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Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
Section 1–1 What Is Science?
(pages 3–7)
TEKS FOCUS: 2A Formulate hypotheses; 2B Collect data; 2C Make inferences; 2D Communicate
valid conclusions; 3C Impact of research; TEKS SUPPORT: 2C Analyze Data
This section explains what the goal of science is and describes a scientific
view of the world.
What Science Is and Is Not
(page 3)
1. What is the goal of science? The goal of science is to investigate and understand nature, to
explain events in nature, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions.
2. What is science? Science is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.
Thinking Like a Scientist
(page 4)
Observation
is the process of gathering information about events or
3. What is observation?
processes in a careful, orderly way.
4. The information gathered from observation is called
data
.
5. Complete the table about types of data.
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TYPES OF DATA
Type
Data Involves . . .
Example
Quantitative
Numbers
The manatee has one scar on its back.
Qualitative
Characteristics that cannot be
easily measured or counted
The scar appears old.
6. What is an inference? An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and
experience.
Explaining and Interpreting Evidence
(page 5)
7. What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.
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8. In science, a hypothesis is useful only if it can be
Date ______________
tested
.
9. Is the following sentence true or false? A hypothesis should be stated in such a way
that it can never be proved wrong.
false
10. What are three ways from which hypotheses may arise?
a. From prior knowledge
b. From logical inferences
c. From informed, creative imagination
11. Circle the letter of each of the following that may be an outcome of testing a
hypothesis.
a. The hypothesis is partly true but needs to be revised.
b. The hypothesis is wrong.
c. The hypothesis is supported.
d. The hypothesis is of no value.
Science as a Way of Knowing
(page 6)
12. What do scientists assume about the universe?
They assume that the universe is a system in which basic natural laws apply.
13. What are some qualities that are desirable in a scientist? Qualities include openness,
skepticism, and a recognition that science has limits.
Science and Human Values
(page 7)
14. Is the following sentence true or false? A community must use its shared values to
make decisions about scientific issues.
true
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Section 1–2 How Scientists Work
Date ______________
(pages 8–15)
TEKS FOCUS: 2A Ask questions, form hypotheses; 2D Communicate conclusions; 3A Analyze
hypotheses, theories; 3C Impact of research on scientific thought; 3F History; 5B Cell differentiation
This section explains how scientists test hypotheses. It also describes how a
scientific theory develops.
Designing an Experiment
(pages 8–10)
1. The idea that life can arise from nonliving matter is called
spontaneous generation
.
2. What was Francesco Redi’s hypothesis about the appearance of maggots?
Flies produce maggots.
3. What are variables in an experiment? They are factors that can change.
4. Ideally, how many variables should an experiment test at a time? It should test only one
variable at a time.
5. When a variable is kept unchanged in an experiment, it is said to be
controlled
.
6. What is a controlled experiment? A controlled experiment is an experiment in which one
variable is changed while the other variables are controlled.
7. The illustration below shows the beginning of Redi’s experiment. Complete the
illustration by showing the outcome.
Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
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Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Several
days pass.
Maggots appear
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No maggots appear
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8. Complete the table about variables.
VARIABLES
Type of Variable
Definition
Manipulated variable
The variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment
Responding variable
The variable that is observed and changes in response to the manipulated variable
9. In Redi’s experiment, what were the manipulated variable and the responding variable?
The manipulated variable was the presence or absence of the gauze covering, and the
responding variable was whether maggots appear.
10. For what do scientists use the data from a controlled experiment? They use it to evaluate
the hypothesis and draw a conclusion.
11. When scientists look for explanations for specific observations, what do they assume
about nature? They assume that the patterns in nature are consistent.
Publishing and Repeating Investigations
(pages 10–13)
12. Why do scientists assume that experimental results can be reproduced?
A key assumption in science is that nature behaves in a consistent manner.
in rainwater, pond water, and dust that he called “animalcules.”
14. What did John Needham conclude from his test of Redi’s findings? He concluded that the
little animals in a bottle of gravy could only have come from the juice of the gravy.
15. What did Spallanzani do to improve upon Redi’s and Needham’s work? He boiled two
containers of gravy, assuming that the boiling would kill any microorganisms that were present.
16. How did Pasteur settle the spontaneous generation argument? He designed a special
flask that showed as long as broth was protected from microorganisms, it remained free of living
things.
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13. What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover? He discovered a world of tiny moving objects
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When Experiments Are Not Possible
Date ______________
(page 14)
17. In animal field studies, why do scientists usually try to work without making the
animals aware that humans are present? To learn how animals in the wild interact, it is
necessary to observe the animals without disturbing them.
18. When a controlled experiment is not possible, why do scientists try to identify as many
relevant variables as possible? They identify as many as possible so that most variables are
controlled.
How a Theory Develops
(pages 14–15)
19. The theory that new organisms come from existing organisms is called
biogenesis
.
20. In science, what is a theory? A theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range
of observations.
21. Is the following sentence true or false? A theory may be revised or replaced by a more
useful explanation.
true
Reading Skill Practice
A flowchart can help you remember the order in which a set of events has occurred
or should occur. On a separate sheet of paper, create a flowchart that represents the
process that Redi carried out in his investigation of spontaneous generation. This
process is explained under the heading Designing an Experiment on pages 8–10. For
more information about flowcharts, see Organizing Information in Appendix A of
your textbook.
