever-present sheep and goats, but
Fig. 86.1 Evolutionary geography of the grape, Vitis vinifera.
Evolution of Crop Plants
Edited by
N. W. Simmonds ScD AICTA FRSE FIBiol
Edinburgh School of Agriculture
Edinburgh
• Il tland
Longthan
Scientific &
Technical
this came as part of village settlement.
Cultivation of the wine grape was under way in the
Near East as early as the fourth millennium B.c.
There is no evidence of any cultivation west of Greece
until the first millennium B.C. The products of the
vine were exported westwards from very early times,
to be followed later by the practices peculiar to viticulture and by domesticated varieties (Hclback, 1959).
The westward movement fanned out from Asia Minor
and Greece, following the Phoenician sea routes.
During the Roman period, the spread of the vine was
associated with that of the Christian faith; wine is a
necessary ingredient in the consecration of the Mass.
In the Middle Ages, the Catholic monasteries throughout Europe were the guardians of select vineyards.
A vineyard covered by the eruption of Vesuvius in
A.D. 79 illustrates the practices recommended in the
early Roman agricultural manuals of that era (Jashemski, 1973). The vine followed the main river valleys,
the Danube, Rhone, Rhine, Tiber and Douro and, by
A.D. 55, the northernmost vineyards were being
established along the Moselle Valley in Germany.
The vinifcra grape was introduced to the New World
at the time of discovery and later accompanied practically all the Spanish and Portuguese voyages of
discovery and conquest (Fig. 86.1). The first recorded
introduction to the east coast of the United States
WAS in 1621 by the London Company but this was
probably preceded by the Spanish landings in Florida.
The most recent incursions of vinifera are in tropical
countries; thus, in 1958, vinifera was introduced into
the Phillipines from California.
As the vintfira grape was introduced into zones
beyond its natural range it often hybridized with
native Vies to produce new races better adapted to
local environments. Thus, new American hybrids
arose along the Atlantic seaboard as spontaneous
seedlings which were prized as new varieties. The
Alexander, Concord and Delaware are examples. In
the Caribbean islands and Venezuela, introduced
innifera has introgressed with the tropical caribea to
produce new vigorous races of Criollas that are disease
resistant and tolerant of the climate, giving hopes of a
grape culture where none could survive before. Some
Japanese and Chinese cultivars arc oriental species
introgressed with vinifera.
Wine grapes are seedy, acid and juicy. Among the
dessert grapes, scedlessness has evolved in a wide
range of expression (Stout, 1936). On the one hand are
cultivars that have very small, parthcnocarpic berries
such as the ancient Greek variety Black Corinth,
dried to produce currants. The Kishmish or Sultanina,
the most important raisin variety, is said to be stenospermocarpic, abortion of the seeds occurring soon
after fertilization. Seedless varieties arise by somatic
mutation but are of different types and involve different
genetic backgrounds (Olmo and Baris, 1973).
4 Recent history
Vitis species are dioecious or, occasionally, subdioecious when some male flowers transform to hermaphrodites. The sexual type is determined by three alleles.
This is a primitive type of sex determination in which
gross differentiation of sex chromosomes has not
occurred (Negi and Olmo, 1971). The primitive
hermaphrodite is Su*Su*. A dominant mutation,
Su", suppresses ovary development to produce maleness. A recessive allele, Su', results in reflexing of the
filament and in sterile pollen, to produce functional
femaleness. In natural populations, males (Su'Sum)
and females (Su"Sum) occur in equal numbers and
cross-pollination by wind and bees occurs. The dominance relationship of the three alleles is Su" > Su' >
such as Isabella, Herbemont, Concord and others which
had been introduced as exotics years before, showed
some tolerance. The French government then sent
specialists to the United States to discover the best
sources of resistance. From Missouri and other
areas of the midwest, thousands of cuttings and seeds
were sent back to France for local selection. A few
proved tolerant, were widely propagated and utilized
as resistant rootstocks. Selections of riparia, rupestris
and berlandieri proved most useful. From about 1880
onwards, interspecific hybrids were deliberately bred
as rootstocks. Thus berlandieri was the best adapted to
calcareous soils but rooted with difficulty, so it was
crossed with vinifera to improve propagation. The
Practically all cultivars of Europe and the New
World are hermaphrodites (Su e Su* or Su * Sum) and
self-pollinating. In Middle Asia, however, many arc
female. In a warm, dry climate and with close planting
of mixed cultivars, cross-pollination is effective. As
Fig. 86.2 Evolution of the grapes, Kris and Muscadinia.
