30 y
U
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D E PA R T M E N T
F A G R I CU
O
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%2
L T U RE
DIVISION OFBIOLOGICAL S UR VE Y BULLETIN No 18
(E H
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AR T
M E RR
IAM
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Ch
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D I S TRIB UTION A ND M I GRATION
O
F
NO RT H A M E RI CA N W A RBL E RS
B Y
\N U E I JL S
NW 1
C XD C HI E L
A S S I S T A N T , B I O L O G I CA L
S U RVE Y
W A SH IN G T O N
G
O V ERN M EN T
PR
1 9
’1 L
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F: -
l
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I N TI N G
04
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O
FFI CE
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LETT E R O FT RA NS M IT I A L
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U S D E PA R T M
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E NT
O
‘
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F A G R I CU L T U
RE
,
B I O L O G I CA L S U R V E Y,
W as /z ing ton , D
SIR: I
A
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ugus t
] , 1 90
4
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hOno r
have the
to tra nsmit herewith for publication as
Bul letin N o 1 8 o f the Biological Survey a report on the D ist rib u
tion and Migratio n of N orth American W arblers by W ells W Cooke
an assistant in the Survey
R espectfully
C H AR T M E R R I A M
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Hon JA M
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E S
W I L SO N,
t ur e
of A gr icul
S ecretary
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CO N T E N T S
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ntro ductio n
R ute s o f migrat io n
7
I
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o
9
F lo rida t o Cuba
W estern Florida to Y ucatan
N o rth ern c o as t o f th e G ul
f of M
T e x as t o M exico b y
land
9
10
c
0
thward
e x i o so u
1
t rn migrat io n route t o M exico
O ccasionalro ut es t o o r through Cuba o r Y ucatan
S o uthern most e xten sio n o f winte r rang es o f w arblers o f eastern N orth A me ri ca
S pe cie s that ran ge t o t h e main land o f S o uth A merica
S pe cie s kn ow n to range to b ut n o t be y
o nd Panama
S pe cies en tering M exico and Ce ntral A merica b ut no t k no w n t o rea c h
Pana ma
S pe cies t h at winter in t h e southe rn U n ited S tate s o r t h e W est I ndie s
W
1
1
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es e
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14
14
15
15
15
16
5
DIST RI BUT I O N A N D M I G RAT I O N O FNO RT H A M E RICA N
WA RB LE RS
.
I N T R O D U CT I O N
.
The w arblers are birds of W ide distribution They occur in summer
in greater or less ab undance over nearly th e W hole of N orth America
except the arid lands of the South w est and the Barren Grounds of the
Though of sma ll size they are brig htly colored and
far N orth
during the migrations they come in such numbers both of s pecies
a nd individuals that they often form the most cons picuous part of a
bird w ave and their return is a w aited w ith eagerness by students of
migration I n sprin g the lover of the beautif ul finds among them
b rilliant colors in multiple variety ; the practiced ear is taxed to dis
t ing uis h their faint songs d ro pping from the tree to ps ; a nd the e xpe r i
e nce d o rnithologist feels a pleasurable excitement in scanni ng each
individual of the passin g host as he seek s th e rarity that w ill more
than repay the time s pent in the search I n the fall w he n the same
bands in l ess conspicuous g arb return w ith the season s offspring even
the skilled observer finds himself perplexed to identifyevery species as
it pass es — singly by tw os and threes in restless flocks or in the
s w arming numbers of the bird w ave
The fami ly of w arblers is a large one its memb ers in the United
States numbering over seventy species and subs pecies These in the
di st ances they travel in migration and in the size of the area s they
occupy during the breeding season present an enormous ran g e of
variation Some as the yellow w ar b ler ( D end r o ica ass t iva ) and the
yello w breasted chat (I cter ia s ir ens ) breed over the greater part of
the United States excepting the arid areas and make long flights in
migration ; w hile others as the B eldin g yello w throat ( G eo t hly
p is
beldz n gi) are restricted t o areas only a fe w square miles in extent
w here they remain the year a round
Among the b irds that perform
regular migrations are some that g o only a fe w miles as the Florida
yello w throats ( G eo t hly
p is tr io/ms igno ta ) that cross back and forth
b etween Cuba and the Gulf States and others that travel many
thousands of miles as the black poll w arblers (D emdr oica s tr eam) that
nest in Alaska and northern Canada an d s pend the w inter in So uth
Ame r ica from Brazil to Chile From the foregoing it is obvious
that the size of the area O ccu p ied i n w inter va ries enormously thus
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8
N
O RT H A M E R I C A N
W A RB L E Rs
.
at this season the S w ainso n w arbler
s w a in s o n i) is restricted
to th e island of Jamaica w h ile the yello w w arbler ( D en dm ica aes t ive
and its subs pecies ) is distributed from w estern Mexico to French
Guiana
,
.
R
OU
0F M
T E S
ON
I G R A T I
.
ho mes war
The belief
of the w riter is that w hen birds beg in to migrate in the fall their
path of mi g ration is the full w idth of the b reeding range but that
o w ing to the conformation of the N orth American continent the lines
of flight taken by in dividual birds necessarily conve rge so that as
a species proceeds south ward the width of the reg ion occu pied by it
becomes less The kingbird
affords a more
ty
ra nn us )
strikin g exa mple of this than can b e found among the w ar b lers I t s
summer home — fro m N e w foundland to British Columbia— has a w idth
of
miles ; its paths of migration converge until in the south ern
United States f rom southern Flo r ida t o the mouth O f the R io Gra nde
their total w idth is 9 0
0miles Continuing so uth w ard the eastern edge
of this path or belt a ppears to extend from southern Florida to
Y ucatan but the w estern ed g e is less shar ply defined ; few individuals
of the s pecies see m to travel w est of a line dra w n from Cor pus Christi
to Tabasco Thus in the latitude of southern Yucatan the migration
path is scarcely 40
0miles w ide and the great bulk of the species prob
ably move in a belt less than half this w idth
W hen the w arbl er s pass beyond the southern boundary of the United
States the w idt h and destinatio n of their paths of migration v ary
Some go to the Bahama s and not
g reatly among the different s pecies
to Cuba others to Cuba and not to Yucatan or to Yucatan and not to
Cuba I n the case of w ide ranging s pecies like the black a nd w hite
w arbler or the redstart it is probable that some individuals cross from
norther n Florida to t he northern Bahamas others from central Florida
to the central O r southern Bah a mas others fro m southern Florida to
Cuba others from n orth w estern Florida to Yucatan and still others
from points to the w est of these localities These di ff eren t lines of
fli g ht betw een the southern boundary of the United States and the
countries to the south are cal led in this publication migration routes
but the y
are not to be considered definite path s w ith exac t boundaries
but merely minor subdivisions of a great migration route that pass
insensibly into each other The principal s ubdivisions or routes are
the follo w ing :
1 U n ite d S ta te s t o t h e B ah a ma s
2 F lorida t o Cuba
“ W estern F lorida t o Y ucat an
h
N orthern c oast o f t h e G ulf o f M e x ico so uth w ard
lan d
9 T e xas t o M e xico b y
9
W estern U n ited S tate s t o M e xico
I
passin g bet w een the United S t ate s and their w inter
b le rs use allthe routes follo w e d by oth er s pecies of birds
n
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TES
RO U
F M I G R A TI O N
O
9
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lists that follo w the specie s kn
o w n to us e each of the prin cipal
migration routes are mentio n ed The mention of a species how ever
must not be understood as meaning all the in dividuals of that species
but only a greater or smaller number I n each case it is probable
that species other than tho se enumer ated make use of the same route
but records are lacking
I n t he
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T O
ST A T E S
U NIT E D
B AH A M A S
TH E
.
Some individuals of the follo w ing species mi g rate from the United
States to the Bahamas and find their farthest extension either in the
W est I ndies ( at the points mentioned belo w ) on the island of Trini
dad o r on the m ainland of South A merica :
B l
ack an d w hite w arble r ( M motilt w i ) G uade lo upe ( L ee ward I slands )
G reat I n ag ua ( B ah a mas )
W o rm eating w arbler ( H el
mithe os vermi o us )
B arbado s ( W in dw ard I s lands )
Parula warbler ( Co mpsothl
y
p is mer ica n )
T o bago
Cape M a y
w arbler ( D endro ica t ig in )
I I a it i
ack t hroated blue warbler ( D end im
B l
M y
rtle w arbler ( D end o ic co na ta ) Po rto R ico
B lack po llwarbler ( D en d oica t ia ta )
T rin idad
Y ello w throat ed w arbler D end ic d min i ) P rt R ico
K irtla n d warb ler ( D endroica kirtl mdi)
Ca ic o s ( B aha mas )
Po rto R ico
Pa lm w arbler D end o ica pa l
ma um)
Prairie w arble r ( D en d oica discolor )
S t Christo ph er ( L e e ward I sla nds )
O v en bird ( S eiu u s au ocapillus ) S t Cro ix ( L ee ward I s lands )
T rinidad
W ate r thrus h ( S eiurus noveb ora ce n is )
thrus h ( S eiu u mota cilla ) A n tigua ( L ee ward I slands )
L o uisiana w ater—
il
i )
B ahamas ; B ra il; Co lo mbia
Co nn e ct icut w arbler ( G eothly
p is y
lo w t hroat ( G eothl
N o rth B ah a mas
la n d y
M ary
el
y
p is trich s )
l)
B aha mas
N o rt h ern y
el
lo w —
t h ro at ( G eothl
y
pis tricha s b chid cty
R e ds tart ( S etop h g
uticil
l
a)
T rin idad
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.
Land birds do not use the line of the W est I ndies from the Bahamas
eastw ard as their common route of migration betw een the United
States and South America Some 37 species of these including 1 8
w arblers cross from Florida to the Bahamas and about 1 8 of them 1 2
b eing w arblers con tin ue east to Porto R ico w hile only 6 are kno w n
to pass to the W ind w ard I slands Trinidad and South America On
the other hand about 50s pecies o f land birds mi g rate from the east
ern United States to South America w ithout bein g kno w n to enter the
Lesser Antilles
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FL O R I D A
To
CU B A
.
The best know n route is bet w een Florida and Cuba
used by in dividuals of the follo w ing species :
ta va ria )
B lack an d W h it e w arbler ( M n iotil
ina ia s wainsoni )
S wain so n w arbler ( I I el
T o J a maica
er ( H el
mitheros ve mivom s )
W o rm—
eatin g warbl
minthop hila
B ac hman w arb ler ( I I el
Parula w arble r ( Comp sothl
y
p is a me ica na )
Cape M a y
warbler ( D endroica tigrina )
'
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It
is regularly
10
N
O RT H
A
M ERI C A N
Bl
ack-th roate d
W A R B L E Rs
blue warbler ( D en dro ic czerulescens )
M y
rtle warbler ( D endroica coronata )
B lack po llw arbler ( D en droi
str ia ta )
Y ello w thro at ed w a bler D en dr osca dominica )
Palm w arb ler ( D en d oica p a l
marum)
Prairie w arbler ( D en droica discol
or )
O ven b ird S eiur us aur ocapillus )
W ater thrush ( S eiurus n osebor acensis )
L o uis iana water thrush (S eiurus mota csll
a)
lo w thro at ( G eothl
el
Florida y
y
p is tricha s ignota )
N orth ern y
lo w t hroat ( G eothl
el
l
a)
y
p is tr ichas bra chsda cty
R edst art ( S etop haga ruticil
l
a)
a
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W E ST E RN
FL O
RI D A
Y U CA T A N
TO
.
The next migration route to the w estw ard is fro m w estern Florida
to Yucata n directly w ithout touching southern Florida or Cuba
This route is used by individuals o f the
Yello w w arbler ( D endr oica aestis a )
M agn o lia w arbler ( D en d oica ma culosa )
B lack thro ated gree n w arbler ( D en dr oica s irens )
sonia mina te )
H oo de d w arbler ( W il
,
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is also probably used to a g reater or less exten t by many other
s pecies but this can not at present be proved
It
.
,
OR T H E R N
N
C
OA S T
FTH E
O
FOFM
GU L
E X I C
O
S
OU
T H W A RD
.
Man y
species leave the United States alon g the coast from w estern
Florida to the region about Galveston Tex and fly across the G ulf
of Mexico
This route is used by individuals of the follo w ing species :
ta s aris )
B lack an d w h it e w arbler ( M nio til
r ea )
Pro tho n o tary
w arbler ( Pro ton ota ma cil
mither os s er mss orus )
W orm eat in g w arbler ( H el
minthophila ch y
sop tera )
G o lde n w inged warbler ( H el
Parula w arbler ( Compsothly
pis a me ican )
Y ello w w arbler ( D en dr oica aest s )
M agn o lia w arbler ( D en d oica ma culosa )
Cerulean warbler ( D endroica cerulea )
l
w nica )
Chest n ut sided warble r ( D en droica p ensy
breasted w arble r ( D endroica cas tanea )
B ay
ackburniae)
B lackburnian w arbler ( D endroica bl
B lack th roat ed green warbler ( D en dr o ca s i en s )
O ven bird ( S eiu us aur ocap llus)
W ater th rush ( S eiurus n osebora censis )
w arbler ( G eothl
Ke ntuck y
y
pss formosa )
a del
M ourn ing warbler ( G eo thl
y
p hsa )
pis p hil
Yello w breas ted chat ( I cteria s ir ens)
sonia mit a ta )
H o o ded warbler W il
Canadian w arbler ( W ilsonia can a dens is )
a)
l
Redstart ( S etop ha ga ruticsl
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R
OU T E S
TE X AS
M I G RA T I O N
or
M E X IC
TO
O
11
.
B Y LAND
.
Some individ uals of the follo w ing sp ecies enter eastern Mexico by
land from Texas W ith one exception they repr esent s pecies w hose
w inter home is more commonly r eached by a flight across the Gulf
of Mexico The exception is the orange cro w ned w arbler ( I fehnin
t lw
h
sl
a eel
a ta ) w hich seems to avoid a water trip and to go entirely
p
by land to Mexico
B l
ack and w hite warbler ( M niotilta s aria )
B lue w inged warb ler ( H el
min thop hila p inus )
minthop hila r ubricap illa )
N as h v ille w arbler ( H el
Orange cro w ned warbler ( H elminthop hila cela ta )
minthop hila peregr in a )
T enne s se e w arbl
er ( H el
Parul
a w arbler ( Comp sothl
y
p is a mer icana )
Yello w warbler ( D end oica wsti a )
rtle w arbler ( D endroica coronata )
M y
M ag n o lia w arbler ( D endr oica ma culosa )
l
s anic a )
Ch est nut side d w a bler ( D endroica p ensy
a ckburn iae)
B lackburnian w arbler ( D en d oi ca bl
ca mo re w arbler ( D endroica dominica a lbilora )
Sy
B lack t hroated green w arbler ( D endroica s ir ens )
O ven bird ( S eiur us aurocap illus )
W at er t hrus h S eiurus nos eb or acens is )
l
a)
L o uisian a w at er thrus h (S eiurus mot cil
l
a)
N orth ern y
lo w t hro at ( G eothly
el
pis tr ichas b a chida cty
is )
lo w thro at ( G eo thl
W es tern y
el
y
p is tr ichas o ccidenta l
Ye llo w breas ted ch at ( I ctema sirens )
H oode d warbler ( W il
soni mitr ta )
sonia
W ilso n w arbler W il
pusilla )
Canadian w arbler ( W ilson ia ca na densis )
a)
R eds tart ( S etop ha g r uticill
.
-
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Of the species just given a fe w sho w a tendency to migrate farther
I n general it may be said that the w inter range
w est than the others
is seldom w est of th e breedin g range The princi pal direction o f
mig ration is of course south and those individuals that have a choice
of moving to the east or to the w est of south almost alw ays proceed
eastw ard An exception to this rule is found in t he case of the
follow ing species which extend in w estern Mexico to the localities
mentioned :
B l
ack and w hite w arbler ( M niotilta s aria ) M az at lan
Sy
camo re warbl
er ( D endroica dominica a l
bil
T e pic
or )
O ven bird ( S eiurus a urocapillus) M a atlan
L o uisiana w at er thrus h ( S eiurus mo ta cilla )
M az at la n
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It
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is notew orthy in this connection that t w o of these the black and
w hite w arbler and th e oven bird have been taken as rare visitors to the
R ocky Mountains ; and it is possible that it is the s e w estern stragglers
that w inter in w es te r n Mexico
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12
N O
RTH
A
M ER I CA N
M I G RA T I
W E S T E RN
ON
R
W A RB L E Rs
OU T E
TO
.
M E X IC
O
.
The westernmost part of the g reat migration ro ute betw een the
United States and the countries to the south is used by the follo w in g
s ecies that migrate by land to Mexico :
p
L u cy
w arbler ( I I el
minthop hila luciae)
Virgin ia w arbler H elminthop hila s irginiae)
Calav eras warbler ( H elminthop hila rub icap illa guttur alis )
L utes ce n t warble r ( H el
minthop hila celata lutescens )
S enn e tt warb l
er ( Comp sothl
umi nigml
o a)
y
pis p itia y
O live w arbler ( D endr oica oliva cea )
S o nora y
lo w w arbler ( D endroic aestis a sonora na )
el
Al
lo w w arbler ( D end oica ze stis r ub iginosa )
ask a y
el
A udubo n w arbler ( D en d oica audu boni )
B l
ack fro n t ed warbler ( D end oica auduboni nigrif ons )
G rac e w arbler ( D en dr oica
B lack t hroat ed gray
w arbler ( D end oica n igr es cens )
G o lde n chee k ed w ar b ler ( D en d oica fl ry
sop aria )
Pacifi c y
lo w thro at ( G eothl
a)
el
y
p is t ich s ar i el
T o w n se nd w arbler ( D en droica towns endi )
H ermit warb ler ( D endroica occidenta l
is )
G rinn e llw ater thrus h ( S ei m s n oveb ora censis n ot bilis )
miei)
M acg illivray
w arbler ( G eo thl
y
pis tol
lo w throa t G eothl
is )
W est ern y
el
y
p is trichas occiden t l
lo w throat ( G eothl
R io G rande y
el
y
pis p o liocep ha la)
L o n g taile d chat ( I cteria irens longicauda )
Pileo l
at ed w arbler W ilsonia p usilla p ileol t )
s eo l
a)
ate d w arbler W ilsonia pusilla chry
G o lden pileo l
Pain t ed red start ( S etop ha g p icta )
ina u brif ons )
R e d faced w arbler ( Car dell
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The lines of mig ration so far given cover the p r incipal routes by
w hich the birds of th e Un ited States reach their w inter quarters
There is another route w hich can not be mapped o w ing to lack of
data I ndeed its existence is largely inferential Several specie s
that occur in the Mississi ppi Valley and the Allegheny Mountains
reach Middle America i n w inter but are n o t kno w n regularly i n
mig ration in Florida Cuba Yucatan or n ortheastern Mexico
I t is
thus certain that these S pecies pass from the Mississi ppi Valley and the
Allegheny Mountain s to Middle America but the point of departure
from the United States and the point of ar rival in Middle America are
not yet kno w n I t seems probable that the birds cross directly to the
heavy damp forests that cover the lo w lands of eastern Honduras th e
south ern parts of Yucatan and Campeche and the highlands o f n orth
w estern Guatemala b ut not u ntil this region as yet un v isited during
the fa ll migration has been thoroughly explored can any
exact kn ow l
edge o n the poin t be obtain ed
Species that a ppear largely to use this
route ar e the follo w ing :
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
RO U TES
M I G RA T I O N
or
13
.
n d arb r
ah
rb r
T enne ssee warbler ( H el
minthozi hila p er egrine )
W il
s o n w arbl
a)
er ( W il
sonia p usil
l
I t is probable also that this route is used b ymany individuals o f
the follo w ing s pecies :
ea )
Cerulean w arbler ( D en droica cerul
l
vanica )
Che stn ut sid ed w ar b ler ( D endr oica p ens y
B lackburn ia n warbler ( D endroica b l
a ckburniae)
a del
M o urn in g w arbl
er ( G eothl
y
pis p hil
p hia )
I t seems probable that not all birds in their migrations north across
the Gulf of Mexico alight as soon as they reach the coast of the
United States H o w far t hey penetrate into the interior before they
descend is not kno w n but the latitude reached probably appr o xi
mates the northern edge o f the Gulf stri p of the Austroriparian li f e
zone— that is slightly north of the latitude of the northern boundar y
of Florida More or less strong reason s exist for believing that so me
individuals of each of the follo w ing s pecies sometimes fly in land befor e
alightin g :
B lack an d whit e w arbler ( Il
lniotilt
i )
N ash ville w arbler ( H el
minthop hila ub i c p ill )
Y e llo w w arbler ( D end oic sti )
M agn o lia warbler ( D endroica ma cul
osa )
e a n w arbl
er ( D end oica ce ul
Cerul
e )
Ches t n ut s ided w arbler D en droica p ensy
l a nica )
B ay
b reas ted w arbler ( D en dr oic casta ne )
B l
a ckburn ia n w arbl
er ( D endroica bl
a ckbur ni )
M o urn in g w arbler ( G eothl
a del
y
pis p hil
p hia )
Y ello w breas ted chat ( I cte i i ens )
W ilso n w arbler W ilsonia p i csill
a)
R edst art ( S etop ha ga r uticill
a)
B lue -wi ge w
le ( H el
minthop hila p inus )
N s v il
le w a le ( I -I el
mint hop hila r ubri capilla )
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
a. s ar a
r
r
a a’
r
sa
.
a
a
.
.
.
r
r
a
-
s
-
a
.
a
.
r
z
-
r a s r
.
.
.
.
O CCA S I O N A L
R
OU T E S
TO
O R
TH R
OU G H
CU B A
O R
Y U CA T A N
.
Mention should be made of t w o other possible routes that have no t
yet been noticed — one from Cuba to Yucatan the other fro m Cuba t o
South America I t is u n doubtedly true that certain day —
mi g rants ( t he
s w allo w s for instance ) cross betw een Cuba and Yucatan but of t he
night migrants such as the w arblers the r e seems at p resent no proof
that any use this as a regular path of migration Th e fact that a com
paratively small number of s pecies of w arbl ers are found as regular
visitors to both Cuba and Yucatan w ould create a pres umption against
this route bein g much used w hile some of the war b lers certainly do
not follo w it The three follo w ing lists make these points clearer
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
S PE CI E S
.
TH AT
O CC
UR
RE G
UL A R L Y
a a nd wh ite w arbler ( M niotilms ari )
Parula warbler ( O ompsothl
p is a meri can a )
y
B l ck
a
1N
.
B OT H
U
C B A
A ND
U
Y CA T A N
.
14
M
N O
rtle warbler ( D
y
R TH
ER I CA N
A M
r c cor ona ta )
end oi a
O ven b ird
W A RB L E R S
.
.
S eiurus aurocapillus )
W ater-thrush ( S eiurus noveb ora cen sis )
L o uis iana water-thrus h ( S eiurus mota cil
l
a )
N orth ern ello w-throat ( G eothl
a)
y
p is trichas br a chida ct l
R edstart (S etop haga ruticil
a)
l
-
.
.
.
y
y
.
S PE CI E S
TH AT
U
O CC R
RE G
UL A R L Y
U
IN
C B A
B UT
achman warbler ( H elminthop hila ba chmani )
Bl
ack t hroated blue warbler ( D endroica czerules cens )
B l
ack po l
lwarbl
e r ( D endroi ca striata )
Yello w throate d warbler ( D endro ica do minica )
B
NOT
IN
U
Y CA T A N
.
.
Yucatan o n ce
-
.
.
-
.
-
.
S PE CI E S
THAT
U
O CC R R E G
UL A R L Y
ywa bler ( P
Pro tho no tar
roton otar ia cit rea
r
U
Y CA T A N
IN
)
B UT
NOT
IN
U
C B A
.
.
Y ello w warbler ( D endroica aes tisa )
M agno lia w arbler ( D endroica ma culosa )
Bl
ackburnian warbler ( D endroica b lackburniz )
.
.
S
ca m re w arbl
er ( D e ndroi
y
o
ca.
dominion
.
.
al
bilora
a
)
.
throated gree n warble r ( D e ndroi ca sirens )
H oo ded w arbler ( W ilsonia mitra ta )
B l c k-
.
.
N ot
enough data have been accumulated to permit any exact state
me nt as to t he species of w arblers if any , that cross from Cuba to
South America I t is kno w n that some other birds , as the b obolin k
z ix
mory
vor us) and Florida kingbird ( T y
r annn s domin ice nsis)
(D e lia/zon y
pass over this route in larg e numbers That warblers seldom cros s
the Caribbean Sea is probable from the fact that of nearly a score of
species that occur in the eastern United States and also in South
America , only the follo w ing 6 occur regularly in Cuba
,
.
,
.
.
S PE CI E S
TH AT
O CC
UR
IN
U
BO TH
C B A
ta sa ria
Bl
ack and w h ite warbl
er ( M motil
lw arbler ( D endroica striata )
Bl
ac k -pol
O ven-b ird ( S eiurus aurocap illus )
)
’
A ND
SO
UT H
A M E RI CA
.
.
.
.
m
W ater-thrush ( S eiurue n oseboracen )
a)
L ouisiana water-thrus h ( S eiurus motac ill
la )
R edstart ( S etop ha ga ruticil
.
.
.
S OU TH E RN M OS T E X T E N SI ON O
0FE
A S T E RN
FW
IN T E R RA N G E S O
N ORTH
A M E R I CA
FW
A RB L E R S
.
The follo w i ng tables sh o w the southernmost limits at which the
vario us species of eastern warblers have bee n recorded in w inter
.
S PE CI E S
TH AT
RAN G E
TO
TH E
M AINL AND
O
F S OU T H
A M E R I CA
.
ack and white w arbler ( M niotilta s aria ) Co lo mbia, Ve nez uela, E cuado r
Bl
Co lo mb ia, V en ez uel
a
Pro tho notar warbler ( Protonotaria citrea )
minthophila pinus ) Co lo mbia one a ccidentaloccurrence
B lue-w inged warbler ( H el
Co lombia
G olden-winged warbler ( H elminthop hila chr sop tera )
.
y
.
—
.
y
.
.
.
.
W
I N T ER R A N G E S
15
.
nnesse e w arbler ( H elminthop hila pe egr ine ) Colo mbia V enez uela
Ye llo w warbler ( D endroica : slim ) Co lo mbia Ve ne uela B ritis h D utc h a nd
Fre n ch G uiana B raz il E c uador Peru
escens )
Co lo mb ia ; o n e acc ide n tal
B lack t hroated blue w arbler ( D en droic cwru l
o cc urren c e
Colo mb ia E c uad o r Peru B o livia
Cerulean warbler ( D endroica cerulea )
B ay
breasted warbler ( D endroica castanea ) Co lo mbia
ack po ll warbler ( D endroica striata ) Co lombia V en ez ue la B ritish G uian a
Bl
Fre n ch G uiana B raz il Peru Ch ile E cuado r
a ckburni )
Colo mbia V ene uela E c uado r
er ( D en dr oica bl
B l
a ck burn ian w arbl
Peru
O e n bird ( S eiurus aurocapillus ) Co lo mbia—rare
o mbia
B ritish G uian a Ve n e ue l Co l
\Vater thrush ( S eiurus nos ebora censis )
is )
Co lo mbia
G rinn ellw at er t h rush (S eiurus noveb ora censis nota bil
l
a)
Co lo mbia—rare
L o uisiana w a ter t hrush ( S eiu us mota cil
Co lombia
K e nt uck y
er ( G eothl
w arbl
y
p is for mosa )
is )
Co lo mbia B raz il
Co nn e ctic ut w arbler ( G eothly
pis e gil
Co lo mbia E c uado r
M o urn ing w arbler ( G eothl
p hia )
y
pis p hila del
Co lo mb ia E c uador Peru
s onia ca na densis )
Canadian w arbler ( W il
a)
R edstart ( S ewp h ga ruticill
Co lo mbia V e ne z ue la E c uad o r B ritis h G uiana
T
r
e
r
,
.
,
z
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
a.
.
.
,
-
.
.
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
zr
z
,
.
,
,
.
-
v
.
.
-
z
,
.
-
a,
.
.
-
r
.
.
.
‘
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
a
S PE CI E S
KN
N
,
,
,
B U T
TO
RA N G E
TO
B E Y
NO T
rm eating warbler ( H elmitheros e mi o us )
rtle w arbler ( D endroica co on t )
M y
osa )
M agn o lia w arbl
e r ( D endro ica ma cul
l a nica )
Ch e s tn ut s ided w arbler ( D endroica p ensy
B la ck t hro ated gre en w arbler ( D en d o ica ir ens )
N orth ern y
lo w throat ( G eo thl
la )
el
y
p is tr icha s bra chida cty
s onia mitra ta )
H ooded w arbler ( W il
W
-
o
s
s r
a a
r
r
.
,
,
.
OW
.
,
ON D
.
PA N A M A
.
.
.
.
-
v
-
.
s
r
.
-
.
S P E CI E S
E NT E R
TH AT
.
M E X IC
KN
.
OW
N
O
AN D
TO
CE N T R A L
A M E R I CA
PA N A M A
R E A CH
n d
B U T
A RE
NO T
.
arbler ( H elminthop hila pinus) N icaragua ; o n e accidenta l o cc ur
rn
ba
N ash v il
lew arbler ( H el
minthop hila rubr icapilla )
M e xic o
G uate mala—s tragg ler
Orange cro w n ed w arbler ( H elminthop hila celata ) M exico
Parula w arbler ( Comp sothl
N icaragua
p is a merica na )
y
B l
a ck t hro ate d bl
ue warbl
er ( D encl
roica cazrul
escens )
G uat e mala—o n e a cc id e nta l
o cc urre n c e
Sy
camore warbler ( D endroica dominic albilora) Cos ta R ica
Pa lm warbler ( D en d oica p l
Y ucatan
marum )
Y e llo w breasted chat ( I cteria s ir ens ) Costa R ica
W il
sonia p usil
so n w arbl
er
W il
l)
Costa R ica
B lue -wi ge w
e c e in Co l
om i
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
a
r
a
-
.
.
O
FTH
T H E
TH AT
D O
U
B
a
.
.
.
RE G U L A R L Y W I N T E R
N IT E D S T A T E S
W E ST I N D I E S
E
S wa inso n w arbler
re co rd
NO T
.
.
a
S PE CI E S
.
.
,
B UT
R
E M AI N
IN
O N
OU T H
SO U T H E R N STAT E S O R
T H E
T H E
M AI NL AN D
S
.
(H
el
ina ia
swainso ni
)
.
Jamaica
A
.
.
ch man warbler ( H elmin thop hila
b a chma ni )
.
Cuba
.
ccide nta l in
M
c —o ne
ex i o
16
N O R TH
Cape M
a
yw arbl r
A
( D endr oica
e
M ER I C A N
tigr ii m )
W A
W
I
es t
RB L ER S
ndie s
.
Ke
yW e t —rare
or a
s
cc i
cc identa lin Y ucatan—o ne re co rd
B l
ack throat ed blue w arb le r ( D endroica cwrulescens) W est I ndie s K e yW est
so met imes n o t un c o mm o n
A ccide n t a lin G uate mala a n d Co l
o mbia
Y e llo w thro ated w arbler ( D endroica dominica ) W es t I ndies Flo rida an d lo cally
ina
A cc ide n ta lin Y ucata n—o n e re co rd
al
o n g c o as t t o S o ut h Caro l
K irtl
an d w arb ler ( D endroica Icir tltmdi ) B ah a mas
Pin e w arb ler ( D en droica s ig or sii) 0 U n ited S t at e s n o rth t o V irgin ia I l
lino is e t c
A cc ide n talin M e x ic o ; o n e re c o rd
Yello w palm warbler ( D endroica p alma rum h p ochry
sea )
U n it ed S ta tes
A cc i
den talin Cuba and Jamaica
Prairie warbler ( D en dr oica dis col
W es t I nd ies an d o the r isl
ands
or )
M ary
land y
lo w t hroat ( G eothl
el
U nit ed S tat es a n d B ahamas
pis trichas )
y
el
lo w t hroat ( G eothl
Florida y
U n it ed S ta t es a n d Cuba
y
p is tricha s ignota )
de ntal
.
A
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
,
y
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
-
.
.
S YS T E M A T I C R E PO R T
.
The present paper is devoted to a sy
stematic account o f the dis t r i
b ut io n and migration of the N orth American w arblers numberin g 59
species and 1 9 sub s pecies I n each case the breeding range is given
first then the w inter range follo w ed by a synopsis of th e time of
sprin g migration and o f fal l migration Bi b liographical references
relating to the occurrence o f the various s pecies in South America
are given in full For the purposes o f this article N orth America
includes the mainland north of Mexico an d also the peninsula of Lo w er
Ca lifornia as in the Check List of the American Ornithologists Union ;
and W est I ndies includes all the islands commonly kno w n under tha t
name except Tobago and Trinidad near the coast o f South America
Th e name of each S pecies is preceded by its n umber in the above
mentioned Check —List Most interest attaches to the movements of
the w arblers of the eastern part of the United States that pass by fl ig ht
over w ater to their w inter homes These therefore receive full treat
ment w hile less is Said o f the migration of the w estern s pecies that
make th e j ourney from the United States to M exico and so uth w ard
entirely by land S pecial attention has been paid to th e definition o f
the southern limit of the breeding range of each species —a subj ect
that for many years has received the careful con s ideratio n of the
Biological Survey So far as kno w nto the w riter the p resent pa per
is the first attempt to define exactly t he northern limit of the w inter
range of each s pecies and also to indicate the altitudinal range of the
same in its w inter home
The re port is based largely on records received by the Biological
Survey from lan d stations a nd lighthouse s together w ith records
fro m countries south of the United States especially Costa R ica
,
.
,
,
.
’
“
.
’
,
’
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
rbler o f t he B aha mas h as late lybee n separated as subspec ies a chra s
r
r w in t er h abit at o f ig o xii is t h er fore e n t ire lyw ith in t h e U n ite d
t t h b n t h e o nlycase o f an eastern warbler c o n fi ned t o th is co un tryduring
t h e wint er
n
r
h e pi e w a
a
te a ; t h e eg ul
S a es , t is e i g
aT
.
v
-
r
e
18
N O RT H
A
M ER I C A N
W A
RB L ER S
.
or resting bewildered on the bal cony after strikin g E ight hun
dred and sixteen records w ere received in five years from this o n e
lighthouse Th ey com prise a total of
dead birds and
birds w hich struc k t he ligh t w ith so little force that on the return o f
clear skies or daylight they w ere able to resume their flig ht W arblers
migrat e chiefly by night and are so suscepti ble to th e influe n ce o f a
bri g ht light that they constitute at least 8 0percent o f these tho u sands
The most valuable part of the present report is based o n th e migra
tion schedules contri b uted to the Biological Survey during the p ast
tw enty years by voluntary observers through out the Union T o each
and all of these sincere thanks are h ereby tendered
light
.
.
.
.
.
.
6 36
M
.
B
n io t il
t a v ari
din g
a
( L in n )
a
B l ck
hite
W
an d
W
arbler
.
—
The southern l imit of the princi pal breeding range
of the blac k and w hite w arbler is the southern boundary o f the Caro
l inian life zone from N orth Caro lina to Kansas R ecords o f the sup
p osed breeding o f the s pecies in the Austroriparian zone i n Texas
Louis iana and n orthern Florida are quite n umerous M ost of them
h o w ever are based o n records of young birds appearing so earlyin
th e S li mmer that they w ere believed to have b een reared in the imme
diate vicinity The black and w hite w arbler is ho w ever one of the
very earliest o f migrants At the southern limit of its range it nests
in April giving the young abundant time t o be strong w inged by early
i n July I t certainly does n ot breed i n southern Florida yet both
adults and you ng of the y ear have been noted at Key W est Fla by
th e middl e of July so that July dates in the Gulf States are not evi
dence o f breedin g
Th e breeding ra n ge extends north to N ew Bruns
wick N ova Scotia N e w foundland Hudson Bay and Fort N orman
Macken z ie ; w est regularly to central South Dakota ce nt r al Kansas
and central Texas and casually to Les s er Slave Lake and Peace R iver
Landing A thabasca Co lorado ( t w o breeding records ) and Ca lifornia
( three breeding records )
W n ter r a ng e — The black and w hite w arbler has a limited range in
South America but is common in the Santa Marta reg ion of north
easter n Colombia— o n the coast at Bonda and San ta M ar t a b a nd in
the mountains at Minca
feet) 0Onaca
and Las N ubes
feet)
On the coast it is n ote d in the fall ; in the moun ta ins it
occurs from December to March Farther south it is recorded from
fe e t) d from near the r e at Herradura
Bucaramanga
and from Bogota f I n the State of Antioquia it w as taken at Concordia
r ee
r an g e
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
“
,
,
,
“
.
,
.
n
B
“
A lle
b
B
c
S alvin
,
ng s
a
Am M
l
ul
us
.
.
N at H ist
.
.
0; A uk ,
p 1 78 , 1 9 0
1 43, 1 8 98
XI I I
,
Pro c B io l S o c W ash , X I I ,
an d G odman , I bis , p 1 1 7 , 1 8 8 0
.
.
.
,
.
.
B
e
e
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
367 , 1 9 0
0
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
X VI I
.
rlepsch J f O rn p 2 8 2 1 8 8 4
1 8 71
at t I bis p 32 2
W y
f S clate r Cat A m B irds p 2 6 1 8 62 ;
B rit M us X p 2 53 1 8 8 5
d
.
,
.
.
,
P
.
Z
.
S
.
,
p
.
1 43, 1 8 55 ; S
harpe
,
Cat
.
rds
B i
.
B L A CK
ITE
W H
AN D
W A
R B L ER
19
.
and Sta E lena
feet) These records carry th e
kno w n range throughout the northern half of Colombia The bird has
als o been recorded in the winter at Merida Venezuela
d
a nd
f
ee
t
t
u
o
P
and at Quito E cu ador
is
common
in
anama
It
p
at altitudes ranging from
to
feet in Costa R ica I t undoubt
e dl
yoccurs during the w inter o n the higher lands of Hon duras an d
N ic aragu a but apparently is not recorded from eithe r country prob
ably because durin g this season observers have been only on the coast
or at altitudes of less than a thous an d feet in the interior I t has been
taken in fall mig ration on B uatan I sland off the co as t of Honduras "
From northern Yucatan it ran g es to the Pacific coast of Guatemala
I t is found in w inter o n the is lan ds f and mainland ? of Yucatan
In
and up to at least
feet in the mountains of Guatemala
Mexico the distribution of the bird is exten sive and peculiar I t is
on e of the fe w S pecies from the easte r n part of the United States that
w inter on the coast of w ester n Mexico as far nor t h as Colima and
Maz atlan The parties of the Biolo g ical Survey me t it in nearly every
part of Mexico visited thou g h under quite different conditions of
al titude at different times of the yea r I n w inter theytook it on the
coast in Colima and Guerrero and up to
feet in Chiapas They
found it rather common bel ow a thousand feet in Campeche Tabasco
and in eastern Puebla and less common from
to
feet I t
w inters as far north as Monter ey N ue v o Leon and occasionally
reaches southern Texas I n the early fall (Aug ust 1 8 t o September 1 )
it has been found from
feet in Chiapas to a little above
feet in Oaxaca
I n the Bahamas the black and w hite w arbler is recorded from the
northern half of the g rou p to R um Cay " I t is a common w inter
resident of the Greater Antilles and has been taken in the Lesser
An tilles as far east as St Croix St E ust at ius i and G uade lo upe fl I t
also w inters in southern Florida and rarely as far north as St
Augustine
S p r in g migra tion — The earliest records of sprin g migration of the
black and w hite w arbler are of birds strikin g the lighthouses of Alli
gator R eef and Som b rero Key Florida in the fir s t w eek in March
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a
b
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at e r
a nd
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a te r
an d
1887;
C
S alvin , P
a n P
Fauna Ven e
Flo ra
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O rto n , A m N at
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p 493, 1 8 79
1 8 70 E
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p 78 0
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p 338 , 1 8 9 1
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R idg wa
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p 578 , 1 8 8 8
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f S alvin I bis p 2 46 1 8 8 8
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p 440 1 8 8 3
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an gs
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2
0
N
O RT H
A
M E RI CA N
W A RB L E RS
.