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Students’ flowcharts should begin with Redi’s proposal of a hypothesis and end with his drawing a
conclusion about how maggots are produced.
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Section 1–3 Studying Life
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 16–22)
TEKS FOCUS: 1A Safe practices; 3C Impact of research on society and environment; 11A Feedback
and homeostasis; 11B Response to stimuli
This section describes the characteristics of living things. It also explains
how life can be studied at different levels.
Introduction
1.
(page 16)
What is biology? Biology is the science that seeks to understand the living world.
Characteristics of Living Things
2.
(pages 16–20)
A
cell
is
a
collection
of
living
matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell
What is a cell?
from its surroundings.
3.
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about cells.
a. A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can be
considered alive.
b. A multicellular organism may contain trillions of cells.
c. A living thing that consists of a single cell is a multicellular
organism.
d. Organisms are made up of cells.
4.
What are two types of asexual reproduction?
a. A single-celled organism divides in half to form two new organisms.
b. A portion of an organism splits off to form a new organism.
genetic code
5.
Living things are based on a universal
6.
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about living things.
.
b. For bacteria, growth is mostly a simple increase in size.
c. Each type of organism has a distinctive life cycle.
d. Cells may change in number but never differentiate.
7.
Why does an organism need energy and a constant supply of materials?
An organism uses energy and materials to grow, develop, and reproduce.
8.
What is metabolism? It is the combination of reactions through which an organism builds up
or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.
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a. The life cycle of many organisms involves development.
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9. Is the following sentence true or false? All organisms respond to the environment in
exactly the same ways.
false
10. What is homeostasis? It is the process by which organisms keep their internal conditions
fairly constant.
11. A group of organisms that changes over time is said to
Branches of Biology
evolve
.
(pages 20–21)
Match the different kinds of biologists with the focus of their study.
Focus of Study
Kinds of Biologists
c
12. Zoologist
a
13. Botanist
b
14. Paleontologist
a. Plants
b. Ancient life
c. Animals
15. Label each of the illustrations below according to the level of study represented.
Population
Biosphere
16. The largest level of biological study is the
Biology in Everyday Life
Cells
biosphere
.
(page 22)
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17. What kinds of information can the study of biology provide about matters affecting
human society? Biology helps you understand all forms of life and helps you understand what
affects the quality of your life.
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Section 1–4 Tools and Procedures
Date ______________
(pages 24–28)
TEKS FOCUS: 1A Lab Safety; 2A Equipment and Technology; 2B Make Measurements;
2C Analyze Data
This section describes the measurement system that most scientists use. It also
describes light microscopes, electron microscopes, and laboratory techniques.
A Common Measurement System
(page 24)
1. Why do scientists need a common system of measurement? Researchers need to
replicate one another’s experiments, and most experiments involve measurements.
2. When collecting data and doing experiments, what system of measurement do most
scientists use?
Metric system
3. What is the metric system? The metric system is a decimal system of measurement whose
units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10.
4. Complete each equation by writing the correct number or metric unit.
kilometer
a. 1000 meters = 1
1000
b. 1 liter =
milliliters
1000
c. 1 gram =
d. 1000 kilograms = 1
milligrams
metric ton
Analyzing Biological Data
(page 25)
5. When scientists collect data, what are they often trying to find out? They are trying to
find out whether certain factors changed or remained the same.
data?
A pattern
Microscopes
(pages 25–26)
7. What are microscopes? Microscopes are devices that produce magnified images of structures
that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
8. What are compound light microscopes? They are microscopes that allow light to pass
through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image.
9. How do chemical stains make light microscopes more useful? They can show specific
structures in the cell.
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6. What does a graph of data make easier to recognize and understand than a table of
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10. What are the two main types of electron microscopes?
a. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)
b. Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)
11. Compare how a TEM and an SEM produce images. A TEM shines a beam of electrons
through a thin specimen, whereas an SEM scans a narrow beam of electrons back and forth
across the surface of a specimen.
12. How must samples be prepared for observation by an electron microscope?
Samples must be preserved and dehydrated.
Laboratory Techniques
(page 27)
13. A group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell is called a(an)
cell culture
.
14. What technique do biologists use to separate one part of a cell from the rest of the cell?
Cell fractionation
Working Safely in Biology
(page 28)
15. What is the single most important rule for your safety while working in a laboratory?
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Always follow your teacher’s instructions and the textbook directions exactly.
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WordWise
The block of letters below contains six vocabulary terms from Chapter 1. Use
the clues to identify the words you need to find. Then, find the words across,
down, or on the diagonal. Circle each word in the hidden-word puzzle.
Clues
Vocabulary Terms
A device that produces magnified images of structures
that are too small to see with the unaided eye
microscope
A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of
observations
theory
Change over time
evolve
The process by which organisms keep their internal
conditions fairly constant
homeostasis
An organized way of using evidence to learn about
the natural world
science
data
Evidence gathered from observations
The chemical reactions through which an organism
builds up or breaks down materials
metabolism
A collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that
separates it from the surroundings
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cell