Al usradiuia
3 spp., North America
60 ecospecies
dioccious, interfertile
= 2.v = 38
2,, = 2.r ( wild romarbfaia
'North and Central America, Asia
local cvs
USA, seventeenth century
(
domestication 400011.c.
geographical spread
Su • mutation
specialized cvs
often hcrm ph., Sa
own roots, later as scions
(- wine
acid
seed?
juicy
sterile hybrids
2n
39
13 ❑
7
repeatial auming
4 America and Asia
natural and experimental
'table anddried
sweet
less seedy
firm flesh
yarthenocarpv .,
hybrid cvs
rinilero backcrosscs
widely adapted
auto -
allo - is
little tnc
I potential
13 I
these female cultivars are moved to new areas and
isolated, they are rapidly selected against because of
poor fruitfulness. Female vines are useful in breeding,
eliminating the need for emasculation (Levadoux,
1946).
No haploids (n = 19) have been reported in Vitis
and the only aneuploids (2n+2) appear as rare abetrants. Autotetraploids were first described in 1929
and have been found to arise spontaneously in most
cultivars. They are often periclinal chimeras; only
two layers are involved in meristem differentiation, so
that three types of tetraploid chimera have been
found: 2-4, 4-4 and 4-2. The larger berry size
attracted attention to the possibility of producing
improved table grapes but, in general, the autotctraploids have poor cultural characteristics, being
less fruitful, irregular in berry size and more fragile;
also, the root system is weaker and tetraploids are
better grafted on diploid rootstocks. However, a few
tetraploid varieties have long been grown commercially in greenhouses where special attention to
pollination and cultural factors is possible. Aliotetraploids ( Jelenkovie and Olmo, 1969) are more
promising, since the undesirable features of the autotctraploids are not so evident and selection can proceed
in a wider genetic base. Triploids are highly sterile
but may be useful for vigorous rootstocks, especially
if a wide range of resistance to soil pests is desired.
Pentaploids are weak and useless.
Vinifera grapes were propagated from earliest
times by cuttings or layering and remained relatively
free of pests and diseases. However, vines began to
die in French vineyards in 1860 and, in 1868, a root
aphid, Phylloxera, was identified as the cause. This
insect had been introduced from the USA where it
lived as a natural symbiont on tolerant native vines.
Within a few years, thousands of acres were ruined
and, eventually, nearly all the vineyards of Europe
were in trouble. It was noticed that American hybrids
breeding of rootstocks was the first massive improvement programme, but the germ plasm of the vinifera
scions remained intact.
Grafting, however, is expensive. Many breeders
therefore set out to breed new vines that would combine resistance to phylloxera with fruit of good wine
quality, the direct producer. After almost a century,
this ideal still remains a dream and we speak now of
'French hybrids'. However, some of the hybrids proved
valuable in other ways; for example, in having better
resistance to fungus diseases and greater hardiness.,
In some areas they were better adapted than ordinary
vinifera and produced wine of passable quality. They
form the base of new wine industries in many parts of
the world where vinife•ra is not well adapted. The
starting point was a female vine, selection 70 (rupestris
x
sent by Jaeger from Missouri to Contassot in France in 1882. Contassot distributed openpollinated seed to Couderc and Seibel who produced
the first series of hybrids. The work continues and
some of the more recent hybrids have germ plasm
from as many as six American species, but backcrossing
to vinifera is still practised to improve quality. For a
summary of breeding programmes and accomplishments, particularly in Europe, refer to Neagu (1968).
Grapes are outbreeders. Cultivars are highly heterozygous and carry a heavy load of deleterious recessives.
Inbreeding depression is severe so that, by the second
or third generation, sterility usually ensues. The most
successful breeding method is to maintain heterozygosity by crossing the best representatives of unrelated
lines, resorting occasionally to closer mating to
concentrate desirable combinations of characters.