The full record s are : Allig ator R eef March 4 1 8 8 9 ; Sombrero Key
March 7 1 8 8 7 March 1 0 1 8 8 8 and March 3 and 1 1 1 8 8 9
The average date of earliest arrival at R aleigh N C from 1 8 8 5 to
1 8 9 9 inclusive is March 2 7 w ith extremes of March 1 9 1 8 9 4 and
A pril 1 1 8 8 5 At Statesville directly w est of R aleigh a nd but little
hig her the average date o f earliest arrival in 1 8 8 5 1 8 8 7 and 1 8 8 8 is
also March 2 7 Corresponding records hav e been received from
Chapel Hill Greensboro and the southern part o f Bertie County
feet the average
w hile n ear Asheville N C in the moun t ains at
date of arrival for the five years 1 8 90t o 1 8 9 4 is April 3
T he statements of w riters o n the m igration of this species th r ough
Florida etc may be thus su mmarized : Tar pon S prings fi rst arrival
d uring the last part of March ; Palatka first arrival March 1 3 1 8 8 5
species common March 2 4 ; first ar rival at Gainesvil le March 1 5 1 8 8 7
at Pensacola March 2 1 1 8 8 5 ; at Perdido Light March 2 2 1 8 8 5 ; at
Shelby Ala March 1 8 1 8 9 8 ; at Coosada Ala Marc h 1 3 1 8 7 8 ; near
Beaufort S G April 6 1 8 8 5 A pril 5 1 8 8 9 and March 2 9 1 8 8 7
an d at Savannah G a April 1 1 8 94 The average of nin e y ears at
Kirk w ood G a is A pril 2 w ith extremes o f March 2 1 1 8 9 9 an d
A pril 1 0 1 8 9 5 Farther north some average dates of arrival are
recor ded as follo w s : French Creek W V a A pril 1 3; W ashington
A pril 1 3; Beaver Pa April 2 2 ; Philadelph ia A pril 2 7 ; E ngle w ood
N J A pril 2 6 ; sou theastern N ew York A p ril 2 8 ; cen tral Co n nect i
c ut April 2 8 ; e astern Massachusetts A pril 2 8 ; southern N e w Hamp
shire May 1 ; southern Maine May 3; Montreal May 9 ; Quebec
May 1 2 ; St Jo hn N e w Bruns w ick May 1 4 ; N orth R iver Prince
E d w ard I sland May 1 7
The Mississippi Valley fur n ishes t w o extended and excellent sets o f
records of first arrival o f this species —at Helena A rk and E ubank
Ky At Hel ena the averag e for t he S ix y ears from 1 8 96 to 1 9 01 is
March 31 w ith extremes of M a rch 2 1 1 8 97 and April 7 1 9 0
Th e
1
record of eight years at E ubank Ky is remarkab ly regular fo r a
single species at a single place : A pril 3 1 8 8 7 A pril 1 1 8 8 8 Apri l 4
1 8 8 9 A pril 3 1 8 9 0 April 3 1 8 9 2 A pril 2 1 8 9 3 A pril 3 1 8 94 A pril
6 1 8 9 5 average A pril 3
N o records south of Helena harmoni z e
I f the birds alight on the Gulf coast and then move
w ith these
northw ard theyshould be abundant at N e w Orleans and should be
seen there on th e averag e about March 2 0 and sometimes several day s
ea rlier The facts are that they are not co mmon at any place in south
ern Louisiana and southern Mississippi and the dates o f arrival are
late : N ear N e w Orleans A pril 8 1 8 9 8 March 31 1 8 99 , March 2 5
1 90
0; Shell Mound Mis s April 7 1 8 9 2 ; R odney Mis s April 2
1 88 9
A possible explanat ion of this maybe that th e black and white
w arbler prefers forests gro w ing on high dry land and consequently
in g individuals , after cros s in g the Gulf o f Me xico
fly
th e early s tron g —
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B L A CK A N D
W A RB L E R
W HITE
21
.
do not al ight until they hav e passed w ell up into the interior w hile
later bi rds and exhausted migrants stop at the first land sighted
N orth o f Kentucky th e follo w ing records sho w the average date of
the first birds noted : Chicago April 30; W ate rloo I nd May 2
n orthern Ohio A pril 30
; southern W isconsin May 2 ; southern Mich
igan A pril 2 9 ; southern Ontario April 2 9 ; Parry Sound district
Ontario May 4 ; Ottaw a Ontario May 7 ; southeastern I o wa A pril
1 9 ; Lanesboro Min n April 2 8 ; E lk R iver Min n May 3 ; A w e me
Manito b a May 8 ; E dmonton Alberta May 6 1 8 97 ; Fort M cM urray
Athabasca M ay1 5 1 9 01 ; Fort Chippew yan Athabasca May 2 6 1 8 9 3;
and Fort Sim pson Mackenzie May 2 8 1 8 6 1 an d May 2 3
The dates of arrival of the bl ack and w hite w arbler in Texas rela
tive to the dates of its arrival in the M ississip pi Valley are earlier
than in the case of any other w arbler The bird reaches n orthern
Texas at least t w elve days before it arrives at corres ponding latitudes
on th e Mississippi R iver and th e Atlantic coast The fact should be
particularl y noted that it is found in northern Texas before it is
observed in the southern part of the State The same fact w ill be
noted in connection w ith several other species To em phasize the
point the full record for Texas is given : Corpus Christi March 2 3
March 31 1 8 9 8 March 1 3 1 8 99 ; San Antonio March 2 3
1 8 78
1 8 91 ; 30mil e s north w est of San
1 8 8 7 March 1 0 1 8 9 0 March 1 2
A ntonio March 1 3 1 8 8 0 March 1 4 1 90
0 March 1 5 1 9 01 ; Austin
March 1 1 1 8 9 0; Dallas March 1 2 1 8 9 8 March 1 2 1 8 9 9 ; Gainesville
March 1 8 1 8 8 6 March 1 1 1 8 8 7
The s pecies reaches central Kansas about A pril 1 5
The follo w ing are the latest records of t he black and w hite w arbler
in its w
inter home : Minca Colombia March 2 6 ; San José Costa R ica
February 2 8 ; Yucatan A pril 1 3; St Croix I sland March 2 1 ; Santo
Domingo April 2 1 1 8 95 ; Cay Lobos lig hthouse May 2 —3 1 9 0
0; N e w
The latest
Providence Bahamas May 1 0
; Key W est Fla May 2
date of striking at any of the lig hthouses of southern Florida is
A pril 2 6
Fallmigra tion —The fall migration of the black and w hite w arbler
begins so early that w ithin a fe w days after the most vigo rous
migran ts hav e r eached their nesting grounds on the Mackenzie R iver
the birds in t he central part of the U n it e d S ta te s have comme nced to
depart for the South The earliest dates o f fall arrival at N e w
Orleans are July 1 0 1 9 0
0 and July 1 2 1 8 97 ; at Austin Tex J uly
2 0 1 8 9 0 and in souther n F l
orida the middle of July At this time
in the year b lack and w hite w arblers are fou n
d over a district in
miles of latitude from 2 50
N orth America extending through
to 62 0
D uring the south w ard migration no black and w hite w ar b lers have
been observed t o strike the F
lorida lighthouses until the last w eek in
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22
'
N ORT H
A M E R I CA N
W A R B L E RS
‘
.
August, w ith th e exception o f a si n gle ind ividual w hich struck at
Sombrero Key , August 1 0 1 8 8 6 Th e heaviest fli g hts are early in
October E ven in the fall this species does not strike th e l ig ht i n such
large numbers as several other w arblers N early half th e records are
of single birds and b ut fe w a r e of more than a doze n in o ne night
The largest recorded destruct ion w as o n October 9 1 8 8 5 On that
night it w as estimated that fully 2 0
0birds struck the light at Sombrero
Ke yand 2 5 dead on es w ere counted the n ext morning R ecords of
the average date of the last o f th e s pecies s een are : N orth R iver
Princ e E d w ard I sland September 4 ; St John N e w Bruns w ick Sep
tember 1 2 ; southern Maine September 1 9 ; southeastern N e w York
September 2 4 ; Philadel phia October 1 ; Ottaw a September 1 3; north
ern Michigan September 7 ; southern Michiga n September 1 3 and Chi
cago September 2 2
South of the United States the date s of arrival
are early : Chiapas Mexico August 1 3 1 8 9 5 ; Oaxaca Mexico (at
feet elevatio n ) August 2 0 1 8 94 ; San José Co s ta Rica
A ugust 1 0 1 8 8 3 Augu s t 2 0 1 8 8 9 and August 2 0 1 8 9 0; Bonda
Colombia August 2 1 1 8 98 W ith fe w exceptions the last migrants
pass through N orth Carolina early in October The average for
eight years o f th e last seen in that State w as October 8 though a
very late individual was noted N ovember 1 0 1 8 8 5 At N e w Orleans
the latest recorded date is October 2 1 1 8 9 7 and at R odney Miss
October 3 1 8 8 8 The only records at th e Florida lighthouses later
than October 1 1 are those o f single birds that s truck N ovember 1 0and
The
1 4 1 8 8 4 and o f t w o birds o n the n ight o f N ovem b er 4 1 8 8 8
only lighthouse record from w est o f Florida comes from South w est
R eef Louisiana w here during a n orther a large n umber of small
birds struck the light at 9 o cloc k o n th e evening o f Se ptembe r 2 9
They i ncluded s ix species of w arblers o ne of w hich w as the
1886
black and w hite warbler
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637
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P r o t o n o t a r ia
r eedin g
ro tho no taryW arbler
c it r e a
P
m nge — The prothonotary
.
is preemin ently a bird
of damp w oods in the immediate V icinity of w ater a nd this pec uliarity
seems to be the leading factor in its distribution in the United S ta tes
I n g eneral t e rms it can be said that it inhabits t he bottom lands of the
Mississippi R iver and its tributaries to an altitude o f
feet I t is
imits o f this range agree with the
foot
s us pris ing ho w closely the l
contour There are records o f the occurrence o f the s pecies o n the
feet at St Mary s R eservoir
W abash R iver and its tributaries t o
in north western Ohio and to the same altitude in Steuben Coun ty in
northeastern I ndiana The b ird has been taken as far north as Hamil
ton On t Lansing Mich and Shiocton W is Along the Mississip pi
B
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w ar b ler
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K i ll, p 33 1 8 8 8
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PR OT H ON
OT A R Y
W A RB L E R
n
River itself it is found commonly almost to St
23
.
0feet)
70
Paul
(altitude
0feet)
I t passes up the D es Moines R iver to Des M oines ( altitude 8 0
and occurs regularly up the M issouri R iver to Omaha (altitude
feet ) At Manhattan and N e o s ho Falls Kans which mark the western
limits o f the range on their respective strea ms , it re aches the same
altitude I t has bee n traced up the Canadia n R iver to Oklahoma City
in elevation ) to the Kiow a Agency Okla ( alti
( a few feet below
tude
feet) 0and up the R ed R iver of Texas at least to Gainesville
at nearly the same altitude
The only points above
feet w here the occurrence of th e bird
is recorded are Lincoln
feet ) 0 and W estpoint
N ebr
and near Buckhan non W V a in the mounta in s " At the last place t he
occurrence w as acciden tal during the fall migration August 3, 1 8 8 8
At the other two places the species breeds
Southw estw ard the bird is not uncommon in suitable localities i n
northeas te rn Texas and breeds sparin g ly as far south as Housto n
Austin , and M atagorda County One w as taken March 2 6 1 8 8 0
at
,
Lo mita Ra nch , o n the R io Grande near Hidalgo
There are equally interesting records along the Atlantic coast From
Florida to Virginia the bird s are common to abundant i n the heavily
timbered s w amps along the coast belo w the 1 0
0foot contour They
are less common back from the coast They are particularly abundant
in the D ismal S w amp ; breed s paringly at R aleigh N , C ; and are
recorded as breeding i n a few localities in Alabama at 1 0
0to 30
0feet
elevation The species breeds throughout its regular range in the
United States except possibly in the souther n half of Florida I t is a
bird of the Austroriparian and Carolinian z ones in the Mississippi
Valley but alo n g the Atlantic coast is largely confined to the former ,
its northernmost b reedi ng record being near the Choptank R iver in
wes t ern D elaware I ts accidental occurrence is recorded from a number
of localities along the Atlantic coast in Marylan d Pennsylvania , N ew
Jersey , N e w York R hode I sla nd and Massa chusetts E ven in N ew
Bruns w ick one w as taken in October 1 8 62 some w eeks later than the
last of the species usually leave the United States A w anderer was
ta ken by Mr E W N elson May 1 1 8 8 4 at Tucson Ariz at
feet the highest altitude in the United States from w hich any specimen
is recorded
W in ter r ange — The prothonotary w arbler is a common W inter resi
dent o f suitable locali t ies from southeast N icarag ua e (w here it is
recorded only along the east coast) to Colombia I n Costa R ica it has
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R o b erts, A uk , X V I , p 2 36 , 1 8 9 9
b B re wster B
N O C , I I I , p 1 58 , 1 8 78
,
c B rune r B irds o f N ebras k a
1 48 , 1 8 96
,
, p
d D oan B ul W
Va A g E xp S ta N o 3, p 78 , 1 8 8 8
,
6 R ich mo nd Pro c
U S N at M us , X VI , p 48 3, 1 8 93
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24
N
OR T H
W A RB L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
been noted a few times at San Jo s é
and is not uncommo n
in the hottest part of the country o f Pun ta Arenas o n the w est coa s t
I n Panama it has been taken n ear Chiriqui October 1 6 and D ecember
b in Veragua and along the lin e o f the rail w ay
1 0 1 90
Th e abun
0
,
,
dance o f the species in win t er in Colombia is attested by the fac t that
eight s pecimens all taken in the lo w l ands alon g th e north coast
fifty
W ere sent to the United States b y
t w o collecting parties
A speci
men has been secured o n the island o f Trinidad “ o ne at San t a Marta
Colombia one at Valle D u par Colombia f o ne in An tioquia Colom
bia 9 and o ne south of Merida Venez uela ” These last t w o records
sho w that so me individuals g o into the mountains in W inte r ; for
although the specimen from Antioquia has no locality marked the
itin erary of the party makes it probable that it was taken at about
feet w hile Merida is at an altitude of
feet
I t is th us s een that though most p rothonotary w arblers w in te r in
the same character o f country that furnis hes the breeding groun ds
yet wanderers p enetrate t o higher altitudes i n w inte r than in s ummer
The northern limit o f the w inter range is no t definitely settled S e v
eral individuals have b een seen i n Campeche Mexico , during the
w inter i and the species has b een taken in J anuary o n Coz umel
I slan d o ff the coast o f Yucat an fl but it is proba b le that few w inter regu
l
ar l
yn orth o f N icaragua
S pr ing mi gra t ion —There are fe w records o f spring arrival or
departure o f the prothonotary w arbler south of the U nited States
Th e species was once seen i n C uba in April ; Schott took o ne at
Merid a Yucata n March 2 8 1 8 65 ; l and the parties o f the Biological
S urvey saw a few o n Cozumel I sland April 4—
1 8 1 90
The latest
1
date at which any have been taken in Colombia is Janua ry 30 The
n orth w ard mov ement undoubtedly begins e arly for the first pro t ho no
tary w arblers rea c h the Unite d States by the middle o f March They
appea r simulta neously o ff the coast o f Louisiana and at the south end
of F lorida The earliest arrival noted in Florida w as that o f a bird
that struck Sombrero Key lighthouse March 1 1 1 8 8 8 There is no
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a
Ch er rie, A
I)
B
A uk ,
angs,
c B an s
g ,
H is t
d
,
uk ,
Proc
,
L é o taud,
.
X
.
.
.
ash X I I p 1 43 1 8 98 ; A llen
0; A uk X V I I p 367 1 9 0
0
p 1 78 1 9 0
B irds T rin idad p 1 79 1 8 66 ; Cha pman B ul A m
.
XI I I
V I I , p 335, 1 8 9 0
VI I I , p 369, 1 9 01
B io l S oc W
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,
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,
,
p 2 4, 1 8 94
e S cl
a ter, Cat A
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ul
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A
m
M us
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N at
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B
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M us N at H ist
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,
VI
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rds p 2 6 1 8 62 ; S harpe Cat 1 irds B rit M us X p 2 501 88 5
f S harpe Cat B irds B rit M us X p 641 1 8 85
vin P Z
a S cl
ater and S a l
p 49 4 1 8 79
h S cl
vin P Z S
o ra and Fa una Ven e z 30
ate r and S al
1 1 8 77
; E rn s t Fl
p 78 0 1 8 70
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B i
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R e nardo ,
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X I , p 1 1 8 18 8 6
i S al
vin , I bis , p 2 4 6 , 1 8 8 8
k L aw rence , A nn L c , N Y , I X , p 2 0
0, 1 8 69
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26
N O RT H
W A R B L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
dance Thence t hree courses are open to them : To pass t hrough T ex as
and Mexico ; to go east and south th rough Florida and Cub a ; or t o fly
directly across the Gulf of Mexico W ith res pect to the fir s t route
there are onl ya fe w record s from souther n Texas a nd none from the
Th e Florida route can no t be so
w h ole of Mexico w est of Cam peche
summarily dismissed The prothonotary w arbler occurs in Florida
though at the south end it is rare the records comprising only t w o
individuals that struck th e Sombrero Key light four taken at Key
W est o n e at the Dry T o rt ug as a nd a few on the mainla n d
The birds
are more common in northern Flo r ida and increase in n umbers n orth
w ard along the Atlan tic coast until southern Virginia is reached
w here as already remarked th ey are abundant
Since the species
occu rs in s pring and fall i n southern Florida i t is evident that a fe w
birds migrate through the State ; but th e number observed is not at a ll
commensurate w ith the large number that s pend the summer to the
north w ard I n the lig ht of the present records it w ould seem that the
northern birds fly to t heir w inter home w ithout passin g through south
ern Florida Hence as there are no fall records as y et of birds pass
ing through Mexico and but fe w of migrants through southern Florida
it fol lo w s in the light of o ur present kno w ledge that th e g reat bulk
of the species must fly across th e Gulf o f Mexico from the shores of
Louisiana Mis s issip pi Alabama and north w estern Florida Their
point of departure is kno w n but not the co u ntry to w ard w hich they
direct their fli g ht N one have been foun d in the W est I n dies except
an accidental visitor to N e w Providence Bahamas August 2 9
E vidently
and the s pecimen taken at Havana Cuba in A pril
no great numbe r of them fly directly to northern Yucata n for they
are con sidered rare in that country 0 and b ut fe w have been seen by
the parties o f the Biological S urvey As th e species has been recorded
at T r u xillo d on the mainland of Honduras and o ff the coast o n the
island of R uat a n w e m ust conclude that the principal line o f migra
tion is to the moister districts of southern Yuca t an and Cam peche
w hen ce the birds pass to Honduras and sout h w ard
The ear liest records of fall migration are at R aleig h N
J uly 1 4
1 8 9 3 and 1 8 94 and at Key W est July 8 1 8 8 8 and August 8 1 8 8 9
These s how that migration begins as soo n as possi b le after the young
are out of the nest Statements of o b servers in the Miss issippi Valley
are to th e same effect The migration movement i n fa ll in the United
States lasts about t w o months I n the latter part of August the birds
leave the northern part of their range T he latest date at w hich they
w ere noted at R aleigh N C is August 2 6 ; the latest dates at Omaha
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S W A I N son W A RB L E R
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from August 2 5 to Septe mber 1 0 The last birds to leav e
the United States depart late in September The latest Flori da record
N eb r
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is o f a bird that struck the light at Sombrero Key , September 2 5 1 8 8 8 ;
3
the latest from N ew Orleans is September 2 4 1 9 0
The earliest
recorded arrival on the coast of southeastern N icaragua w here th e
prothonotary w arbler is quite common in w inter w as on September
The species has been reported as presen t at Valle Dupar
2 1 8 92
northeastern Colombia on September
Of the birds streaming
do w n the coast some turn w estwa rd and cross the mountains as is
sho w n by the occurrence of the species on October 1 3 at San José
Costa R ica
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6 38
H
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el
in a i a
s w a in s o n i
A ud
S wains o n W
.
arbler
.
—The Swainson w arbler is confined in summer to
the Austrori parian life z one w here it is strictly a s w amp lover
Along the Gulf coast from Louisiana to north w estern Florida it is not
uncommon in the fe w localities that seem suited to it s habits Thence
it ranges up the W abash R iver to Knox County , I nd w hich marks
the extreme limit of the Austrori parian zone in I ndi ana and to south
eastern Missouri ” on the Mississi ppi R iver Alo ng the Atlantic coast
its range extends to the u pper limit of th e same z one in the Dismal
S wamp of V irg in ia
The southernmost breeding record is th e lo w er
Su wanee R iver in Florida
There is a record of the occurrence
( probably accidental ) of the s pecies in N avarro County Tex August
2 4 1 880
; and a bird struck the lighthouse at Port Bolivar , Tex A pril
B
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— S o far as kno w n the S w ainson w arbler is found
regularly in w inter o nly in Jamaica where it has been taken on vari
ous dates rangin g from October 1 to April
A single bird prob
ably a straggler w as capt ured near Vera Cruz Mexico in the w inter
of 1 8 8 7—8 8
S pr in g migr a tion — I n s pring mi g ration a sin g le s pecimen w a s taken
in April at H ab ana f one in the same month on the Bimin i I sland s
Bahamas 9 and three struck the Cay Sal light ho use Baha mas March
W in ter
r a n ge
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2 3—2 6 ,
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The e arliest recorded spring arrival in the Uni ted States w as on
March 2 2 1 8 90 on the Lo w er Su w anee R iver The sa me year the
s pecies w as taken at t he Tortug a s March 2 5 and 2 6 and April 5 The
other records of first arrival in sprin g are : Sombrero Key lighthouse
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S harpe , Cat B irds , B rit M
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dman I bis
p 2 36 , 1 8 8 9
q ndlach , f O rn , p 41 2 , 1 8 72
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I I I , p 2 9 6, 1 8 9 1
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h B o nh o t e A uk
1 71 , 1 90
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Fish r
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28
N
OR T H
W A R B L E Rs
‘
A M E R I CA N
.
Savan nah G a April 8 —1 6 1 8 94 ; Kirk w ood G a M ay
A pril 1 —5 1 8 8 5 ; N e w Orleans , A pril 8 1 8 9 8
4 1 8 9 8 ; Fro g more S G
—1 3 1 8 9 9 Bayou Sara La
A pril 8 1 8 8 7 Coosada Ala
A p ril 1 0
;
A pril 1 2 1 8 7 8
Fallm igr a i /e n — That many Sw ai n s on w arblers j ourney to their
of Florida is sho w n by the manifold records from
w in ter h ome by w ay
the mainland the records from the islands o f Key W est and Tortugas
and the n umerous records of striking the light at Sombrero Key
There is at present only one reco rd o f the occurre n ce of the s pecies in
Cuba From the numbers passing through Florida ho w ev er it is
probable that it w ill yet be foun d to be common locally in Cuba
The occurrence of the b ird
w h en the proper situations a re exami ned
a t the T o r t ug a s w ould seem to indicate that it migrates directly fro
m
Louisiana across the Gulf to Cuba
Fall migration begins rather late w hen compared w it h the date of
nesting Fl edged young have been seen n ear Charleston S C by
J une 9 but the earliest date of striking at Sombrero Key lighthouse
is August 1 7 1 8 8 8 Oth er records at this light are : September 1 4
and 2 1 1 8 8 4 ; September 2 7 and October 2 6 1 8 8 5 ; October 7 1 8 8 6 ;
September 1 6 1 7 and 1 8 1 8 8 7 ; September 2 5 and 2 8 and October 2
and 9 1 8 8 8
On most of these dates only o ne bird struck the light
The fall records at Key W est are September 2 0 1 8 8 7 Septemb er
1 8 —2 0 1 8 8 8 and the middle o f September 1 8 8 9
April
3, 1 8 8 9 ;
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6 39
m it h e r o s
el
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r eedin g
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v er
m iv o r u s
W
—
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rm eat ing W arbler
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.
The w orm eating w arbler is one of the best
examples o f a bird of th e Carolinian z one as it breeds commonly in
most place s throughout th e zon e that are adapted to its needs and in
I t is common in th e breeding season
b ut fe w localities outsi de of it
in the heavily timbered bottom lands of south ern I llinois and I ndia na
and ea s tw ard to the lo w er portions o f the valleys of the Hudson and
Con necticut rivers I t is n ot u ncommon in the lo w er par t s o f the
Allegheny Moun tains from north w estern South Carolina to southern
N e w York and from the Dismal S w am p of Virginia n orth w ard
Outsi de o f this usual range it has been taken in Massachusetts central
N e w York n orthern Ohio southern Michigan southern W i s consin
cen tral I o w a and th e southeastern corner of N ebraska and eastern
Kansas Although Mr M cCo rmack took a set o f five eggs at La
Apri l 2 9 1 8 9 0 there are not many records o f the
G range Ala
breeding of the s pecies south o f the latitude of southern Virginia
e xcept i n the mountains I t is a rare s ummer resident at R aleigh
N C and in the N ational Museum there is a set o f eggs taken May
B eckha m thought th e
1 7 1 8 9 0 by G M ab b it t at R odn ey Miss
bird probably nested a t Bayou Sara La though he foun d n o nests
These fe w instances serve but to accentuate the fact that the w orm
B
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W
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W A RB L E R
AT ING
29
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eating w arbler is found in summer b ut rarely outside of the Carolinian
life z one
The center of abu ndance in w inte r is Guatemala
I’Vin te r ran ge —
w here the species is generally distributed both in the mountains and
along t he coast The southernmost record is that of a specimen taken
at Santa Fe Panama N orth ward from this point th e bird has been
taken at San J 08 6 Costa R ica ; on the island of B o naccaf off the north
coast of Hond uras ; at Merida Yucatan a nd on the islands of Co z u
mel ,” Cayman Brack and Ja maica " I t is a regular w inter resident
One of
inCu b a and a fe w individuals w in ter in southern Flori da
the parties of the Biological Survey found it moderately common at
Huehuetan on the coast of Chiapas Mexico I t has been taken at
Ori z aba and Jalapa in the temperate reg ion of Vera Cruz and also
The last
along the coast of southeastern Tamauli pas at Alta Mira
is the northernmost record in Mexico and the date— January 2 6
ind icates that the bird was w intering The w esternmost poin t at
f w here a fe w
o
w hich the s pecies has been noted is Pachuca H idal
g
have been seen durin g the latter part of the w inter There are sev
eral reco r ds from the Bahamas during N ovember December and
January and the s pecies w as n o t e d on N e w Providence I sland ” by the
naturalists of the A lba tross from March 2 3 to April 1 6 and on the
island o f Great A b aco g March 3 One w as taken on the island of
Great I nagua " September 2 2 1 8 9 1 This is to the presen t time the
extreme southeastern record
S p r in g migr a t ion — The north w ard movement of the w orm eating
w arbler p robably begins in March as t he earliest migra n ts have b een
noted at the Tortug as A pril 5 1 8 9 0and t he earliest records of striking
at Sombrero Key are April 8 1 8 8 7 and April 3 1 8 8 9 R ecords for
ten years give t he average date of arrival at R aleig h N C as A pril 2 4
w ith extreme s o f April 1 9 and April 30 I n the mountains at Ashe
ville N C t he average date for fo ur years was April 2 1 w hich sho ws
that the w or m eating w arbler is one of the fe w birds seen in the moun
tains as early as on the plains Other records of average date of
arrival are : W hite Sulphur Springs and Frenchcreek W Va April
2 8 ; W ashington May 2 ; Beaver Pa May 4 ; south eastern N e w York
May 7 ; centra lConnecticut May 1 1 ; St Louis April 2 9 and Brook
ville I nd April 2 3 The bird w as noted at Taunton Mas s May 9
1 8 9 0 The time of arrival on th e coasts of Louisiana and Texas is
a b out the same as in southern Florida ; the earliest recorded dates are
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Pro c
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30
OR T H
N
W A RB L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
A pril 6 1 8 8 1 at Houston Tex and A pril 1 0 1 8 99 and A pril 7 1 9 00
at N ew Orleans At N e w Orleans the migration of the species is at
its height about A pril 2 0 I n the southern R io Grande regio n o f
Texas the bird has not been noted although the avian life of th e region
has been thoroughly inves tigated ; h ence if it occurs it must be as a
Houston is th e southernmost point in Texas from
r are migrant
w hich it has bee n recorded to date and Alta Mira is the no r thernmo s t
Since the s pecies is appa re ntly not co m
point o f reco rd in Mexico
mo n w est o f L o uis ian a o r nort h o f Vera Cruz it is probable that the
principal line of migration is from Yucatan an d the coast immediately
w est of Yucata n directly n orth t o the north ern coast of the Gulf o f
Mexico
Fa ll migr a tion — Th e w orm eating w arbler is no t an early fall
migrant I t begins to move south in August and birds from the
eastern part o f the United States reach southern Florida b ythe end o f
August or by early in September Th e s pecies has been recorded on
A ugust 30at Key W est an d w as note d at the F o w eyR ocks ligh t S e p
tember 2 1 8 8 9 and at Sombrero Key ligh t September 9 1 8 8 5 The
six years average o f the dates on w hich the first southbou n d bird
w a s observe d t o strike at any of th e lighthou s es is September 1 4
Cuba is reached about the middle of Septe mber ; in Jamaica the
earlies t recorded arri v a lw as on October 7 and at San José Costa R ica
N ovember 2 3 1 8 9 0 To the w est w ard the fe w dates of fall mig ration
obtained indicate movements o n the coast of Mississippi at about the
same time as at the same latitude farther east
The four year s average o f closely agreeing dates of the latest
migrants at R aleigh N C w as September 2
At N ew Orleans S e p
t ember 30is the latest date at w h ich th e birds have been noted ; at
Key W est about October 1 ; at Sombrero Key September 2 5 ; and at
Fo w ey R ocks October 5 A delayed bir d w as seen in northern South
Carolina October 6 and o ne in northern Florida December 2 6
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m in t h o p h ila
el
b
a ch
m an i
B
a
chman
W
arbler
.
hen Bird Migration in the Mississip pi Valley w as publish ed the
Bachman w arbler had j ust been rediscovered in the U nited States
The records g iven i n that publication include all s pecimens taken to
the s prin g o f 1 8 8 8 inclusive I nformation regarding the bird then
stood as follo w s : Besides the ty pe 39 specimens had been taken at
Lake Pontchartrain Louisiana , in the s pri ng o f 1 8 8 6 March 1 8 8 7
and March , 1 8 8 8 ; o n e had been taken at the Sombrero Key light house ;
one had been seen at th e same poi nt A pril 2 4 1 8 8 7 and o ne had been
taken by Atkin s at Key W est Augu s t 30 1 8 8 7
I n addition to these
record s Gundlach had reported that the Bachman w arbler w as a w in ter
W
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B A CH M A N
W A RB L E R
31
.
resident in Cuba arriving in September and that in his early days of
0
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t
n
o
t
t
collecting he used to see i t quite often but had
la ly observed
Since 1 8 8 8 enough additions have been made to our know ledge of
this rar e warbler t o permit fuller treatment of its range and mig ra tion
than was then possible The total number of specimen s taken is no w
about 2 2 5 and at least t w ice as many more have been seen The rec
ords sho w that it is a p ronounced s w amp w arbler and confined to the
Austro ripa rian zone I t has been secured in the breedi ng season in
N orth Carolina Sout h Carolina Arkansas an d Missouri ; as a young
of the year in Virginia ; in winter in Cuba and during migration i n
Florida and Louisiana These various later records maybe summar
iz ed as follows :
B r eeding rang e —
1 8 91 One bird w as ta ken April 2 7 and another
May 2 2 at R aleigh N C Both w ere males in breeding condition ”
1 8 9 2 A single specimen probably a young male of the year w as
taken by Mr P H Aylet t in King W ill iam County Va in August
1 8 96 A male w a s taken on May 7 and another on May 9 in Green
County Ark Both were evidently breeding “
1 8 9 7 A nest in which the full comple men t of e g g s w as deposited
by May 1 6 was found by M r Ott o W idman n in the St Francis R iver
region of southeaste rn Mi ssouri w here the bird w as ascertained to
breed commonly
Since these eggs are surely authentic and are
unspotted it is probable th at the eggs originally descri b e d as those
of Bachman warbler / were erroneously a t tributed to the bird
1 90
1 I n the spring a male that w a s evidentl
y breeding w as taken at
Mount Pleasant near Charles ton S C 0w hich is not far from where
D octor Bachman took the type s pecimen in July 1 8 33; and a bird
struck the lighthouse at Cay Sal Bahamas March
2 A specimen w as taken at Bay St Louis Miss , March 2 6
1 90
Win ter r ange — The Bachman w arbler has no t been taken in winter
outside of Cuba
S p r in g migr a ti on —1 8 8 9 A large flight of Bachman warblers w as
observed on March 3 at So mbrero Key Florida and 2 0females and 1
male struck t he light , the male and 5 females being killed I Vvo o f the
dead birds including the male, w ere sent to t he Biological Survey for
identification A month later 5 females struck the light As they
struck late at night it seems probable tha t they had j ust perfo rm ed
the flight from Cuba nearly 2 0
0miles dista nt T w o w ere shot March
2 1 in Brevard County on the east coast of Florida "
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W id a nn , A uk, X I I I , p 2 64, 1 8 96
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A uk , XX , p 1 78 , 1 9 0
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32
ORT H
N
1 8 90
W A R B L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
At the Tortugas Fla a mal e w as ta ken March 2 6 and a
female A pril
During this year th e birds w ere observed for th e
first time on the mainland of Florida S pring mi g ran ts w ere found by
”
R
Bre w ster and Chapman to be no t uncommon on the Su w anee iver
The fi rst male w as taken March 1 2 ; the first female March 1 5 The
date of greatest abundance w as March 2 3 w hen more than 30individ
ual
The next day w as the last o n w hich they were
s w ere identified
seen The country traversed cha nged in character o n that date and
probably beca me unsuited to the species N one o f the 4 6 specimens
secured w ould probably have bred for several w eeks
1 8 93
I n March Arthur H W ayne obt ained a bout 5 0spe cimens on
the S uw anee R iver Florida
1 8 94
I n the sp ring 8 specimens w ere taken in Je ff erso n Coun ty
Fla alon g the W acissa and Ancilla rivers “
The follo w ing captures and observations
Fa ll migr a tion
w ere made at Key W est by Mr Atkins : July 2 6 4 taken 2 0more
noted ; July 2 8 3 taken 2 more noted ; July 2 9 2 taken 2 more noted ;
A ugust 6 2 taken about 2 2 more noted ; August 8 5 taken about 7
more n oted ; Augus t 9 2 taken about 6 more noted ; Septembe r 5, 1
( the last) noted
1 889
I m por tant records w ere again ma de at Key W e s t f by Mr
A tkins , as follo w s : July 1 7 1 male and 1 female note d ( the earliest
arrivals from the nor th ) ; J uly 2 3 3 noted ; July 31 3 noted ; A ugust
4 about a dozen noted ; A ugust 4—2 5 passin g birds n oted regularly
usually in small n u mbers but reaching the maximum o f 2 5 t o 30on
August 8 N one w ere observed after Augu s t 2 5 Mr Atkins secured
about 40specimens d uring the t ime o f passage
la August 4 and o ne in Madison
1 90
0 One taken at Tallahassee F
County La in August
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n d W arbler
mi n t h O p h ila p in u s
el
B lue -w i g e
.
—
r eedin g r an ge
The s ummer range of the blue w in g ed w arble r is
rather re s tricted and its limits corres pond quite closely w ith the Car
The center of abu ndance in th e breeding season is
ol
inia n life zone
central and southern Ohio I ndiana I llin ois northern Kentucky north
ern Missouri and southern I o w a I t thus includes the lo w er Ohio
Valley up to
feet altitude and the valley of the Missouri th rough
the States of Missou ri and Kansas to the same altitude in southeaster n
N ebraska
To the eastw ard the bird avoids the mountains entirely
even in mig ration but breeds rarely and locally in some o f th e lo w er
lvania and Maryland ( o ne reco r d )
parts of souther n Pen nsy
There is
a local colony w here it is almost common that includes southeastern
B
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a
b
s c o tt, A uk , V I I
B re wster, A uk ,
0W
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ay
ne
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p 31 3, 1 8 9 0
I I I , p 1 49 , 1 8 91
p 338 , 1 8 9 3
.
V
A uk , x,
d
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ne
way
A uk , X I I
p
" S ot
k , v , p 42 8 , 1 8 8 8
, A u
f S cot t , A uk , V I I , p 1 6 , 1 8 90
c t
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34
W A RB L E Rs
A M E R I CA N
N O RT H
.
another indiv idual on each of the next t w o days The s p ecies w as
n oted at Shelby Ala A pril 4 1 8 9 8 ; W ashin g ton April 2 6 1 8 91 ;
and on th e averag e at Beaver Pa M ay3 E n g lew ood N J May 4
It
southeastern N e w York May 4 and Portland Conn May 1 2
E xcellent record w as
w as seen at Framingham Mass May 1 3, 1 8 96
kept of its ar r ival fo r eig ht consec utive yea r s at E uban k , Ky (w h ere
it breeds some w ha t commonly ) , the deta ils of w hich maybe thus
tabulated :
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A
r riva lo
f
er
u e-winged wa r bl
bl
at
.
DO
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
1 8 88
1 88 9
1 890
1 8 91
1 8 92
1 893
1 89 4
1 8 95
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
14
13
13
15
21
10
16
12
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ted
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S
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pecies
b ec
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co
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22
a
me
mmo n
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
15
14
14
16
22
11
25
.
y
K
u b a n k,
N e xt
Y ear
A
E
15
18
14
18
25
13
27
25
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g
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A pr 1 9
ve ra e
.
The average date o f earliest spri ng arrival during seven years at
St Louis is April 2 2 w ith extremes o f April 1 7 1 8 8 3 and April 2 4
1 884
A t Brookville I nd th e average date o f arrival is April 2 6
an d the earliest April 1 7
Other records o f average date of
1 8 96
the first seen are : R ockford ,
May 6 ; Peters burg Mich May 1 0
;
Keokuk and Grinnell I o w a May 4 ; La n esboro Minn M ay1 4
R ecorded arrivals in Tex a s are : Fort Bro w n , A pril 2 0 1 8 8 6 ; Bro w ns
April 1 0
R efugio County , April 1 2 , 1 3, and 1 4 1 8 8 7
v ille
Corpus Christi April 7 and M ay1 1 8 8 4 ; San Antonio April 1 4 1 6
a nd 2 4 1 8 9 0 and May 1 2
1 8 9 1 ; a nd W aco Ap ril 2 9 1 9 0
0 At Onaga
Kans n ear the w estern limit o f the range the average for fi ve years
w a s May 4 w ith extremes o f May 1 1 8 9 2 and M ay
8 1 8 98
Fallmigra t ion — W hile the bulk of the bl ue winged warblers move
south in August and early Se ptember a fe w o f the birds remain for
sev eral w eeks lo nger The average date of the l as t noted at Lanes
boro M in n is August 2 8 and the latest date September 1 1 8 8 9
The last bird w as seen at Providence R I , October 1 0 1 8 9 7 The
averag e date o f the last seen d uri ng four years at N e w Provi dence
Ot he r records
N J w as October 3 and the latest Octobe r 1 2 1 8 94
of the last s een are : Lynchburg V a October 8 1 8 99 ; French Creek ,
September 4 1 8 8 8 ; Lebanon
W V a October 1 01 8 9 1 ; R aleigh N
I nd Octo b er 2 2 1 8 9 4 ; E uban k K y September 1 3 1 8 8 9 , and N ew
1
Orleans September 1 8 1 9 0
Most of the individuals o f the species
migrate acr oss the Gulf of Mexico apparently avoiding Florid a on the
east and Texas and Vera Cruz o n the west as there is no record o f t he
occurr ence o f this warbler in fall in Texas and b ut one in Florid a
th at o f a bird tak en at Key W est August 30 1 8 8 7
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O L D E N -W
G
W A RB L E R
ING E D
35
.
er
nn
G olde n winge d W arbl
y
B r eedin g ra nge — The bulk o f the golden -winged warblers bre e d
in an area r ather rest ricted , but the summer home o f the s peci es
as a w hol e is quite exte nded
The center o f abundance is Michigan
l ower Ont ario and northern W isconsin
A few individ uals pass
w estw a rd t o eas t ern Minnesota a n d accidental visitants have bee n
noted at W in nipeg Manitoba The species breeds s paring ly in n orth
ern I llinois , norther n I ndiana and exte nds eas tw ard through N e w
York to southe astern N ew Hampshire Mass achusetts , Conn ecticut ,
and northern N ew Jersey The southe rn limit o f the breeding ra n ge
which is not well settled takes a southerly dip in the mount ains from
to
feet eleva
Pe nn sy lvania t o n or ther n Georgia , w here at
tio n the bird is loca lly almost as common as in Michiga n The sum
mer range thus coincides almost ex actly with the Alleghenian z one
marking the golden w i nged w ar b le r as one of the fe w species w hose
breeding range is practically confined to the zone
The species is recorded as occurring in eastern
M ig r a tim r ange
Missou ri and eastern I owa in mig ra tion but it is n o t yet kno w n in
Ka nsa s and the ear lier records of its appearance in N ebraska are not
cor r obora ted by later obse rvations One acciden t al occur ren ce in N e w
Mexico has been recorded
Win ter range —The records sho w that most golden winged w arblers
spend at least five months of th e year in the mountains of Central and
South America though a few occur along the coast The p rincipal
w in te r home seems t o exte n d from southe r n N icara gua t o Costa R ica
Pa nama , and Colomb ia
The species has been noted in wint er in north
ern Guatemala at Vera Paz above
feet I t has not b een recorded
as occ urring in H onduras or w estern N icaragua and is rare in Mexico
as s how n by the fac t tha t it has n ever bee n taken there by any
o f the
pa rt ies o f t he Biological Survey One o f Gould s specimen s in the
N ational Museum is ma rked Mexico ; Re nardo records a few seen in
t he w inter seaso n of 1 8 8 5—
8 6 at Ca mpeche an d Merida , “ and a single
s pecimen was taken by A E Colburn at Paso N uev o , Vera Cruz
1
March 1 6, 1 90
These are the only reco rds of t he o ccurrence of the
bir d in Mexico There is but o ne r eco r d o f its o cc u r ren ce in Cuba
this being in April
I n Costa R ica it w as noted in September , 1 8 8 9 and Oct ober 1 8 9 0
at San Jo s e, “ and in the fall of 1 8 95 o n the west slope o f the moun
tains at
to
feet “ I t is uncommon in w inter along the coast
o f southeastern N icaragua “ where howe ver specimens were taken
,
,
I n Pan ama it has been taken quite frequen tly
N ovember 5 1 8 92
642
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H
min th o phila
ch r
el
s o pt e r a
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a R e nardo
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O
X 1 , p 1 1 8 , 1 88 6
b Ch erri e A uk V I I
5 , 1 8 90
,
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, p 33
; V I I I , p 2 78 , 1 89 1
0U nderwood, I bis ,
p 433, 1 8 9 6
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d Richmo nd
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Proc U
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8 N at M us
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X VI
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48 3, 1 8 9 3
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36
A M E R I CA N
N O RT H
W A RB L E
RS
.
the specimen s coming both from lo w lands and from as high as
feet in the mountains
The southernmost extension of the w inter range is apparently Colom
bia w here the s pecies has b ee n t ak e n at Bog ota in the Santa Marta
region at Minca
feet) “ and Las N ubes
and in
A n tioquia at Medellin
and still higher in th e mountains
D uring migration it has b een ta ken o n the north
( above
coast at B o ndaf and in the neighboring mountains at Pueblo Viejo
feet) 9
S p r in g migr a tion — The golden winge d warbler is a late migrant in
th e spring I t has been noted south o f the United States ( in Colo m
bia) as late as March 2 0 1 8 9 8 w hile th e earliest r ecord of its spring
arrival i n th e G ulf States w as made at R isin g Fa w n north western
Georgia A pril 1 1 1 8 8 5 At St Louis M O the average date of spring
arrival d urin g six years w as May 1 The s pecies has a more restricte d
m igratory ra nge than w ould be j udged from the exten t of its breeding
ground There are no records o f its occurren ce in spring in the
coast r egion of South Carolina Georgia o r A labama and but one at
a nypoint in Florida
I t s only recorded occurrences o n the coast
have been n ear Galveston Tex and in Louisiana and Mississippi I t
w as no t noted in spring by Loomis in Chester County S C during
fourteen seasons o f collecting ; and Brimley in six teen y
ears at R aleigh
N C saw it only t w ice in sprin g —May 7 1 8 8 9 , and M ay7 1 8 91
I t has been seen but twice in the mountains at Asheville N C — April
2 2 1 8 93 and A pril 2 7 1 8 9 9
Farther north it has a ppeared on the
average at Frenchcreek W V a , May 2 ; W ashington May 3; Beaver
a nd W aynesburg Pa
April 30; Portland Con n May 1 0; near Bos
ton May 1 0 The single record o f the golden w inged w arbler for
N ew Hampshire is D urham May 2 4 1 8 9 8
The averag e date of the
first of the species seen at St Louis is May 1 the earliest April 2 7
Other records w hich sho w average dates are : Chicago May 5 ;
1 8 82
R ockford I ll May 7 ; W aterloo I n d April 30
; W a useon Ohio May
4 ; Petersb u rg Mich May 4 ; south ern Ontario May 6 ; Keokuk , I o w a ,
April 30 R ecords of the earliest bird seen are : N orth Freedom
2 ; Lan esboro Minn May 8 1 8 8 7 ; E lk R iver Minn
W is May 1 01 9 0
May 1 2 1 8 8 8 ; St Vincent Minn May 9 1 8 96 An individual of the
species w as taken at Coleto Creek Texas May 3, 1 8 8 7 and o ne struck
3
the lig ht at Port Bolivar Tex May 6 1 9 0
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S clate r , P Z S , p 1 43, 1 8 55 ; Cat A m B irds , p
p 1 75, 1 8 64
b S cl
v in , I bis , p 1 1 7 , 1 8 8 0
at er an d S al
G S
pecimen in t h e Carn egie M us eum, Pittsburg , Pa
d S h ar e , Cat B irds B rit M us , X , p 2 37, 1 8 8 5
p
a
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B aird, R ev A m B irds ,
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S clat er and S alvin , P Z S , p 49 4, 1 8 79
0; A uk ,
f A llen , B ull A m M us N at H ist , X I I I , p 1 78 , 1 90
1 8 98
,
g B angs , Proc B io l S o c W ash , X I I , p 1 6 0
e
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X VI I
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p 36 7, 1 9 0
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,
L U CY W A R B L E R
37
.
Fall migra t i n — Although
tardy in spring the golde n winged
The birds w hich
w arbler is one of th e earliest of fall migrants
descend the Mississi ppi Valley usually reach the coast of Louisiana
during the fore part of August and the fi rst arrival from the N orth
at N ew Orleans has been recorded as early as J uly 2 3 1 8 98 Far
th er migration southward is made ra pidly for the birds appear in
Aug ust in the mountains of Costa R ica and one w as taken as early as
September 6 on the north coast of Colombia The earliest fall migrant
The earliest fall arrivals
w as seen at W ashington August 8 1 8 8 9
recorded by Loomis in Chester County S C w ere on August 2 0
At Raleigh N C a s pecimen w as taken
1 8 8 7 and August 2 8 1 8 8 8
August 2 6 1 8 8 6 ; and several w ere seen August 9 —1 9 1 8 90 at Greens
boro Ala R ecords of the last of the s pecies seen in the United States
are : Lanesboro Minn September 8 1 8 8 9 ; Livonia Mich Septem
ber 2 1 1 8 91 ; Chicago Sept ember 2 5 1 8 9 5 ; E nglewoo d N J Sep
tember 2 1 8 8 6 ; Fre nchcreek W V a September 1 5 1 8 9 2 ; Chester
County S C September 2 2 1 8 8 7 and N e w Orleans September 2 1
1 8 97
Some exceptionally late birds w ere reported as seen at Grand
R apids Mich October 4 1 8 8 6
The principal path of migration follo w ed by the golden w inge d
w arblers of the Allegheny region extends from the southern end of
the Allegheny Mountains south across the Gulf of Mexico to the for
e s t e d regions of Central America
and thence southeast to South
America E ast of this path the s pecies has been noted durin g the fall
mi g ration at Key W est August 2 5 1 8 8 9 and once in A pril at Habana
Cuba durin g the northw ard movement
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r ) L uc yW arbler
The Lucy w arbler breeds in Arizona and south w estern Utah and
migrates in winter to north w estern Mexico I ts arrival w as noted in
Arizona at Fort L o w ell March 2 0 1 9 0
2 ; Oracle April 1 1 8 9 9 ; F
ort
Mojave March 2 5 and at W hipple Barracks March 31 1 8 92
643
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mi n t h o ph ila
H
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Vi r g in i an
( B aird )
Virgin ia
.
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,
W
arbler
.
The Virginia w arbler breeds in the R ocky Mountains as far north
as W yoming and Utah and from Colorado to N evada I t is o ne of
the commonest bree ding w arblers in Colorado at altitu des ranging
from
to
feet but is not found east of the foothills I t
retires in W inter to Mexico w here it has been taken by the parties of
the Biological Survey as far south as Morelos and Guerrero The
first migrant w as seen at Cooney N Mex April 1 0 1 8 8 9 and at
H uachuca Ari z A pril 1 0 1 9 0
2
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r u b r i ca p il
la
( W ils )
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N
ashville W arbler
.
— The breeding range O f the N as hville w arbler
e xtends from Massachusetts and Connecticut w est w ard to northern
B
i
r eed n g
r a ng e
38
W A RB L E RS
A M E R I CA N
N O RT H
.
llinois and north w ard to Saskatch e w an ( Cumberland House) in the
The species is a
w est and Ca pe Breton and Gasp e Bay in the east
rare visitor to N e w foundland The southern limit of the breedi ng
range coincides quite closely w ith the southern boundary of th e Alle
The bird breed s more commo n ly in N ewE ngland than
g he nia n zone
else w here in the Un ited States , becoming less and less common to the
w est w ard
/V
l
in ter r an ge — The principal winter home o f the N ashville w arbler
is southern and eastern Mexico in Puebla Vera Cruz eastern Oaxaca
Chiapas and Campeche and includes both highlan ds and low lands
The parties of the Biological Survey found the species rather common
in the open w oods of the co flee pl antations near Motzorongo Vera
Cruz only 8 0
0feet above sea l evel a nd equally common at
feet
in Chicharras Chiapas near the Pacific coast They fou nd it in the
interior at
feet at Piaxtla Puebla and in the mountains of
Oaxaca to about
feet I t w as taken in the last o f September
1 8 9 2 in the mou ntains o f San Luis Potosi at
feet
I n mild
w inters the species is found as far north as the R io Gra n de o f Texas
I t also occurs in Guatemala but probably only as a rare straggler as
there is no recent record o f its occurrence
S p r ing migra t ion — Although the N a shville warbler is a familiar
bird i n easter nTexas and i n N e w E ngland it is scarcely kno w n in the
southeaste r n part o f th e United States I n the D istrict of Columbia
it is a rare migrant I n N orth Carolina it is rare in the mountains
and is scarcely r ecorde d elsewhere
I n South Carolina it w as n o t see n
by Loomis during fourteen years of car eful collectin g and seems to
have been recorded but o nce in t he State I n Flo r id a o ne accidental
occurrence is known and the bird has appar ently no t been recorded
from Alabama Mississippi o r Louisiana I t is also unkno w n in the
W est I ndies and South America and is practically absent fro m Central
A merica
Assuming that th e north w ard migra tio n route o f eastern birds fol
lo w s th e direct course along th e w estern slo pe of the Alleghenies the
dates of arriv al of the N ashville w arbler in N e w E n gland should be
considerably later than those at corresponding latitudes in the Missis
sippi Valley w hereas there is but little difference betw een them Some
records o f averag e date O f arrival are : Frenchcreek W Va April
2 8 ; W ashington May 5 ; Beaver Pa May 1 ; N e wProvidence N J
May 4 ; southeastern N e w York May 3 ; Portland Conn May 7 ;
Boston , May 5 ; R an dolph V t May 7 ; s outhern N e w Hampshir e
May 5 ; Lew iston M e M ay 9 and St John N e w B run s w ick May
The first arrival w as seen at Montreal , M ay
Quebec
16
May 1 4 1 8 9 0; Scotch Lake N e w Bruns w ick May 9 1 90
2 and Petit
Th e average date of arrival at
co diac N e w Bruns w ick May 5 1 8 8 6
St Louis is April 2 6 ; at Chicago May 3 ; in northern Ohio May 5 ;
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wA R B L E R
CA L A V E R A s
39
.
at Petersburg , M ich M ay7 ; in southern Ontario May 6 and at
Ottaw a May 1 4 Similar r ecords w est of the Mississippi are : Keokuk
I o w a May 6 ; Grin nel l, I o w a May 5 ; Lanes b oro Minn , May 9 and
Min neapolis May 1 4 The N ashville warbler enters southern Texas
the last o f March ; it was noted n ear Hidalgo March 1 5 1 8 8 0 and at
San Antonio M arch 30 1 8 8 0 M arch 2 1 1 8 8 9 March 2 7 1 8 90 and
March 2 7 1 8 9 1 These dates compared w ith those of earliest arrival
at St Louis indicate a fair r ate of s peed 2 7 miles per day between
Texas and St Louis But o n the assumptio n that the breeding
birds of Massachusetts also enter Texas the last of March their
average daily s peed must be nearly t w ice as great as that of the St
Louis birds Many more data on the movements of this species are
requir ed before the routes of migration can be determined w ith satis
factory exactness I n spring migration the bird has been seen at San
Antonio Tex as late as May 1 2 1 8 91 The last north w ard migran ts
l eave St Louis about May 2 0
Fa ll migra t ion —The e arliest migrating N ashville w arblers are
scarcely seen south of their breeding g rounds before the middle of
August First migrants have been not ed at Chicago August 1 6
September 5 1 9 0
3; Ossining N Y August 1 1 ;
1 8 9 6 ; Beaver Pa
J August 2 6 1 8 8 7 ; W ashington September 5 ;
E n g le w ood N
Frenchcreek W V a September 7 1 8 9 0; St Louis Septem b er 1 7
The average date of
1 8 8 5 and Gainesville Tex October 1 1 1 8 8 5
the last seen at Lanesboro Min n , is September 2 7 at Otta w a S ep
tember 2 0; at St John N e w Bruns wick September 2 ; in southern
Maine September 1 1 and at R enovo Pa September 2 6
'
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645a
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,
Cal
averas W
m in t h O ph ila r u b r icap illa g ut t u r ali s ( R idgw )
el
arbler
.
Calaveras w ar b ler inhabits the Pacific slope , breedin g from
central California north to British Columbia and east to the R ocky
Mountains I t s migration is a simple movement south and southeast
by land to Mexico The parties of the Biological Survey found this
w estern form common during the w inter at sea level in Colima and
Guerrero at 7 0
0
0feet in the mountains of J alis co and at elevations
ranging to
feet in the mountains about the valley of Mexico
The southernmost point from w hich it is recorded is Sta E fig e nia
Oaxaca w here it w as taken by S umichras t December 2 4 1 8 68 A few
individuals may occasional ly w inter in souther n California as the s pe
cies was seen February 3 and 9 1 8 95 at San Bernardino The arrival
March 1 1 1 90
o f the first in spring was noted at Yuma Ariz
2 ; T win
Oaks Cal March 2 4 1 8 8 9 ; Huachuca Mountains Arizona April 1
1 90
2 ; D un lap Cal A pril 2 3 1 8 9 1 and R evelstoke B C May 9 1 8 90
The last was seen in fall at Dun lap October 1 2 1 8 9 0
a nd at Cooney
,
N Mex , Se ptember 30 1 8 8 9
T he
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40
646
N O RT H
W A RB L E RS
.
c e la t a ( S ay
Orange cro wn ed W arbler
)
min t h O p h ila
H
.
A M E R I CA N
el
-
.
.
— The princi pal summer home o f the o r ange
g
cro w ned w arbler is from Man itoba n orth w est to Kow ak R iver Alask a
This may be c on sidered the normal home , but many of the species find
congenial boreal conditions in the R ocky Mo untains The species has
been taken in several localities i n th e moun tains o f Colorado w here it
breeds n ot uncom monly from
to
feet an d less commonl y
feet higher I t s occurrence in th e R ocky Mountains ho w ever
is more frequently that of a migrant Manitoba mark s the eastern
limit at wh ich th e s pecies is common ; thence t o N ew Bruns w ick it is
o f rare occu r ren ce though strangely eno ugh it w as once found b r eed
ing at Bruns w ick , Me I t probably also breeds rarely in W isconsin
W in ter r an g e — I n migration the orange cro w ne d w arbler has been
taken along the Atlantic coast fro m Massach usetts t o Key W est I t
winters rarely and irregularly as far north as Charleston S C , and
alon g the Gulf coast to the R io Gran de I t has sometimes been seen
in w i n ter in quite large numbers n ear N e w Orleans ; is a common w in
ter bird in extreme southern Texas , and occasio n ally occurs as far
north as San A ntonio There is n o W est I ndian record of it s occur
rence as yet , though o n October 5 , 1 8 8 7 and for a few day
s after w ard
it was not uncommon at Key W est Florida
The w inter home o f the great bulk o f the species is northeastern
Mexico I t is generally distributed i n the eastern Cor dille ra an d over
th a t por t ion of the table la nd of Mexico that lies east o f these moun
tains south t o the mountains about the vall ey of Mexico and to Mount
Orizaba A t th e n orthern limit of its w inter range it is foun d fro m
sea level along the coast o f Texas to
feet o n the table l ands of
northern N uevo Leon Farther south it passes t o higher altitudes
occurrin g at
to
feet in San Luis Potosi Guanaj uato
Hidal go and Puebla I t is very common in th e vicinity o f Mount
Orizaba Vera Cruz On t he Pacific coast of Mexico , as shown by
material secured by field naturalists of the Biologica l Survey , it is
replaced by its w estern form lu tescens
—
n
By
i
the first w eek in March the orange cro w ned
n
m
i
ra
t
o
i
r
Sp
g
g
w arbler begins t o move into the lo w er lands o f Tex a s but during the
first half o f the month seems t o make little progr ess beyond th e r egion
i n the southern par t o f the State w her e it O ften w inters E ven in
the vicinity of San An tonio Tex most of the dates o f arriv al are as
late as the last w eek of March Th e first bird w as seen April 1 7 ,
The r ecords
2 n ear th e San Ped ro R iver in south er n Arizon a
1 90
made at Onaga , Kans sho w arrival on A pril 1 7 1 8 9 2 ; April 2 6 1 8 95 ;
April 1 7 1 8 9 6 ; April 2 4 1 8 9 7 ; an d April 2 5 1 8 9 8 : averag e April 2 4
E astward the species a rrives a t St Louis on the average on April 2 7,
and to t he w est w ard it reach es th e same latitu de at the base o f the
mountains in Colorado May 2 —5 The average date o f arrival at Chi
B
r eed in
r an ge
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42
W A RB L E Rs
A M E R I CA N
N O RT H
.
during 1 9 0
The
2 the bird app eared April 8 and de parted M ay5
average date of arrival for five years at Columbia Falls Mont , is
May 5 and the earliest A pril 30 1 8 9 7
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,
646b
H
.
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,
,
c e lat a
m in t h o ph ila
el
s o r d id
a
T
ow
ns
.
D
us
k yW arbler
.
A resident form o n the Santa Ba rb ara I slands Califo r nia kno w n
also t o have occurred on the m ainland at Pasaden a
,
,
.
a ( W ils
T e nne ss ee W arbler
B r eedin g ra n ge — The Tennessee w arbler is common in migration in
th e Mississip pi Valley but is rather rare east o f the Alleghe ny Moun
tains I t occurs in summer in northern N ew E ngland and has also
been n oted in northern N ew York and north eastern Mi n n esota I t
ranges north to th e upper Yukon Valley eastern Brit ish Columbia
N ahanni R iver and Fort W rigley in Macken zie Quebec Labra dor and
the Gulf of St La w rence A n accidental occurrence has been noted in
Californ ia During t he summer O f 1 9 0
1 o ne of the parties of the
Biological Survey took tw o sets of eggs at Fort Smith Mackenzie
These eggs ar e among the first absolutely authentic specimens kno w n
t o science
W in ter r a nge —
Du r ing the w inter this w arbler is rather commo n in
n orthern Guatemala and one o f the parties o f th e Biological Survey
foun d it at an elevation o f
feet o n the v olcano of Santa Maria
w here it w as q uite common January 2 1 —
2 8 1 8 96 I t was taken by Sumi
chrast at Sta E fig e nia Oaxaca Mexico January 3 and 1 4 1 8 69 and
w as previously found by Boucard in th e same State
I t has t wi ce been
noted at Jalapa Vera Cruz The only Yucatan record is from the
island o f Cozumel Th e only Honduras records are from San Ped r o
near th e north w est coast and the islands of B o nacca and R uat an so me
These records ta ken in connection w ith the fact
w hat farther east
that th e Tennessee w arbler is abundan t in fall on the southeastern
coast of N icaragua and occurs in Costa R ica and Panama seem t o
show t hat the bird migrates along the Atlantic s ide o f Central America
B ut fo r th e pr esent there is nothin g to indicate that it passes inland to
the mountainous districts of Honduras or N icaragua or that the r e is
any southeastw ard migration along the mountain s from Guatem ala to
Costa R ica
I n Colombia South America the Tennessee w arbler has been taken
in the fall o n the north coast at Bonda and during the winter in the
mountains of the Santa Marta region at Minca
Onaca
Valparaiso
and Las N ubes
and in th e same
I t is reported from B ucaramanga
647
min t h o ph ila
H
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p e r e g r in
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A llen, B
l
ul
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Am M
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and G odman I bis p
B e rlepsch J f Orn p 2 8 2
b S al
vin
c
us
N at H is t
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XI I I
1 1 7, 1 8 8 0
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1 884
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0; A uk , X V I I , p 367, 1 9 0
0
p 1 78 , 1 9 0
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W A RB L E R
TEN NESSEE
43
.
vicinity at H erradura
One of the highest recorded alt i
tudes is Concordia
feet) 0in A ntioquia Other records in Sout h
America are at Santa Marta , Colombia “ and at Cara cas Venezuela “
’
On e of B o ucard s specimens in the N ational M useum is marked
Merida Venezuel a
The w in te r re cords are made almost
entirely in the mountains but not nearly at such high altitudes as on e
mig ht expect from the bor eal habit o f t he bird in t he U nited S tate s
a nd Can ad a
S p r in g migra tion —I n spring migration the Tennessee w arbler is
rarely found east of the Alleghenies no r is it so common in t he Mis
s is s ippi Valley as during the fall migration
I t is one of the late
0
migrants reaching latitude 37 about April 2 7 as sho w n by th e fol
lo w ing da tes o f arrival : R ising Fa w n G a , April 2 6, 1 8 8 5 ; south w est
e r n Missour i April 2 7
1 ; and St
1 8 7 4 ; Acton Ky April 2 9 1 90
,
Louis April 2 5 1 8 8 2 April 2 5 1 8 8 3 April 2 9 1 8 8 4 Ap r il 2 8 1 8 8 5
April 2 4 1 8 8 6 April 2 8 1 8 8 7 and A pril 2 7 1 8 8 8 —average April 2 7
N orthern re cords of ave ra ge date of arrival are : Bea ver Pa May 9 ;
cen tra l N e w York M ay1 3; eas tern Massachusetts May 1 4 ; Brook
ville I nd May 4 ; Chicago M ay9 ; southern W isconsin May 1 6 ;
southern Michigan May 1 5 ; Otta w a May 1 6 ; Grinnell I o w a May 5
and Lanesboro Minn May 1 1
The Biological Survey has received no notes from the South Atlan
tic States o u the spring migration of the Ten nessee warbler nor from
Alabama Mississippi , or Louisiana though two birds w ere seen in
A prilin Cuba and some w er e ta ke n on t he isl and of Grand Cay
ma n f
and the s pecies has b een n oted several tim es in spring at Pensacola
Fla The fe w notes from farther w es t indica te the arrival of the bird
at Corpus Christi Tex , April 3 1 8 91 ; Bee County Tex April 1 8
1 8 8 7 S a n Antonio, Tex April 2 1 1 8 9 1 ; Manhattan Kan s May 2
1 8 9 3; Lincoln , N ebr M ay
7 ; A w eme Ma nitoba M ay
1 3 1 90
3; Fort
Sim pson Mackenzie, May 2 6 1 8 60 and Caribou British Columbi a
1
May 2 2 1 9 0
Six records have been made of the occurrence of this
species in Colorado where during the early days of May at the
w estern limit of its range , it is a rare mig ra nt along the base of the
eastern foothills
The late s t dates o f departure south o f the United States are at V alpa
raiso Colombia April 4
,
; Minca Colombia , March 2 6 ; San J o s é Cos ta
R ica March 6 , 1 8 8 9 ; and Jalapa Vera Cruz April 1 8 1 8 97
The
latest at St Louis Mo were M ay2 1 1 8 8 4, M ay2 2 1 8 8 5 May 1 5
1 8 8 6 May 1 4 1 8 8 7 and May 2 0 1 8 8 8
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f Co ry
W
, Cat
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p 32 2 , 1 8 71
b S cl
a ter and S al
vin , P Z S
, p 494, 1 8 79
C B an s P oc B
iol S oc W as h , X I I ,
g , r
p 1 43, 1 89 8
1 S a
‘
h rpe , Cat B irds, B rit M us , X p 2 42 , 1 8 8 5
eG u
ndlach , J t O rn , p 4 1 2 , 1 8 72
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B i ds , p 1 1 7, 1 8 9 2
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44
NO
Fa lln
RT H
A M E R
I CA N
RB L ER S
W A
.
— T he
T e nne s s e e w arbl e r begin s t o move sou t hward
It w as no t ed at Hallo ck Minn
in Augu s t from it s summ e r hom e
Aug us t 2 1 8 99 ; M ac k inac Island Michigan A ug us t 8 1 8 8 9 ; Ch icago
A ugust 1 3 1 8 9 6 ; Engle w ood N J Augu s t 2 6 1 8 8 7 ; and W ashing
1 8 9 0 Arriv a ls of t he earl iest sou t hbound migrants
t o n Augus t
Septem b er 1 3 1 8 9 0 and September
w e r e recorded a t Ashev ille N
In Che s te r Coun t y S C in eleven years observation t he
1 0 1 8 94
e a rl iest date of arrival from t he nor t h w as Sept ember 8
Few Tennessee warblers p ass t h rough Florida to the W est Ind ie s
T w o specimens w ere taken o n October 5 and 6 1 8 8 7 a t Key W est b ut
there ar e no o t her records of t he occurrence of t he spe cies in southern
Florid a The bird ho w ever undoub t edly passes regul a rly through
w es t e rn Florid a as it doe s through Missis s ippi and Louisiana
At
Eubank Ky t h e ea rl iest record of a fall migrant w as September 9
1 887
The earlie st bird s w ere seen at N e w Orleans September 2 3 1 8 9 6
Sep t ember 2 2 1 8 9 7 and Sept e mber 1 8 1 8 9 9 Some indiv iduals pas s
t hrough eastern Tex a s in t o Mex ico and m ig ants h a ve been taken at
Jal apa Vera Cr uz
The specie s w as taken in September on the island
of B o nacca H o nduras f a nd on th e c oast of sou t h e as t ern Nicaragua
Oc t ober 2 4
Several Ten nessee war b ler s w ere s een at San J o s é
Cos t a Rica September 1 7 1 8 8 9 the next noted in that year arriving
October 1 4 The earliest arri val in the follo w ing year w as on O ctober
l
ra n t z ius record s tha t he saw the Tennes s ee w arbl e r in
2 00
Vo n F
A ugu s t in Costa Rica b ut if there was no m ista ke in identification the
occurren c e must have been acciden tal The earliest dat e of a rri v al at
Th ese records
B ond a o n t he nor t h coa s t of Colombi a is November
show that t he principal line of migrat ion is from t he M issis s ippi Vallev
across the Gulf of Mexico to Mexico and Cen t ral Americ a The cas t
ern part of t h is route p robably ex t end s from t he s ou t hern end of t he
A lleghen ie s ac ro s s north w es te rn Florida t o t he c oas t of Yu cata n and
Hondura s
T he Tennessee w arbl e r is qui t e slo w in leav ing the United States
As lat e as Octo b er it occ u r s throughou t the w hole of the eastern pa r t
of t he Uni t ed S t at e s from the G r eat Lakes t o t he G ulf Though it
lea ves the n or t hern part of t h is region early in t he month it linge r s
in t he so u t hern part un t il its clo s e
Some re cords of lates t depar t ur e
are : A w e me M an it oba October 3 1 90
1 ; Gr innell Iow a October 1
September 2 7
1 8 8 6 ; O t t aw a S e pte mber 30 1 8 8 9 ; Palmer Mich
1 8 9 4 ; Chi cago Oc t obe r 9 1 8 9 4 ; Beaver Pa October 1 1 1 8 9 0
; W ash
ing t o n Oc t ob e r 1 2 1 8 9 0; S t Louis October 2 0 1 8 8 5 ; Asheville
r a t ion
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2 4, 1 8 9 8
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h mo n d Pro c U S N at M us X V I p
Ch errie A uk VI I p 335 1 8 9 0; A uk
A lle n B ull A m M us N a t H is t X I II p
0R ic
,
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Ch apma n , B ull A m M us N a t H ist
S a lv in , I b is , p 2347 , 1 8 8 8
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2 78 , 1 8 9 1
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4 8 4, 1 8 93
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1 78 , 1 90
0
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.
P A RUL A W A RBLER
45
.
1 8 9 4 November
October 2 9
and New Orleans , October 30
,
October 2 5 1 8 99 and
1 1 8 9 5 October 2 7 1 8 9 6 , October 2 1
0 T his protracted m igra t ion is qu it e di fferent from
November 3 1 9 0
that noted o n the coast o f Nicaragu a Richmond reports that in
1 8 9 2 the first arriva ls were noted O c tober 2 4 ; th at t w o days later t he
birds w ere very abundant ; t h at d uring the next t hree day s h undreds
A t San José
w ere seen daily and that af t e r thi s none w ere seen
Costa Rica where Tennessee warblers a re common all through the
Th e fa ct also
w in t e r they were reported as abundan t by October 2 7
th at t he specie s w as seen in Co s ta R ica by September 1 7 in 1 8 8 9 w ould
indi cate t hat m igration over t his par t of t he route is quit e rapid
N
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648
.
648
a
.
y
y
Co m p s o t h l p i s a m e r i c a n a
Co mp s o t h l p is a me r i c a n a u s n e ae
Parula Warb ler
B rew ster N o rt h ern Parula Warb ler
.
.
.
Present kno w ledge of the parula w arbler does not allow separate
treatment of t he t w o forms amer ican a a nd usn eae as regards win t er
range or m igration b ut the bound a ries o f the breeding ranges can be
defined from information already secured
B r eedin g m a ga — The southern form of the p a rul a w a rbler t rue
a memcan a breeds loc ally in t he Gulf St at e s from Al a bama t o Florida
and more commonly up the Atlantic slope to t he Distri ct of Columb ia
and probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey In dividuals
have been taken casually in Pennsylvania and New York The range
t hus pr a ctica lly coincides w ith the Au s troripa rian zone and its north
ern l imits w it h those of the Spanish mo s s in w hos e festoon s amemoc ma
Commonly ne s ts
T h e northern parul a warbler— includ ing under t his h e ad t he ind i
v idual
s t h at h a ve l a tely been segregated as t h e subspec ies r ama l
én ae
bree ds co mmo nlv in t he north e astern part of the Uni t ed S ta tes as far
nor t h as Ma ine and rarely vis it s or breeds in New Brun s w ick Nova
Sco t ia and Prince Ed w ard Isl a nd It is co mmon in the Alleghenies
and ranges up t o
fee t in the Catskills and the h igher mountain s of
Pennsylvani a a nd Virginia Along t he northern lim it of it s ra nge it is
r are in sout hern On t ario southern M ich igan and a cross W is con s in t o
southeas t ern M innesota I t is recorded from Ma ckin a c Island in north
ern Michigan and is one o f t he warblers t hat has struck t he l igh t house
near t here on Spectacle Reef I t is reported as breed ing in S t Louis
Coun t y nor t heastern Minnesota Its regular r a nge extends w estw ard
across Iowa to sou t heastern Nebraska and then ce southw a rd through
Indian Territ ory to Texa s It has been taken casually in the Black
Hills of South Dakota and tw ice in W yoming and is a rare v is it ant
in sou t heastern Colorado
W in ier m a g a — The range in Mexico o f the species as a whole has
been a ccurately determin ed by t he parties o f the B iologi cal Sur v ey
foun d it win t ering abundantly
in southern Ver a Cruz Tabas c o ,
T hey
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46
R TH
N O
A M
ER I C A N
W A
RBLER S
.
Campeche and Yuca t a n bo t h on the coa s t and i n t he lo wer dis t ricts
It is found s p a r ingly so ut h w es t t o Oaxaca and rea ch es t he Pacific slope
at Tehuan t e pe c C it y I t is n o t common in w in t er in nor t hern Vera
Cruz though it has b een taken even far t h e r nor t h at Al t a Mira
T a maulipas F e bruary 1 6 1 8 95 a nd a fe w have been seen i n winter
?
It is found o n the islands o ff the east coas t
a t Ta mpi c o Tamaulipas
of Yucatan the islands o f B uatan and B o nacca H o n duras f a nd t he
Swan Islands "l It ran ges south w ard t o th e table l a nds o f northern
Guatemala as far as Coban b ut there are no records o f its occurrence
in southern Guatemala in Costa Rica o r in South America The
sout hernmost records are o f specimens take n durin g the w inter of
1 8 8 6—
8 7 on th e island of Old Providence o ff the coast of N icarag ua f
and on October 2 6 1 8 9 2 in so utheastern N icar ag ua f The bird ha a
w ide r a nge through t he W est In dies
It is abun dant in Cuba occurs
thro ugho ut t he Bahamas and all of the Greater A ntilles and is know n
from St Croix St Thomas St Eus t at ius S t Christopher Guade
loupe and Barbados o f th e Lesser Antilles It winters abundantly in
the southern Bahamas regularly in sou t hern Florid a and irregularly
north t o central Florida
S p r in g migra t ion — After spending fully five mon ths in its w inter
home th e parula w a rbler starts o n it s n orthward journ ey The earliest
records o f striking at the Sombrero Key l ighthouse are March 3 and
Th e flights
7 1 8 8 7 March 1 0and 1 1 1 8 8 8 and Marc h 3 and 1 1 1 8 8 9
medium while
o f March 1 8 8 7 were ligh t and those o f March 1 8 8 8
that o f March 3 1 8 8 9 , w as o ne o f th e heav iest ever witnessed at Som
Many p a rulas were seen around Perdido l ight
b r er o Key lighthouse
house northwest Florida March 2 2 1 8 8 5 and the earliest m igrants
arri ved th e previo us dayat Pensac ola Fla The average date of
arrival for four yea rs at Frogmore S C is March 2 3 and that for
seven years at Ra leigh N C April 8
Other records of a verag e d at es o f arrival a r e : Frenchcreek W Va
Apr il 2 2 ; W a shi ng t on April 2 6 ; Bea ver Pa April 30; Germanto w n
M ay5 ; E ngle w ood N J May 4 ; south
Pa May 1 ; Renovo Pa
eastern N ew York May 2 ; central New York May 8 ; cen t ral Connect
M ay9 ; sou t h e r n
ic ut May 6 ; Boston May 8 ; St Johnsbury V t
New Hampshire May 9 ; sou t hern Maine M ay1 0; Q uebec M ay1 4 ;
southern New B runs w ick May 1 5 Th e first arrival was noted at
Pic tou Nova S cotia May 2 3 1 8 9 1 and at North River Prince Edward
Island , May 30 1 8 9 0 The average o f many years observation in
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R ich mo n d,
R enardo , O
Proc U S
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C o ryA uk I V p 1 8 0 1 8 8 7
f Rich mo n d Proc U S N at
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salvin , I b is , p 2 47 , 1 8 8 8
d R id wa
P ro c U S N a t M
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48 4, 1 8 93
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P A RUL A
W A
RBLER
47
.
Ontar io gives t he us ual date of arrival as May 6 in southern Ontar io
May 1 0in th e Parry Sound district and May 1 3 at Otta wa
The record of this warbler in the W est is very interes t ing The
dates of first arrivals in spring in Texas are as follows : Vicinity of
the lower Rio G rande Ma rch 2 0
1 8 77 March 1 8 1 8 8 7 March 1 3
,
1 8 9 7 ; Refugio County March 1 3, 1 8 9 9 ; San Antonio March 2 6 1 8 8 9
March 1 8 1 8 9 0 Ma rch 2 5 1 8 9 1 ; a few miles northw est of San Anto
nio March 2 0 1 8 8 0 March 2 5 1 90
0 March 2 2 1 9 01 ; Aus tin M a rch
0; Dallas March 1 6
1 3 1 8 9 0 March 1 8 1 8 9 3; W aco March 1 0 1 9 0
Those for Louis iana are of a qu ite differen t
1 8 9 8 March 1 7 1 8 9 9
sort as is sho w n by the following tabl e giv ing dates of firs t and sec
ond arrivals no t ed a nd t hose on wh ich t he species b e came common :
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,
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r ecords o
S p ring
l
P
H
ma
ou
1 88 7
N ew O
L
,
a
.
,
b tw
e
ace a nd
ee n
f p ar ula
.
l
r e a ns a n d
.
l
th e G u f:
Fe b
M
M
l
r ea n s :
.
ar
.
ar
.
Fe b
.
M ar
M ar
.
M
M
M
M
vera
g
ar
.
ar
.
e xt se en
Feb
M ar
M ar
M
ar
m
Co m
.
29
.
8
13
.
10
M
ar
M
M
ar
M
M
M
M
M
ar
.
.
.
.
.
M
10
ar
.
M
e
ar
.
.
.
M ar 1 6
M ar
5
M ar
8
8
on
7
M ar
M ar 1 3
A pr
1
.
.
9
3
5
ar
.
N
22
4
.
ar
.
28
7
12
.
A
.
Firs t se en
e ar
y
N ew O
war b l
er
9
9
.
.
ar
.
.
ar
7
9
.
12
10
24
.
14
ar
ar
ar
M ar
.
18
11
16
.
.
T he
records show th e a verage da t e of moveme n t t hrough Florida
o n the east Tex a s on t he wes t a nd Lo uis iana in t he center
A com
parison of the dates shows first t ha t the pa rula w a rbler a rr ives in
Texas much later than in ei t her of the o t her States and hence does
n o t rea ch t he Missis s ippi Valley by way of Texas ; second
t hat it
arrives in nort hern Florida at least t e n days later t han it attains the
sa me l at itude in Louisiana
From these t w o facts it would appear
t h a t Lou is ian a is reached by direc t fligh t across t he Gulf of Mexico
T he a verage date of arrival a t New Orleans coincides closely w i t h the
date when the first migran t s arrive at t he sout hern e nd of Flor ida It
w ould seem that the birds of Mexi c o a nd Cuba a re prompted to move
n or t h w ard at the same time but t he fl ight over the Gulf of Mexico
being s o much longer th an that fro m Cuba to Florida the Mexican
birds reach a higher la tit ude by th eir initial fl ight
The further migration northward in the Mississippi Valley is at a
much slower rat e The s pecies consumes an average of t w en ty eigh t
days in advancing fro m New Orleans to Helena Ark The l a ter
migrants t hrough Florida move more rapidly and from t he latitude
of Helena n orthward the migration in the Mississippi V alley is but
s earli er than in corres pon ding la t itudes on t he A tl a n t ic coas t
five day
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N O
R TH
ER I C A
A M
W A
N
RBLER S
.
This slow migration f r om N e w Orl e a ns to He l e n a is no t ed in several
species an d see m s t o b e due t o t he r es t ing of the birds for sev eral
days n ear t he G ulf c oa s t a f t er t he ir long fl igh t
—1 9 0
1 ) is
1
8
9
6
a
fi
v
e
verag
d
of
a
rri
v
a
l
at
Helen
for
years
t
e
e
a
T he a
(
Apr il 2 w it h e x t remes of Mar ch 30 1 8 9 6 and 1 8 9 7 and April 7 1 901
T he average d at e of arrival at St Lou is is April 1 2 w i t h ex t remes of
Apr il 1 0 1 8 8 7 and Apr il 1 7 1 8 8 5 The average of arrival at W a ter
loo Ind is May 1 ; Chicago M ay8 ; Grinnell I o w a May 8 ; Lan es
boro Min n May 9
The Tex a s records are al s o n otew or t hy It is ev ident that there is
no regul a r progression from sou t h to n orth At a moderate rate of
s peed it w ould take most species from ten to fif t een days to cross the
State and y
e earlier than the
e t t he northern dates are o n the w ho l
south e rn T he explana t ion seems to be that the earlier birds in north
ern Texa s ha v e flo w n across the Gulf to the uppe r p a r t of the Texas
coast a nd mov e d inland from t hat po int instead of crossing the Rio
Grande
T he influen c e o f alti t ude on b ird m igration is well illustra t ed by the
passing o f parulas through Rale igh and Asheville N C The la t i t ud e
of the t wo places is the s am e b ut Raleigh is 30
0f e et abo v e sea level
an d Asheville
The records o f spr ing m igrat ion at these t w o
points are as follo w s :
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,
R ecor ds
l
P
Ra
f migra tion of p ar ula
o
,
ea r
y
a ce a nd
l i gh
e
A
A sh e v
Fi rst s een
.
A
A
A
A
A
ill
N
ex t se e n
ge
.
6
A
A
A
A
A
.
6
A pr
12
19
A pr
A pr
18
A pr
A pr
A pr
pr
.
pr
.
pr
pr
pr
.
.
A pr
.
Carol
ina
Co mmo n
.
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3
13
4
5
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
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9
A pr
.
21
23
25
14
14
5
12
7
A pr
A pr
A pr
10
A pr
.
21
13
20
19
10
19
A pr
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e:
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
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A
.
or th
:
vera
1 8 92
1 8 98
war bl
er in N
ve ra
g
9
18
.
.
.
.
.
A
A
A
A
.
19
pr
pr
pr
pr
A pr
e
.
15
20
22
11
21
.
.
.
.
would b e e xpe ct ed the birds appear in t he moun ta ins later t h a n
on t he pl ains and it is con s idered t hat t his is due to the effect of t he
h igher alti t ude of Asheville In the following case ho w ever there
is n o such effe ct appare nt The town of Eub a nk Ky is 2 0
0miles
nor th o f Helena Ark and 8 5 miles south of St Lou is I t is at an
altitude of
feet a nd t herefore 60
0feet higher t h a n S t Lou is a nd
80
0feet higher than Helena T he a verage date of arri val of the
parula warbler a t Eub an k for t he e igh t y e ars 1 8 8 7 to 1 8 9 5 is April
T his dat e is
9 , wi t h extre mes of A pril 4 , 1 8 9 2 a nd A pril 1 4 1 8 8 7
A
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50
N O
R TH
ER I C A N
A M
RBLER S
W A
.
Some rec ords of la t e s t b ir ds s e e n a re : Gr innell Iowa Sep t ember
2 1 1 8 8 7 Ma c k in ac I s l a nd M ich S e p t ember 2 1 8 8 9 ; Chi c ago Octo
ber 1 1 8 9 7 To r on t o Sep t ember 2 8 1 8 9 8 ; O tt a w a September 1 3
1 8 8 9 ; Nor t h R iver Prince Edward Islan d Augus t 2 5 1 8 9 0
; St John
N e w Bruns w ick Sept ember 1 7 1 8 8 9 ; Pit ts field M e Septe mber 30
October 2 0 1 90
0; southeastern New York
1 8 9 8 ; Hartford , Con n
Oct ober 1 2 1 8 91 ; B er w yn Pa October 31 1 8 9 3 The latest recorded
southward migrants passed Raleigh N C Oct ober 1 4 1 8 9 0 and Octo
ber 1 3 1 8 91 and Asheville N C October 5 1 8 9 1 The average of
the dates on which the last fall migran t was noted is October 9 at
Rale igh and September 2 9 at Asheville At Eub a nk Ky t he last
migr a nt record e d passed sout h Sep t embe r 1 8 1 8 8 9 and at N ew
Orlea n s October 2 6 1 8 9 9 ; the average of last dates at New Orleans is
O ct ob e r 1 8
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649
y
y
C o m p s o t h l p i s p it ia u m i
.
n i g r ilo r a
( C o ne s )
Sen n ett Warb ler
.
.
The Senn e t t w a rbler breeds in Texas along t he lo w er Rio Grande
and in Mexico in Coahuila Nuevo Leon Tamaul ipas and San Luis
Potos i It win t ers at least as far nor t h as N uevo Leon and has been
taken in the last week o f February 1 8 8 0 o n the Rio Grande near
Hidalgo
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6 50
.
D
e n dr o i ca
Cap e M ayWarb le r
t i g r in a
.
—A few Cape May warblers breed in the mountains
o f Jamaica as attes t ed by spe c imens in the N ational Museum but t he
rest pass nor t hwa rd thro ugh the nor t hern Bahamas Florida, and
eas t ern Un ited State s t o their su mmer home The species apart
from the singular Jamaica n exceptions is confined s t ri ct ly to the
Canadian life zone th e breeding range extend ing from northern New
Engl a nd northern Mich iga n and n orthern Minneso t a nort h to N ew
Bruns w ick N o va Sco t ia Hudson B aya nd nearly t o Great Sl a ve Lake
W in ter r a n g e — The Cape May w arbler makes it s prin cip a l win t er
home i n the W es t Ind ie s w it h it s cen t e r of abundance at Hai t i It
has been taken as far nor t h as Rum Cayin t he c en t er of t he Bahamas
an d as a rare or accidental w in t er spec ies a t Key W es t , Fla I t s win
ter range extend s to th e islands of Jam a ica S t Croix , S t Thom a s
?
“
T o the sou t hwest except for a single
Guadeloupe and Tobago
individual taken in nor t hern Yucatan and ano t her on t he island o f
“
n
t he s pec ies is unrecorded ; and as the general course of
t
a
R ua
,
migra t ion is so utheast w ard bo t h o f these records are probably unusual
S p r in g migra tion — Some records o f s pr ing arri v al o f t he specie s
are as follo w s : Nassau Bahamas M a rc h 2 2 1 8 9 0; N e w Providence
B
r eedin g ra n g e
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c
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P ro c U S N at M us
b S har e Cat B ird s B rit M us X
p
c B o ucard P Z S
p 440 1 8 8 3
d Sal
vin I b is p 2 5 1 1 8 8 8
a
L
a w re nce ,
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VI II ,
p 337
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p
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62 1 , 1 8 8 5
1 8 85
.
.
C A PE
B a hamas ,
March
lighthouse
,
Fla
.
,
M A Y
WA RBLER
51
.
1 9 , 1 8 91 ; Tor t ugas , April 8 , 1 8 9 0
; Sombrero Key
April 4 , 1 8 8 9 ; Key W est, Fla , Apr il 1 1 , 1 8 8 7
April 1 6 , 1 8 8 6 ; Gainesville , Fla , April 1 4 , 1 8 8 7 ;
.