5 Prospects
Cultivar improvement is increasingly directed toward
disease and insect resistance. A high priority is given
to virus resistance, since many of the world's oldest
and most renowned vineyards are seriously menaced
by soil-borne infections. Native species must be more
thoroughly studied, screened and compared as sources
of resistance. Allopolyploidy as a tool to produce larger
berry size and better cultural features has been
neglected in the quest for improved table varieties.
We should see the use of native tropical species as a
base in greatly extending the zone of commercial grape
culture. As before, vinifera must be used to introduce
high quality. Hardy clones having short growth
cycles should further extend the range. A beginning
has been made with oriental amurensis but American
species can also be used. Selected female cultivars
to obtain mass hybridization can be useful. Increasing
need for mechanization of harvesting, pruning and
other cultural methods will place new demands on
the breeder. The long generation time from seed to
fruit (three to five years) could, perhaps, be shortened
by the use of biochemical methods of selection at the
earliest possible stage of seedling development.
6 References
Bailey, L. H. (1934). Vites peculiares ad Americana borealem. Gent. Herb., 3, 149-244.
Helbaek, H. (1959). Domestication of food plants in the
old world. Science, N.Y., 130, 365.
Jashemski, W. F. (1973). Large vineyard discovered in
ancient Pompeii. Science, N.Y., 180, 821 - 30.
Jelenkovic, G. and Olmo, H. P. (1969). Cytogenetics of
Viris. V. Allotetraploids of V. vinifera x V. rotundifoha
Vitis, 8, 265-79.
Lavie, P. (1970). Contribution a fitude caryosystematique
des Vitacies. These, Faculte des Sciences de Montpellier,
1, pp. 213.
Levadotoc, L. (1946). Etude de la fleur et dc la sexualite chez
la vigne. Ann. Leek Nat. Agr. Montpellier, 27, pp. 89.
Neagu, M. M. (1968). Genetique et amelioration de la
vigne. Rapport general. Off. lit. Vigne ei Yin. Bull., 41,
1301 - 37.
Negi, S. S. and Olmo, H. P. (1971). Conversion and determination of sex in Vitis vinifera (sylvestris). Vitis, 9,
265-79.
Negrul, A. M. (1938). Evolution of cultivated forms of
grapes. C. R. Acad. Sri., U.S.S.R., 18, 585-8.
Olmo, H. P. and Baris, C. (1973). Obtention de raisins de
table apyrines. 0.l.V. mini Symp., Cyprus, 32-11.
Patel, G. 1. and Olmo, H. P. (1955). Cytogenetics of Vitis.
I. The hybrid V. vinifera x V. rotundifolia. Amer. J. Bot.,
42, 141-59.
Stout, A. B. (1936). Seedlessness in grapes. N.Y. Agric.
Exp. Sta. tech. Bull., 238, pp. 68.
To remember the animal and plant classifications,
remember the following statement:
"Killer phylloxera creates orders for grapevine
suppliers."
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Napa Valley College
BS/92
TAXONOMY OF THE GRAPEVINE
KINGDOM:
Plant
DIVISION:
Tracheophyta
(Phylum)
Vascular plants
SUB-DIVISION:
Spermatophyta
Seed plants
CLASS:
Angiospermae
Flowering, enclosed ovules
SUB CLASS:
Dicotyledonae
2 cotyledons, flower parts
4s or 5s or multiples
ORDER:
Rhamnales
7 families, mostly
vine-like
FAMILY:
Vitaceae
Grapevine family, 10 genera
GENUS:
Vitis
About 60 species
SPECIES:
vinifera
Vitis vinifera the cultivated,
European or Old World
grapevine
(Sub-Phylum)
-
-
2_ 0
THE GENUS
VITIS
OLD WORLD GRAPE:
Vitis vinifera L
AMERICAN VITIS:
The following species have contributed to grapevine breeding or are
important potential sources of germplasm.
Vitis aestivalis Michaux. Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire to Michigan
southward to central Missouri and Georgia.
Vitis berlandieri Planchon. Limestone soils of southwestern Arkansas and through Texas
into northeastern Mexico.
Vitis californica Bentham. Along streams in central and northern California and southern
Oregon (only of local interest).
Vitis candicans Englemann, Western Arkansas and Louisiana, Oklahoma, central and —
eastern Texas, and northern Mexico, mostly on limestone soils.