Fla
1 ; n ear
Tarpon Springs Fla April1 7 ; Daytona F1a April 1 4 1 9 0
mouth o f Suwanee River Florida April 1 5 1 8 9 2 An unusually
early indiv idual struck Sombrero Key lighthouse March 3 1 8 8 7 a
night that witnessed an enormous flight of birds of many ki nds for
mos t of whom the flight was one t o t hree weeks earlier than usual It
w ould seem tha t these flocks of bir ds w ere caught in a storm driven
The a v erage of t he
o ut of their cour s e and carried nor t h t o Flor ida
dat e s on w h ich t he ear liest spring migra nt was seen in fi ve years at
1 and
Kirkwood G a was April 2 6 with extremes of April 2 0 1 9 0
April 30 1 8 9 7 At Ris ing Faw n G a t he only bird no t ed arrived on
Apr il 2 6 1 8 8 5 A t Ashev ille N C May 5 1 8 9 3 May 7 1 8 9 4 and
May 5 1 8 9 9 represent the firs t arri v als and show the effect of t he a lt i
tude as these d ate s are abou t s imultaneo us wit h the da t e of usual
The
a ppearan c e of t he b ird a t W ashington 1 7 5 m iles far t her north
average da te of arr ival in sou t heastern N e w York is May 1 2 The firs t
2
arrival w as no t ed at M on t real May 1 4 1 8 9 0; Quebec May 1 6 1 9 0
and Sco t ch La ke N e w Bruns w ick May 1 7 1 9 01 Thus t he Cape May
w arbler m a kes an average d a ily speed of 2 8 m iles from Florida to it s
breeding grounds Records of av erage date of arr ival farther wes t
May 5 ; Ch icago May 6 ; nort h e rn Ohio May 7 ;
a re : Brook v ille Ind
southern W iscons in May 1 1 ; Ot ta w a M ay1 5 ; Lanesboro Minn
May 1 6 ; and Elk River Minn May 2 0 The firs t arrival w as noted
at A w e me Manitoba May 1 4 1 9 0
0 and at Medicine Hat Assin ib oia
Pu ntaras a ,
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The western l imi t of t he range of t he spec ies can be marked approx
imat e l
yby a line drawn from Florida to sout hern Mis s ouri and up t he
Mississ ippi River to M inneso ta There is a s ingle record of occur
rence in L ouisiana probably a cciden t al and less t han half a dozen in
the United S t ates west of the M is s iss ippi south of Minnesota
As already remarked some Cape M ayw arblers breed in Jamaica
but the bulk of the species leave the southern part o f the ir range b ythe
lat ter part of March So me late dates of fin al departure for t he North
are : St Croix March 1 6 ; Haiti Apr il 6 ; Andros Island April 2 0
1 8 90
0; Key W est May
; Tortugas April 2 7 1 8 9 0
; Cuba May 2 1 9 0
4 1 8 8 7 and Asheville N
May 1 5
Fallmigr a tion —Th e average date of appeara n ce of fall migran t s at
both Chicago and W ashington is August 2 6
Since t hese places
0 miles south o f t he nesting grounds it follo w s t hat
are about 50
the southernmost breeding birds begin their migration not later tha n
August 1 0 The earliest recorded date o f fall arrival at St Louis is
Augu st 2 4 1 8 8 7 at Asheville N C September 1 5 1 8 94 ; in Chester
County S
Octo b er 4 ; at Punt arasa F 1a October 6 1 8 8 6 The
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52
OR T H
N
AM
ER I C A N
W ARB L E Rs
.
species str uck the Somb rero Key ligh t house Oc tober 7 and 8 1 8 8 6,
and Octobe r 7 1 8 8 7 Some very early d at es of s t r iking are Septem
ber 1 7 a nd 1 8 1 8 8 7 The h ea vies t flights n oted occurred Oc t ober 1 6
and 1 7 1 8 8 7 On these t wo nights abo u t 50 individual s a l t ogether
s t ruck t he l ight and 6 were killed
In the latitude o f W ash ington an d St Lou is the last fall migrants
and at Key W est the latest reported
a r e seen about October 7—1 2
passed south w ard November 1 1 8 8 7 The latest date o f striking at
Sombrero Key ligh t house is November 4 1 8 8 7 The Fo w ey Rocks
lighthouse on the southeast coast o f Florida in line with migration
A belated
t o the Bahamas was struck November 1 2 and 7 1 8 91
migrant w as shot at Cleveland Ohio November 2 1 8 8 5
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651
D
.
en
dr o i c a
o liv a ce a
( G iraud )
O liv e
.
.
,
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,
,
,
,
Warb ler
.
The ol ive w arbler breeds in central Mexico and in southern Arizona
w hence it retires in w inter to M e xico w here it occurs o n the highlands
to
from
fee t It has also been taken in Guatemala from
to
feet Possibly a few may winter in southern Arizona
where o ne was taken February 2 1 The arrival o f the firs t was noted
2 in the Huachuca Mountains Arizona
April 6 1 9 0
.
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,
6 52
B
D
.
,
.
,
Ye llo w
e n d r o i ca ae s t iv a.
r eedin g r a n ge
Warb ler
.
— If
a map o f t he U nited States and Canada south
o f th e Barren Gro unds was colored t o represent the breed ing area of
the yellow warbler the uncolored portions would comprise Florida
ut he r n Georgia and n umerous small
islands representing t he
upper parts o f the eastern mountains and such parts o f the western
mountains as are above
feet The s ummer range of the
bird including the range o f the subspecies son oran a i n the southwest
ern part o f t he United States and that o f rubigin osa in Alaska covers
°
° —
°
—
approximately 40° of lat it ude— 30° t o 70
55
and 1 1 0 o f longitude
The winter range covers 31 ° o f latitude —2 4 ° N t o 7° S
to
°
°
—
and 54 o f longitude 52 t o
The two in combination thus give
°
an exte nsion o f 7 7 of lat itude a nd 1 1 3° of longitude
The ex t reme poin t s of the y
ello w w a rbler s range— northern Alas ka
— are farth er s e parated than t he extremes of t he
a nd w es t ern Peru
range o f t he black poll warbler whi ch is considered the greatest
migran t of th e fa mily Owing ho w ever t o the southerly extension
o f the breeding range o f the former it is l ikely that the longest
migr ation trips o f black polls exceed t hose made by any yellow
warblers
—
n
ra
e
n
t
e
r
The yello w wa rbler has been taken in c entral Peru
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YE L L O W
W A RB L E R
53
‘
.
and Esmeraldas on t he west
d
in the central part near the
coast and at A r chido na and S aray
c
u
a
foot o f the eastern Andes also at La Concepcion and Valle del Cho t a ;
in northern Brazil on the R io T acut u/ and in t he valley of the Ama
i
k
9
e
zon ; in D utch G uiana ; in French Guiana at Cayenn ; in B ritish
Gui ana at G eo rg e t o w n fl Bar tica Grove " and the River B e rb ice ; i in
V e n ez uela l at Carupano m and on the sou t h s ide of Lake Valencia ; o n
the island of Trinidad ; 0 and at many localities in the val leys o f the
Orinoco and Caura i rivers Most of these places are n ear t he coast
and of l it t le altitude but the cap t ures in eastern Peru and cen t ral
Ecuador sho w t hat the species passes far into t he in t erior though not
to the grea t er alt it udes In t he State of Colo mbia w here the bird is
common in w int er it ra nges somewha t higher It is a b und a n t on t he
coas t at
and has been taken in the Santa Marta region at
Minca
f e et) a nd Santa Marta " I t has also been secured in t he
interior at Bucaramanga "
feet) Ocana
feet) and M edellin
feet) Specime ns occur in many of t he Bogota collections but
are not accomp anied wit h information showing the altitudes at w hich
The yello w warbler is one of the com monest spe cies
t hey w ere taken
of Central Amer ica in w inter and occurs on both coasts and in t he
inter ior up t o a n a l t i t ude of
feet It also occurs in win t er in
in E cuador at Guayaquil
ern province ;
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at e r Cat A m B ird s p 32 1 8 62
c G o o dfel
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1
1 S h ar p e Ca t B ird s B rit M us
X p 644 1 8 8 5
l M us U n iv T orin o X V N o 357 p 8 1 8 99
S alv adori a nd F
es t a B o l
f Pelz eln O rn B ras 7 1 1 8 69
9 G o el
di A ves B ras p 2 69 1 8 94
h A b b o tt P ro c B os S o c N H
I p 1 71 1 8 44
S h arpe Ca t B ird s B rit M us X p 2 75 1 8 85
S clater Cat A m B irds p 32 1 8 62
J Quel
ch
T ime h ri V p 79 1 8 9 1 ; X p 2 6 1 1 8 9 6
L oat I b is p 566 1 8 9 8
L lo y
d T ime h ri X I p 2 2 8 1 8 9 7
k S al
2 1 885
vin I b is p 2 0
lCab an is M us H e in e Pt I p 1 9 1 8 50
m A nen B ull A m M us N at H ist I V p 51 1 8 9 2
n S cl
a te r an d S al
vin P Z S
p 2 51 1 8 69 E rns t R e v Cie nt U n iv Ve nez 1
p 33 1 8 8 7 ; Flo ra Fauna V en ez 301 1 8 77
Chapman B ull A m M us N at H is t V I p 2 4 1 8 94
Salvin Cat S t rick Co ll
p 91 1 882
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H arte rt N o v Zool I X p 9 1 9 0
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Salvin and G o dman I b is p 1 1 7 1 8 8 0
Bangs Pro c Bio l S o c Was h X II p 1 43 1 8 98
t B e rl
p 2 82 1 884
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at er P Z S
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S N at M us X VI p 48 4 1 8 93 N utt ing ib id V I p 38 2
1 88 3
U nd erwo o d I b is p 433 1 8 96 Ch errie A uk V I I p 335 1 8 90
a
S h ar pe , Cat
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54
N O R TH
AM E
RI CA N
W A R B L E Rs
.
d als o
Yucatan ( th ough much mor e commonly in spring migration ) ,
an
in Chiapas D u r ing t he spr ing migrat ion it is common on the coast
Th e w ester n ex t ens ion o f it s w inter range
o f Tabas c o and V e r a Cr u z
in Mexico can no t b e de t erm ined from present records a nd material
as t hese ar e in s uffi cien t to dis t inguish aestiva from the various s ub
spec ie s it meets in Mexico — r ubigin osa from Alaska son or an a from
Ar iz ona an d t he local race , dugesi from G uanajuato and the central
pl a teau reg ion
There is a single record o f t he capture of t he yellow warbler o n the
island o f Grenada November 1 4 1 8 8 2 This is the only cer tain rec
o r d o f the occurrence o f the bird in the W est Indies w here closely
a llied resident species occupy its favorite localities
This division
of district s be tw een the resident and the migra nt species is especially
noticeable o n th e n or t h coast of Honduras where D aes tiva occ urs on
B uatan Isl a nd ” and o n t he mainland at Truxillo 0 b ut seems not to visit
t he ne ighboring island of B o nacca which is occupied by D bry
a/nti
S p r in g migra tion — The yellow warbler is n o t an early spring
migrant and is o ne o f the most irregular o f the fam ily in its move
m ents There is no record o f the bird in spring i n Florida It arrives
in Alabama Georgia and South Carolina no earlier than in North
Carolina as is sho w n by the following dates o f earliest spring records :
Coosada Ala April 2 6 1 8 78 ; Greensboro Ala April 1 4 1 8 8 8 ;
Shelby Ala April 2 5 1 8 9 8 ; Darien G a April 2 8 1 8 9 0; Savannah
G a April 1 6 1 8 94 ; Kirkwood G a April 2 3 1 8 9 9 April 1 0 1 90
0
April 1 7 1 901 ; Frogmore S G April 1 7 1 8 8 5 T he average dat e
fo r eight years was April 1 2 and the
o f arrival at Raleigh N C
earliest date Ap ril 5 1 8 8 8 A t Asheville N C in the mountains
the average date w as about t hree day
s la t er t han at Raleigh Q uite
voluminous record s sho w that yello w warblers arri ve on t he a verage
Va Apr il 2 2 ; W ash ington April 2 0
at Ne w marke t
; Beaver Pa
April 2 3; Reno vo Pa April 30; Engle wood N J and sou t h
eas t ern New York May 1 ; cen t ral Con nec t icu t Providence R I
and B oston May 4 ; Randolph V t May 9 ; southern New Hampshire
May 1 0; southern Main e May 1 1 ; Mon t real M ay1 0; Q uebec May
1 5 ; St John New Brunswick May 2 4 ; Chatham New Br un s w ick
May 2 8 ; Pi c tou N ova Scotia May 1 4 ; Halifax Nova S co t ia May 1 4 ;
North River Prince Edward Island May 2 5 ; Hamilton Ri v er Q uebec ,
May 31
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Wells Pro c U S
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I b is p 2 4 7 1 8 8 8
O R id wa
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611 , 1 886
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petechia = D
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W A RBLE R
YE L L O W
55
.
in t ab ular
Record s from the Mississippi Valley are given
y
M issis sippi Va ll
e
N
r ecords o
O
ew
‘
v
r
l n
an d
i ci n i t y
ea
Yca r
f
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H e e na ,
A rk
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el
low warbl
fy
arr iva lo
bank
Eu
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O na a,
K a ns
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19
18
19
20
15
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A pr
A pr
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A
A
A
A
6
5
12
14
15
18
17
20
pr
pr
pr
pr
A pr
A pr
.
.
A pr
.
6
A pr
.
21
.
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
26
28
26
26
23
24
29
A pr
.
22
25
.
25
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8
.
9
A pr
A pr
6
A pr
A pr
A pr
g
A pr
v era e
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.
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A pr
A
form :
.
.
23
14
.
18
.
.
A pr
A pr
18
.
A pr
Records of av e rage dat e of arrival far t her nort h ar e : Brookv ille
Ind Apr il 1 5 ; W at erloo Ind Apr il 2 5 ; W a u s eon Oh io Ap r il 2 6 ;
Cleveland Oh io Ap r il 2 8 ; sou t hern On t ar io May 1 ; Ott a w a May 7 ;
Pe t ersburg M ich April 2 6 ; Ch icag o M ay2 ; so uthern W iscons in
May 6 ; Keokuk Iow a April 30; Grin nell Io wa M ay1 ; Lanesboro
Minn May 7 ; A w e me Ma nitoba May 1 4 The birds of the Rocky
Mounta ins a rrive considerably later than at corresponding lat it udes in
the East Arriva lin Colorado is princip ally during t he second w e ek
W y
o
O f May ; at Cheyenne
on May 1 1 ; Terry and Grea t Falls
Mon t May 1 6 O t he r re cords in the far North are : Osler S as kat che
wan May 1 7 1 8 9 3; Red D e er Alberta M ay1 6 1 8 9 3; Pelican Rapids
At habasca May 1 8 1 9 0
3 ; near Lake Athabas ca May 1 7 1 9 0
1 ; Fort
Ch ippewyan May 2 4 1 8 93; Fort Simpson May 2 6 1 8 61 and May
4
2 1 1 90
The records of arrival of t he yello w w arbler in Texas are important
as b e aring on t he general problem O f migration routes in t he S t at e
and are as follo w s : Corpu s Christ i April 2 2 1 8 9 1 ; Refugio County
April 1 7 1 8 99 ; San An ton io April
1 8 9 0 and April 1 6 1 8 9 1 ;
Aus t in April 1 6 1 8 9 3; Dallas April 1 2 1 8 9 8 and April 1 5 1 8 9 9 ;
Bonh am Apri l 9 1 8 8 5 Apri l1 0 1 8 8 6 April 8 1 8 8 7 April 8 1 8 8 9
April 1 4 1 8 9 0 and April 1 5 1 8 9 1 and G ainesville April 1 8 1 8 8 6
and April 1 3 1 8 8 9
Some la t e spr ing records sout h of the Unit ed S t ates are as follo w s :
Central Ecuador c ommon in April ; Costa Rica May 1 ; Vera Cruz
May 6—1 0 1 8 94 ; Cozumel Island April 1 8 1 9 0
1
Fallmigr ation — The striking characteristic of the records O f t he
fall migra t ion of the yellow wa rbler is t heir earliness A long the
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56
N O RT H
A M E
R I CA N
RB L E RS
W A
.
s t e rn l ine of m igr at io n so ut h w a rd m igra nts h ave been n o t e d in c e n
y 2 0 and b yt he l a s t w eek in July t he b ird s a re in
t ral Flor ida Ju l
full t id e of m igr at ion a t N e w Orlea ns
F all m igran t s h a ve been
re c ord e d a t t he follo w ing p laces o n t he dates n am e d : K e yW est July
2 6 1 8 8 9 ; sou t he as t e rn Ni caragua Augus t 9 1 8 9 2 ; San J osé Costa
R ica A ugus t 2 5 1 8 8 9 and August 2 4 1 8 9 0; Bonda Colombia August
~
ea
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2 7, 1 8 98
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.
Cherrie say s of yello w
w arblers
m igrating through Costa Rica :
h e ymad e t h eir fi rst app earan ce in t h e fa llo f 1 8 8 9 A ugust 2 5 o n wh ich date a
n umb e r w e r e s een
T h o s e t a k e n w e re v eryfat
Fro m t h is date t h eyw e re co m
mo n a n d b yS e p t e mb er 1 7 a b un d an t T h e n t h e n umb e rs s ee m t o h a ve d imin ish e d
un t il d uring O ct o b e r N o ve mb er D e ce mb er a nd J an uar y
t h ey
w ere o n l
yt o lerab ly
D urin g t h e latt e r p art o f J an uar y
a n d t h e fi rs t o f F
t h ey
co mmo n
eb r uary
w e re t h e
mos t co mmo n w arb ler in t h e v icin it yo f S an J o sé
Fr o m t h is t ime t h e yw e re co m
mo n unt ilt h e fi rst o f M ay N o n e o f t h o se t ak e n las t sh o w e d an y
sig ns o f b ree d in g
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The b ulk of t he b ird s pa s s so u thward soon afte r the early migrants
Follo w ing a r e some of t h e records of las t noted migran ts : Near lati
tude 64° nor t h of Fort Rae Mackenz ie August 1 0 1 9 0
3 ; Great Falls
M on t Sep t ember 1 3 1 8 8 9 ; Lanesboro Minn September 1 0 1 8 8 9 ;
Ottawa September 7 1 9 0
1 ; North River Prince Edward Is land
August 2 0 1 8 8 9 ; S t John N e w B r uns w ick September 2 1 8 9 0;
Mon t real September 3 1 8 90; Le w iston Me September 5 1 8 9 8 ;
Providenc e R I Sep t e mbe r 4 1 9 01 ; Englewood N J Septembe r
Sept ember 2 4 1 8 8 7 ; W ashington Sep
1 1 8 8 6 ; Germ a n t o w n Pa
tembe r 2 8 1 8 9 0; Ra leigh N C August 2 8 1 8 8 8 ; Ashev il le N C
Sep t e mb e r 1 1 8 90; Frogmore S C September 2 8 1 8 8 6 ; Grin
nell Iow a August 2 4 1 8 8 7 Ch icago September 6 1 8 9 9 ; S t Louis
September 3 1 8 9 6 ; Onaga Kans August 2 4 1 8 94 ; B onham Tex
S e ptember 1 2 1 8 8 9 ; N e w Orleans October 2 7 1 8 9 3
Tho ugh in migra t ion th e yell o w w arbl er occurs i n Florida as far
sou t h as Key W es t and is sometimes fa ir ly common in nor t hern
Flo r id a t he n umbers t h at migrate through t he southern par t o f the
S t at e mu s t be very sm all for not a b ird pass ing nor t h or sout h has
been repor t ed from a nyof the Florid a l igh t houses The migration
rout e of the yellow w arblers t hat breed near t he A t lan t i c coas t is evi
de nt l
ysou t h w est t o northern Georgia and Alabama an d t hen across
t he Gulf of M e xico
.
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6 52
a
.
D
w s t iv a
e n dr o ica
s o n o r an a
B re ws t
So no ra Ye llo w Warb ler
.
.
This sou th w es t e rn s ubspe c ie s of the yello w w arbler nes t s i n n orth
wes t ern Mexico southern A ri z on a southern N e w Mexico and wes t ern
Texas and ex t end s it s breeding r ange nor t h w ard unt il it meets t he
eastern form approximately in central New Mex ico
It ret ires t o
Mexico and Guatemala for the w in t e r but it s range in t hese countries
has n o t y et been sat isfactorily determ in e d
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«
Ch e rrie
,
A uk , V ”
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335 , 1 8 9 0
.
58
N
OR T H
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E RS
.
from Coban Guatemala
feet altitude) ; and the only r ecord o f
it s ca pture in South America is that of an adult male take n in the
Santa Marta district at Las N ubes ” Col ombia
feet) The w in
ter home of the black throated blue w arbler is better defined than
that of any other co mmon w arbler an d allo w s a very exact determina
tion of the sq uare miles of territory occupied by it at this season
Cuba Haiti an d Jamaica w ith a combined area of
square
miles are doubtless occupied d uri ng th e w in ter b ythe great maj ority
The r emain ing birds do no t prob
o f the individual s o f the species
ably cover enough territory t o bring t he t o t alto
square miles
This is a small area compared w ith that occupied duri ng the breedi ng
season and is about equal to that part of the su mmer range of the
bird w hich extends along the Atlantic slope in the United States
S p r ing migr a tion — Outside the lighthouse records there are almost
n o spring r ecords of the black thr oated blue w arbler in Florida but
a full set o f data fro m N orth Carolina allow s a calcul ation o f the
approximate time w hen the s pecies crosses from Cuba to Florida
The average of th e earliest spring arrivals noted for eleven years at
R aleigh N C is April 2 7 w ith extr emes o f April 2 3 1 8 9 2 and May
2 1 8 9 3 in normal migration ; i n 1 8 8 8 and 1 8 94 stragglers w ere seen
some w hat earlier At Asheville N C
feet above sea level
the average for four years w as Ap r il 2 2 w ith extremes of A pril 1 9
1 8 93 and April 2 6 1 8 9 0 The s p ecies is one of the few that appear
in the mountains earlier than on the plains and the case seems t o sus
tain the theory that th e individuals of a species that breed farthest
south are th e first t o migrate in the spring ; hence t he inference that
th e arriv als n oted at Asheville w ere those of birds about t o breed in
th e vici n ity w hile th ose at R aleigh w ere of birds proceeding to more
northern breeding grounds ,
0miles n early due north fro Sombrero Key Florida
I t is about 8 0
Fe w s pecies o f birds migrate in the spring faster
t o Asheville N C
than 2 5 miles per day At th is rate it w ould require a w hol e month
for the j ourn ey o f a bird from southern Florida t o N orth Carolina
W ith th e N o rth Carolina dates in mind w e should therefore ex pect
th e black throated blue w arblers to be striking the Sombrero Key
lig ht in the latter part o f March But as a matter o f fact the b ir ds
appear there scarcely earlier than in N o r th Carolina A single bird
struck th e lighthouse March 9 1 8 8 6 and three others March 2 1 ,
W ith these exceptions the earliest dates are April 1 5 1 8 8 5,
1 886
April 1 1 1 8 8 6 April 1 9 1 8 8 7 and A pril 1 4 1 8 8 8 This ab sence o f
earlier records is not due to lack of w eath er co nditions favorable fo r
str iking for in the s pring of 1 8 8 7 bet w een March 3 and A pril 1 3 the
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5 , 1 8 66 ; S a pe , Cat B i s B i M us , X , p 3 51 , 1 8 8 5
p 20
B ull A m M us N a t H is , X I I I , p 1 7 7 , 1 9 0
I I , 36 7 , 1 9 0
0; A uk ,
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XV
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B L A CK-T H R O A T E D
S om b rero Ke ylight
BLUE
W A RB L E R
59
.
struck by birds on eleven nights Th irteen
species of war b lers w ere noted among th e birds killed but none o f
these w ere caem lescen s The latter species ho w ever w as taken in
four out of the n ext five flights T he evidence w as just as strong t he
next season This species w as not taken du ring the first six flights of
March an d early April but after April 1 4 w hen the bird was first
observed among those striking the lig ht it w as included in eve ry large
flight o f the ensui ng month This seems to s ho w that the species does
not normally begin its migration much before the middle of April
and f urth ermore that some individuals maymake the j ourney from
Cuba to the southern Allegheny Mountains at a singl e flight
The latest date on w hich a north bound migrant w as noted at R aleigh
N C in the eleven years from 1 8 9 0t o 1 9 0
0w as May 1 6 and the
average of the dates on w hich the latest migran t passed w as May 1 1
There is an apparent discrepancy bet w ee n these R aleigh dates and the
dates on w hich the birds are recorded as passing the southern Florida
lighthouses As previously sho w n the journey from the lighthouses
to N orth Carolina should occupy a month yet black throated blue w a r
bl
e r s struck the lig h ts in May for five consecutive years and in 1 8 8 9
as late as May 2 9 On May 8 1 8 8 8 41 birds struck the ligh ts and o n
May 1 2 1 8 ; 1 7 bir ds struck o ne of the lighthouses near St Augus
t ine May 1 4 1 8 8 4 and dead birds w ere picked up at Alligator R eef
lighthouse May 2 1 1 8 8 5 and May 1 1 1 8 8 8 N orth of R aleigh the
average date of arrival at Frenchcreek W V a is A pril 2 9 ; W ash
in g to n D C and R enovo Pa May 3; Philadel phia and southeastern
N e w York M ay6 ; northeastern N e w York May 9 ; central M as sa
ch usett s
May 8 ; Boston May 1 0; St : John sbury V t May 9 ;
southern Maine May 1 4 ; Quebec May 1 1 ; central N e w Bruns w ick
May 1 6
I n southern Louisiana and southern Mississi ppi the black throated
blue w arbler is almost unknown I n eight years collecting in this
region three good ornithologists saw but t w o individuals of t he spe
cies I n north w estern Mississippi ho wever at Shell Mound three
birds w ere seen on A pril 7 1 8 9 2 and the species w as common the next
day At N ew Orleans spri ng migrants w ere recorded on March 2 2
1 8 94 and March 2 6 , 1 8 97
These dates are in advance of those o f the
ordinary migr ation to southern Florida and undoubtedly represent a
movement directly across the Gulf of Mexico
Migration w est of the Alleghenies corres ponds almost exactly in
time w ith that at corresponding latitudes along the Atlantic slope as
evidenced by the follo w ing records of average date of arrival : Brook
ville I nd April30; W aterloo I nd May 5 ; northern Ohio Chicago
and southern Michigan May 7 ; Mil w aukee W is
May 9 ; southern
Ontario May 8 ; Parry Sound district Ontario May 1 0; Ottaw a
May 1 1
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60
W A R B L E RS
A M E R I CA N
N O RT H
—The black throated blue
.
has O ne o f the
simplest of fall migratio n routes The indiv idual s breeding in N e w
E nglan d an d to the north w ard follow the Coast S tates to Florida and
cross to the W est I ndies while those from the interior migrate south
an d slightly southeast t o j oin the eastern birds F
irst migrants are
noted o n the aver age at Chicago September 1 the earlies t d ate bei ng
Aug ust 2 5 1 8 9 8 N ear Philadelphia the average fo r six year s is Sep
tember 1 3 and t he earliest da t e Septe mber 8 1 8 98 T he earliest
migrant at W as hing to n was noted August 2 1 1 8 8 7 R ecords o f a ver
age date of last birds see n are : Ottaw a September 2 9 ; Chicago Octo
her 1 ; R en ovo , Pa October 6 and Frenchcreek W V a , October 9
Some l ate s t records are : Ottaw a October 7, 1 90
0; Chicago October
1 0 1 8 9 7 Petitcodiac N e w B runs w ick September 5, 1 8 8 6 ; Mon treal ,
September 2 4, 1 8 8 7 Lew iston M e Octo ber 3 1 8 97 R enovo , Pa
Octo ber 1 1 1 8 9 7 W ashi n gton October 1 4, 1 8 8 8 ; Frenchcreek
W V a , and Asheville N
October 1 5 1 8 9 0 The first o f the spe
cies to reach southern Florida u sually arrive early i n September
though few individual s are noted before the middle o f the month fol
lowing wh ich they co me in clouds At the lighthouses large flights
are o b served every few days from September 1 3 to N ovember 1 8
Omitting an accidental occurrence on July 2 8 the extremes o f fall
migration at the lighthouses are fro m September 3 t o N ovember 30
or nearly a third o f the en tire year
I n 1 8 8 8 bl ack throated blue
warblers were quite common from August 5 t o N ovember 1 0at St
Lucie , o n the east coast o f F
lo rida At Ra leigh , N
most o f the
fall migrants are seen betw een Octo b er 4 and Octo b er 1 9 ; and , omit
ting a single s tray bird noted N ove mb er 1 9 1 8 8 5 the ext reme dates
are September 1 1 and October 2 4 Th us the first birds appear at
R aleigh j ust about the time the h eaviest flights are passing Sombrero
Key
Black throated blue warblers strike the lighthouse at Sombrer o
Key in greater n umbers than any other kind o f bird , particularly dur
ing th e fall migration Although they w ere observed t o strike the
fi v e difle r e n t nigh ts in the course o f five
light in spring o n twenty —
years the tota l o f their n umbers ( 1 2 2 ) w as no t large But in the
fall their aggregate is very great I n five years time they str uc k the
light o n seventy seven nights and as a result 450dead birds were picked
up on the platform under the lantern Prob ably a still l arger nu mber
fell into the sea A ddi ng to these t hese that were mer ely stunn ed
and th at remained on th e balcony under the light until able t o resume
their j ourney the kee per counted
birds that struck There
were two nights however , when the numbers o f this species w ere so
great that no a ttempt w as made to count them Th e Fowey R ocks
l ighthouse w as struck o n thirty different night s I t is cer tain , there
fore that the b lack throated blue w arbler passes in en ormous n umbers
’
al
l
migra tion
w ar bl
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M Y
RT L E
W AB BLE R
61
.
alo ng both coasts o f southern Florida Yet j udging by the state
ments of local observers the species is rare from central Florida t o
the souther n Alleghenies At Puntarasa a third o f the way up th e
w est coast of Florida Atkins con siders it common in fall and rare in
spring ; a little farther north at Tar pon Spring s according to Scott
it is rare in spring and absent in the fall ; at Gainesville F 1a Chap
man saw but six individuals in the entire spring of 1 8 8 7 ; and at
Hasbrouck s aw none N orth of Florida three g ood
Palatka Fla
observers in Alabama and t wo in Georgia do not report the species
I n five years collecting in South Carolina it w as no t noted by Hoxie
and o nlv four out of nine observers in N orth Carolina report its
occurrence
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M y
c a c o r o n at a
rtle W arbler
B reedin g r c mga —Th e myrtle w arbler breeds generally in Labrado r
6 55
e n dr o i
D
.
.
r
,
Quebec Ontario N e w Bruns w ick N ova Scotia and
northern N e w E n g land and locally in southern Maine reachin g there
its southernmost breedin g ground at ocean level I t breeds common ly
in the mountains of N e w Hampshire and Vermont and in the Adir e h
dacks less commonly in the Catskills and the elevated portions of
Massachusetts and is rare or accidental in summer at Utica and Buf
falo N Y The regular breeding range extends w est w ard from the
Adirondacks along the north shore of Lake Huron to the north ern
peninsula of Michigan and the hill district of northeastern Minn esota
I t has been found b reeding from Manitoba to central Keew a t in and
through the N orthw est Territories British Columbia and Alaska to
the shores of the Arctic Ocean There is one record of the species
A female in worn plumage t aken
b reeding on the island of Jamaica
at Key W est July 2 8 1 8 8 8 may have nested in a southern latitude
A specimen (young of t he year) taken at Ciudad Durango Mexico
July 2 7 b w as mo ul ting into the fir st aut umn plumage
W a ter r a nge — The myrtle w arbler is the hardiest of the w arblers
o f the United States and spends the cold season as far north as south
easte r n Kansas southern I llinois southe rn I ndiana and southern N e w
E ngland
I t w in ters regularly and commonly in N orth Caroli n a
even at an altit ude of
feet and along the coast and a fe w miles
inland it occurs w ith more or less frequency as far north as M assachu
setts and even to Cape E lizabeth Me At W orcester Mas s in th e
central part of the State it w inters regularly b ut sparingly Although
the w inter and summer homes of the species in Massachusetts are th u s
n o t widely se parated it is not to b e supposed that the w inter b irds
are the sam e individuals that breed in the elevated parts of the State;
these latter doubtless have passed so uth
N e w foun dland ,
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S co t t A uk , V , p 430
1 888
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b S h ar e Cat B irds B rit M us
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p 31 4, 1 8 8 5
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62
OR T H
N
A M E R I CA N
W A R B L E RS
.
The myrtle bird is found in w inter throu g ho ut the Bahamas an d is
a common w inter resident of Cuba Haiti Jamaica and Porto R ico
I t also includes in it s w inter range eastern Texas and eastern Mexico
w here it is one of the co mmonest w inter birds from t he coast
to
feet and is less common
feet higher I t ranges w est
rarely to Guanaj uato and reach es the Pacific Ocean at t he I sthmus o f
Tehuantepec I t is not uncommon in Yu catan ’l and is generally dis
tributed in Gu atemala up t o an elevation o f
feet Farther
cas t it is no t common
though it has been taken at Belize British
Hon du r as San Pedro Honduras and o n the islan ds o ff the coasts o f
Yucatan and H o ndur as d T he species has been found in eastern
N icarag ua from N ove mber 2 8 to February 1 6 has been taken in Costa
R ica in the Angostura Mountains and tw ice at San J o s é f a nd has been
recor ded tw ice in Panama— at Lion Hill near th e north coast and at
Chiriqui in the mountains on the Pacific slope I t has not yet been
reported from the mai nland of South America The foregoin g record s
sh o w that the winter distribution o f the s pecies in Mexico and Central
America is not such as w ould be anticipated of a b ird so strictly boreal
in its breedin g habits I n gene ral it occupies the coasts and the lo wer
plateaus w hile the sides of the mountains wh ere it w ould be expecte d
t o occur are occupied by its w estern relative the Audubon w arbler
S p r in g migr a tion —The myrtle w arbler is on e o f the fi r st migrants
to move north w ard A large fligh t struck th e Alligato r R eef light
house February 2 3 1 8 9 2 and s ome 6 0birds struck th e Sombrero Key
lighthouse March 3 1 8 8 9 By the middle o f March migration is w ell
under w ayover all the w inter range and the foremost bir ds keep
close behind the disappearance o f frost A strange state o f affairs
appear s in co n nection w ith the migration o f the myrtle w arbler in the
district j ust north of the ordinary winter range The bird is w ell
kno w n and the records are so numerou s that the usual dates of arrival
can be ascertained w ith much accuracy Four towns in Pennsylv an ia
varying in altitude from Philadelphia at sea level to R enovo at about
feet report average dates of arrival rangin g from April 2 7 to
April 30 D irectly north in the w estern half o f N e w York the aver
age date o f arrival varies from May 1 to M ay3 and the same dates
w ill cove r the us u al time when the first birds appear in no r th w estern
Ohio I n southeastern N e w York the average date o f a r rival is April
2 5 ; at Bosto n A pril 2 2 ; in southern N e w Hampshire and sout hern
Maine A pril 2 3 ; at St John N e w Bruns w ick ( average o f eleven
years o f observation ) A pril 2 3 and in the Province o f N e w Bru ns
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d N at S ci P il, p 2 1 0
90
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; B
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c S al
vin , I is , p 2 48 , 1 8 8 8
d Ri
U 8 N a t M us ,
575 , 1 8 8 8
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gw , P o
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ages ,
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W A RB L E R
M YR T L E
63
.
24
average
of
nine
years
rec
rds
in
various
places
April
o
)
(
the first myrtle w arblers are noted in N ew Brunswick about a
0
before they are seen in Pen nsylvania and N e w Jersey some 60
to the southwest The ave rage dates of arrival in southern
O nt ario ar e a few days earlier than in the portions of N e w York
Around Lake
Pen n sylvania and Ohio lying directly to the south
Michigan stretches another district of early spring appearance The
is A pril 1 6 ;
a verage date of arrival at Chicago and R ockfor d
Mil w aukee W is April 1 8 and Grand R apids Mich April 1 6 The
same anomalous state of affairs fo und along th e Atlantic coast appears
At four to w ns in southeastern I o w a the
o n the Mississippi R iver
average date of arrival aggregating tw enty seven years of observa
tion is A pril 1 9 ; w hile the average date for nine years at Lanesboro
Minn and for seven years at E lk R iver Mi nn is in each case April
Thus the myrtle w arbler appears three days earlier at E lk R iver
16
than in the district 30
0miles farther do w n the river
Outside of the districts of a pparently irregu lar movemen t the first
myrtle w arblers a ppear on the average at Pictou N ova Scotia April 30;
Halifax N ova Scotia May 2 and N orth R iver Prince E d w ard I sland
A pril 2 6 T he arrival of the mvr t le w arbler at N orth R iver is there
fore one day earlier than at Beaver Pa w hile in t he case of 1 1
other w arblers the averag e arrival is thirteen days later Southe rn
Michigan is reached on the average April 2 5 southern Ontario April
The migr ants up the Mississippi Valley pass
2 9 and Otta w a May 2
into s outhern M anitoba April 2 3 and have been noted at Os ler Sas
k at che wan May 4 1 8 9 3; E dmonton Albe r ta May 8 1 90
3 ; n ear Atha
basea Landing May 4 1 9 0
1 ; Fort Simpson Macken z ie May 1 6 1 8 6 1
and May 7 1 9 0
4 ; and Fort Good Hope M ackenzie May 2 5
The
w estern b irds arrive in southern British Columbia April 1 5 ; at For t
R eliance on the upper Yukon May 5 and at th e mouth of t he Yukon
May 1 8 I n 1 8 9 9 the first w ere noted on the Ko w ak R iver in north
w estern Alask a May 2 2
By t he last of March all the myrtle w arblers have departed from
Jamaica Haiti Cuba and the Bah amas The latest recorded date
o f striking o f th is s pecies at any of the Flor ida lighth o uses is April
By the middle o f the month the latest northbo und birds
3 1889
have left southern Florida For six years the average date on w hich
the latest birds passed R aleigh N C was May 6 Directly w est o f
R aleigh at Asheville
feet up in the mountains the latest
migrants seen in t he s pring w ere noted on April 2 5 1 8 9 0; A pril 30
1 8 94 ; May
I n six years time at N e w
and May
Orleans the a verage date of departure o f the latest myrtle w arbler was
April 2 2 w ith variations from April 2 1 to April 2 7 Most of th e
migrants cross th e R io Grande into Texas about the middle o f March
an d it is the middle o f April befo r e the last have passed north
wick
Thus
week
miles
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64
N
Fallmig
raf
/ io n .
OR T H
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E RS
.
—As w ould be expect ed from its nor thern breeding
range th e myrt le warbl er is a lat e f all migrant I t us ually r eaches
E nglewood N J
September 2 6 ; Philadel phia September 2 7 and
At R aleigh , N C , the average date o f its
W ashington October 1
arrival for t w elve years is Octo ber 1 6, with extrem es o f October 1 1
1 8 8 6 and October 2 1 1 8 8 5
N o t ma ny my rtle w arblers re ach Flo rida
before N ovem b er and they are th e l as t migra nts to a rr ive in Cuba
I n 1 8 8 7 none o f the species struck at Sombrero Key lighthouse un til
N o v em b er 1 1 b ut the n ext fall they began striking October 3 and
were noted also o n Octo ber 4 9 an d 2 9 , N ovember 4 1 0 and 1 1 and
D ecember 1
The first migrants r each northw ester n Min nesota a b out
September 8 ; Lanesboro Minn September 2 2 ; south ern W is consin
September 2 5 ; Chicago September 2 7 W aterl oo I nd October 3
and St Louis th e first w eek in October The average date of fall
arriv als fo r seven years in the vicinity o f N e w Orleans is October 1 8
wi th extremes o f October 1 2 1 8 9 5 and 1 8 9 7 and Octo ber 31 1 8 9 3
This is a little earlier than in corresponding latitudes alon g the
Atl antic co as t Th e myrtle w arblers desert the northern part o f their
breeding range by th e l as t o f August o r early in September but their
sout hw ard retreat is s o slow that many are still north o f the Unit ed
States until wel linto October The last fall migrant was seen August
0
2 4, 1 90
3 at latitude 6 5 nea r Great Bea r Lake ; and almost t w o months
°
later o n October 1 5 a straggler w as seen near latitude 6 2 o n the
M ackenzie R iver R ecords o f the average date of the last seen are :
A w eme , Manitob a, and Parry Soun d district , Ontario October 1 0
;
Ott awa Octobe r 2 3; southern Ontario October 2 4; Quebec and N orth
R iver , Prince E dw ard I sl and , October 8 ; St J ohn N e w Brunswick
October 2 3 Th e d ates are no t much later in the norther n Un ited
S ta tes where the species has been noted on the average at Lanesboro
Minn until October
Gri nnell I owa October 2 8 ; Chicago , Octo
ber 2 3; south ern M ain e October 1 7 ; central Mass achusetts , October
1 9 ; cen t ral Con necticut October 2 6 ; southeas te rn N ew York , N ovem
ber 1 2 ; Phil adelphi a N ovember 9
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6 56
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c
e n dr o i a au dub o n i
D
( T o wns
A udubo n W
.
arbler
.
The Audubon w arbler replaces the myrtle warbler
from the R ock yMountains to the Pacific I t breeds north to British
Columbia Alber ta ( Calga ry) , Monta n a and the Black Hills o f South
Dakota south to souther n Cal
ifor nia, north ern Arizona and N ew
Mexico a nd east to Colorado and wester n N ebraska I t has occurred
I t nests t o a n altit ude
a ccidenta lly in Penn sylv a nia and M a ss achuset t s
feet
of
W hile to the eastw ar d the Audubon warbler sca r cely
Win ter r an ge —
w i nters north t o the R io Grande yet on the Pacific slope it is found
s o f Ca liforn ia, and a few spend
a t this seas o n in most o f the valley
B
r eedin g r a nge
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66
N O RTH
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E RS
.
the hot coastal r egion of Mexico and CentralAmerica I t s w inter
home in Mexico extends from northeastern Puebla an d central Vera
Cru z to the Pacific coast of eastern Oaxaca and east w ard to Tabasco and
Chia pas I t is fairly co mmon i n the lower parts of this district and
less co mmon in the higher The highest altitude at which it has b een
n oted in w inter is about
feet although in spring migration a few
individuals have been seen at Orizaba Ve ra Cruz at
feet eleva
tion I n Guatemala the species is found on the lo w lands of the Pacific
coast and to a n al t itude o f
feet throughout much o f the country
as far north as Vera Paz
I t has been noted at the followin g p oints on
the Atlantic coast o f Mexico and Central America : N ortheastern Yuca
tan ( common in spring migratio n) ; Cozumel I sland eastern Yucatan
( January ) ; Belize British Honduras ; R uat an I sland ( common ) and
Truxillo Honduras ; coast of southeastern N icaragua ( quite common ) ;
Costa R ica (on e record ) ; and Panama ( not infrequent o n the north coast)
I t is r ecorded from Lake N icaragua w here it is rare
The Bahamas and C uba are commonly included in the w inter range
o f the magnolia w arbler but there is no positive record of the occur
ren ce o f the bird in w inter in either The statements of Bryant that in
N ew Providence Bahamas th e magnolia w arbler w as as abunda n t as
i n the United States and that a few w ere seen as early as the 1 5th
of M ar ch are certainly questionable
Six specimens were taken
on W at ling s I sland ” Bahamas October 6—2 1 1 8 9 1 probably in fall
migration The island of E le ut he ra fi Bahamas is given by Cory as
o ne of the places w here the species has occur r ed but n o authority is
cited in suppo r t o f the statement The species w as once seen in April
in Cub a d and once in D ece mber in Hai t i and there are strange records
0
o f capture in Porto R ico f September 2 6 1 8 9 9 an d December 2 6 1 9 0
All these W est I ndian records probably refer to w andering birds
Similar wanderings have been noted far ther north The bird has
been taken a fe w t imes at the easter n base of the R ocky Mountains ,
three times in California and t w ice in British Columbia
S p ring migr a tion — The dates of arrival of the magnolia w ar bler in
spring furnish the best evidence yet available in su pport of the theory
th at birds migrating across the Gulf of Mexico do not al wa y
s alight
as soon as they reach the shore The species is a common spring
migran t from the Mississippi R iver to the Atlantic bet w een latitudes
South of this district it becomes less and less common
37 O and 39 0
except in th e moun tains unti l in the Gulf S tates it is r are ( I n the
of
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1 885
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M AG N
OL I A
W A RB L E R
67
.
fall it is common in the Gulf and South Atla ntic S tates to norther n
Georgia ) I n spring migration it appears at nea rly the same time
throughout th e region extending from Lake Michigan and C hesapeake
Bay south to the Gulf of Mexico as is sho w n by the following record s
Fla April 2 7 1 8 8 9 ;
o f earliest appearance in spring : Key W est
2 ; Rising
Kirkwoo d, G a April 2 6 1 8 9 8 April 2 0 1 9 0
0 April 2 9 , 1 90
Faw n , G a , May 1 1 8 8 5 ; Chester County S C ( gene ral summary o f
”
’
fou rt een years observa tion )
first two w eeks of May ; Asheville
M
1
1
5
N
1
8
8
1
9
R
May 8 1 8 90
May
aleigh
May
7
8
9
N
;
,
ay
95
1
2
8
1
Shelby
May
Orleans
May
a
4
8
98
N
e
w
9
A
l
10
1
8
8
;
,
,
;
,
May 5, 1 8 97 Ap ril 2 6 , 1 9 0
3; R odn ey Mi ss May 3, 1 8 8 9 ; Helena
1 ; Lexing
Ark , May 3 1 8 96 May 8 1 8 9 8 ; Acton Ky May 4, 1 90
M ay1 , 1 8 99 ; Pierce City M o , May 2 1 8 8 5 ; St Louis
t o n, Ky
,
4 1 886
M ay3, 1 8 8 2 , May 3 1 8 8 3 May 5, 1 8 8 4 May 4 1 8 8 5 M ay
May 5 1 8 8 7, May 5 1 8 8 8 Averages of date o f ar riv al for seve ral
years ar e: April 30at W as hington ( ea rliest date April 2 2 ,
May
5 at B ea ver , Pa , an d May 6 at Chicago ( earliest date May 1
N orth o f this district t he migration is fairly uniform though rapid
the first m agnolias being seen on the average at R enovo Pa May 7 ;
in central Massachusetts , May 1 1 ; St John N ew Brunswick , May 1 6
M ontreal M ay2 0; Godbout Quebec May 2 2 and N orth R iver
Prince E dward I sland , M a 2 6
W est of the Alleghenies the average
date of arrival in norther n Oh io is May 8 ; southern Ontario May 1 1 ;
Ottawa M ay1 3; southern M ichigan May 1 1 ; southern W isconsin
May 1 0; Lanesboro Minn M ay9 ; A w eme Manitoba M ay
The
16
first arrival was seen at Qu A ppelle Assiniboia May 1 8 , 1 8 99 ; Gran d
Ra pids Athabasca , May 2 2 1 9 0
3 ; Fort Chippewyan Athabasca May
2 3 1 90
1 , and F
o rt Simpson , M ackenzie, M ay2 3, 1 8 60 and May 31 ,
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1 90
4
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The r ecords from central Mass achusetts St John N ew Brunswick
B eaver Pa Ottawa Lanesboro Minn , and A w eme , M anitoba , all
make it probable that f om May 5 t o May 1 5 the magnolia warbler is
migrating at a sp eed of 40to 45 miles per day I f it is a fact , as seems
probable that all birds mig rate fas ter as they near the northern part
of their range, then it follo w s that the magnoli a warbler eith er enters
the United States seve ral days previous to A pril 1 4, or else in its initi al
flight passes far inl and
I n souther n Texas w here the s pecies is not common , t he dates are
comparatively late , as the fol lo w ing list sho w s : Lower R io Grande
April 2 2 1 8 9 0; Corpus Christi May 1 1 8 8 2 M ay
1 4 1 8 98 ; Bee County
8 7 ; San Antonio May 1 2 1 8 91
Apri l2 0
, 18
R ecords o f the spring movements o f the Magnolia warbler in Mexico
e t too meager to sho w any departures cor
and Central America are y
responding t o the late appearance of the s pecies in the United States
S umichrast says th at mag nolia warblers occur from D ecember to Ma r ch
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68
N O RT H
A M E R I CA N
W A R B L E RS
.
in Oaxaca Mexico ; R ichmon d s aw none after February 5 in N icaragua ;
and along the eastern coast of Yu catan w h ere there w as previou s ly but
a single record of occurrence the parties of the Biolo g ical Survey found
them in s prin g mi g ration common to A pril 1 3 Some records o f latest
dates on w hich t he birds w ere note d in sp r ing in the southern part of
th e U nited States are as follo w s : Key W est Fla May 1 7 1 8 8 7 ; D al
las Tex May 1 8 1 8 9 8 ; Helena Ark May 1 6 1 8 9 7 ; Shelby Ala
May 1 2 1 8 9 8 ; St Louis M ay1 8 -1 8 8 4 May 2 2 1 8 8 5 M ay
/ 1 8 1 88 7
Fa ll migr a t ion — Over much o f the southern part of the Un ited
State s the magnolia warbler though rare in spring is common in fall
The first fall migrants have been noted at Lanesboro Minn August
1 2 1 8 8 7 ; Grin nell I o w a A ugust 2 0 1 8 8 6 ; Chicago August 1 2 1 8 96
;
E ngle w ood N J and W ashington , A ugust 1 6 1 8 8 9 ; and R aleigh
N C September 1 1
I n Chester County S C the fourteen year
records o f Loomis show that the earliest arrival from the N orth durin g
that time was o n S eptember 3; that the bird is not u nco mmon in S ep
tember ; that th e main body of m
igrants arrive about October 1 ; and
that all are go ne before October 1 5 Latest dates on w hich fall mi gran t s
w ere noted are : A w e me Ma n itoba September 1 7 1 9 0
0; Lanesboro
Minn September 1 2 1 8 8 9 ; Ottawa September 1 9 1 8 9 5 ; N orth R iver
Prince E d w ard I sland September 8 1 8 9 0
; St John N e w Bruns w ick
September 7 1 8 9 0; Chicago October 9 1 8 94 ; Philadelphia October
9 1 8 8 8 ; W ashington October 1 0
; and Asheville N C October 1 0
At N e w Orleans the species is o ne of the common fall migrants
1 8 94
During three years the average date o f earliest arrival w as September
1 8 ; the birds w ere present in largest n umbers from September 2 5 to
October 7 ; and the dates on w hich the latest m
igrants w ere noted
ranged from October 2 3 1 8 9 7 to N ovember 1 1 8 95 South of the
United States the magnolia w arbler has been taken at Truxil lo
Honduras September 2 7 1 8 8 7 and the first arrival has been noted in
southeastern N icaragua ” October 2 7 1 8 9 2
The g eneral path of mig ration of the s pecies seems to cross the mid
dle of the Gulf of Mexico I t is bounded approximately on the eas t
by a line dra w n from the north ce nt r al part of Georgia to eastern
Yu catan w hile few individuals seem to proceed farth e r w est than
the coast lin e from eastern Texas to southern Ve r a Cr uz I n common
wi t h some tw enty other s pecies of birds the magnolia w ar b ler seems to
make its flig ht betw een the United States and Yucatan without takin g
advantage of the peninsula of Florida o r u sing Cuba as a stopping
place At the southern end of the Allegheny Mountains it is a com
mon migrant w hile it has been noted only three times in Florida and
only once in Cuba
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W A RB L E R
CE R U L E A N
6 58
B
D
.
c a c e r u le a ( W ils ) Cerulean W arbler
r a n ge — The principal summer home of the cerulea n
e n dr o i
reed ng
i
69
.
.
.
war
bler is in the valley of the Ohio R iver The species ranges eastward
to Virgini a Maryland western Pennsylvania and western and central
N e w York but is much less common in this region being rare east of
the Allegheny Mountains I t occ urs casually in N e w Jersey and south
ern N e w E ngland N orth of the Ohio Valley it ranges to southern
Ontario southern Michigan and southern Minnesota I t is found
regularly w est to eastern N ebraska eastern Kansas and eastern Texas
w hile accidental occurrences h ave been noted at Den v er
and R io Mimbres N Mex The southern limits of its regular
breeding range are the mountains of Virginia and Ten n essee ; but it
has been kno w n to breed irregularly along the Choptan k R iver in
w estern Dela w are at Bal t imore Md Greensboro Ala in Fra n klin
and St Tam many paris hes La and in the Creek and Cherokee N atio n s
Okla One of the parties of the Biologica l Survey t ook an old male
2 a t T e xar k ana Tex
a nd a you n g male of th e year on Jun e 2 4 1 9 0
W in ter r an g e —The cerulean w arbler is chiefly found in w inter in
South America from Panama sout h to Peru in w hich country it
seems to have its center of abundance I n w estern Per u Jels ki
found it common at Monterico and other places in t he mountains east
of Lima at
to
feet elevation always in w andering flocks
w hich w ere sometimes quite lar g e and contain ed both old and young
birds I t s abun dance in northern Peru is remarked by S to lz mann ”
o r ia
I n central Peru a specimen w as taken in January , 1 8 9 1 at G l
feet) and a female on March
at San E milio f in the
Valley of Vitoe (above
feet) I n northeastern Peru S t o lz mann
took three cerulean w arblers on February 1 0and March 1 5 1 8 8 0 at
Huambo "l
feet) The southernmos t records of the species are
fro m N airapi and T ilo t ilo near La Paz Bolivia at an elevation o f at
least
feet the greatest altitude at which the bird has been
f and Sara
observed
Specimens w ere taken at M apo t o f M achay
yacu 9 in central E cuador on dates ranging from N ovember to Feb
r uar y
and at altitudes v arying from
to 7 0
0
0feet Others w ere
also secured on th e R io N apo ” in eastern E cuador The s pecies is
not uncommon on both coasts and in the mountai ns o f Panama but it
seems to mi g rate through w estern Colombia avoid ing the moun tain s o f
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an d S t o l
z ma
nn , P
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1 8 96
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p 594, 1 8 79
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e ps ch , P
S , p 74 , 1 8 8 5
.
f T a cian o w sk i an d B er
9 S harpe , Cat B ird s B rit M us
h S cl
ater, P Z S , p 64, 1 8 58
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p 651 , 1 8 8 5
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70
OR TH
N
A M E RI C A N
W A R B L E RS
.
the no rt hern part where it has not b een found by any of the explo r ers
w ho have m ade such lar g e collections in the Santa M arta r egio n
It
has been take n at Medellin in the mountains of central Colombia at
feet ; at Bog ota ; b and there ar e spe cimens in t he B ritis h Museum
fr om the interi or o f Colombia and A ntioqui a
I t is not probable that the cerulea n warbler wi n te rs north of Pan ama
but there are a few recor ds o f the species du ring the migra tions I t
w as seen four times du ring the fa ll migration at S an J o sé Co sta R ica
;
it was on ce t aken at S an Pedro in north w estern Honduras once by
Gun dl ach in April in Cuba and once o n the isl an d of G rand Cay
man f
and o ne struck the lighth ouse at Cay
Lo bos “ Baham as , April 2 6, 1 90
1
There is no N icaragua r ecord The only records betwee n H onduras
’ ”
and Texas are o f D eppe s specimens s aid to h ave been taken in Mexico ;
Schott s record fo r Yucata n i and those of the t wo specimens noted by
B aird ,’ o n e as being in the cabinet o f Lawrence and coming from
’
“
Guatemala , the other o ne of V erreaux s birds ; labeled Coban Guat e
m ala ” This species was no t seen by anyo f the parties whose work
formed the b as is o f the Biologia Cent rali Americana nor has it b een
noted in Mexico by anyo f the parties o f the Biological Su rvey
S p ring migra tion —There is but o ne Ma rch reco rd o f the cer ulean
e r i n the Unite d St ates and this is o f one taken o n the 2 3d of
w ar b l
the month in 1 8 90at the Tortugas The spring records o f the bird
at E uban k , Ky cover a period of eight years The average d ate of
th e first bird seen is April 1 3; date of second seen , April 1 4 ; da t e when
bi rds w ere co mmon A pril 2 0; extreme dates of first arrival , April 5
The ear liest da t e for the species in C hester
1 8 92 , and Ap r il 2 1 , 1 8 9 5
County S C is April 1 3 w hile at St Louis the average d ate o f arri val
Other r ecords o f average da te o f first seen are : B rook
is April 1 5
ville , I nd April 2 7 Beaver , Pa May 1 ; Petersburg Mich M ay2
and southern On tario , May 7 I n 1 90
2 the first bird was r eported
from N orth Freedom W is May 4 and in 1 8 8 7 from Lan esboro
Minn May 5 T hese dates seem to determine quite closely t he time
o f arr ival o f the earli es t birds at th eir b r eeding grounds but there
are no corresponding dates for the Gulf Co as t The date s fo r Key
1a , are April 1 6 1 8 8 7, and April 2 9 1 8 8 9 ; for N e w Orleans
W est F
as reco rds of first
April 8 1 8 98 and April 1 0
All
the
Tex
99
8
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S clater a nd S alvin , P Z S , p 494,
ater, Cat A m B irds , p 31 , 1 862
b S cl
CCh errie A uk I X
2 1 , 1 8 92
,
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vin , P Z S , p 8 36 ,
ate r and S al
4 G un dl
ach , J f O rn , p 41 4, 1 8 72
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S harpe, Cat B irds B rit M
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1 8 70
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1, 18 86
f Cor , A uk , I I I , p 50
3
g B onh o t e, A uk , XX , p 1 7 1 , 1 9 0
Verz M ex VO g 2 , 1 8 30
h L icht ens tein, Preis—
8 69
0
i L awren ce , A nn L c N at H is t , I X , p 2 0
, 1
j B aird , R ev A m B ird s, 1 , p 1 91 , 1 8 65
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CH E S T N U T -S I D
71
D W A RB L E R
'
E
.
arrivals are late : Brownsville April 1 4 1 8 90; Corpus Christi mid
dle of April 1 90
0; R efugio County April 1 7 1 8 9 9 ; Bee County
A pril 2 1 1 8 8 7 ; Dallas A pril 2 0 1 8 9 8 ; Gainesville April 1 5 1 8 8 7
and Apri l 2 2 1 8 8 9 R ecords of arrival north of Texas are : Clinton ,
Ark April 2 4 1 8 90; S tat e s b uryMo April 30 1 8 94 ; I ndependence
Mo April 2 9 , 1 9 0
0 and Onaga Kans May 4 1 8 96
Fall migra tion —The cerulean w arbler is a rare mig rant in the
States along the Atlantic coast though it has been noted in the Care
linas G eorgia and Florida I n northeastern Texas and Louisiana it
is not u ncommon I t s main route of migration seems to cross the
Gulf of Mexico chiefly from Louisiana and Mississip pi The species
is one of the first to start on the south w ard migration By the middle
of summer it has reached the Gulf coast and is w ell on its w ayto it s
At Beauvoir and Bay St Louis on the coast o f Missis
w inter home
si ppi it has appeared in difi er e nt years on dates ranging from July
1 2 to 2 9
For a few days it is common attaining the height of its
abundance about the firs t w eek in August I t then passes south ward
so rapidly that Cherrie was able to record its presence on August 2 4
1 8 9 0 at San José Costa R ica
By N ovember it r e aches central E cua
dor Though the bulk of the birds perform their migration at this
early date some lagga rds remain behind until late in the season R ec
ords of latest migrants are : London Ontario September 1 1 9 0
0; Liv
onia Mich September 1 1 8 92 ; Beaver Pa Septe mber 1 4 1 8 8 9 ;
and Berw yn Pa September 2 7 1 8 8 9 At E ubank Ky migration
movements w ere recorded for the eight years 1 8 8 8 to 1 8 95 The
average date of the last bird seen at this l ocality w here the species
breeds abundantly is August 2 3 and the latest date is September 1 4
I n Chester County S
j ust across the mountains from E ubank
w here the earliest southbound birds are reported to arrive b y
Au g ust
8 the species has bee n seen as late as October 2 2
I n 1 8 8 6 in central
Texas some small flocks w ere reported as late as October I t w ould
seem that these w ere unus ually late birds for Cherrie states that the
ig rants leave San J o s é Costa R ica by the end of October
latest m
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6 59
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D
c
e n dr o i a
pe n s
l an i c
y
v
a
,
( L inn
.
Chestnut-sided W
.
arbler
.
— Througho u
t N e w E ngland , N e w York and Penn
sylvania the chestnut sided w ar b ler is one of the commonest breeding
w arbler s
I t also breeds regularly though n o t c o mmo nl
yin parts
of northern Ohio , I ndiana , and I llinois , and w estw ard to eastern
N ebraska n esting in t he latter State as far south as Omaha
I t has
been taken once in W yomin g I ts north ward ran g e is at least to
N ewfoundland Ontario and the Saskatche w an
South of its normal
breeding range it has been noted in summer at St Louis and at Mun
g e r in southeastern Missouri and a fe w times i n the lo w er W ab ash
Valley of I llinois and I ndiana I t has been o nce recorded as breeding
B
r eedin g r ang e
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'
72
N O RTH
W A R B L E Rs
A M E R I CA N
.
at Sea I sle City near the coast at the extreme southern e nd o f N ew
Jersey I n the Al leg heny Mountain s th e bir d breeds much farther
south During the breeding season it is common to abundan t in t he
mountains of N orth Carolina at an elevation of
feet and
not uncommon at correspo nding elevations in the northwester n pa rt
of South Carolina I t probably breed s sparingly in northern Georgia
W in ter r an ge —The chestnut sided w arbler w inters fro m Guatemala
to Panama , both o n the coast and in the lo wer mountain s I t is abun
dan t alo ng th e co ast o f southeastern N icaragua and less common
throug hout Guatemala There are four records of its occurrence in
Honduras — at San Pedro and T r uxillo b on the north coast and on the
islands o f B o nacca and B uatan
The only record for Yucatan “ is of
a specimen taken at Merida April 1 8 1 8 65 There are records from
Costa Rica w hich denote that the species occurs in September on the
high plateaus is abundant duri n g the fall migration and rare in the
spring at San J o s é f
feet) and w as common during the fall of
les g
feet) The only
1 8 9 5 o n the Pacific slope at M iraval
Mexican records probably all made during migration are of speci
mens taken in April at Playa Vicente ” on the hot lo w lands of Oaxaca ;
i
a
a
l
a
J
r
le os , Tamaulipas ; and at
o n May 1 6 , 1 8 8 8 at Canyon Cav e l
p
State o f Vera Cruz
Late w riters have commo nly included the Bahamas in the winter
range o f the chestnut sided w arbler N early half a cent ury ago Bry
an t recorde d tha t he s aw in May a fe w o f the species on the islan d of
These w ere undoubted ly spring migran t s that had
N ew Pro v idence
wandered far o ut o f their usual course Years after w ard a w riter
quoted this note as a w inter r ecord and his mistake has been pe r pet u
ated Oth er r ecords of w andering birds w ere made at the Bermudas
1 ; at E nterprise on the east coast of Florida soon
in the spring of 1 9 0
after the middle o f March ; near the mouth of the Su w anee R iver
Florida April 1 0 1 8 9 2
—
The
records
of
s pring migration of the chestnut
n
t
i
o
m
i
r
a
n
S pr i g
g
sided warbler in the United States south of the latitude of W ashin g ton
and St Louis are entirely without regul a rity For the sake of having
the material o n record the dates are here given :
Highlands N
April 2 1 1 8 8 6 ; R aleigh , N
April 2 7 1 8 8 6
April 30 1 8 9 0; Asheville N G April 2 9 , 1 8 9 4 April 2 6 1 8 9 9 ;
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R ic h mond , Pro c U S N at M us X VI , p 48 4, 1 89 3
b R id wa
r
c
N
at M us X , p 579 , 1 8 8 8
S
U
P
o
,
g
C S al
vin , I bis , p 2 49 , 1 8 8 8
0 1 8 69
d L a wre n ce , A nn L c N at H ist I X , p 2 0
y
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Caban is , J f O rn , p 32 8 , 1 8 60
f Ch errie , A uk , V I I , p 336 , 1 8 90
g U nderwo o d, I bis , p 433, 1 8 96
h S cl
ater , P Z S , p 374 , 1 8 59
i S cl
at er, P Z S , p 363, 1 8 59
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74
O R TH
N
A M E R I CA N
W A R B L E Rs
have
.
bee n n ote d as late as Augu s t 2 4 1 9 0
1 at A w eme Manitoba;
September 1 5 1 8 8 9 at La nesboro Minn ; Sept e mber 2 5 1 8 8 7 at
Grinnell I o w a and September 2 6 1 8 95 at Chicago
The migration route o f the species across the Gulf of Mexico appears
to agree closely w ith th at o f the cerulean wa rbler
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66 0
D
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e n d r oi
c a c as t an e a ( W ils )
B
ybr ted W arbler
-
a
eas
.
The b aybreas ted w arbler breeds in nor ther n N e w
E ngland N ova Scotia , southern O n tario northern Michigan Mani
,
tob a and north t o Hudson Bay and N ewfoundland ; also prob ably in
n o rth er n Min nesota
I t was ta ken by o ne o f t he pa r ties of the Bio
logical Survey at Oxford House Keewatin , July 3, 1 90
ort
0 and at F
1
I t is thus strictly a bird of t he Canadian
C hippewyan May 2 8 , 1 90
faun a, except that a few nest in southern Ontario
M igra tion r an ge — There are three published records of the occur
ren ce o f the b aybreas t ed warbler in migra tion in Texas a specimen
in th e American Museum of N atura l History was taken at Co rpus
Ch risti , Tex May 1 , 1 8 8 2 , and o n e struck the l ight at Port B olivar
Tex May 6 1 8 9 3 The bird is not recorded as occur ring in the W est
I ndies , nor in Florida , A lab ama o r Georgi a
I t is so rare in Chester
County , S C that Loomis saw it but tw ice—May 1 4, 1 8 8 7 and May 5,
1 8 8 8 — in allhis years o f collecting
I t is not incl uded in Smithwick s
list o f N orth Ca r olina birds , and Brimley has seen but one at Ra leigh
September 1 7 1 8 8 7 T he species is certainly uncommon along the
south Atl an tic coast and, though more common n or th w ard from Vir
I n the Ohio Valley it is
g i nia , is very irregular in different years
It
also ir r egular and varies each year from r are to qui t e abundant
is a r egular but not usually common m igrant in spring and fall in the
Mississip pi Valley
The edge of the for ests in Minnesota marks the normal western
limit w hile I o w a and Missouri mark the western boundary in their
respective latitudes A wanderer w as taken in May 1 8 8 8 at Pierre
S D ak , by o ne o f th e parties of th e Biological Survey ; E ugene Cou
3 a t Big S andy Mon t ; and the species
beaux took o ne May 2 4, 1 90
is a rare migrant in Assiniboia w e t to Medicine Hat The earlier
records o f an occurren ce in N eb raska have no t been verified by later
observers and the bird is not recorded from Kansas
W in ter r a n g e —All th e winter records o f the bay b reasted warbler
come from a rather restricted area in Colombia South America , and
the I sthmus of Panama I n the latter district the species is no t uncow
mo n I n Col o mbia it has been taken at M edellin “ and N aranj o in
B
reeding ra n g e.
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rrill Pro c
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N at M
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us
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VI I , p 9 , 1 8 8 2
ling, B N O
b S h ar e , Cat B ir ds B rit M us ,
p
c att, I bis, p 32 2 , 1 8 71
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I , p 1 2 4 , 1 8 78
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X
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p 32 2
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,
1885
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resser I bis
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p 478 , 1 865
.
.
N ehr
W A RB L E R
B A Y-B R E A S T E D
the Valley
75
.
of the Magdalena ; at R emedios in the v alley of the Cauca
to
and at Bucaramang a b— all localiti es in the forest region at
feet altitude I n fall migration it has been secured at Bon da on the
north coast W est of Pana ma the records of its occurrence are
meager I t has been recorded once from Costa R ica "l as w ould be
ex pected from its occurrence in Veragua Panama close to the Costa
I t has been taken on th e island of R ua tan Hon
R ican bou ndary
duras and was recorded by Sclater and Salvin from G uate malaf A
specimen in the U S N ational Museum is marked as ta k en in Guatemal a
by Taylor The species w as long regar ded as a bird of Mexico on the
strength of a s pecimen recorded as taken by S umichrast at Tehuantepec
City October 1 9 1 8 69 This specimen which is st ill in t he U S
N ational Museu m is really a specimen of D s tria t a
At the present
time there is no sure record of the occurrence of D cas t a nea in Mexico
S p r in g migr a tion — N o consistent idea of the spring migration of
the bay breasted w arbler can be dra w n fromthe scanty records of its
appearance in the southern United States There are fe w or no dates
for April During the first w eek o f May the b ird appears in the dis
t r ict south of St Louis and W ashington and thence proceedi n g
leisurely north w ard arrives on the average at Beaver Germanto w n
and R enovo Pa May 1 3 ; southeastern N e w York May 8 ; central
Connecticut May 1 5 ; central M assachusetts May 1 6 ; southern Maine
May 1 8 ; and St John N e w Brunswick May 2 1 I t w as noted at
Pictou N ova Scotia May 2 3 1 8 9 5
The movement of the s pecies
west of t he Alleghenies is at abo ut the same time the average date of
the first seen at Chicago being May 5 ; in southern W isconsin May 1 1 ;
in southern Ontario May 1 2 ; at Ottaw a May 1 7 and at A w e me
Manitoba May 1 6
Fa ll migra t ion — The return migration of the bay breasted w arbler
beg ins in August D ur lng six years of observation at Chicago the fir st
migrant w as seen on the averag e on August 2 7 the earliest date being
August 1 3 1 8 96 Other ear ly dates are September 7
at Beaver
Pa and A ug us t 2 6 1 8 8 7 at E nglewood N J
Most of the migration in
the central part of the United States takes place during September and
by October the bay breas ts ha ve reached South America Last migrants
have been noted at A w eme Manitoba August 2 2 1 9 01 ; Lanesboro
Minn September 1 5 1 8 8 9 ; Ottaw a September 1 6 1 8 8 8 ; St John
a
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B
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an d
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e rl
e psch ,
A ll
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Z eledo n
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ul
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S alvi
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VI I I
S alvin , I bis , p 2 49 , 1 8 8 8
f S c lat er and S alvin , I bis , p 1 1 , 1 8 59
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g L awren ce , B ul
l N at M us
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Cat
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r
rt
B i ds B i
0; A uk ,
p 1 77, 1 90
5, 1 8 8 5
p 10
t XI I I
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N at M
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harpe
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M us
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,
p 494, 1 8 79 ; S
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p 2 82 , 1884
M us N at H is ,
rn
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A
ro c
P
f O
P
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N o 4, p 1 5, 1 8 76
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X VI I
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0
36 7, 1 9 0
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p
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76
N
N ew
OR T H
A M E R I CA N
W A R B L E RS
.
Bruns w ick September 1 1 8 9 0; Chicago Octo ber 4 1 8 9 7 and at
Germanto w n Pa October 1 9 1 8 8 5 I t w ill be seen at once that t here
is n o easy solution of the line of migration of the bay breasted warbler
bet w een its summer an d w inter homes The data are so meager that
the line of migration must be j udged from the movements of other
s pec ies The principal route seems to be much the same as that taken
bvan z ea
by D cer ulea and D p en sy
The bay breasts apparently make
the long flight across the Gulf of Mexico to the highlands of Guate
mala and H onduras and then follow t he mou ntains to anama and
P
Colombia
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66 1
:
D
c a s t r i at a
B l
a ck po l
lW arbler
r an g e — The sum mer home of the black poll warbler is
e n dr o i
-
.
B
r eedin
g
w ithin
-
entirely
the Canadian and Hudsonian zones The s pecies
breeds in northern Maine the mountains o f northern N ew E ngland
and N ew York northern Michigan an d Manitoba and ranges north
to th e Gulf o f St Law rence N ewfoundland the li mit of tree grow th
in Labrador and Hudson B ay and north w est to A laska The south
e r nmo s t breeding record is at Seven Lakes near Manitou
at
an altitude of
feet The black poll occurs regularly though
sparingly in Colorado less commonly in N e w Mexico ( in migration )
and north w est through Montana t o Log Cabin Yukon and Cook I nlet
Alaska
W in ter r ange — The black poll w arbler w inters in the northern part
o f South A merica
ranging east to the Oyapock R iver in eastern
French Guiana a nd to Para Brazil ” I t has been taken in N ovember
and January in British Guiana at an altitude of
feet ; it has also
b een secured in fall migration n ear M e rida l Venezuela at
feet
and several times in the vici n ity o f Bogota Colombia at probably
not much less than
feet D uring the fall migration of 1 8 98
many specimens were taken from October 7 to N ovember 2 2 at B o nda f
o n the northern coast o f Colombia and at M amat o ca g October 1 3 and
at Cantilito g October 1 4 A large nu mber of s pecimens were secured
from N ovember 2 1 to April 2 5 at various places in the lo w er portions
"
and Caura
rivers w hich sho ws that the
o f the valleys of the Orinoco
region is one of the main winter homes of the black poll w ar b ler
Th ere are records of th e occurrence of the species on the R io N egro
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harp
S pix
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Ca t B irds B rit M us , X , p 650
, 1885
A v B ras I , 75, 1 8 2 4 ; B urmeister, T hiere B
e,
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2 , 18 85
S alvin , I bis , p 2 0
S alvin , P Z S
S clater
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Que lch , T ime hri,
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X
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1 8 56
120
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I II
1 . 1 8 77
e e z 30
1 8 70 E
s ,
p 78 0
,
B ai , R e v A m B i ds, p 1 92 , 1 8 65
p 1 43, 1 8 55
M us N at H is ,
I I I , p 1 7 7 , 1 90
I I , p 366, 1 90
0
0; A uk ,
.
.
.
p 2 6 1 , 1 8 96
Flo
Fu
,
rd
ate r , P Z S ,
S cl
lAm
t X
f A ll
en , B ul
U S pe cimens in Carnegie M use um, Pitts burg , Pa
h B erl
H artert, N o vit Z oo l, I X , p 9 , 1 90
2
epsch
e
ras
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ra
r
a na V n
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XV
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7i
sh arpe , Cat B irds B rit M
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us
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p 32 7, 1 8 8 5
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Pe lz el
n , O rn B
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ras
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69 , 463, 1 8 69
.
O
B L A CK -P L L
W A RB L E R
77
.
of Brazil and at Archidona and S arayacu ” central E cuador A
strag gler w as once taken at Valdiviaf Chile
The black poll warbler does not W inter in the Bahamas o r any o ther
—
art
of
the
est
n
ies
I
d
a point that n eeds to be em phasized as there
W
p
is a tendency o n the part of writers to conside r all records south of
the United States as w intering records The bird is ho w ever a com
mo n visitor to the Bahamas both in spring and fall I t has been taken
at points ranging from the northern Bahamas to W at ling s I sland o n
the east A ng uila l on the w est (w here it w as found abundan t May
and I nagua at the south I n Cuba it occurs in migra
1 01 1
tion in s pring and fall usually in small flocks I t has been recorded
also from Jamaica and Porto R ico I t w as seen in g reat n umbers
October 1 0
1 8 8 2 on Guadeloupe I sland ; and has been take n o n Santa
,
L ucia f Barbados ,” Tob ago " and T r inidadf the latter j ust beyond the
extreme e nd of the W est I n dies and near the northern coast of eastern
Ve n ezuela
The specimen of the black poll w arbler taken at Teh uantepec City
and noticed under D castan ea furnishes the only r ecord for Mexico
and w as undoubtedly a straggler
S p r in g migr a tion — I n the eastern part of the United S ta tes the
black poll w arbler is well k no w n as a late migrant— one of the latest
among the warblers There are no r ecords o f its being obs erved in
March any w here north of its winter home not even in the W est I ndies
Gundlach says that w hen black polls occur in spring in Cuba the yare
found in A pril B o n ho t e n oted the first spring arrivals on th e island
of N ew Providence Bahamas April 2 1 , 1 8 9 8 and at Cay Lobos light
1
April 1 5 1 90
W inch took his first specimen on the island of I nag ua
April 2 3 1 8 9 1 The dates of B o nho t e are later tha n some on w hich
t he species has been noted at the Florida lighthouses
I t struck
Sombrero Key lighthouse A pril 1 4 and 1 5 1 8 8 5 ; A pril 2 4 and 2 5
1 8 8 7 and A pril 1 8 and 30 1 8 8 8
Some dates of arrival in t he southeastern part of the United States
are : Tortugas A pril 2 6 1 8 9 0; Suwanee R iver Florida A pril 2 4 1 8 9 3;
F r og mo re S G April 2 9 1 8 8 5 ; D arien G a A pril 2 8 1 8 90; R ising
Faw n G a A pril 1 7 1 8 8 5 ; Shelby Ala April 2 7 1 8 98 A black
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bis p 31 4 1 9 01
b S h ar e Cat B irds B rit M us
X p 6 50 1 8 8 5
p
L an db e ck A rch fiir N at urg p 56 I 1 8 64
A n al U n iv Chil
e X X I V p 336
1 8 64
Philippi A nal U n iv Chile XXX I pp 2 5 7 32 8 1 8 68
at er P Z S
S cl
James N e w L ist Chilian B irds p 2 1 8 92 R eed Cat alo go de la s
p 337 1 8 67
A v es Chile nas p 6 1 8 96
Philippi A n al M us N ac Ch ile p 41 1 9 0
2
at
G
oo dfel
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awren ce
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Pro c
N
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Fe ilden I bis
O
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V
h S cl
ater
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ater
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Cat A m
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VI I I
p 1 66, 1 8 8 0
1889
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rds
B irds
,
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p 32 , 1 8 62
p 2 4, 1 8 62
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p 62 2
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1 885
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C
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p 352 ,
U S N at M us
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p 48 2 ,
Cat A m B i
g
,
,
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yA uk V I I I
len , B
f Al
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,
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d
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,
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.
78
OR T H
N
A M E R I CA N
W A R B L E RS
.
came aboard a ship 50miles o ff the coast of South Caro
lina April 1 9 1 8 9 8 The average date of earlies t arrival from the
south durin g nine years observation near Atlanta G a is April 30
w ith extremes of A pril 2 3 1 8 9 4 and May 1 0 1 9 0
1
The seven years
average at R aleigh N C is May 2 w ith extremes of April 2 9 1 8 8 7
April 30, 1 8 9 1 and May 5 1 8 9 0 The average of five years in the
moun tains at Asheville is May 5, w ith extremes of April 2 9 1 8 93 and
May 1 0 1 8 9 0 The dates of first arrival for several successive years
at St Louis are remarkably uniform —April 2 9 1 8 8 4 1 8 8 5 and 1 8 8 7,
May
l 1 8 8 6 and April 2 8 1 8 8 8
Thus arrival from the south at S t
Louis is three d ay s earlier than at R aleigh ; this in spi t e of the sup
position that the birds come from the southeast and the fact that St
Louis is farther north by 2 0
0miles than the N orth Carolina point of
observation Com pared w ith dates of arrival near Atlanta G a those
at St Louis sho w a difference of but one day in the aver age although
nearly 50
0miles measure the di fference in distance along the south
east and no r thw est line of mig ration betw een the t w o points Along
the Atlantic slope some records o f average date of arrival are : W ash
ing to n May 6 ; Philadelphia May 8 ; southeastern N ew York May
1 5 ; cen t ral Con necticut M ay1 5 ; Boston May 1 7 ; southern N ew
Hampshire May 2 1 and Lew is t on Me May 2 3 The first arrival
w as noted at Montreal May 2 8 1 8 9 2 ; Godbout Quebec June 6 1 8 8 4
and 1 8 8 7 and N orth R iver Prince E dw ard I sland June 1 0 1 8 90
R ecords of averages w est of the Alleghenies are : Chicago May 1 3;
southern W iscon sin May 1 6 ; southern Michigan May 1 4 ; southern
Ontario M ay1 7 and Ottaw a May 2 1 N ear the Mississi ppi the
dates o f arriv al are some w hat earlier aver aging at St Louis April
1
6
Keokuk
o
a
May
and
Lanesboro
Minn
May
The
9
I
w
30
;
migration route thence bears strongly north w estward and the black
polls reach Al as ka in the las t w ee k of May
The black poll w arbler is common along the Mississi ppi from St
Lo uis north w ard while w est of the mouth of the river along the Gulf
coas t and in Texas it is almost unk no w n I t is fairly common w est
ward to th e Missouri R iver but is scarcely or o nly locally kno w n in
the Plai ns region Of more t han t w enty observers in Kansas only
s a w it but once in
report
seeing
this
species
and
one
of
these
t wo
eleven years of active observat ion The earliest arrival noted i n
Kansas w as May 1 2 1 8 8 5 at which time the bir ds w ere already much
fa rther north along the Mississippi R iver At t he w es tern edge of i t s
Mountains
the
species
is
rare
R
range along the foothills of the ocky
northern
w
reaches
the
Arkansas
iver
in
th
e
first
eek
in
May
and
R
It
Colorado a w eek later There can be no doubt th at the gr eat bulk of
st
individuals
of
the
s
ecies
pass
north
along
the
fore
p
t he western
r egion of
and
through
the
corresponding
region of the Mississippi
Minnesota
poll w arbler
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O
B L A CK -P L L
W A RB L E R
79
.
The main body of migrants reaches the souther n par t of the United
States early in May About half of the records of spring migran ts
striking the Florida lighthouses fall betw een May l and May 9 The
species was especially common in the s pring of 1 8 8 8 W hen it s truck
May 4 5 6 8 (about 50birds) and 1 2 I n the previous spring it w as
most common May 1 8 1 9 and 2 0 I t w as abundan t on the island of
A nguilla May 1 0and 1 1 1 8 9 1 and very abunda n t on the island of
N e w Providence May 1 —
1 0 On the neighboring Andros I sland the
last bird to pass north was noted May 2 3 1 8 9 0 a date w hich does not
di ffer much from th e dat es o f passage of the latest migrants at various
The last migrant w as noted at R aleigh
poin t s on the mainland
May 2 8 1 8 8 6 M ay2 6 1 8 8 8 May 2 3 1 8 8 9 , and May 2 9 1 8 9 1 ; at
Asheville May 30 1 8 91 and June 1 1 8 94 and at St Louis May 2 2
1 8 8 5 May 1 8 1 8 8 6 and May 1 9 1 8 8 7
Fallmigr a tion —Some of the black poll warblers have the most
distinctly north w est and southeast fall migration route of any of the
w ide ranging species
I ndividuals that nest in Alaska w inter in
northern South America w it hout passing through either Mexico o r
Central America so far as kno w n The species uses the Florida and
W est I ndia routes and is common enough to be fairly w ell know n
alon g the entire w ay
The black polls that summer in the northeastern United States n est
in June and begin in August their fall migratio n and have been seen
as early as August 30at Ossining N Y ; August 2 7 1 8 91 at Beaver
Pa ; August 30 1 8 8 7 at E ngle w oo d N J and September 1 1 8 8 9 at
W ashington
The w estern birds have a ppeared at Chicago August
2 3 1 8 9 7 Cleveland Ohio August 2 7 1 8 8 6 and St Louis September
12
I n 1 8 8 1 the earliest date on w hich a fall migrant struck Fire
I sland light on the south shore of Long I sland was September 9
T he
ear liest date of first arrival in seven years at R aleigh N C w as S ep
tember 2 4 and the average October 2 The black polls linger late in
the N orth having been noted at Great Bear Lake Mackenzie Aug ust
2 9 1 90
4 ; Ottaw a September 2 7 1 8 8 7 ; Chicag o October 1 2 1 9 0
2;
Portland Conn
October 2 0 1 8 8 8 ; Philadel phia October 2 9 1 8 8 7 ;
and W ashington October 2 0 1 8 8 9
The black poll w arbler is easily attracted to lighthouses At Som
b re ro Key Fla it has str u
ck the light o n thirty five different nights
in five consecutive years the earliest certain date being September 2 5
1888
Most fall migrants strike in the first half of October and about
a third of the records are of single birds So metimes ho w ever the
black polls are very abundant I n 1 8 8 7 they struck on every night
from October 1 3 to 1 7 being especially n umerous October 1 4 and
16
The keeper of the light says that on October 1 4 the birds flew
lo w and that 40w ere seen at one time on the lantern 8 of w hich w ere
killed After su n rise t he r e were found on the lo w er platfor m 2 0live
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80
N O RT H
W A RB L E R S
A M E RI CA N
.
birds Fe w of these fell fro m the lantern as t he w ind
They w ere
w oul d have s w ept the m overboard beyon d the balcony
killed by striking n ot the lantern but the frame w ork o f the to w er
This coun t pro b ably repres ents not more than a f o ur t h o f the injured
birds as the Sombrero Key light is surrounded by w ater into w hich
most of the bir ds that strike soon flutter o r fall
Large nu mbers of
black polls have also perished at t wo lighthouses o n the s outh shore of
Long I sland At Shinnecoc k , September 30 1 8 8 3 59 dead birds w ere
found aroun d th e ligh t and o n t he same day 2 30w ere counted at the
foot o f Fire I slan d light Th e latest date o f striking at these northern
lightho uses is October 2 0 1 8 8 2
The latest d ates o f passin g fall
migrants at R aleigh are N ovember 5 1 8 8 6 and N ovember 1 1 8 8 9
Some late dates from t he Florida li g hthouses are N ovember 1 6 1 8 8 7
On the island
N ovember 4 and 1 01 8 8 8 and N ovem b er 2 and 7 1 8 9 1
o f N e w Providence Bahamas on e b ird w as seen as late as N ovember
a nd
8 7 dead
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The recorded appearan ce o f the black poll w arbler at Bonda Colom
b ia o n October 7 sho w s that the early migrants do no t lin g er on the
road The further facts that they ar e rare o r accidental in Jamaica
are not known in Haiti a nd are not n early s o common in Cuba as
might b e expected from their numbers in the southeastern part o f the
United States indicate that qu ite a large proportio n of the species
make but short stops in the W est I ndies south o f the Bah amas Black
polls appear t o make a regular stopping place o f the north er n Bahamas
but , except for occasional flocks pass over the southern isla n ds w ith
Th e r ecords are no t yet complete enough t o show
o u t stoppi n g
w h ether th e bird s of Guiana come overland from Colombia o r by way
o f the islands
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662
.