Vitis champini Planchon. Central and southern Texas, in limy soils.
I/ids cinerea Engelmann. Central states, Louisiana to Wisconsin, on river banks, bottom
land, and pond margins.
Vitis cordifolia Michaux. In thickets and along streams in the area from Pennsylvania to
eastern Kansas and south to Texas and Florida.
Vitis doaniana Munson. Chiefly northwestern Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. (Native
habitat about the same as that of V. solonis.)
Vitis girdiana Munson. Along streams in southern California (only of local interest).
Vitis lincecumii (Linsecomii) Buckley. High post-oak lands of southwestern Missouri,
northern and eastern Texas, and western Louisiana.
Viti.s. longii. Prince (V. solonis. Hort. Berol). Western Oklahoma, northern Texas, eastern
New Mexico, and southeastern Colorado.
Vitis monticola Buckley. Limestone hills of southwestern Texas.
Vitis riparia. Michaux (V. vulpina, Linnaeus). Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to
Manitoba, west to the Rock Mountains, south into Texas, and east to Arkansas,
Tennessee, and Virginia.
Vitis. rufotomentosa Small. Sandy soils, Florida to Louisiana.
Viti.s. rupestris. Scheele. Sandy stream banks, low hills and mountains, southern Missouri,
Illinois, Kentucky, and western Tennessee to southwest Texas.
Asian Vitis
Minor importance in cultivation
Great interest as source of germplasm for grapevine breeding
About 30 species, examples include:
V. cognetiae
V. thumb ergi
✓ amurensis
✓ armata
Genus Muscadinia (3 Species)
Muscadinia rotundifolia Michaux.
(Southern U.S.A.) Muscadine Grape
Muscadinia munsoniana Simpson.
(Central and Southern Florida)
Muscadinia popenoei Fennell.
(Mexico, rare sp.)
BOTANICAL FAMILY TREE OF THE GRAPEVINE
Species
VITIS
A Geographic
Appreciation
Harm Jan de Blij
North
American
Species
Genus
VITIS
Eurasian
Species
Genus
MUSCADINIAE
North
American
Species
aestivalis
argentif olia
arizonica
berlandieri
baileyana
californica
candicans
champini
cinerea
cordifolia
doaniana
gigas
girdiana
helleri
illex
indica (cariboea)
labrusca
lincecumii
longii
monticola
novae•angliae
palmata
riparia
rut otomentosa
rupestris
shuttleworthii
smalliana
simpsoni
sola
treleasei
vulpine
amurensis
armata
betulifolia
coignetiae
davidii
embergeri
ficifolia
flexuosa
lanata
pagnucii
pedicellata
pentagona
piasezkii
reticulata
romaneti
rotordi
thunbergii
munsoniana
popenoei
rotundifolia
Prominent Cultivars
(Including Hybrids)
Delaware, Norton
Concord, Niagara, Catawba
Elvira, Clinton
Cabernet Sauvignon
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay
Riesling
Zinfandel
Chenin Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc
Grenache
SdrniHon
Sylvaner
Nebbiolo
Trebbiano
Pinotage
Palomino
Scuppernong, Eden
BOTANICAL FAMILY TREE OF THE GRAPEVINE
Family
Vitaccae (formerly: Arnpelidaccae)
Genera
Vitts
r
.
Ampelopsu
(94 species)
Subgenera
Euvitis (true grapes)
Groups of
species
European (1 species)
Species
Vitus vinifera
Subspecies
V. vinifera ssp. sativa
(several thousand varieties)
Varieties
W. Riesling
1
Cissus
Parthenocissus
(15 species)
(350 species)
Muscadinia (3 species)
American
(± 20 species)
I
Subvarieties none
•
V. rupestris
V nparia
.
Furmint
Nemes Furmint
1
6 other genera ...
Asiatic
(10-15 species)
V. berlandieri
V. rotund:folic:
V. vinifera
ssp. sylvestris
Sauvignon bl.
Gloire
de Montpellier
du Lot Resseguier
(several
hundred varieties)
Petit Sauvignon
Gros Sauvignon
Nomenclature and classification of vitaceae.
Clone
239 G.m.
Pecs 2
none
Practical Viticulture