D
Bl
c a b la ck b ur n iaa
ackburn ian W arbler
— The summer home of the Blackburnian
ran ge
e n dr o i
.
is
in the forests o f the northern portions o f Minnesota W isconsin Michi
gan N ew York and N e w E ngland The species is also common in the
Catskill Mountains o f N ew York and in s ome of the elevated parts of
Massachusetts and a few also breed in the Alleghenian life zone o f that
State and perh aps Con necticut I n Pennsylvania and through t he
southern All egheny Mountains t o South Carolina in both Canadian
N orthward the species
an d Alleghenian z on es a fe w also summer
extends to Cape Breton , northeaster n Quebec central O nt ario , southern
Keewatin ( Severn House and Trout Lake) and Manitoba
—
mig
n
rat ion exte n ds wes tw ard to the
a
n
e
Th
e
range
o
n
r
t
i
i
M igr a
g
plains o f eastern Texas eastern Kansas and eastern N ebraska t hough
th e bird is rare west of the forest reg ion o f t he Mississippi I t has
been taken as an accidental visitant in Utah and N e w Mexico
—
small
body
o f Blackburnia n w ar blers wi nte r at an
A
n
e
r
a
W n ter
g
din g
B
r ee
w arbler
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82
N
OR T H
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E RS
.
has been traced as far south as the mountains near Lima in central
Peru
Most accounts of t he s pecies include the Baham as in its w inter
ran g e but the only records from these islands are of one occurrence
in April and one in October " both during migr ation and undoubtedly
accidental I t is not probable that anv indi vidual spends the w inter
w ithi n many hundred miles o f the Bahamas
The only other record
made in th e W est I ndies is o ne of acciden t al occurrence on the island
o f Tobago
S p r in g migra tion — R ecords o f the Blackbu r nian w arbler from
points south of the United States are not s uffi cient to permit trac ing
the movements o f the species north w ard to the southern boundary nor
is th ere any correspondence of dates of it s occurrence until it has
advanced many miles inland The bird is common in spri ng at Ashe
ville N C w here th e average date of arrival for five years is A pril
14
I n Chester Coun ty S C it is a rare s pring migrant w hile at
R alei g h , N C , it w as n o t seen in s pring during many years collect
ing At both these places ho w ever it is common in the fall At
W hite Sulphur Spri ngs W V a the average date of spring arrival
renc h Creek W Va April 2 7
fo r seve r al y ears is April 2 2 and at F
the earliest dates at the t w o places being A pril 1 7 1 8 9 3 and A pril 2 3
The average o f first dates at W as hington is M ay
1 8 91 r es pective lv
May 4 ; Portland Conn M a y8 ;
6 ; Beaver Pa and Alfred N Y
n orthern Massachusetts May
southern N e w Hampshire M ay8 ;
southern Main e and Montreal May 1 6 R ecords of first arrival are :
Quebec May 1 8 1 9 0
1 ; Petitcodi ac N ew Bruns w ick M ay1 8 , 1 8 8 7 ;
The three years average of
a n d Pictou N ova Scotia May 30 1 8 94
closely agreeing dates of arrival in central Mississip pi is April 1 4 ; the
0 Brookville I nd , is
ear liest date at N ew Orleans is April 8 1 9 0
reached o n the average May 2 Chicago May 3 southern Michiga n
May 6 southern Ontario May 7 Parry Sound District Onta rio May
8 Otta w a May 1 1 southern W isconsin May 9 Lanesboro Minn
May 1 5 At A w eme Manitoba an arrival w as noted o n May 2 0 1 8 99
The average rate of migration of the Blackburnian w arbler from
the mouth of the Mi s sissippi to its source w here the bird breeds
appears to be scarcely 2 5 miles per day The species is a rare migrant
i n Texas and the record s of arrival are not regular Among them
may be mentioned the follo w ing : Bro w nsville April 2 01 8 9 0; Corpus
Christi March 1 3 1 8 9 9 ; R efugio County April 1 7 1 8 99 ; Bee County ,
April 2 0 1 8 8 7 ; San A ntonio Mar c h 31 1 8 8 0 Ap ril 1 1 8 9 0; Ken dall
Co unty March 31 1 8 8 0; Houston A pril 2 0 I n correspondence with
these dates rather than w ith those of M ississippi I ndiana, and M in
—
l
esota
are
the
dates
of
earliest
arriva
at
St
Louis
May 1 0 1 8 84
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aB r
ynt Pr
a
y
b Co r
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oc
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A uk , I X
B
,
os
t
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S oc N a t H ist
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p 49 , 1 8 92
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1 8 59
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p 110
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,
W A RB L E R
B L A CKB U R N I A N
n
d May
83
.
ates in
The
latest
d
y
y
spring at which the species was ob s erved south o f the United States
March 2 5 ; wester n E cuador , March
ar e as follo w s : N orthern Peru
1 7 northern E cuador , April ; Santa Ma rta r e gion of Colombia , March
Late records o f occur
2 9 ; San Luis Potosi , Mexico first week in May
0
rence in spring in Texas are May 3 o n the R io Grande ; May 1 1 , 1 90
near Brownsville and May 1 5, 1 8 9 8 at D allas A femal e was killed
in May , 1 8 76 near Fort B ayar d “ N Mex far out of th e us ual range
Fall migration —The fall migration o f the Blackburnian warbl er
begins in August, the southw ard movement o f the Allegh eny breeding
birds having its inception early in the month Fall migrants have been
0; E nglew ood N J ,
noted as follows : Chicago Augus t 1 2 1 9 0
August 1 1 , 1 8 8 7 ; W ashingt on , August 1 5 1 8 8 6 ; i n Chester County
S C by August 8 and at Bay St Louis Miss , August 1 1 1 8 98
The first arrival from the no rth was noted at San J o s é b Costa R ica ,
August 1 7 1 8 9 0 in w hich year the species again appeared on Augus t
The August birds of Costa R ica
2 0and w
as c o mmon until Oc t ober
represent the van of south migration By the middle of October the
earliest mi g ra nts have reached Venezuela and E cuador The main
army of the B lackb ur nians pass the south end of the Alleghenies
bet ween Septe mber 2 5 a nd Oct ober 5, and during the first t w o weeks
of Oct ober are moving through San Jo sé Costa R ica and by early in
N ovember are settled for the w i nter in Per u
Some records of late
migra nts along this rou t e are : Toronto October 1 1 8 98 ; Philadelphia ,
September 2 8 1 8 90; W ashington October 5 ; Lynchburg , V a , Octo
ber 9 1 8 9 8 ; R aleigh N C October 8 1 8 8 7 October 4 1 8 8 8 Octo b er
1 3 1 8 91 ; As heville N C September 1 5 1 8 90 Septembe r 2 0 1 8 94
,
;
Chester County S C October 2 2 ; Tarpo n Springs , F
Oc tober 1 5
l
a
1 8 8 6 ; Key W est October 2 1 1 8 8 7
Alon g the westward route the
latest migrants leave the region of Lake Michigan about the lst o f
Octo ber The late st fall date at St Louis is October 2 1 8 9 6 ; latest
at N e w Orleans are October 9 1 8 9 6 October 1 8 1 8 9 7, and October
1 8 , 1 90
1
Cherrie found no B lackb ur nians wintering at San José
Costa R ica w here the speci es disappear ed soon after the middle o f
October and did no t reappea r un til spring at w hich time it w as rare
One of the strange features of the life history of the Blackburnian
w arblers which w inter in South America is th e length of time spent
by them in their wint er home notwithstand in g the fact that the indi
vidual
s w hich bre ed in Canada have at l east
miles t o travel twice
each year The species is com mon from October to M arch in north
ern Peru the latest d ate on which it has been observ ed there being
March 2 5 1 8 78 This gives full five months in Peru and leaves only
M
1 2 , 1 8 8 5, M
a
6, 1 8 8 6,
a
12
a
1 887
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O C
VI I I
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p 2 78 , 1 8 9 1
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Ch errie, A uk ,
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c Ch err ie A
uk , VI I , p 336, 1 8 90
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84
N O RT H
A M E R I CA N
W A R -B L E R S
.
seven mon ths for the mig ration to a nd from N orth Amer ica and the
entire breeding season I f this latter covers not less than ten w eeks
then during the rest of t he year— more than a third—the b ir d must be
travelin g at an averag e rate of 50miles pe r day
'
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663
B
e n dr o i
D
.
c a d o mi ni c a
Y ello w t hro ated W arbler
-
—
r eedin g r an e
g
.
The yellow thro ated w arbler is a species of quite
limited extension I t s r an g e is east of the Allegheny Mountains
N orth o f Mary land the bird is rare o r casual though it breeds n ear
the Choptan k R iver in southwestern D elaw are I t breeds i n the
Carolinian and Austroriparian zon es and seems to desert in summer
the t ropical zone of southern Florida
W in ter r an ge — The southernmost r ecorded w inter home of the
yello w th roated w arbler is th e island o f Jamaica Since the species
does not move north until early March the Jamaica n individuals spend
about seven months o f the year in their w int e r ho me The bird is also
a w inter resi dent o f the Bahamas Cuba Haiti Porto R ico and Grand
Cayman and there is one r ecord for Yucatan I t w inters abundantly
in southern Florida less commonly in the northern part of the State
and locally along the Atlantic coast to South Carolina
S p r ing migr a tion — The y ello w throate d w arbler is one of the early
m igrants I t s arrival at Gainesville Fla has been noted on March 2
1 8 8 7 an d it has been recorded as abundant by March 5 near Jackson
ville The earliest d ates o f striking at the lighthouse at Sombrero
Key Fla are March 2 8 1 8 8 7 March 1 1 1 8 8 8 and March 3 and 1 1
R eports do n o t s how that this species is ever pr esent at t he light
1 889
houses in large n umbers fifteen in o ne night bei ng the highest number
observed Small parties p as s for several w eeks but the spring migra
tion is n o t exten ded like that o f fall All the recorded spring observa
tions of t h e bird at the lighthouses are included betw een March 3 and
A pril 4 There is a g reater d ifference bet w een the time of spri ng arrival
at R aleigh N C and that at Asheville N C — both places in the same
latitude on e on the plains and the other in th e mountains— than in
the case of any other species At R aleigh the average date of arrival
during fifteen years is M arch 2 6 w ith extremes of March 2 0in 1 8 94
1
and A pril 1 in 1 8 8 5 1 8 8 7 1 8 9 1 and 1 9 0
There w as al so an unusu
ally early migran t seen March 1 3 1 8 9 0 At Ashe v ille the a v erage for
four years is A pril 2 1 w ith extremes o f April 1 3 1 8 93 and A pril 2 6
E g gs h ave been taken in southeastern Georg i a April 2 4 and
1 8 94
fully fledged youn g in northern Florida early in June
Fa llmigr a tion — A n early breeder the yellow th roated warbler is
ready to migrate before the middle of summer I t is the first migrant
of all th e birds to reach Cu b a w here it arrives at the end o f July and
becomes abundant in August At Key W est F 1a w here it does n ot
breed the arriv al o f the bi rd has been noted July 2 5 Yet the re is
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OR E
S YCA M
W A RB L E R
85
.
no record o f its striking at the Florida lighthouses before September
G osse records its arrival in Ja maica August 1 8 , and fro m this
13
early d ate some writers h ave thought that it might breed on the isl and ;
’
but in the light of the d ates j ust given it will b e see n that Gosse s
record corresponds with the migratory movements o f the s pecies in
Florida and Cu b a As might be exp ec t ed from the foregoing records
the yello w throat ed w arbler deserts at an early d ate its summer home
T he last fall bird was reporte d at W ash ington September 4 1 8 9 0
;
Asheville N C Septe mber 1 5 1 8 90; a nd at R aleigh N C Septem
ber 1 7 1 8 8 6 September 8 1 8 8 8 September 1 2 , 1 8 8 9 September 1 0
1 8 90
and September 4 1 8 9 1 Throughout October the bir ds strike the
,
Florida lighthouses and even as late as N ovember 7 1 8 9 1 O ne was
killed The ti me occupied by the s pecies in its fall migration exceeds
the entire period extending from the beginning o f the spring migra
t ion to the da te when its early hatched young ar e fully fledged
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6 6 3a
B
.
c
D
e n dr o i a
din g
r ee
d o mi ni c a
ra nge
.
al
b
ilo r a R idg w
.
camore W arbl r
y
S
.
e
.
—The sycamore w arbler is the wes tern form of the
yellow throated warbler and is co nfined in summer principally t o
the timbered parts of the central a nd lower Mississip pi Valley The
center of abunda nce is the low er Ohio Valley Thence the s pecies
ranges less commonly to t he northern boundary of the Carolinian
life zone in W est Virginia Ohio southern Michigan , and souther n
W isconsin w est to southeas tern N ebraska an d ea stern Ka ns as and
south to easter n Texas The easte rn range is bounded by the Al le
The bird breeds throughout its range in the
g henyMounta ins
U nite d S tates except the tropica l part of the low er R io Grande
Valley of Tex as The area of the summer home o f the sycamore
W arbler is therefore fairly rectangula r and is approximately 8 0
0miles
north and south by 60
0miles east and w est
W in ter ran ge —The sycamore w arbler is one of the fe w s ecies
p
of the eastern United States found farther west in wi n ter than in
summer B ut the strangest feature of its life histo ry is its wide
lo ngitudinal distribution in winter I t s win ter home extends from
the Pacific coas t of Mexi co in Te ic
” to
and
Coli
m
a
N ica rag ua
p
“
t
R
ca
3 distance of
and Cos a i
miles I t is ra re at both these
— so
s
extreme
rare indeed in w este rn Mexico that it w as no t seen
by any of the par ties of the Biological Survey although considerable
time w as spent in these localiti es I n winter it is common in south
ern Vera Cruz Yucat an and the Atlantic slope of Guatemala and
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0L
awrence
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M
e
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m B ost S oc
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t
N at H is
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,
I l, p 2 70
, 1 8 74
~
.
Rev A m B irds , I , p 2 0
9, 1 865
6 Ri
chmond, Pro c U S N at M us , X VI , p 48 4, 1 8 9 3
d Zel
edo n, A na l M us N ac C R
6 , 1 8 87
, p 10
D B aird
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86
N O R TH
W A R B L E Rs
A M E R I CA N
les s
.
common in Oaxaca and Chiapas At this s eason a few bird s
occur as far north as the lo w er R io Grande Durin g the w inter it is
commonly an inhabitan t of the lo w er districts and the coasts occur
ring for the most part belo w
feet ; but there are insta nces prin
in the fall of birds being seen several thousand feet higher
ly
cipa l
S p r in g 7n igra ti0n — A t N e w Orleans the sycamore w arbl er is one of
the earliest s pri n g migrants Dates of arrival are March 1 1 1 8 94
March 9 1 8 9 5 March 7 1 8 96 and March 1 2 1 8 9 8 The bird became
common by March 1 6 1 8 9 5 March 1 3 1 8 9 7 and March 1 9 1 8 98 At
Helena ; Ark the first arrivals w ere noted o n April 1 4 1 8 9 5 and April
1 0 1 8 9 7 ; at St Louis A pril 4 1 8 8 4 April 6 1 8 8 5 April 1 2 , 1 8 8 6
A pril 1 01 8 8 7 and Apri l1 3 1 8 8 8 ; in central I ndiana about th e middle
of A pri l; in southern Michigan about April 2 0 A migran t w as noted
at Soto del Marina Tamaulipas March 1 1 9 0
2
The follo w in g Texas
dates of earliest arrival are as usual irregular : Hidalgo March 6
1 8 94 ; R ock port March 1 6 1 8 9 2 ; R efugio County March 1 3 1 8 9 9 ; San
A ntonio A pril 9 1 8 8 9 March 31 1 8 9 0 A pril 1 9 1 8 9 1 ; Kerrville
April 1 0 1 9 0
0 April 1 1 9 01 ; D allas March 1 2 1 8 9 8 March 1 2 1 8 99 ;
Gainesville April 7 1 8 8 4 March 2 2 1 8 8 5 March 31 1 8 8 6 April 4
1 887
The latest record of the sycamore w arbler in spring south of
the United States is April 1 3 1 9 0
1 w hen it w as observed on the north
east coast of Yucatan
Fallmigr a tion —I n the fall the M ississipp i Valley form is like the
eastern an early migrant being one o f t he first birds t o return in
autumn t o the R io Grande o f Texas I t is recorded as arriving at
Orizaba Mexico August 1 0; Chiapas Mexico August 1 3; Colima
Mexico in August ; Duenas Guatemala by the middle of August ;
B o nacca I sland Honduras and Truxillo ” o n the mai n land in Sep
tember ; and at San José Costa R ica October 4 I n the northern
part of its range it lingers some w hat later than the eastern form
The last to pass south w ard do not leave I ndiana and Missouri until
w el linto October
6 64
D e n d r o i c a g a ci aa B aird
G race W arbler
The Grace w arbler breeds in the mo u ntains o f N ew Mexico Ari
zona and Chihuahua Mexico and retires for the w inter into north
w estern Mexico
I ts northernmost extension is in southern Colorado
w h ere it occurs regularly in La Plata County breeding t o
feet
I t ha s been taken in north centra l Colora do and southern California
but its occurrence at these points is accidental I t is found in winter
as far south as Tepic and Jalisco I n Arizo n a spring arriv als have
been noted as follo w s : Fort W hipple April 2 4 1 8 65 ; Pima Co April
2 2 1 8 8 5 ; Huachuca M ountains A pril 2 7 1 9 0
2 April 1 2 1 9 0
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a n I bis p
b R id wa
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yPro c
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S lvi
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2 50
1 888
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N at M us
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p 5 79 , 1 8 8 8
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B L A CK
66 5
D
.
T H R OA T E D
G RA Y W A RB L E R
-
c
e n dr o i a n i g re s ce n s
( T ow
ns
87
.
yW arbler
B lack -th ro ated G ra
.
.
The black t hroated gray warbl er is another of the warblers of the
h
r
n
estern
United
States
breeding
ra
ge
extends
from
sout
e
n
t
s
I
w
California and southern Arizona north to British Columbia and east to
central Colorado and rises to an altitude of
feet The species
migrates in w inter to Mexico and ranges from Oaxaca and Vera Cruz
to as far north as Durango w here it w as noted by t he parties of the
Biological S urvey
The black throated gray warbler enters southern
S pr in g migr a tion
California in the first w eek in April and reaches southern British
Columbia by the third w eek in the month The earliest dates in south
ern Ari z ona and souther n N e w Mexico are included betw ee n March
31 and April 9 w hile the s pecies reaches early in May th e northern
portion of its range in Colora do
Fa llmigr a tion —The last fall migrants of the species do not leave
central California until the first w eek in October and do not desert
the State until after the middle of the month
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D
.
e
ndr o i c a
y
arbler
This rare species breeds in Texas and retires in w inter to Mexico
and Guatemala The w inter range is not w ell kno w n The know n
breedi ng range is a restricted area in south central Texas north to about
latitude
I t s arrival near San Antonio Tex w as noted March 1 3
1 8 9 5 March 1 0 1 8 9 6 M arch 9 1 8 9 7 March 1 3 1 8 9 8 and M arch 1 4
—average March 1 2
1 90
0
666
ch r
S O
pa I
i a S cl
S alv
.
G olde n -checked W
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667
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ack t hro ated G reen W arbler
c
B l
e n dr o i a v i r e n s
—
-
.
The black throated green w arbler is o ne of the
most ab undant of its family I t breeds commonly from southern N e w
E ngland north to the Gulf of St La w rence and N e w foundland and
in the mountains o f Pennsylvania the Catskills northern and w estern
N e w York Michig an northern I llinois W isconsin Min nesota northern
Alber ta (E d m
onton ) and so uth w estern Athabasca (Peace R iver Land
ing) I t breeds less commonly south w ard in the hig her Alleghenies to
South Carolina I t w as taken several times n ear the outlet of Athabasca
Lake by one of the parties of th e Biological Survey The range as
described sho w s that the black throated green w arbler belongs t o the
Canadian z on e and the n orthern part of the Alleg henian
M gra ti on r an g e — W estern Assiniboia w estern Min nesota e
a s tern
N ebraska and eastern Kansas mark the w estern limit of th e species in
migration W est of the heavy forest area of the Mississippi it is rare
Through eastern Texas it is more common as this is one of its regular
migration routes to southern Texas and easter n Mexico
IVin ter ra n ge — The w inter home of the species is in heavy lo w
lying fores t s , much lower than w ould be expected from its summer
B
i
r eed ng ra n ge
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N O RT H
88
W A RB L E R s
A M E R I CA N
.
home Th e northernmost point from w hich it has been recorded in
feet altitu de) Thence it
w inter is Linares N uevo Leon ( about
ranges through the lo w er districts o f Puebla Vera Cr uz and Chiapas ,
and east w ard to Campech e and Yucatan The center o f abu nda nce
during the w inter seems t o be f r om the islands o ff the east coast of
Yucatan through norther n G uatemala and th e southern half of Vera
Cruz The bird passes south in small n umbers t o t he Pacific coast in
southern Oaxaca and to the moun tains alon g the Pacific side in Guate
mala I n Vera Cruz it is abundant from 40
0to
feet and is less
common to
feet Dur ing migr atio n it passes higher and has
been taken at
feet in Chiapas an d up t o
feet in Hi dalgo
There seems to be no record as yet of its occurrence in Ho nduras and
but on e for N icaragu a I n Costa R ica it i s not common b u t has been
taken in several places in the mountains from
to
feet
Judging from the records it occurs less common ly in Panama than in
Costa R ica but it has been taken both in the lo w lands of th e Atlantic
slope and on the mountains o f th e Pacific
A fe w scattering records sho w that the black throated green w ar
bler is evidently but an acciden tal visitant in the W est I ndies w here
its occurren ce has been recorded in Cuba “ I sle o f Pines Jamaica l
W at ling s I sland Dominica f and Guadeloupe “ The species is com
mo n lycalled a w inter residen t of Cuba but is never said t o w inter in
Florida ; yet the records of its occurrence in winter in the t w o places
are of a similar sort Gundl ach saw a single bird in Jan ua ry 1 8 54
in w estern Cuba an d Atkins s aw o ne in January 1 8 8 8 at Key W est
S p r ing migr a tio n — The earliest recorded date o f arriv al o f the
black th roated green w arbler in t he eastern part o f t he United States
is March 2 3 1 8 8 5 o n w hich date the bird w as n oted at Pen sacol a Fla
The spring records o f the species i n souther n Florida are very few
consisting of one at Tar pon Springs April 1 1 8 8 8 and o ne at
Tortuga s A pril 2 6 1 8 9 0 I n n orth w ester n Florida o n the co n trary ,
on the direct line from the Alleghenies t o Yucatan th e bird is quite
common I n sprlng
I n 1 8 8 5 th e earliest date o f arrival in Chester County S C r ecorded
,
by Loomis w as March 31 , w hile the first birds seen at R ising Fa w n
G a and R aleigh N C were noted o n A pril 1
The aver age of
earliest s prin g arrivals fo r six years at R aleigh is Ma rch 30 obtained
from the follo w ing very even record o f first appeara n ces : April 1
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r
N u i g , P o c U S N at M us V
49 4, 1 8 8 3
,
, p
b G un dl
ach , J f O r n ,
p 4 74 , 1 8 55
“ Co
B i s W es I
ies , p 1 1 8 , 1 89 2
, Cat
d N e w to n P
S , p 552 , 1 8 79
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t nd
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yA uk , I X
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rd
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Cor
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p 49 , 1 8 92
f Ve ill, Co
A ca , V I I I , p 350
w e c e , Pro c U
, 1 8 92 ; L
54, 1 8 78 , and p 48 6, 1 8 79
a L awren ce, P oc U
S N at M us , V I I I , p 62 2 , 1 8 8 5
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a rn
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N at M us
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90
N
w i nter
O RTH
'
W A RB L E R S
A M E RI CA N
.
in Yucatan but nevertheless is rare in so u thern Flor id a and
still rarer in Cuba it is evident that th e bul k o f the s pecies fly across
R ecords
t he Gulf of Mexico from the ma inla n d o f the Gulf States
of occurrence d uring fall migration in southern Flori da are , lik e those
of occurrence in spring very fe w The species w as observed at Tar
p o n S prings O ctober 1 5 1 88 6 ; Key W est October 1 4 1 8 8 7 and at
Sombrero Key N ovember 1 0 1 8 8 8 w h en tw o birds struck the light
I n N orth Carolina the early fall migran ts commonly appear d uring the
last week in August At the same latitude in the Mississippi Valley
the dates O f first appearance in fall are b ut a fe w days later The first
birds to reach the Gulf coast arrive about the last o f September An
i ndiv idual w as seen at Beauvoir Miss July 30 1 8 9 7 but this was
evidently a bird that had gone astray The bulk o f the species pass
throu g h the Gulf States in October The southern boundary of the
summer range is finally abandoned about the first o f October an d by
the last of the month nearly all the birds have crossed the Gulf Late
migrants are recorded as follo w s : N orth R iver Prince E dw ard I sland
September 1 3 1 8 9 0; St John N ew Brunswick September 2 5 1 8 91 ;
southern Main e October 2 1 8 9 8 ; Fitchburg Mas s October 9 1 8 98 ;
southeastern N e w York October 1 5 , 1 8 8 7 ; Germantown Pa Octo ber
1 8 1 8 8 8 ; W ashington October 2 0 1 8 9 0
; R aleigh N C October 1 6,
1 8 9 3; Otta w a October 8 1 8 8 7 ; Chicago , Octobe r 1 2 1 8 94 ; E ubank
K y October 1 4 1 8 9 1 and N e w Orleans October 2 8 1 8 9 9
The
earliest recorded date of fall arrival so uth o f the United States is
September 1 4 1 8 9 2 in Morelos Mexico
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668
.
D
e n dr o i
,
.
,
c a t o w n s e n d i ( T o wn s )
.
T
ow
n send W arbler
.
The To w nsen d w arbler is one o f the widest ranging o f the w estern
w arblers breeding from th e mo untains o f southern Califo rnia nor th
to Sitka Alaska and the upper Y ukon Valley (lat
and east to
I daho and w estern Colorado
In
igration it ranges t o the eastern
foothills of Colorado and to w estern Texas I t nests up t o an altitude
O f
feet and in migration has been n oted
feet higher I t
w inters fro m Guerrer o and the City o f M exico t o G uatemala being
most common near th e southern limit o f the range w hile a few some
t imes w inter as far north as southern Cal ifornia
I t has been found
in w inter in Guatemala at an altitude o f
feet
S pr in g migr a tion — A n early migrating To w nsend wa rbler was seen
on A pril 9 in the Huachuca Mountains o f Arizona Migrants from
Mexico begin to enter southern California April 1 4 t o 2 0 Th e earliest
noted in 1 8 8 8 at Chilliwack British Columbia w as o n May 1 9 but the
usual date o f arrival is probably several days ea rlier fo r the average
date O f the first seen during five years at Columbia Falls Mont , is
May 7 varyin g from May 4 , 1 8 9 7 to May 1 1 1 8 9 6 First arrivals
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N at M us
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X VI
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p 7 77 , 1 8 9 4
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.
W A RB L E R
H E RM I T
91
.
May
have b een repo ted fro m Loveland ,
r
and from
1 1 , 1 8 8 9,
Great Falls Mont , May 2 8 1 8 9 0
—
N o To w nsend warblers w ere seen at Columbia
i
o
n
i
r
a
t
l
m
Fal g
Falls Mo n t after August 1 7 1 8 9 5 nor at Chilli w ack British Colum
bia later than September 1 2 1 8 8 8
er
i
W
arbl
m
H
e
s
T
o
w
c
cc
s
n
r
t
t
l
i
a
id
e
n
o
i
r
o
a
)
D
e
n
d
669
(
The hermit w arbler breeds from the hig her mountain s of California
to southern British Columbi a in the Pacific coast district of the
I t w inters in the pine forests of Mexico and Guate
U nited States
mala at an elevation of
to
feet E arly in A pril it
enters t he United States bei ng reported from Oracle Ari z April
2
1 90
9
and
the
Huachuca
Mountains
Arizona
A
ril
p
1
99
12
8
8
7
7
1
2
7
:
ecords
of
the
rst
seen
in
California
are
Campo
A
ril
fi
p
R
and Julian April 2 5 1 8 8 4 A hermit w arb ler w as noted at B ur rar d
I n the fall th e species has
n
et
British
Columbia
April
1 885
2
0
l
I
b een noted as late as Septemb er 2 2 in Arizona and October 9 in
southern California
K irtland W arbler
6 7 0 D e n dr o i c a k ir t la n di B aird
B r eeding r an g e — The first nests of the Kirtland w arbler kno w n to
Several
: cie nC
e w ere taken in Oscoda and Crawford counties Mich
3
young birds and a single eg g w ere secured July 8 to 1 4 1 9 0
Th e
follo wing year a nest w ith five eggs w as taken in R oscommo n County
Mich
Win ter r a n ge — T he records of the distribution and migration of
this the rarest warbler of the eastern part of th e U nited States have
recently been collected ” and elaborated From these data it a ppears
that the Kirtland w arbler is a w inter resident of the Bahamas as far
south at least as the Caicos grou p I t has been taken in w inter on the
Berry and Andros groups and on E leuthera N e w Providence Green
Cay W atling s and Athels islands
I t has also been take n on the
Abaco g roup but only in spring and fall migration
S p r in g migr a tion — The southernmos t point in the United States at
and warbler in s pring has been noted is
w hich occurrence of the Kirtl
W est Jupiter Fla j ust north w est from the Andros and N e w Prov
iden ce islands where migrants from these islands w ould most naturally
reach the mainland Here one w as seen A pril 1 9 1 8 9 7 and another
April 2 7 The next point northw ard at w hich the bird has been seen
in s pring is S t Hel ena I sland So uth Carolina w here it w as noted on
April 2 7 and May 3 During the fi rst w eek in M aythe species is
recorded as occurring at St Louis Cincinnati Glen E llyn I ll and
W abash I nd an d during the next w eek at Cleveland and Oberlin
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A dams , S cien ce ,
,
X VI I I
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p
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2 1 7, 1 90
3; W
d
oo
,
B
ul
.
3
b
.
,
Chapman, A uk ,
XV
,
p 2 89 , 1 8 98 ; X VI
.
,
p 8 1 , 1 8 99
.
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h Orn
M ic
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.
Club
.
,
V
,
pp
.
92
N O RTH
W A RB L E Rs
A M E R I CA N
.
Ohio Battle Creek An n Arb or and Mackinac Mich and M inneapo
lis Minn I n addition to the data given by Chapman the r e are the
follo w i ng records O f the late ap pearance of the species in spring or O f
its occurrence in summer : Bahamas March 4 and April 5 1 8 9 7 Little
“
2;
Abaco B ahamas f March 2 5 1 9 0
assau
Bahamas
April 1 90
2 ; N
,
2 2 1 8 99 ;
M ay
Ann Arbor
May 1 4 1 9 0
2 ; Morgan Park
May 2 5 ; Lake Koshkonong W is May 2 4 ; Kalama
R ockford ,
zoo Mich , May 1 5 1 8 8 5 ; Lu z erne
June 1 5 ; Toronto Can
1 90
3
ada f May 1 6 , 1 9 0
0; Oscoda Coun ty M ich J une 1 5 9 an d July
Fa ll migra tion — The only records of occurrence of the Kirtland
w arbler in fall in the United States are the following : Fort Myer V a
September 2 5 1 8 8 7 (Palmer) ; Chester S C October 1 1 1 8 8 8
i
Loomis
and
Ohio
o
osite
Ashland
K
(
y Aug ust 2 8 1 902
);
pp
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671
D
.
en
dr o i
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ca
v
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,
i g o r s ii
Pin e W
arbler
.
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.
— The pine w arbler breeds thro ughout t he eas tern
part of the United States fro m Florida and the Gulf Sta tes northward
to N e w Bruns w ick , Onta r io and Manitoba One of the n orthern
most points from w hich it is recorde d is Carlton Saskatchew an , w here
a party of th e Biological Survey found it common during July , 1 8 95
The northern boundary of the breeding range o f the species is in the
Canadian life zo ne but comparatively fe w individuals nest n orth of
the Alleg henian zone I n the region of the plains , w here pine for
ests are lacking it is a r ather rare migrant I t w as secured once
at R evelstoke British Columbia N earer the Mississippi R iver and
thence t o the Atlantic Ocean its presence durin g the breeding season
largel governed by the exten t of pine timber Hence in summer it
is more common in the Southern States an d the pitch and w hite pine
districts of south ern N ew E ngla n d than in the middle hard w ood dis
t r icts throughout w hich , from about latitude 37 ° north w a rd it is
kno w n to most observers as a more o r less common migrant and to a
few as a rather rare summer resident
W ai ter r a n ge — The pine warbler is a rare wi n ter resident in eastern
Texas south to Corpus Christi From N orth Ca rolina and southern
Occasionally
I llinois southward it is common in winter in the pines
at this season it w inters north t o Massachusetts I t has not y et been
re ported from Cu b a o r the islands at the south o f Florida nor have
B
r eedin g r a n ge
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ch
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k B ain ,
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.
W A RB L E R
PI N E
93
.
yspecimens
bee n received from the Flor ida lighthouses During
Feb ruary 1 9 0
2 a pine w arbler w as taken by one of the parti es o f the
Biological Survey at Matamoras Tama ulipas This is probably t he
first record of its occ urrence in Mexico or at any other point outs i de
the United States except for a casual occurrence in the Bermudas
S p r in g migra t ion — Th e pine w arbler is one of the first of the fam
ily to migrate i n spring Migrant b irds are seen in March over mo s t
o f the winter ra nge and even to W as hin g ton and eastern Pennsylvania
The average date of sp r ing arrival at Boston is A pril 1 0and in south
ern N e wHampshire April 1 3 I n the Mississippi Valley mig ration
seems to be a few days later than east of the Alleghenies The s pecies
reaches St Lo uis and central I ndiana not much before the middle o f
April Gran d R apids Mich is reached on the average , April 1 7
Chicago A pril 2 1 ; Ottaw a May 1 5 and Lanesboro Minn April 2 9
Fallmigration —Though arriving early in spring the pine warbler
is slow to disappear in fall I t starts south sufficiently early fo r it
leaves the northern part o f its r ange by the middle of September
But it passes latitude 39 ° as late as the first half of October and is
scarcely settled in its w inter home before the lst of N ovember An
unusually late migrant w as seen at Otta w a Octo b er 1 0 1 8 91
This is one O f the few w arblers of the eastern United States w hose
W inter home is i n cluded in its breeding range
Duri ng the winte r
season the pine w arbler occupies approximately the southern third o f
the breeding range ; hence it is not surprising that the birds are found
to be more common there in w inter than at any other ti m
e of the year
an
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6 72
B
.
D
p a lma r um
c
e n dr o i a
ding r an ge
—This
a
P l
mW
arbler
.
form of the s pecies breeds north o f
Manitoba and w est of Hudson Bay to at least Fort Churchill Fort
R esolution and Fort Simpson
W hile there a ppear to be n o record s
as yet of its breedi ng in Manitoba or Minnesota it has been see n in
these localities so late in spring and so early in fall that it will prob
ably be found nestin g throughout most of the mountainous districts
from northeastern Minnesota northw ard
M igr a tion r ange —Passing so uth through the Mississi pi Valley
p
the bird is a common migrant on both sides of the Mississi ppi R iver
To the w est it ranges to eastern N ebraska and eas tern Kans as and it
has been noted as accidental in Colorado Montana and California
I t is less common in Kansas than in N ebraska for the route mainly
traveled t urns in the latter State to t he eas t to w ard Florida E ast
ward the species ranges regularly to the Allegheny M ountains and a
fe w i ndividuals w ander each fall to the At lantic coast as far nort as
h
W ashington D C o r occasion ally to N e w E n gland
Win ter r a nge —
The palm warbler is abundan t in w inter in all the
B ahamas and in Cuba and Jamaica, and is present though less co m
r ee
w estern
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N O RTH
94
W A RB L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
mon in Haiti and Porto R ico w hich latter island marks the limit of
the eastern extension of the s pecies I t also w in ters in south ern
Florida To the south it has been taken on Gran d Cayman Little
“
”
n
R
u
a
t
a
Cayman Cayman Brack the S w an I slands Cozumel
and
Old Providence but has not as yet been n oted on th e mainland of
Honduras or N icar agua T w o occurrences on the mainland of Yuca
tan f are recorded and on e of the parties o f the Biological S urvey
found the species no t uncommon o n Cozumel I sland more common
1
on Muj eres I sla nd and very common during March and A pril 1 90
on the mainland o f Yucatan at La V ega
S p r in g migr a tion — I t is im possible to se parate the records O f occur
ren ce of the t w o forms O f this species duri ng spring migration in the
Gulf States w ith the exception of th ose made at the li ghthouses of
southern Florida Here th e earliest individuals o f the w estern form
to strike th e lig hts w ere n oted on April 4 1 8 8 6 March 2 3 1 8 8 7
March 1 0and 1 1 1 8 8 8 an d March 3 1 1 2 3 and 2 4 1 8 8 9 Palm war
b le r s w ere among the most numerous in the clouds of small birds that
s w armed around the lights o n the night of March 3 1 8 8 9 They w ere
reported o n th e same nig ht from both Sombrero Kev and Fo wey
R ocks — o n e of the fe w instances in w hich a s pecies has been so reported
from the t w o points The next certain records o f the occurrence of
the w estern form w ere made at St Louis w here it w as noted April 1 3
These dates
1 8 8 3 A pril 1 8 1 8 8 4 A p ril 1 3 1 8 8 7 and A pril 1 7 1 8 8 8
corres pond closely w ith those on w hich the s pec ies has been O bserved
in central I ndiana— April 1 7 to 2 1
R ecords o f average date of
a rrival farther north are : Chicago A pri l2 5 ; southern Michigan May
1 ; southern Ontario May 2 ; southern W isconsin April 30
; Hillsboro
I o w a April 2 2 ; Lanesboro Minn April 30
k R iver Minn May
; E l
3 ; A w e me Man itoba May 7
A specimen w as take n at Fort Chip
an
At habasca May
The fact that the bulk of the
pe w y
w estern form w inter farther south tha n does hy
p o clrg sea of the E ast
is reflected by the lateness of s pring migration in th e Mississippi Val
ley as com pared w ith the earliness of the n orthward movement on
the Atlantic coast By the ti me p a lma r mn has arrived at S t Louis
l
i g o e/i r g sea has reached N e w E ngland
Th e last palm w arblers to
p
pass n o r t hw ar d in spring have been note d at St Louis on May 9
1 8 8 4 May 1 2 1 8 8 5 an d May 1 0 1 8 8 7 and in central I ndiana about
the middle O f May These dates probably mark the normal passage
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U S N at M
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p 5 75, 1 8 8 8
I I I , p 56 4, 1 8 8 5
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2 11,
PI
NE
W A RB L E R
95
.
of t he later migr an ts of this spec ies I n the South the d ates on w hlch
the species w as last seen in s pri ng are quite variable I t w as last
noted in Florida : Palatka April 1 2 1 8 8 5 ; Tarpon Springs Apr i l 1 8 ;
Gainesville A pril 2 9 1 8 8 7 ; Tortugas April 2 6 1 8 90; Sombrero Key
lighthouse A pril 2 5 1 8 8 7 and May 1 5 1 8 8 8 Other l ast dates are :
N e w Providence Bahamas A pril 30
; Andros I sland Bahamas May
0
1;
1
8
1
9
Jamaica
April
Co
z u mel I sland
Yucatan
A
ril
6
2 1 8 90
p
;
;
0
and Porto R ico April 8 1 90
Fall migr ation — The fall migration of this species and that of
its eastern representative li gp oe/irgsea are especially interesting on
account of a unique feature that characteri z es them v iz the general
line of migration of one form is at right angles w ith that of the
other the t wo intersecting in the vicinity of northern Florida I t is
possi b le that pa lmarn m has but one g eneral line of migra tion w hich
passes in a southeasterly direction fro m th e central Mississi ppi Valley
to Florid a the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles and that th e indi
s noted in Yucatan and the neighboring isla nds have crossed
v idual
from southern Cuba w here this species is one o f the commonest of
The records of the Florida lighthouses do
N orth A merican bir ds
not sho w such numerous occurrences of p a lmar nm as one might ex pect
from the abundance of the bird in Cuba The earliest dates in fall on
w hich t his s pecies struck the lights —September 2 2 1 8 8 5 and Se ptem
ber 2 1 1 8 8 6 —are quite early as com pared w ith the first dates on w hich
migrants w ere noted farther north I n north w estern Min nesota the
first fall migrants w ere noted Septem b er 9 1 8 96 ; at Lanesboro Minn
September 1 7 1 8 8 8 ; Keokuk I o w a September 1 1 1 8 9 3 and Chi
0 The earliest dates in I n diana range f rom
cag o September 4 1 90
September 1 0 1 8 92 to September 1 4 1 8 97 Loomis says that the
s pecies is abu ndant at Chester S C in fall migration arrivi ng in
the second w eek of Septem b er and Scott records the date of first
arrival at Tarpon S prin g s as Sep tember 2 2 The earliest date in the
vicin ity of N e w Orleans is September 2 5 1 8 9 9 These dates indicate
a rather rapid migration in fall The last stragglers o f p almar n m
usually leave Manitoba the last w eek in September ; Lanesboro Minn
the first week in October ; C hicago abo ut October 9 and the central
Mississippi Valley by the middle of the month ; but migrants continue
crossing to C uba for a month lon g er The latest dates of striking the
lighthouses are N ovember 1 9 1 8 8 6 N ovember 1 1 1 8 8 8 and N ovem
ber 6 1 8 91
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c a p alm ar u m h y
Y e llo w Palm W arbler
s e a R idg w
p o ch r y
B r eedin g r ange —Hudson Bay is su posed t o b e the dividing line
p
6 72
a
.
D
e n dr o i
.
.
bet ween the summer home o f the western palm w arbler and tha t of
t he east er n for m h
s ea
The eas t ern bird bree ds from eastern
y
p oc/Lr y
M ame , N e w B ru ns w ick and N ova Scotia north w ar d east o f Hudso n
.
o
,
,
N O RTH
96
W A RB L E
A M E R I CA N
RS
.
Bay The northern limit of its range is n ot v et clearly determined
but is probably in Quebec souther n Labrador and N e w fou ndl and
W in t er r a ng e — From this restricted breeding ground hy
p ochrp sea
comes southw est follo w ing a narro w belt alon g the Atl antic co ast
and w inters on the north coast o f the Gulf o f Mexico The winte r
range extends fro m Louisiana to n orthern Flo r ida and occasionally as
far north as eastern N orth Carolina Acciden t al visitants have been
taken in Cub a and Jamaica I n central Alabama p a lmar a m appears as
a fall migrant and passes o n to the southeast its place being taken by
r in g h
E
o
arly
in
the
sp
l
i ry
a as a common winter r esident
s
hy
o
c
e
y
p
p
and later p a lmar n m passes through
c/zr y
s ea leaves for t he northea st
to ward the Mississippi Valley Chapman found a few s pecimens of
n oted the departure
as
far
south
as
Gainesville
Fla
and
l
i g ocii ry
s
e
a
p
O f th e last north w ard migrant March 1 5 1 8 8 7 six weeks before p al
mar a m finally disappeared
S p r in g migr a t ion — Migrants appear on the average at W ashin gton
April 6 ; Philadelphia April 1 4 ; cen tral Con necticut Ap ril1 5 ; Boston
A pril 1 8 ; St John N e w Brun s w ick April 2 0; Halifax , N ova Scotia,
A pril 2 7 and Pictou N ova Scotia May 1 sho w ing th at hy
zry
sea
p o cl
is one of the earliest o f mig rating w arblers and that it endures severe
At R aleigh N C the bird is a rare winter
w eather w ith im punity
visitant The last to leave for the N orth w as n oted April 2 0 1 885
A pril 1 6 1 8 8 9 A pril 1 4 1 8 9 0 and May 1 1 8 9 3 The latest spring
migrant noted at W ashington passed through o n A pril 2 9 Hence it
may be assumed that palm w arblers that w ere reported as departing
from Asheville N C on May 1 2 1 8 9 0 and May 1 5 1 8 9 4 were of
the form p a lmar mn w hich has been taken at W ashington as late as
May 1 8
Fa llmigr a tion — Yello w pal m w arblers are expected to reappear in
southern Maine soo n af t er the mid dl e o f September and to pass on to
N e w Jersey and W ashington about the ls t o f Oc t ober
An unusu
ally early fall migran t w as seen at Beaver Pa September 7 1 8 8 9
I n 1 8 8 7 the s pecies w a s not noted at N orth R iver Prince E d w ard
I sland after September 1 5 b ut at St Joh n N e w Bru ns w ick the a ver
age date o f the last recorded is about October 1 3 N e w E ngland and
the districts north of the w inter home are occupied until a b out Octob er
2 0 and the bird is sometimes seen in Massachusetts as late as early
N ovember
A s pecimen w as taken near N e w York City N ovember
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6 73
B
D
.
c
c o lo r
ra n g e — The
e n dr oi a
din g
rairie
d is
P
W
arbler
.
is quite local in its dist rib u
tion Along t he Atlantic coast it breeds from the northern Bah amas
and Florida to Massachusetts but n orth o f Philadelphia is found as
a rule , only near the coast Farther south it is commo n l ocally from
r ee
p rairie w arbler
.
,
.
,
N O RTH
98
W A RB L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
records of migran ts to the north w ard are March 5 1 8 8 8 Ma rch 1 2
i de of
re S
m
o
and
February
at
F
r
o
C
The
full
t
9
1
1
8
1
9
g
1 889
migration ho w ever does not start un til the last o f March Though
there are records of single birds striking as early as March 7 at
Sombrero Key lig hthouse no large flights occur until the last week
in the mon th
D uring the first w eek in April the species crosses
northern Florida and Georg ia arriving the follow ing w eek in central
The average date of earliest arrivals for sixteen
N orth Carolina
years at R aleigh N C is A pril 1 5 w ith extremes of A pril 6 1 8 9 2
I n the n orth w estern extremity o f Georgia, at
1 886
an d Apr il 2 2
At E ubank Ky on the
R ising Faw n the bird w as seen A p ril 5 1 8 8 5
other side of the mountains the seven years av erage o f earliest arrival
is A pril 2 0 w ith extremes of April 1 3 1 8 9 3 and April 2 2 1 8 8 9 The
earliest migrants usua lly arrive at W ashington A pril 2 2 ; in south
eastern N e w York May 4 ; at Portlan d Co n n May 6 and at Boston
0 probabl ythe first
May 8 On e w as taken at Toronto May 1 1 1 9 0
record o f the s pecies for Canada Thus the northern part o f the breed
ing range is reached by the first w eek i n May at w hich time and for
a w eek longer migrants are still crossin g from Cuba to Florida
Accordin g to the records Haiti is finally abandoned April 1 Jamaica
April 1 1 and the southern Bahamas April 1 2
Some late migrants
struck the Cay Lobos lighthouse o ff the north coast o f Cuba May 3
1
1 90
0 and May 1 3 1 9 0
Fallm igr a t ion — The time w hen the prairie warbler b egins its south
w ard j ourney ca n be j udged from t he fact that migrants have been
noted by Aug ust 1 8 at N ew Providence Bahamas and o n the island
Througho u t the Baham as and in Cuba this species is one
o f Jamaica
of t he most abundant w inter birds ; hence it must be a comm on mig rant
through Florida But n o such n umbers o f the species are killed by
striking the lighthouses as of several other s pecies apparently no more
common The prairie w arbl er is recorded as striking o n sixty one
difle re nt nights more than t w o thirds of w hich w ere in the fall
At
Sombrero Key w h ere an exact count w as kept o f the n umber o f each
species str ikin g and killed just half of the fall records o f this species
are of but 1 bird per night Six in a night w as the largest number
attained except on October 2 3 and 4 1 8 8 8 w hen the light w as struck
by 2 0 47 and 7 birds respectively Th e keeper at the A lligator R eef
light reports that 1 5 prairie w arblers struck his l ight o n September
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The prairie w arbler leaves its northern breeding grounds early in
September and fe w of the birds are seen along the central Atlantic
coast later than this date The five years record o f the latest date
on w hich fall migrants w ere seen at R aleigh N C gives an average
of September 6 w ith extremes O f Se pte mber 3 and 9 At Frogmore
S C the reported dates o f the e nd o f fall mig ration are September
,
’
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,
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,
OV
99
E N -B I RD
.
1 887
20
,
i
September 30 1 8 8 6 and September
The earl est
lig
thouse
w as s t r uck by
h
recorded dates on which the Sombrero Key
south w ard migrants are August 2 2 and 2 3 1 8 8 9 ; b ut the bulk of the
ng
fl
ghts
occur
dur
i
r
a
and
the
l
rge
birds pass by after September 1 6
i
a i
i
r
9
the ten days from September 2 9 to Oc tober
The egular m gr t on
the
o nly da te s
r
may b e consid ere d closed by the middle of Octobe
r 4,
ove
be
m
N
o
t
later tha n this on which mi g ran s were bserved being
R
F
1
1
8
9
6
at
Sombrero
Key
and
ovember
at
owey
ocks
N
,
,
1 888
Since the regul ar spring migration begin s about the ls t o f March
the pr airie w arbler s pends at leas t fi ve months in its winter home, and
many individuals r emain a month longer
2 5, 1 8 8 5,
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6 74
S e iurus
.
O ven bird
lus
a ur o capil
-
—The
.
a n d Virgin ia
a
d
oven
bir
breeds
from
K
nsas
B reedin g r ange
N
ew
L
a
orth
to
Alask
H
udson
Bay
the
Gulf
of
St
wrence
and
a
n
a nges
I
t
i
south
in
th
e
Alleghenies
to
South
Carol
na
r
fo undland and
west to Colorado and Montana and accidentally t o British Co lumbia
A few of the species breed in the northern Bahamas
—
The
wi
ter
nge
of
the
oven
bird cove rs a wide
ra
n
W inter ran ge
ran g e of lo ngit ude fro m the Pacific coast of M exico at Mazatlan to
Colombia South America I t is strange that the species should occ ur
at Mazatlan as it is a bird of the eastern United States w ith b ut
scattering records w est of Kansas I t is seldom that a Mississippi
Valley bird goes i nto western Mexico for the general direction o f
migratio n is south and southeast United State s birds that w i n ter in
wester n Mexico usually come from Cal ifornia and the Pacific coast
reg ion But the oven -bird , w hich was ori gin ally reported by Grayson
as occurring from N ovember t o April at M az atlan , w as found in M a rch
and April 1 8 99 in that vicinity by o ne o f the parties o f the Biological
Survey
I n eastern Mexico the oven bird w inters from Monterey N uevo
Leon to eastern Oax aca be ing rare in both these places but com mon
along the coast of Tabasco and abundant in Yucatan I t has been
reported in Mexico at as high elevatio n as
feet b ut w ith the
excep tion of a few note d at Monte r ey all the indiv iduals see n by t he
parties of the Biologica lSurvey w ere at less than a thousand feet alti
tude The species is common in the lower parts of Guat emala and
rang es in smaller numbers to nearly
feet I t has been t a ken in
Hondu ras at Omoa and on the islands of B uatan and B o nacca “ on t he
north coast I n N icaragua a few individuals have been seen at Lak e
N icaragua on the southeastern coast “ and at Greytown
I n Costs
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wrence , M
em
B
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S oc N at H ist I I
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p 2 69 , 1 8 74
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,
S alvin , I bis , p 2 51 , 1 8 8 8
o N uttin
g; Proc U s N at M us , VI , p 38 1 , 1 8 8 3
d R ich mo nd Proc U S N at M us
484, 1 8 9 3
,
, X VI , p
e L awre nce A m L
c N at H ist , V I I I , p 1 79 , 1 865
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10
0
RTH
N O
W A
A M E R lC A N
RBL ER S
.
R ica it has been n ot ed s e v e r al t imes b ut in only one insta nce has it
b e e n repor t e d as common — at M ira vall e s on t h e nor t hwe s t coast at
fee t A t San José ”
feet ) it is q uit e rare The
sou t h e rnmo s t po in t s at w h ich its occurrenc e is r e corded ar e the volcano
of Ch ir iq u i in Pa nam a and Bo n d a d o n the coas t of nor t hern Colombia
The r a nge o f t he oven b ird in the W es t I ndies is extensive ; it
in c l ud e s the larger islands an d extends t o S t Croix and St Thomas of
The bird is found t hroughout the Bahamas ;
t he Less e r A ntilles
ands and it
t here are records o f its occurrence o n t w elve different is l
win t e r s in quite large n umbers at leas t as far north as Andros and
It is a bu ndant in winter in southern Florida and
N e w Providen ce
On Jan uary
is less common thence t o the central par t o f the Sta te
A
2 1 1 90
3 an individual w as see n at W hitfield in northern Florida
fe w o f t he species sometimes spend the win t e r o n the islands o ff the
c o a st of Lou is iana
S p r in g migr a t io n — I n t he record s of t he o cc urrence of the oven
b ird in spring in Flor ida m igrants and w intering birds are indis
t ing uis ha b l
yconfused except ing o f course in the case of those
received from the light houses
A t Raleigh N C th e B r imley brothers spent a great deal of ti me
an d care in obtaining exact records o f arrival an d departure of birds
Th eir re cords fo r the d ifferen t yea rs are so far as most species are
concerned s urprisingly uniform varying in a long series of year s
only three or four days from the average In t he cas e of t he arrival
in spr ing o f the oven bird ho w ever there are no t o nlv variations
from year to year but quite large di ff ere nces in t he a verages of five
year periods These fi ve year averages are as fol lows : 1 8 8 5—1 8 8 9
—1 8 94 average April 1 2 ; 1 8 9 6—1 9 0
a verage April 1 8 ; 1 8 9 0
0average
Apr il 2 2
Th e extremes ar e April 7 1 8 9 2 and April 2 9 1 8 9 9 I t is
prob abl e t hat variat ions in the W inters which drive the birds south or
allow them to r e main ev e n as far nor t h as St A ugustine may a ccoun t
for t h is i r regular ity T he a verage date of arrival at Raleigh is prob
ably April 1 2 —1 5 w hil e at A s hev ille N C in the moun tains it is
April 1 8
The oven b ird called in sou t hern Flor id a and t he B ahamas t he
n ight walk e r is one of t he birds w hich s trike most commonly
ag a in s t t he Florid a l ighthouses
The records o f its s t riking are
v olum inous b u t c a n n o t be u s ed w it h perfect c onfidence becaus e of
t he uncer t ain ty wh e t h e r t he spe ci e s has bee n in all c ases clearly dis
t ing uis h ed from o t h e r m e mbe r s of the gen us
T he ear liest u nq
ues
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I b is p 434 1 8 9 6
I) Che rr ie A uk 1 X
p 2 1 1 8 92
Salvin P Z S p 1 8 3 1 3 70; B a ngs A uk X V II I p
Z 00] C lub I II p 6 2 1 9 0
2
d S
pe c ime n in C arn eg ie M us e um P it ts b urg Pa
B y
e r T h e A vifa un a o f L o uis ia na p 40 1 9 0
0
a
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n de r w o o d ,
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36 8 , 1 9 0
1;
Bangs Proc N
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10
2
N O
R TH
ER I C A N
A M
W A
RBL ER S
.
S C August 7 ; a t K e yW es t Fla Augu s t 1 9 1 8 8 9 ; at Rockport
Tex Augu s t 1 3 1 8 9 2 ; in C ub a and Por t o R ico t he en d of August
The bulk of t he species move
a n d a t S an José Cos ta R ic a Augus t
over thi s rout e a bou t a mon t h l ater and the birds are at times ver y
n umerous From the m iddle of September t o th e m iddle o f October
great numbers strike the Florida ligh t ho uses The keeper of the
l igh t house at Fo w ey Rocks writes : On th e nights o f October 1 0and
1 1 1 8 91 I could have filled a ma il bag with oven birds and a few other
birds
Some record s o f final departure are : A weme Manitoba September
0; North River Prince Edward
2 3 1 8 99 ; O tt aw a September 2 9 1 9 0
Island Septemb e r 2 1 8 8 8 ; S t John N e w Brunswick Sep t ember 2 9
Oc to ber 7 1 8 8 7 ;
1 8 91 ; Ch ic ago Sep t ember 30 1 8 9 8 ; W aterloo Ind
Engl e w ood N J October 7
Philade lphia October 9 1 8 8 7 ;
W ashington Oc t ober 1 7 1 8 9 0
; S t Louis September 2 9 1 8 8 5 ; Eubank
K y October 2 7 1 8 8 6 ; Rale igh N C O ct ober 2 3 1 8 8 5 ; Asheville
N C October 5 1 8 9 1 ; Ches t er Coun t y S C October 2 9 ; Ariel
Miss Octobe r 1 9 1 8 9 7 an d Sombrero Key lighthouse Novembe r 1 1
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1 888
675
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e iu r u s n o v e b o r a c e n s i s
S
.
—The
( G me l )
.
Water T h rush
-
.
the migrat ion s of t he t w o for ms of
n
n o t a bil
is) are so
t he w a ter thrush ( S eiur us n ovebor acen s is and S
mixed that it is impossible to sav t o w hich bird a great many of them
refer W h ile t he t w o birds are separated du r ing the breeding season
their winter ranges overl ap In gen eral it can be s aid that in summer
the eastern form ( novebor a censis ) occupies t he dis t rict east of the
M ississippi River breeding from northern I llinois north ern New
Engl a nd and the mountains of Pen nsylvania and W est Virginia to
H udson B ayLabra dor and Ne wfoundland
W in ter r a n g e — Both forms o f the water thrush pass south ward in
w in t e r t o South Amer ica ; hence except w hen specimens are taken it
ca n not be to l
d wh ich of the t w o forms is actually observed In t he
W est Ind ies the eastern wa te r thrush is one of the w idest ranging
s pe cies
I t is abundant in winter at lea s t a s far nor t h as N e w Provi
d e uce and t he larger islands and sou t hea s t t o St Croix and St Thomas
I t is l es s common to t he southeast w h ere it has been ta ken at Antigua
G uadelo upe J Domin ica G re na da f St Lucia d B a rb ado s Carri acou /
f
T o b ag o fl and Trin idad " These last men t ioned islands comple t e the
course from t he Un it e d S t ate s through t he Bahamas and the Leeward
and W ind w a rd Islands t o Sout h America and make it possible for t he
B
r eedin g r a n g e
.
notes
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I b is p 51 0 1 8 9 9
b Co r
yA uk V III p 49 1 8 9 1
W ells Pro c U S N at M us I X p
B
o n h o te ,
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61 1 , 1 8 8 6
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A lle n ,
B
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12 8 , 188 1
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C
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Fe ilden I b is p 48 2 1 8 8 9
f W e lls A uk XIX p 348 1 9 0
2
p 8 7 1882
Q S al
v in Cat S t rick
h Ch apman B ul A m M us N at H ist
v i p 2 4 1 8 94
e
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3
10
W A T ER H RUS H
-T
.
destination
water thrushes that winter in British G uiana to reach their
by
way
s
a
a
ei her e tward along the coast of the m inl nd or outhward
-
t
as
of the islands
relate
l
b
unq
es
t
iona
y
u
The W est Indian record s of the w ater thrush
to the eastern bird but on the mainland from Mexico to South Amer
Hence it is not certain
ica the two forms occur toget her in winter
that all of th e following records relate to the easte rn bird to which
the y are as cribed This f orm app ears to have been taken in winte r
by t he part ies of the B iological Survey near the City of Mexico and in
spring in Vera Cruz , and also in spring by Chapma n at Las Vigas
2 the species was
feet) in Vera Cr uz D uring the spring of 1 90
seen from April 2 0t o May 3 in nort hern Coahuila It is common in
o f the
m
l
catan
a
ong
the
east
co
t
and
neighboring
is
ands
but
ost
h
e
t
a
s
l
Yu
records are made during the spring w hen the wate r thr ush is a very
common migrant in the St ate It occurs throughout Guatemala to an
elevation of nearly
feet ; on b oth coast s of N icaragua ; o n both
coas ts of Costa Rica and also in the interior to at least
feet
though no t common at t his altitude and on both coasts and in the
lower mountains of Panama Jud ging from the records the bird is
common in the northern hal f of Colombia, “ being taken in fall migra
tion on the northern coast and during the wi n te r in th e interior as far
sou th as M inca ” Medellin and B ucaramanga “ It seems t o be most
common from
feet Its range extends stillfarther east
to
in northern South America to Venezuela and B ritish G uiana where
it has been t ak en o n the coast at Caracas f and B artica Grove ,0and in
the interior on Mount Roraima ” It is a bundant in the valleys o f the
Orinoco and Caura rivers " as attested by many specimens taken
between October 2 1 and March 2 4
S W 9 migra tion —The results of the few attemp t s made t o sep
ara te the migration records of the two forms o f the water -thrush in
the U nited States would seem to in di cate that the wes te rn form
mig rates in spring earlier than the easte rn and tha t birds w hich some
times winter in Florida as far north as St A ug ustine are from the W est
.
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Pro c Biol S oc Wash XIII p 1 05 1 8 99 ; A llen B ul A m M us N at
H is t XIII p 1 77 1 90
0; A uk X VI I p 366 1 90
0; Cas ein Pro c A cad N at S ci
Phil XII 1 9 1 1 860
b S al
vin and G odman I b is p 1 1 7 1 8 8 0
c S cl
ater and Sal
p 49 3 1 8 79 ; S h arpe O at B irds B rit M us X pp
vin P Z
a
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346, 653, 1 88 5
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Berlepsch J
i O rn
an d Sal
vin ,
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e
S clater
.
.
I p 1 6 1 8 50
f Cab anis S ch omb
,
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.
p 2 82
P Z S
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,
1 8 84 ;
,
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p
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at t I b is
Wy
2 51 ,
.
32 2 , 1 8 7 1
1 8 69 ; p 62 7 , 1 8 68 ;
,
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G uiana,
I II p
,
T imehri, p 2 62 , 1 8 96
h S al
2 , 1 8 85
vin , I b is , p 2 0
a
"B erl
epsch and H artert, No vit
aQuel
ch ,
.
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.
666, 1 8 48
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Zoo l
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,
1X
,
p 1 0 1 9 02
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,
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Cab anis
M
us
.
H ein
.
10
4
R TH
N O
ER I C A N
A M
W A
RBL ERS
.
Usually but few eas t ern water thrushes rema in in w in te r in any pa r t
Moreov e r the ir da t e s o f m igrat ion a r e s o la t e
o f the Un it ed States
as t o indi cat e a journey from a far sout hern land In add ition to the
d iffi cul t y of s epar a ting t he ea st ern and wes t e r n forms there is t he
a dded t r ouble t hat a large number of southern obser v ers do not dis
cr im inate wit h cer tainty between these forms and S mo tacilla As a
result t here is a small residuum of available notes There is no series
of u nquestionable records south o f Raleigh N C where t he average
date o f arrival fo r six years is April 2 5 with extremes of April 2 0
1 8 8 9 and April 2 9 1 8 9 1
From this w e may i nfer t hat t he birds
reach t he la t i t ude of sou t h er n Florid a by t he first w eek in April T he
Raleigh birds ar e certainl yt he east e rn form a nd t hose obser v e d at St
Louis as surely the w es t ern ; yet the five years average of the d at es
of first app e ara nce at S t Loui s is April 2 7 Th is indica t es th at
al
t ho ug ht he w estern form is in a dvance t he di fferen c e is s o s ligh t that
from a mixed lo t of data it w ould no t b e s a fe t o as s ign ea rly d a tes to
To t he north w ard av e r age
t he western form and l a t e t o t he eastern
records o f arrival are : W ashingto n April 30; Ph il a delphia May 6 ;
central Con necticut May 4 ; Boston May 8 ; southern M a in e May 1 0;
W es t o f t he Allegheni e s W at erloo
c entral New Brunswick May 1 4
Ind is reached April 2 6 ; Listowel Ontario Apr il 2 8 ; t he Parry
Soun d d istrict of Ontario M ay5 a nd O tt aw a Ontar io May 1 2
Al t hough t he southern breeding range of the wat e r t hrush is in the
Canadian life zone some individu a ls ar e very late in leav ing their w in
ter quarters Th e sp e ci e s has bee n t aken at M inca Co lombia :I arch
1 7 1 8 79 ; Con c epcion Colomb ia Mar ch 1 7 1 8 9 9 ; San J o s é Costa
R ica May 2 1 1 8 8 9 ; sou t h eastern Nicaragua May 5 1 8 9 2 ; Yucatan
April 2 2 1 9 0
to
feet )
1 ; S a n An dres Tuxtl a Ver a Cr u z
feet ) April 2 6 1 8 9 7 ;
May 1 1 —1 3 1 8 9 4 ; Las V igas Vera C ruz
Cay Lobo s lighthous e M ay 2 and 1 7 1 90
0; Cay S al Bahama s M ay
M ay2 8 1 8 8 7
1 8 90
1 9 1 8 9 1 ; Tor t uga s May 2
1 4—
; Raleigh N C
May 2 3 1 8 9 1
This species and S mo t a cilla have struck the Florid a light hous e s
on many nights sometimes in enormou s nu mbe r s b ut t h e y can no t be
distinguished in the records
h llmigr a tion — The w a t er thr u sh is t he earl iest fall migran t of t he
w a r bler s w ho s e s ou t hern bree ding range is in the Canad ian life zon e
I t has
a nd w hi c h do no t breed in th e southern Allegheny Mounta ins
been noted as early as Jul y1 5 a t W orces t er
and by the las t of
the mon t h at Oss ining N Y and W ashington D C ; also in late
July and early Augus t at Raleig h N C Th e first to s trike Fire
I s land ligh t Long Island in 1 8 9 2 was noted A ugust 1 4 Early fall
migrants arrived a t Raleigh Augus t 1 7 1 8 8 5 Augus t 1 7 1 8 8 7 August
2 1 8 8 8 July 2 9 1 8 9 2 August 7 1 8 9 4 August 5 1 8 9 8 and August
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R TH
N O
AM
ER I C A N
RBLERS
W A
.
ec ond w e e k in M ayand t he av e rag e da t e of ar r iv al du r ing five years
at Columb ia F a lls Mon t is M ay2 0 t he earlies t being M ay1 8 1 8 9 5
The first m igran t s w ere n o t e d at R e d De e r Al b erta May 2 7 1 8 9 2 and
1 5 1 8 97
M ay2 9 1 8 9 3 a n d at Edmonton Alberta M ay
s
,
.
,
6 76
S
.
e iu r u s
m o t a cilla ( V ie ill
L ouisiana
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,
W
at e r-T
h rush
.
— The Louisiana wat er thrush b reeds th roughou t its
range in t he United S t at es and is o ne o f the characteris t ic specie s of
the Carolinian life zone , in which it nests just to the n orthern limit in
sou thern New England , southern Ontario , southern Michigan , and
southern Min nesota Thus the breeding ranges of S n oveboracen sis
a nd S
mo ta cilla are largely separated by the Alleghen ian life zone
lVin t er r a n ge — The win ter range of th is species is m uch t he same
as that o f t he las t , except that it extends somewhat more t o t he wes t
The b ird exh ibits the r ather rare habit of a migration from the M is
s is s ippi Valley to t he western coast of Mexico — that is a distinct ly
s ou t h w estern migra t ion t hrough Mexico
Ranging only to eas t e rn
Nebraska eastern Kansas , and quite sparingly to eastern Texas , it y
et
was found by the parties o f the Biological S urvey in Durango and
Guerrero , and it has been reported as no t rare at Mazat lan and Col ima
A few individuals winter from the coast to an altitude of
fee t as
far north as Chacala , D urango and Monterey N uev o Le on
Th e Louisiana water thrush is found in winter throughout Guate
mala from the Pacific coast to
feet an d in migration a thousand
feet high e r It is rare or wanting in Camp e che and Y ucat an and
probably occ urs there only in migra t ion The ranges of the two w at er
t hrushes in Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica and Panama are much
the sa me but mota ci lla is much less common than nov ebor acens is
The kno w n range of mota cilla was extended to the main land of South
Ameri ca b yth e t a ki n g o f a specimen dur ing the win t er of 1 8 9 7—9 8
on the coas t of San t a M a rta Colombia , “ and another , on November 8
b
d
i
t
a
t
B
o
n
a
in
h
same
V
cini
y
t
e
1 8 98
The species is no t common i n th e W est Indies , and is somewhat
restricted in its range as compare d w ith t he rest of t he gen us I t
occurs in Cuba Hai t i , Porto Rico Jamaica Gra nd Cayman , Old
Providence , t he n orthern B ahamas N ew Providence , Berry and
B imini I s l and s It is recorded fro m Antigua o f t he Lesser Antilles
b ut n o t f r om a nyof t he neighboring islands
S p r ing m igr a t ion — M igration records o f the Louisiana w at e r
The re
t h rush are practic ally w a n t ing fo r Florida and the Gulf coas t
is , however a mos t e xc e llen t se t of records from North Carolin a which
The
s ho w v ery unifor m time s of arri v al without regard to al t itude
following tabl e gives date s of ea rlies t a rrival in s pring at Raleigh
B
r eed in g r a n ge
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B angs Pro c B io l S o c Was h X I I p 1 43
b A l
len B ull A m M us N a t lliat X I I I p
a
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1 8 98
.
1 77, 1 9 0
0; A uk ,
X V II p
,
.
366 , 1 9 0
0
.
W A r an-r e ans n
L O U I S IA N A
10
7
.
S tate s v ille and Asheville and with them similar records from Eubank
l
fl
e:
h
ev
A
s
t
o
us
across
the
mountain
the
northwest
from
s
Ky, j t
)
(
,
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.
R ecor d
Year
L ouisia na wa ter-thrush
s o
spr ing arrival
f
f
o
Ra
.
M
M
M
M
1 887
1 8 90
1 891
1 8 92
l igh
e
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ar
26
ar
28
26
29
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ar
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ar
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3
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A pr
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S ta t es vi
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M
M
ar
28
ar
24
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ll e
A s h evi
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M
M
M
ar
ar
ar.
4
25
26
30
25
M
ar.
28
A
M
26
ar
.
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r
ar.
.
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M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
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ar.
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28
27
ar 2 4
ar 2 4
ar 2 5
ar 2 7
ar 2 5
ar 2 9
a r.
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.
.
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.
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ar
.
30
27
following dates of earliest arriva l in spring are more or less in
agreement wit h the foregoing : Gainesville Fla March 8 1 8 8 7 ;
Greensboro Ala April 5 1 8 8 8 ; Shelby Ala April 4 1 8 98 ; R ising
Fawn G a March 2 8 1 8 8 5 ; N ew Orlea ns Apri l 2 , 1 8 98 Nort hern
re cord s of average date of arr ival are : Frenchcreek , W Va April
April 1 4 ; Scar b oro N Y
3; W ashingto n April 1 1 ; B eaver Pa
April 1 9 ; Portland Conn Apr il 1 7 , Migration up the M is s issippi
River and westward is not much differen t from that in correspo nding
eastern latitudes At St Louis t he a verage date of arrival is April 8 ;
April 1 6 ; Pe te rsburg Mich April 1 7 and L anes
at Brookville Ind
boro Min n April 2 2 The dat es of first arrival at Manhattan Kans
are April 1 8 1 8 8 4 and April 1 5, 1 8 8 5 ; at Onaga Kans April 1 2
In Texas the species arrived
1 8 9 1 ; April 1 5, 1 8 9 2 and April 1 6 1 8 93
at the Rio Grande on March 31 1 8 77 ; in Refugio County March 1 7
1 8 9 9 ; at Corp us Christi March 1 7 1 8 9 9 ; at S an Anto nio , M a rch 2 5
1 8 8 0 a nd April 9 1 8 8 9 ; and at G ainesville , March 2 4 1 8 8 5, and March
T he
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Fall migr atimz — The two water thrushes start south at about th e
-
.
same time but while novebor acens is occupies nearly three month s in
making its fall migration the journey o f most o f motac illa is rap id
the lat est migran ts following closely afte r the first to leave Southern
New England and southern Minnesot a are usually fi nally abandoned
’
in Augus t
T he six yea rs a verage of d a tes of last seen at Renovo
Pa is Septe mber 8 , and t he la test date Septe mber 1 7 1 8 94
The
fact that no w ate r thru shes ar e reported afte r A ugust from Eubank
Raleigh or Asheville show s how largely the great body of t he b ird s
leave their breeding grounds in the early fall A belated mig ran t w as
seen at Englewood , N J Octo ber 2 1 8 8 5
South of the U nited States the b irds reach ed Jalapa , Mexico in
August 1 8 8 4 ; Volcan de Fuego Gua temala
feet) in Aug u st ;
B o nacca Island Honduras in Se p t emb e r and Jamaica on September
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10
8
R TH
N O
G
y
.
K e n t uck
p is fo r m o s a
e o th l
W A R B L nR s
ER I C A N
A M
yWa
rb l
er
.
"I v a d in g r un ge —lhe K e ntucky warbler is a forest lover and makes
its ch ie f hom e in t he heaviest timb e red regions a nd dark damp w oods
of t he cen t ra l Mi s s is sippi Valley Eastwa rd it breeds more o r less
locally from t he low e r Hudson River Valley to Nor t h Carolina There
is a s ingle record o f its breeding in Sou t h Carol ina , and four records
of its occurrence during m igration in Florida The Kentucky warbler
is common in the Stat e from which it takes its name and in the water
sh ed o f the Ohio River and its tributaries It is uncommon north of
this r e gion , but is found as far a s Lake Erie southern Mich igan ,
southern W isconsin , an d southwes t ern Minnesota It is accidental in
On ta rio and Q uebec The w este rn limi t o f its range is reached in
sout heastern Nebraska and t h ence t hro ugh eastern Kansas and Indian
Terr it ory to eas t ern Texas Though no t uncommon in favorable locali
ties alon g t he strea ms in t hese St ates , it is n ot nearly so abunda nt as
in t he Ohio Valley Breed ing pr in c ipally below a n elevat ion of
feet it is s t ill no t confined to t he lowlands In w estern N orth Caro
lina , in th e moun tain s , it breed s commonly around Asheville at
feet a ltit ude an d ha s been n oted up t o
feet The extreme south
western part o f its breedi ng range is found in the v icinity of San
An t onio , Tex A s a migrant the bi rd has been n ote d at Corpus
Ch risti Tex
W ri ter r a n ge — The Kentucky warbler is rat her com mon in most
o f Guatemala , from the hot regio ns o n the Pacific coast to the moun
tains and occurs up to at least 7 0
0
0feet altitude It is known to be
a common w inter resident of southeas t ern N icarag ua, ” and is quite
generally distributed over Costa Rica and Panama bo t h on the coasts
and inthe uplands to
feet
T he only records of its occurrence
d
sou t h and east o f Pan ama are those o f some specimen s taken at Bonda ,
and Santa M a rtaf Colombia
Un t il with in recent yea rs o u r only knowledge of the occurrence of
t he Kentucky warbler in Mexico w as co n fi ned to records of its capture
at Play
a Vi ce nt e and Guichicovi Through th e explora t ions of some
o f t he parties o f the B iologica l Survey it is now known to be a w inter
res id e n t o f southern Mexico , in the Sta te s of Ta b asco and Campeche
a nd s outhward to t he Pacific coast
S p r in g m igr a h ma — T he records of occ urrence o f t he Kentucky
w arbl e r in s pr ing in Florida are : Tarpon Spring s April 6 1 8 8 6 ; near
mout h of t he Su w a nee R iv e r April 2 1 , 1 8 92 ; D r y Tortug as M a rch
2 9 , 1 8 9 0 and Som b r e ro K e y( w he r e a b ird struc k the light) , April 2 5,
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Ch ap ma n B ull A m M us N at H is t III p 31 8 1 8 9 1
0R ichmo n d Pro c U S N at M us X VI p 48 4 1 8 9 3
Unde rw o o d I b is p 434 1 8 96 Ch e rrie A uk I X p 2 1 1 8 9 2
" A l
len B ul A m M us N a t H ist X II I 1 77 1 90
0; A uk X V II
B angs Pro c Bio l S o c \Va s h X II p 1 44 1 8 98
a
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366, 1 9 0
0
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11
0
RTH
N O
ER I C A N
A M
W A
RB LE R S
.
year at Ber w yn Pa is Sep t e mb e r 1 1 8 9 6 and at Raleigh N C
September 1 2 1 8 94 T he latest d at e s at Eub a nk K y are S e ptem
ber 2 1 8 8 7 a n d September 6 1 8 8 8 and the l a tes t at Bonh a m Tex
Augu s t 2 0 1 8 8 5 T he species usually l e aves New Orleans by the mid
dle of Sep t ember t hough a very late migr ant w as noted October 1 9
«
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1 895
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South of Mexico t here are no records o f fa ll migrants except Octo
ber 7 1 8 9 0 San José Costa Rica and October 7 and 8 1 8 9 7 a nd
October 1 1 —No v ember 1 2 1 8 9 8 Bonda Colomb ia
Later explorations fill t he gaps left by previous records and make
clear t he principal path o f migration The birds from the Mississ ippi
Valley pass south to the Gulf Coast
Since the species is rare on the
South A t l a ntic coast and in the peni nsula o f Florida and has proba b ly
n ever b e en ta k e n in the W est Indies except once at Santiago Cuba
( G undla ch s records for Cuba are probably incorrect) it see ms ev ident
that t he sum me r b irds of th e Atlant ic slope foll ow the gene ral t rend
o f t he country t o the sou t hwest and o n ar rival at t he Gulf fly south to
the damp region of southern Mexico and Central America The species
seems to avoid the R io Grande region o f Texas and so far as the re c
ords go all o f northern Mexico and Y ucatan ; and it has not y
et bee n
taken in Honduras though it may occur in the southern p a rt of t hat
country Its main migration route is determ in ed by t he pres ence of
damp heavy forests
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,
678
G
.
e oth
y
( Wils )
a g il
is
l p is
C onn ect icut W arb ler
.
.
— Summer records o f the Con necticut w arbl e r are
rare There is a singl e record o f its breeding in Manitoba ; ° it was
found located for th e summer in a tamarack s w amp near Hickory ,
Aitkin Coun ty ,
w h ere it was seen from June 2 1 o nw ard ; it
was seen in July o n the St Louis River in eastern Minnesota and
t herefore probably b reeds in that locality ; and it is claimed t o breed
n ot uncommonly in sou t hern W isconsin
IVin ter r an ge — There are five records of th e occurren ce o f the Con
er south of the United S t ate s: Tonantins , Brazil , "lApril
n ecticut warb l
an ds
M ay 1 8 91 ; New Providence
9 , 1 8 8 4 ; Cay S al, Baha ma I sl
Bahamas / October 1 2 —1 4, 1 8 98 ; Cay Lobos light , B ahamas fl May 9
Thus , al t hough it is
1 90
1 and Bonda Colombia " October 2 2 , 1 8 9 8
c ertain tha t t he s pecies winters in South America , there is as y
et not
a single w inter r e cord
S p r ing migr a t ion — All writers agree t hat during the spring migra
t ion this species is more common west o f the Alleghenies than eas t ,
B
ding
r ee
r a n ge
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4 1 7 , 1 8 72
1 92 , 1 8 8 4
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A uk , X I V , p 2 2 2 , 1 8 97
alB e rl
epsch , J i O rn , p 98 , 1 8 8 9
e Co r
A uk , V I I I , p 352 , 1 8 9 1
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C O N N EC TI CU T
W A
RBLER
111
.
and t hat the rever se is t rue in the fall In spring migra tion it is found
wes t of the Mis s iss ippi River at St Louis and to the Red River of M in
It is not know n from Nebraska Kansas or Louisiana but there
neso ta
It would s eem
is one record of its accidental occurrence in Colorado
tha t the principal line of spr ing migration is from South America to
t he Bahamas and undoubtedly to Cuba though the specie s is no t yet
re ported from that islan d
The full record of the Connectic ut warble r at the Sombrero Key
lighthouse in southern Florid a is :
.
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,
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y
ig hthouse
er at S ombrer o K e l
R ecord of Connecticut war bl
D
ate
b
bi d
i i g
.
N um er
r s
of
k e
4
l
1
1
1
O ct 9 1 88 5
M a 1 9 , 1 88 7
M a 4, 1 8 88
M a 8 , 1 88 8
M a 1 2 , 1 88 8
y
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b
bi d
ill d
N um er
r s
of
st r k n
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ime o f d y
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d
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2 a In
1 0 m -5 a I n
1 -2 a I n
1 2 -2 a I n
1 0 m -3 a m
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N E -E , s to rm a nd ra n ,
M o erat e cas t w n a nd h eav ra i n
Fresh E S E w n , c ou
Fresh S E w n w t h muc h rai n
Ca m and c ear
.
.
.
1 8 93 t he
In
fir s t spr ing m igrants of this species w ere seen on t he
lo w e r Su w anee River M ay1 0and 1 1 and at South Anclote Key ”
M ay2 4 1 8 8 7
The next record to the north is in Chester County
S C May 1 0 1 8 8 9 The bird w as seen at St Louis May 1 4 , 1 8 8 3;
May 2 1 1 8 8 4 and May 1 5 and 2 2 1 8 8 5 Records are more common
in India na and Illinois and are usually made about the middle o f May
the earliest date being May 4 1 8 91 at English La k e Ind The spe
cies has been t aken many times in s pring in Michigan and W isconsin
and it can h a rdly be called uncommon in Minnesota from t he Red River
on the wes t to t he St Louis River on the eas t
Fallmigr ation —The Connecticut w arbler is not known i n Canada
east of O ntario nor in New England north o f Massachusetts except
for a few specimens taken at Pittsford V t September 2 0
Shelburne N H , September 1 4 and Saco Me September 8 —1 5
From its breeding grounds in Manitoba and Ontario it seems to pass
south and southeast to the region of t he Great Lakes and t o the Atla n
tic ih Massachusetts It has been taken at Chicago and in southern
Michigan August 30; Ossining N Y August 2 6 and at W ashingto n
D C , August 2 8 Most o f the records o f it s occurrence in the east
ern United States are made in September Consider ing t he small
numbers observed it str ikes the lighthouses w i t h much frequency
It has been reported as striking at Spectacle Reef ligh t house near t he
Strait s of Macki nac It struck on e of the exposition buildings at
Mil w aukee "l September 2 2 —
2 3 1 8 88
Sixteen were killed o n t he
night of September 30 1 8 8 3 at Fire Island light and three at Shin
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A uk ,
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K umlein , A uk , V , p 32 6 , 1 8 8 8
e D ut
ch er , A uk , I , p 1 79 1 8 8 4
,
338 , 1 8 9 3
d
.
.
b
S co t t , A uk . V . p 1 8 7, 1 8 8 8
c
H itc h cock , A uk , V I , p 1 93, 1 8 8 9
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.
112
A M E R I CA N
N oa
A RB L E RS
W
.
light bo t h on t he s ou t h coast of Long Island and eigh t een
w ere killed o n the night of Oc t ober 1 2 1 8 8 3 at Fire I sland light
T hese re c ord s s ho w w hat n umbers of the bird must pass i n the fall
through N e w England
The Con nect i c ut warbler has been seen at Chicago as late as Sep
tem b er 1 7 1 8 94 ; Portla n d Conn October 1 1 8 9 4 ; Englewood N J
O ctober 1 1 1 8 8 5 ; W ashington October 1 2 1 8 9 0; Raleigh N C
O ctober 1 4 1 8 8 4 O ctober 1 5 and 2 4 1 8 9 6 October 1 3 1 8 9 8 ; Som
b r e ro Key Fla O c tober 9 1 8 8 5 ; New Providen c e Island B ahamas
Oct ober 1 2 1 8 9 8 ( w hen several that remained only four or five days
were noted ) and B onda Colombia October 2 2 1 8 98
n e co ck
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6 79
G
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e oth
lyp i s
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,
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p h i l a d e l p h i a ( W il e )
M
.
i
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er
o urn n g 32 a r b l
.
The mourning w arbler is most common insum
me r in northern Minnesota and the va lley of t he Red River of the
Nor t h in N orth Dakota an d Manitoba It occurs rarely in eas tern
Assiniboia It is found breeding but is less common in Michigan
northern New York Vermont and New H am ps hire
c e n t ral Ont ario
and in the Catskills and th e moun tains o f B erkshire Co unty Mass ;
also in Maine where it seems to be quite common l ocally in the north
eastern part and east to New B runswick Pri nc e Edward Island and
Nova Scotia It also breeds in some o f the mountains of Pennsylvania
and W est Virginia
M ig r a tion T a n y
a — W ith
the exception o f a probably accidental
occ urrence in So uth Carolina it has no t been recorded outside the
mountain s at any ti me o f th e year in the Atlantic and Gulf States
from North Carolina to Mississippi It is a rare migrant in Louisiana
but is fairly common in migration in Texas I t s distribution in t he
shaped Touching the Gulf of Mexico
U nited States is therefore fan —
0 miles the
along t he coast o f Louisiana and Texas a distance of 60
lines of migration exten d north t o Manitoba and northeast along t he
west side o f the Allegh enies to N e w B runswick Nova Scotia and the
Magdalen Islands The east and west extension o f the breeding ground
nearly
miles
l n tH r a n g e —The distribution of the mourning w arbler in winter
is rather less extended than in summer A single specimen taken on
t he southeast c oast of Nicaragua
Fe b r uar v 4 1 8 92 constitute s the
only re cord for thi s co u nt r v The b ird is a not un com mon winter
resident in Costa Rica Panam a and Colombia and there are a few
records of its o cc urren c e in Ecuador Since th e summer home of the
spe cies is principally in the Canadian z on e with but fe w individuals
nesting in t he Alleghenian on e would naturally expect it to seek the
mountains in w inter ; and it is interes t ing to n ote that all the winter
B
r ee
d in g man ga —
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p
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48 4, 1 8 93
.
114
N O RT H A M E R I CA N
W
A R B L E RS
.
Lo w er Rio Grande May 9 1 3 1 8 78 ; Vi ctoria County May 3—
4 1 8 8 7;
San Antonio April 2 8 1 8 8 5 April 2 4 1 8 9 0 May 1 5 1 8 9 0 May 1 2 —1 3
1 8 9 1 ; H ouston May 1 6 1 8 8 2 ; Aust in May 1 9 1 8 9 0
; Dallas May
3—1 8 1 8 9 8 May 3—7 1 8 99 ; B onham May 1 4
Gainesville May
2 2 1 8 8 5 May 6 —
1 3 1 889
Farther nort h the records are : Emporia
K a n s M ay1 5 1 8 8 5 ; western Missouri M ay
12—
1 8 1 8 74 ; St Lo uis
May 1 9 1 8 8 2 May 1 6 1 8 8 3 May 2 1 1 8 8 4 M ay1 3 2 2 1 8 8 5 May
1 0 1 8 8 6 May 1 4 1 8 8 7 ; Rising Fa w n G a
May 14 —2 0 1 8 8 5 ; W ash
—
ing t o n May 1 5—
30
l
eastern
Pennsy
vania
May
2 5 ; Scarboro N Y
6
;
May 9 1 8 9 7 ; St J o hns b uryV t May 2 0 1 9 0
0; St John N e w B runs
wick May 2 4 1 8 9 1 and North River Prince Edward Island June
1 01 888
Southern Michigan is reached May 1 7 Listo w el Ontario
May 1 7 the Parr ySound Distric t Ontario M ay2 2 and Otta w a May
24
An early arri v al w as noted at B rookville Ind May 7 1 8 8 1
The first appear on the average at Chicago May 1 8 and on the same
date at Lanesboro Minn An individual w as seen May 1 8 1 8 8 5 at
W hite Earth Minn and another May 2 3 1 9 0
0 at A w eme Manitoba
Th us gen erally speaking a litt le less than four w eeks is occupied
in th e journey from Texas to Minn esota w hich gi ves an average daily
travel of 45 miles This high rate of speed is particularly to be noted
both because the spe cies is a late migrant and because the b irds are
passing over a section of co untry in which none of them breed
Th e same rate of speed in the South would just about fill the time
between the Costa Ri can and Texan dates of arri v al
The records show a comparatively shor t time spent in any one place
during migration The dates of recorded arrivals in Texas do not
exten d over quite a month from th e earliest at San Antonio April 2 4
1 8 9 0 to th e latest at Gainesville May 2 2 1 8 8 5 ; and the records for
any one year do not c o v er more than three weeks The great bulk of
the birds o cc upy scarcely t w o weeks in passing a given place in the
c en t ral Mississippi Valley
Fa llmigr a tio n — Notes on fall migration are almost lacking The
la s t mourning w arbler was noted at Otta w a A ugust 2 8 1 8 9 6 ; North
River Prin c e Edward Island September 3 1 8 90; Renovo Pa Sep
tember 2 6 1 8 99 ; Cambridge Mas s September 30 and Ossining
N Y O ctober 1 Lloyd reports that mourning warblers had left
c entral Texas by the ls t o f September at whi ch time Cherrie reco r ds
their arrival in Costa Ri ca w here he says they are not uncommon b y
the middle of the month A belated bird was seen at New Orlean s
Octo b er 7 1 8 9 6
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68
0
.
G
e ot h
.
lyp i s
t o lm
i e i ( T o w ns )
.
M
a cg
illi vray W a rb le r
.
Ma cgilli v ray w arbler is one o f th e common and characte ristic
species of the western U nited States and one of the few o f that
region that proceed as far s outhea s t as S uth America I t breeds
T he
,
o
.
M
A R YLA N D
Y E LL O W -T H
R O AT
1 l5
.
from New Mexico and Ariz ona to B ritish Columbia , and occ urs eas t
regularly t o the foothills of the Rockies and occasionally many miles
out on the plains In the mountains it breeds to
feet I t
winters from Lower California to Colo mbia 0 South America and is
mos t common a long th e main range of th e mo untains
S p r ing migr a tion —The ea rlies t migra nts of the Macg illivray war
bler seen in the H uachuca Mountains Ari z ona were recorded April 1 1
I n southern California a few have been seen as early as the
2
1 90
last of March but th e general ti e of arrival in th e southern part of
the State is the first ten days o f April Fart h er adv ance nort hw ard
is remarkably slow The average date of arrival in northern C olo
rado is M ay1 3; at Cheyen ne W y
o , May 1 4
and at G reat Falls ,
Mont May 2 8 Some records o f the first n oted are : Fort Klamath ,
Oreg May 1 1 1 8 8 7 ; B e averton Oreg M ay1 8 1 8 8 5 ; Columbia
Falls Mont May 1 9 1 8 8 5 ; Chel an , W ash May 2 1 1 8 9 6 ; B ur rard
Inle t B ritish Columbia June
and Chilliwack B ritis h C olum
bia J une 8 1 8 8 8
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68 1
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,
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ypi s
e o th l
ding
r ee
tr
r a n ge.
i ch a s
yl and Yel l o w-th roat
M
ar
.
—There are three forms of the Maryland yellow
throat o n the Atlantic c oast, of which tr io/Las is the intermedia te
breeding from Georgia to Maryland and less commonly to Delaware
southern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey The ra nge north
ward is o cc upied by braclzidacty
l
a and southwar d in Florida and along
the Gulf coast by ignota In t h e south er n part of its range tr ichas is
the form found on the higher lands to the base of t h e mountains w hile
the coast al plain and th e swamps are occupied b y
ign o ta .
W in ter T any
a —The typica l form tr io/Las passes in winter but little
south of its breeding range occupying at this season the Carolinas
Georgia , Florida and the northern B ahamas Occasion ally o ne is seen
in winte r much farth er north along th e coas t The migrations o f this
form are so slight that it is no t possible to separate the records of it s
occurrence from those o f br achidacty
la
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G
yp i s
e o th l
tr i ch as
i g n ot a
.
Ch apm
Flo rida Ye ll o w t h ro at
-
.
.
The Florida yellow -throat is an inhabitant of t he Austroriparian life
z one
It breeds ab undan tly in Florida and southern Georgia whence
it ranges in a narro w belt along the seaward edge of the coastal plain
north to the Dismal Swamp of Virginia and west t o Louisiana It is
largely resident in th e Gulf States its migratio ns being prin cipally
restricted to a slight south w ard retiring of the more norther n birds of
the Atlantic coast and the crossi ng of some of the Florida birds t o
Cuba In neither of these movemen ts can the records b e separa ted
from those of the more northern twichas The s ubspecies breeds
.
,
,
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,
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.
a
S harpe , Ca t B
.
i rds
B
r
it
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M us
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,
X
,
p
.
364, 1 8 85
.
116
N O RT H A M E R I C A N
W
A R B L E RS
.
throughout most of it s range in t he Au stroriparian z one but probably
not in the tropical region of Florida
,
.
68 1d
G
.
lyp i s
eoth
i ch a s
tr
b
r a ch
id a ct
yl
( S w ai n s )
a
N o rt h e rn Y e ll o w -t h roat
.
.
The b reeding range of the northern yellow t hroat
o ccupies the w hole of the Mississippi Valley from eastern Texas and
eastern Nort h D akota to th e Allegheny Mountains and from the
region above the Gulf strip to Minnesota northern On t ario Edmon
ton Alberta and Chippewyan Athabasca The known range o f this
form to the north was extended to the l ast t w o points by parties of
the B iological Sur v ey which found the species in 1 9 0
1 a t Edmonton
and in 1 903 at Chippewyan East of the Alleghenies t he bird b reeds
from N ew York and nor thern N e w Jersey to sou t hern Labrador and
New foundland
lVin te r a n ge — I n winter the norther n yello w throat is found in
the B ahamas Cuba and Jamai ca ; from Louisiana through eastern
Texas ; from the plateau region of Tamaulipas Guanajuato and
Jalis co to Oaxaca and Chiapas and from Yucatan to Guate mala
Nicaragua and Costa Rica It is co mmon in the lower distri cts of
Nicaragua
This country marks its normal southern extension ho w
ever for it is so rare in Costa Rica that Cherrie ” saw but five indi
s in three years collecting and apparently there are only a few
v idua l
other occ urrences recorded
A single specimen w as taken at Chiriqui
Panama d
S p r in g migr a tion — I t is impossible to separate the notes on the
migration o f the three forms of the Maryland yello w throat occurring
on the Atlantic coast The notes on which the following statements are
based probably relate to allthree forms I t is likely that the earliest
spring migrants seen at the Florida lighthouses are ign o ta and that
the earlies t in Nort h Carolina are tr ielLas ; also that notes o f Maryland
yellow throats in migration north of Maryland appl y principally to
The ligh thouse records of southern Florida in clude
l
br a c/i ida cty
a
both ign o mand bra ckidactg la The earliest dates of striking at Som
b re r o Key light are March 6 1 0 and 1 1 1 8 8 8 and Mar c h 3 1 1 and
The flight of Marc h 3 1 8 8 9 w as one of the largest spring
2 4 1 889
flights of Mary land yello w throats e v er noted at Sombrero Key It
lasted nearly all night and during its continuance about 1 50birds
struck the light On the same night Maryland yello w throats also
struck th e lighth ouse at Fowey Rocks on the coas t of Florida 9 5
miles northeast of Sombrero Key which is just south of Cape
Sable This is one of the re ma rk ab lv few instances w here a species
r eedin g r a n ge
B
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a
R ich mo n d
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S
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N at M
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us
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,
X VI
,
p
.
i
48 5, 1 8 9 3; N ut t ng ,
i b id
1883
.
b
C
Ch e rri e , A
IX
uk ,
,
p
.
2 1 , 1 8 92
Fran t z ius J f O rn p
G o d man B i o l
S al v i n
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Z S ,
2 93, 1 8 69 ; B o uca rd ,
1 88 1
Ce n t A m e n , I , p 1 50
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p
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52
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1 8 78
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VI
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p
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38 2 ,
118
N O RT H A M E R I CA N
W
A R B L E RS
.
The firs t Maryland yello w throats are seen o n the average at W ater
lo o I nd April 2 5 ; i n northern Ohio April 30; in southern Michigan
and at Chicago May
Keokuk Io w a April 2 7 Grinn ell Io w a
April 30; L anesboro Minn May 5 ; Elk River Minn May 1 2 ; and
A w e me Manitoba May 2 2
As might be expected from the fact that a few Maryland y ellow
throats winter in Texas the dates on w hich the fi rst are seen in spring
in that State are very irregular In some cases the records o f occur
rence given below relate to wintering birds The dates bring out the
fact however that the bulk o f the species moves at a little later date
h ere than nearer the Mississippi River Th e records are as follows :
Lower R io Grande April 1 1 , 1 8 7 8 ; Corpus Christi March 2 6 April
15
Refugio County April 1 5 1 8 9 9 ; San A ntonio February 2 2
1 8 90
February 1 2 ( common April
1 8 91 ;
( common Marc h
,
Austin March 1 1 (common March
1 8 90
; Fredericksburg April
2 1 1 8 9 3 ; D allas April 1 1 8 9 8 April 2 1 8 9 9 ; B onham April 1 9
1 8 8 9 A pril 2 2 1 8 9 0 April 1 3 1 8 9 1 ; central Texas April 4 1 8 8 5
April 1 2 1 8 91 ; H ouston
arrive about April 1 5 (N e hrling ) ; Still
well Ind T April 7 and 1 0 1 8 9 7
Fall migr ation — The migrati on range of the Maryland yel low
throat is $9 fill ed with b reeding birds that it is not possible to define
with exactness t he beginning o f the southward movement in fall
The earliest dates of striking at the Florida ligh thouses (w hen of
course the birds are un questionably migrating) are September 1 4
1 8 8 4 Septem b er 1 2 1 8 8 5 and September 1 8 1 8 8 7 at Sombrero Key
These records confirm G undlach s statement that the species reaches
Cuba in Sep tember The earliest arrival noted in Jamaica w as on
October 8 and the earliest in eastern Nicaragua on October 2 8 The
period o f fall migration o f the species is almost as extended as that of
spring The bulk of the birds leave their northern breeding grounds
in September but even far nort h some linger until late in the season
The last were seen at Lanesboro Minn October 5 1 8 8 5 ; Ottawa Sep
tember 2 7 1 8 8 9 ; North River Prince Edward Island September 1 1
1 8 8 7 ; St John New B runswick October 3 1 8 9 1 ; in southeastern New
York October 1 4, 1 8 8 7 ; Englewood N J October 1 8 1 8 8 5 ; W ash
ing t o n October 2 0 1 8 9 0 In southern Main e and along the New
England coast the last are seen October 1 1 4 At Raleigh N C the
dates o f the latest fall migrants are October 1 1 , 1 8 8 6 October 9 1 8 8 9
October 1 1 1 8 90 and October 1 4 1 8 9 1 ; and at Asheville N C Octo
ber 2 6 1 8 9 1 and October 9 1 8 94 Only once in six years at Eubank
Ky w ere any migrants see n af t er the 1 s t of October
At Sombrero
Key light there were great flights o n October 1 3 1 8 8 5 October 1 6 1 7
The
1 8 8 7 , September 2 5 and O ct ober 2 4 8 9 1 1 2 9 and 30 1 8 8 8
heaviest flight noted in fall oc c urred on November 4 1 8 8 8 The latest
flig hts were noted o n November 1 0and 1 1 1 8 8 8 and N ovember 7
Maryland yellow throats
1 8 91
I n all there are re c ords o f over
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YE L L O W -T H R O A T
W E S T E RN
1 19
.
that have s t ruck Somb re ro Keylighthou s e The only S pecies that
has struck in l arger n umbers during the s ix years in which records
have been kept is the black throated blue w arbler
At St Louis afte r September 2 0 the n umbe rs o f the Maryl and
yellow throats grow rapidly less u ntil at the end o f the month o nly
These finally disappeared for the year o n
a fe w loi t erers remain
October 1 , 1 8 9 6 Oc tober 2 1 8 8 7 and October 4 1 8 95 Final depa r
ture occurred at Onaga Kans Sep t ember 2 7 1 8 9 1 Sept ember 2 5
1 8 92 September 30 1 8 9 3 Septembe r 30 1 8 94 Septe mber 2 3 1 8 9 5 ,
and September 2 7 1 8 9 8
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l
w t hroat
estern Y el
W
i
s B re ws t
r
a
o
i
d
e n t al
h
s
o
cc
i
c
i
s
t
G e o t h ly
68 1 a
p
B reeding rcmge —From the central portion of the Great Plai n s to
the Pacific slope the w es te r n yello w throa t is one o f the best kn o w n
I t is a bird of the plains and lower foothills , sca rcely n est
W arblers
ing above
feet , and breeds from northern Lower California n orth
ern Chihuahua and western Texas to W ashington , Mo nta n a and South
D akota
Wi n ter r a nge —
I n w in t er the bir d is found chiefly in wester n M exi co
as far sout h as Tepic
S p r in g migratiom—The influence of temperature on migration is
sho w n strikingly in the case of the w estern yellow throats The birds
—o u the plains
arrive at j us t about t he same time— s epo nd week in M ay
of north central Colorado a nd at Great Fall s and Columbia Falls ,
Mont , the latter pl ace almost 6 0
0miles farther north, but enj oyi ng
at this pe riod of the year an equal degree o f w armth w ith the Colorado
plains But almost a month ea rlier tha n this , southe rn British Col
umbia is reached by the Pacific yellow -throats that winte red in the
w arm valleys o f Californi a lyi n g as far nor th as the plains o f north
centralColorado which d uring the w inter season can support no w arbler
life
68 1 c
G e o t h ly
Pac ifi c Y el
lo w throat
p is t r ich as a r iz e la O b erh
This form in habits the Pacific coast region and breeds from Britis h
Columbia to Lower California I t w inters from Tepic and Mazatlan
in w este rn Mexi co , north t o California
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y
pi
a t arsh Y ellow throat
Occurs in the s alt ma rshes about San Fra ncis co Bay w here it is
perma nent resident
68 1
G
a.
e oth l
t ri cha s
s
s in u o s a
G rin n e ll
.
S l M
-
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,
a
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68 2
G
.
e o th
y
l pis b
el
di n g i
R idg w
The Beldin g ye llow -throa t
California
.
is
ding Yello w throat
a w estern species resident in Lo w er
B
el
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,
.
pi
y
aird R io G rande Y ello w thro at
This Mexican species occurs near Brownsville , T ex, in the low er
R io Gran de Valley
68 2
.
1
.
G
e oth l
s
p o li o ce ph a la B
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0
12
68 3
N
I
.
O RT H
W A R B L E RS
A M E R I CA N
c t e r i a v ir e n s
Y e llo w breasted Chat
.
-
.
J lhe
northern and w estern extensions o f the
B r eedin g m n g a —
summer range of the yel lo w breasted c hat closely coincide w ith the
correspo n d ing l imits of the Carolin ian life zone The breeding ran g e
extends from southern N e w E ngland through southern N ew York to
southern Michigan , southern W isconsin , cen t ral I o w a southwestern
Min nesota and southern South D akota south through eastern
N ebraska and eastern Kans as t o eastern Texas and east to the Atlantic
coast , w ith a few scattering records from N e w Hampshire souther n
Ontario and other points north of the normal limits of the species
Breeding individuals from Texas S ho w a tendency to w ard the w estern
s ubspecies l
o ng ica u da , but o n the coast as far south at least as the
mouth o f th e R io Gran de they are more closely allied to the eastern
than to the w estern form A few miles w est at Monterey , N uevo
Leon breeding birds a pproach more closely the w estern form I n
this w hole area of several h undred thousand square miles the species
is common in localities suited to its habits except in the mountains of
Pennsylvania and th e higher parts of the Alleghenies in Virginia
N orth Carolina an d Ten nessee , i e above
feet
W in ter r a n ge —Th e r ange of the chats in w inter in Mexico and the
dividing line at this season bet w een the eastern and w estern forms
have been quite clearly worked out by the parties of the Biolog ic al
Survey The eastern bird comes into eastern Mex ico from Texas and
passing through Tamaulipas , northeast Puebla and north ern Vera
Cru z , w inters abundantly along the coast and in the lo w er portions of
Tabasco , Cam peche and Yucatan an d less co mmonly b ack from the
coast to an altitude of
feet I t ranges south over the lo w er po r
tions o f Chiapas to the Pacific coast , and is found sparingly in eastern
Oaxaca and south from Yucatan over Guatemala chiefly in the low er
portions of the country but occasionally to
fee t The eastern
most locality on the Atlantic side at w hich its occurrence is recorded
is southeastern N icaragua w here it has been observed to b e not unco m
I n Costa R ica it is recorded as a not uncommon
mo n durin g the w inter
fall and spring migrant at San J o s é probably w intering in the lo w er
lan ds along the Pacific coast There are no records of its occurrence
in th e W est I ndies nor in South America
The eastern form of the chat breeds in a district w hose limits include
an area of
square mi les and throug hout w hich it is quite
thoroughly distributed The outlines of its kno w n w inter range
includ e an area of
The total limits of the breed
s q uare miles
ing range of t he w estern form include an area of
square
miles but so much of this is mountain and plateau w here it is know n
that chats do not occur , that the real b reeding area is n ot over
square miles The kno w n w inter home of the western form has an
outside area o f
square miles
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12 2
N OR T H
W A R B L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
April 1 0 1 8 9 1 ; Dallas April 2 0 1 8 9 8 April 2 1 1 8 9 9 ; Bonham Ap ril
A pril 1 6 1 8 8 6 A pri l
A pril 2 5 1 8 9 0 April 2 0
A
1 8 9 1 ; Gainesville A pril 1 7 1 8 8 5 April 2 9 1 8 8 6 April 2 6 1 8 8 7
fair average date at San Antonio is April 1 0and at the R e d R iver
A pr il 1 9
A long series of observations at Onaga Kans directly n orth of
Dallas gives May 4 as the average date of arrival for eleven years
The av erage time of th e j ourney from San Antonio to Onaga a dis
tance of 6 8 5 miles is therefore t w enty —
four days and the daily rate
of speed 2 9 miles per day This is quite close to the average speed
along the Atlantic coast Hence the records for the Mississippi R iver
are eviden tly quite different from those to the east and to t he w est
They are not ex plai nable i n accordance w ith the commonly accepted
ideas of bird migration and are one set of a series of data that are
accumulating that indica te that not all birds that cross the Gulf of
Mexico cease their flight u pon reac hing land
Fa ll migr a tion — Chats do not occur in Florida nor in any of t he
W est I ndia islands and the numb e rs that pass through Texas are but
a smal l fraction of those that are fou nd in the eastern part of the
United States Hence the great maj ority must reach their winter
ho me by a fli g ht across the G ulf of Mexico I n the fall the chat
migrates early I t deserts in Aug ust t he norther n limit of its range
and by t he ls t o f September fe w individuals a r e l eft nort h of latitude
ood N J August 2 9
39 0 Some records of the last noted are : E ngle w
1 8 8 5 ; R enovo Pa September 2 1 1 8 9 7 ; Phil a del phia September 2 4
1 8 8 9 ; W ashington September 1 9 1 8 8 6 ; R aleigh N C September 1
1 8 8 8 ; N e w Orleans September 1 2 1 8 9 9 and Bonham Tex Se ptem
ber 2 0 1 8 8 9
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I
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c t e r ia
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v ir e n s
lo n g i c a u da ( L awn
'
.
)
.
t
L o ng- aile
d Chat
.
—The lo ng tailed ch at inhabits the w estern United
States fro m the Great Plains west w ard , but is found principally in
the lower districts , breeding to about
feet I t breeds from
central J alis co , Guanaj uato , and t he City of Mexico to N orth Dakota ,
southern Montana and central British Columbia
W in ter r a n ge — The parties of the Biological Survey in Mexico
found the w estern form of the chat on the w estern coast and the
hig he r central plateaus They took it in Chihu ahua D urango , J alisco
Guanaj uato Colima , Michoacan , Morelos and w estern Puebla and in
Oaxaca to Cuicatlan on the Atlantic slo pe and Pochutla on the Pacific
side
There seems to be some question of the extension of the r ange of
T he collection s o f the N ational
lon g ica uda farther than Oaxaca
Museum and the Biological S urvey furnish only negative evidence in
this res pect The specimens taken b v six different collectors in Gua
ding
B
r an
r ee
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OO D E D
H
W A RB L E R
123
.
temala in both highlands and lowlands are dis t intlyof the eastern
variety S umichras t s s pecimen s from Tehuantepec are eastern and
all those taken at Chicharras on the Pacific slope of Chiapas w here
the species is rather common are unquestionably so I f then long i
a mda does occur in Guatemala and Honduras as has been claimed
it w ould a ppear from th e above evidence that it can not be the common
winter variety of this region
The Biological Sur v ey parties did not find longicau da farther n orth
in wi nter than Colima and M orelos but Colonel Grayson reports it
common from October to April as far north on the coast as Mazatlan
The s ummer and winter habitats of the long tailed chat approach
very closely if they do not slightly overlap I f it be true t ha t the
bird does not w inter farther southeast than O axaca , then the indi
s that breed in central Mexico perform at the most a migr ation
vidual
of but 50
0miles w h ile those nesting in British Columbia have a migra
miles in length
t iO n ro ute of n o t less than
The long tail ed chat enters southern California
S pr ing migr a tion —
arrives in the central par t of the State about A pril 2 2
ab o ut A pr il1 8
and during the first week in May appears in Orego n and in norther n
Colorado
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68 4
B
W i ls o n i a
.
m it rat a
din g r ang e
r ee
H
oo
ded W arbler
.
—The strongly marked colors of the hooded w arbler
make the species w ell know n w herever it occurs and consequently a
great many records of its d istribution exist I t is a bird o f the heavy
forest of the Carolinian and Austroriparian faunas and is very abu n
dant near the mouth of the Mississippi and common up that river to
central I llinois
I t is a rare breeder w est of th e Mississippi but
extends its range at least to southeastern N ebraska and eastern Kansas
I n Tex as it is n o t uncommon in migration along th e coast and is also
found though sparingly inland as far as San Antonio and W aco I t
is abundant from I llinois to the Atlantic coast and so uth t o Florida ; also
in western and southeastern N ew Yor k some parts of southern Con
necticut and in the mountains o f the Carolinas up to
feet I t is
rare in southeastern W isconsin ce n tral Michigan southern Ontario
I n northern Florida it is a co mmon migrant b ut
and Massachusetts
rare in the southern part of the State I t has been once recorded
from the Bahamas " There are no breedin g records from Texas and
Florida
Wi/n ter r an ge — The northern coast of Middle America from Vera
Cruz to Panama co mpri s es the p rincipal w inter home of the hooded
The center o f abu ndance is from Yuca ta n a nd G uatemala to
w arbler
southeastern N icaragua I n eastern Mexico a hooded wa r bler w as seen
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S h arpe , Ca t B i ds B it M us ,
376 , 1 8 8 5
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b B o n h o t e , A uk , X X , p 1 73, 1 9 0
3
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12 4
OR T H
N
W A RB L E R S
A M E R I CA N
.
at Alta Mira and another w as noted at Tamaulipas N ove mber 2 0
,
The parties O f th e Biological Survey took a s pecimen a t M o t
1 8 94
Vera Cru z i n the s pring O f 1 8 94 and another at A lta M ira in
z o r o ng o
April 1 8 9 8 Long previous to these dates S allé and S umich ras t
recorded the bird from Cordob a and Ori z aba V era Cruz Th e species
is not uncommon in w inter in Yucatan an d during the s pring migra
tion is abundant both there and in Tabasco and Campeche I t occurs
in winter over most of Guatemala from sea level to about
feet
Apparently the only record o f its occurrence on the Pacific side of mid
dle America is at R etalhuleu in south w estern Guatemala I t is a not
uncommon w inter resident of the islands O ff the east coast of Yucatan
I t has been take n in September on the islands of B uatan and B o n acca”
O ff the coast of Honduras on the mainland at Truxillo
and in central
Honduras at Comayagua
feet) From September to Febr uary
it is an abundant w inter resident alon g the coast O f southeast N icara
d
u
a
and is pr o b ab lv mo r e common in Costa R ica than the single rec
g
ord for that country w ould indicate Several specimens have been
ta ken on the Atlantic coast of Panama but it has not been traced as
yet to th e mainland of South America I t is thus seen that in w inter
th e hooded w arbler is principally a bird of t he heavy forests along the
coast w ith a fe w individuals penetrating to the forests of the interior
md u p to an altitude of nearly
feet
The main m igration route of the hooded w arbler
S pr in g migr a t ion —
The species arrives
i n spring is from southern Mexico to Louisiana
no earlier in Louisiana than in Florida or Texas The averag e date
at N ew Orleans M arch 2 5
lorida is March
O f arrival in north ern F
and in central eastern Texas March 2 2 This is a closer agreement in
time o f arrival at the th ree localities than has been found in the case
of anyother migrant Some closely agreein g Florida dates in 1 8 8 5
are : Perdido Light March 1 9 ; Pensacola March 2 1 and Palatka
March 2 3 Th e extremes of arrival in Florida are March 1 8 1 8 8 7 and
1;
April 2 1 8 8 4 ; at N e w Orleans March 8 1 8 9 6 and March 31 1 9 0
and in Texas , March 1 3 1 8 9 9 both at Corpus Christi and in R efugio
County and March 31 1 8 9 0 at San A ntonio
Follo w ing the Florida rou te north w ard the first hooded w arblers
seen in 1 8 8 5 w ere n oted on April 5 at Savann ah G a and on the same
date also at R ising Fa w n , diagonally a cross the State in the extreme
north w estern part The average d ate of arrival for eigh t years at
Kirk w ood G a is April 1 0 w ith extremes O f A pril 6 1 8 9 7 and April
of the species reported
1 5 1 8 9 9 — the least variat ion in arr ival of a ny
from this place Th e first h ooded w arblers to ar rive in 1 8 8 5 at Frog
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nd Pro c U S N at M us X V I I I p 632 1 8 96
b S al
v in I bis p 2 53 1 8 8 8
R idg wayPro c U S N a t M us X p 579 1 8 8 8
d R ich mo nd Pro c U
S N a t M us X V I p 48 5 1 8 93
R ich mo
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126
OR T H
N
W A RB L E RS
A M E R I CA N
.
Florida and not by w ayof C u b a Hooded w ar b lers fresh from their
trip across the G ulf w ere O bserved in numbers around Perdido Li g ht
in north w estern Florida March 2 2 and 2 6 1 8 8 5 an d they w ere once
seen in lar g e num bers at sea w he n they still lacked 30 miles of
reaching the coast dur ing t he ir migration from Central America to
Lo uisiana The s pecies begi n s in Au g ust to migrate south The
earliest recorded date of migration in Chester County , S C is August
6
Southbound migrants have been note d at Key W est F 1a August
30 1 8 8 7 and August 1 9 1 8 8 9 ; at B o nacca I sland Honduras , in S e p
tember ; at Truxillo Honduras September 2 6 1 8 8 7 and in southeaste rn
N icaragua September 2 4 1 8 9 2
The date of arrival in N icaragua
w ould allo w sufficient time for the s pecies to cross at one flig ht to
Yucatan and then proceed leisurely south alon g the coast
The bulk of the species leave the n orthern breeding grounds by the
middle of Septe mber The last fallmig rant s have been noted at R eno vo
0 Octob er 1 3 1 9 03; Beaver Pa September 2 5
Pa September 2 6 1 9 0
1 8 9 0 Octobe r 3 1 8 9 1 ; E nglew ood N J September 1 5 1 8 8 6 ; V as h
Va
September 2 9
in g to n September 1 5 1 8 9 0
; Frenchcreek W
1 8 9 2 ; Lynchburg V a October 1 0 1 8 99 ; R aleigh N C October 1
1 8 9 1 ; Asheville N C September 2 01 8 9 0
; Sedan I nd October 5
1 8 93; Brookville I nd October 2 0 1 8 8 4 ; E ubank K y Sep tember 2 9
1 8 8 9 and N e w Orleans October 1 9 1 8 9 5 and 1 8 9 7 October 2 5 1 8 99
The latest record for the U nited States is of the probably acciden t al
occ urrence of the bird at Germanto w n Pa N ovember 1 9 , 1 8 8 7
Undo ubtedly most of the migran t s cross directly to the co as t o f
souther n Mexico and only a scatteri ng few continue do w n the coast
of Texas Few places along the Gulf coast from Cor pus Chris t i
south w ard are adapted t o the needs of the bird until the heavy forests
begin ag ain at Alta Mira Tamaulipas
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,
arbler
B reedin g r a n g e — The combined br ee ding and migration ranges of
the eastern and w estern forms of the W ilson w arbler cover the g reater
The eastern subspecies scarcely
part of the N orth American continent
nests south of the Canadian life zone I t breeds in N ova Scotia N e w
Bruns w ick northern Maine northern Min nesota Manitoba and north
to N ew foundland Labrador Hudso n Bay and Lake Athabasca
There are records of its breedi n g in the Alleghenian zone at Ottaw a
Ontario and at Pitt s fie ld Me ”
lVin ter r a n ge — The principal w inter range of the e astern for m
see ms to be the Atlantic slo pe of t he mountain s o f Central America
from Guatema la to Costa R ica a fe w individuals w intering as far
north as Yucatan There is no record o f the bird in South America
68 5
.
W ils o n i a p u s illa
.
( W ile )
W ilso n W
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M
cI
r
lw ra it h , B i ds
b M o r re l
l,
of
O spreyI V
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O ntario
p 38 2
p 5, 1 8 99
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1 8 94
.
ON
W IL S
W A RB L E R
127
.
I ndies —an
and only one insta nce of its b eing noted in the W est
acci
denta l occurrence o n the B ar b ado s A pril 30 1 8 73
S p r in g mig ra tio n —The W ilson w arbler has never been reported at
any point belo w the hundred foot contour on the United States coast
from the Sa b ine R iver to Charleston S C I t is practically unkno w n
even as a migrant in the en tire Austroriparian zone fro m the north
eastern corner of Louisiana to Virginia Just a b ove this district it
begins to be kno w n as at Shellmo und Miss R ising Fa w n , G a
Chester County S C and R aleigh N C b ut it is rare east of the
Alleghenies south of W ashington The principal migration ro ute is
along the mountain chain and for the most part on its w estern slope
During the period of spring migration a party of the Biological Sur
vey spent several w eeks in northern and eastern Yucatan They saw
no W ilson w arblers although they covered the w hole time du ring
w hich the species passes from Costa R ica to the eastern United States
T w o migra
an d the country w as full of other mig rating w arblers
tion ro utes are open t o the individuals of this species that trav el bet ween
Costa R ica and t he Alleg henies They can kee p on the highlands north
w estw ard to eastern Mexico and pass thence north to Texas and north
east to the Alleghenies —a rou te tha t would b e entirely by land and that
w ould ex plain in a perfectly satisfactory manner t he ab se nce of the
species from Yucatan the coast of Honduras the w hole of the sou th
eastern United States and the W est I ndies ; o r they may travel from
Costa R ica through Guatemala to Tabasco a nd then across the G ulf
of Mexico to the eastern United States A comparison of the dates of
migration w ill aid in deciding w hich of these routes is employed Some
records of the s pecies south of the United States are as follo w s : Fron
tera , Tabasco seen occasionally in early March 1 90
0; n ear Teapa
Tabasco , several noted early in April ( one s pecimen April
Mot
z o r o ng o , Vera Cruz March 1 1 ; Jalapa
feet) Vera Cruz March
30and 31 and April 5 1 8 9 7 ; Las Vigas
feet) Vera Cruz Apr il
2 4 1 8 9 7 ; Tamauli pas March 2 6 to May 1 0 1 8 8 8 ; N uevo Leon March
2 2 1 90
2
The follo w ing Texas dates O f earliest spring arrivals are
not numerous but they are enough for the present purpose : Lo w er
R io Gran de April 2 6 1 8 78 ; V ictoria Co unty A pril 30 1 8 8 7 ; San
Antonio , April 301 8 8 9 and April 2 5 1 8 90; Austin May 2 1 8 9 0; Dal
las May 3 1 8 98 and May 3 1 8 9 9 This is one of the very few sets of
Tex as dates representing a direct migration northw ard from the lo w er
Th e dates of earliest arrival to the
R io Grande to northern Texas
eastw ard are : Shellmound M iss April 1 5 1 8 92 ; Helena Ark A pril
301 8 9 7 ; St Louis May 1 , 1 8 8 4 A pril 2 9 1 8 8 5 and M a
y2 1 8 8 7 ; R is
ing Faw n G a May 1 1 8 8 5 ; Asheville N C May 7 1 8 94 ; Bloomin g
ton I nd May 8 1 8 8 6 According to these dates the birds of the Alle
a
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S a lv in , I b is , p 334, 1 8 7 3
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128
N O R TH
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E RS
.
and east ward do not come nort h by w ayo f Texas
This fact coupled w ith the absence of th e species from the Gulf coast ,
seems to sho w that th e return from th e So uth is made by a flig ht across
the Gulf of Mexico This tri p requires a sustained flight of at least
0miles but there seems to be no other assum ption to explai n the
70
observed facts R ecords of average dates of a rriv al farther north are :
W ashin g ton May 9 ; E n g le w ood N J May 1 3; Beaver Pa M ay
1 5 ; E ast Har tford Con n May 1 3 ; eastern Massac huset t s and south
ern N e w Hampshire May 1 7 southern N e w Brunswick May 2 6 I n
souther n N e w E nglan d the species often appears by May 1 0 A W il
son w arbler w as taken at Godbout Quebec J une 3 1 8 8 4 and one on
the Hamilton R iver Quebec May 31 W est of th e Alleg hen ies the
first arrivals ar e noted on the average at W aterloo I nd May 1 5 ;
southern Michigan May 1 7 ; Otta w a May 2 0; Chicago M a y 1 4 ;
Lanesboro Minn May 8 ; E lk R iver Minn May 1 4 ; A w e me Mani
toba May 1 5 ; and Fort Chippew yan Athabasca May 2 6
Fa ll migr a t ion — The \Vilson w arbler b reeds so far north that the
earliest returning migrants do not ap pear before August in the Unite d
States They have been noted at La nesboro Minn August 2 3 1 8 8 7 ;
Grinnell I o w a September 3 1 8 8 7 Chicago A ug us t 1 6 1 8 96 ; Beaver
September 7 1 8 8 9 ; E ngl ew ood N J A ugus t 1 5 1 8 8 6 ; and
Pa
Som e records of the last seen are :
W ashington A ugust 2 8 1 8 8 7
1 ; L anesboro Minn September
A w e me Manitoba September 1 0 1 9 0
2 7 1 8 9 1 ; Grinnell I o w a September 2 5 1 8 8 8 ; Otta wa September 2 9
1 8 9 0; Pictou N o v a Scotia Aug ust 2 4 1 8 94 ; St John N e w Bruns
Se ptember 30 1 8 9 5 ; Ger
w ick Se ptember 1 7 1 8 96 ; R enovo Pa
The time of migration south O f the
mant o w n Pa October 1 5 1 8 8 9
United States can not be traced because t he records of the eastern
and the w estern forms can not be separated
g he n
yMountains
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68 5a
.
\V ils o n i a p u s illa p ile o la t a
.
( Pall
.
ated warbler
Pileo l
.
— B ythis subs pecies in the present conn ection 1 s
meant the form that occurs throughout th e R ocky Mountain s and in
the Great Basin I t breeds no rt h into Alaska and as far south as
w estern Texas and possibly the higher mountains of Ari z ona a nd
In
I t ranges casually to Minnesota and w estern Missouri
M e x ico
Colorado it breeds co mmo n lv at ti mber line ranging from
feet
do w n to
feet
ll/n ter r a n g e — Th e a bundance of the pileolated w arbler in w inter
in M e xico is attested by the fac t that the occurrence O f the bird has
been noted b yt he parties of th e Biological S ur v e v more O ften than
that of any three oth er s pecies together I t is common from N uevo
Leon south w ard and in the w e stern part of M exico on the high
I t is there a m ountain lov e r c ommon from
l
a nds a t least to D uran g o
to
feet and ran g in g to
feet on the north slope of
B
r eedin g r a n g e
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1 30
OR T H
N
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E RS
.
dian warbler breeds to central Minnesota n ortheastern I llinois central
Michigan southern Ontario central N e w York eastern Massachusetts
and north w estern Connecticut and in the Alleghen yMountains to
N orth Carolina w here it occurs fro m
feet n early to the t o p of
the high est peaks The s pecies is thus confined principally during the
breeding season to t he Ca nadian zone w ith scattering occurrences in
t he Alleghenia n
M igr a t ion r an ge — The great bul k o f the s pecies passes along the
Atlantic coast and w est w ard to and including t h e valley of the Ohio
I n the interior the bird is a rare migran t fro m easte rn Tex a s eastern
Kansas eastern N ebraska through the valley of th e R e d R iver of the
N orth to Manitoba
Accidental occurrences are reported from central
Texas southern N e w Mexico and eastern Colorado
W in ter r an g e — The w inter home of the Canadian w arbler lies a long
distance from Canada The s pecies is found in greatest abundance in
Peru
es pecially in the northern portion and in t he neighboring
regions of southern E cuador ? I n these sections it is found through
the w inter in flocks w hich w ander over the country on both the east
ern and w estern slopes of the Andes The extremes of the normal
altitudes attained by the bird are
and 7 0
0
0feet Most of the
records of its occurrence w ere made at an elevation of
to
feet One speci men w as secured at Quito E cuador at
feet
altitude The extreme southeastern point at w hich it has bee n recorded
is in the mountains east of Lima where J elsk i took a male and t w o
females on the eastern slope of the Andes at over
feet eleva
tion
These individuals w ere
miles distant from Labrador
by the prin cipal route o f migration follo w ed by the species The
Canadian w arbler has been taken in northern E cuador and centra
Colom b ia d although not noted by anyof the expeditions to northern
Colombia w hence it may be inferred th at individuals n oted in Cos ta
R ica and Panama w here th e bird is not uncommon pas s south
east to E cuador and Peru The spe cies has not been recorded from N ic
aragua H on duras Yucatan or the W est I ndies nor for the last thirty
years from Florida I t is not uncommon in Guatemala and the parties
of the Biological Survey took it in Chiapas Puebla and Tam aulipas
Mexico I n the fall it is not uncommon t hrough these districts For
the most part it keeps in the mountainous country at
feet ,
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8 , 1 8 74 ; p 2 2 3, 1 8 79 ; p 6 , 1 8 8 2
O m du Pé rou, I ,
p 50
B e leps
S t o lz man n , P
p 468 , 1 8 8 4
p 332 , 1 8 9 6
b S l e
P
T acz a n o wsk i an d B e l
e ps h ,
,
p 1 1 1 , 1 8 54 ; pp 64 an d 451 , 1 8 58
11
P
S , p 74, 1 8 8 5
G oo fe llo w , I is, p 31 4, 1 9 0
1
S alv ado ri an d
es a , B 0
N o 35 1 , p 8 , 1 8 9 9
M us ZO O 1 T o ri o ,
,
a
Z
T acz a no w sk i, P
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r
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Z
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c at r
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é S cl
at er,
A nn
M
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S cl
ater, P
Z
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d
S
Z
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ag
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N at H is
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n y
hr
Z
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rd
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t
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,
X V I , p 2 8 1 , 1 8 55
S alvi , Cat S ick
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rt
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X
c
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n
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r
F t
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p
79 , 1 8 44
a e , R ev
o o l, p 2 9 2 , 1 8 43; p
434, 1 8 8 5
S a pe , Cat B i s B i M us ,
, p
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b
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n XV
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d
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tr
S clater
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p
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93, 1 8 8 2
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a res
L t
Ca t A m B irds , p 34, 1 8 62
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W A RB L E R
CA N A D I A N
1 31
.
but has also been taken in mig ration at 8 00feet in Guatemala and at
sea level in Panama I t has be en recorded in w inter in Guatemala
but most of the birds g o mu ch farther south E ven in Costa R ica
Cherrie s aw none in w inter thou g h they w ere abundant there in fall
migration
S pr in g migra tion — The Canadian w arbler is one of the late mi g rants
The few records of S pring arrival of the s pecies that have been gath
ered in the southern United S ta tes are : Southern Texas May 2
0; Victoria County Tex
May 4 1 9 0
1 8 77 ; Corpus Christi Tex
April 2 6 1 8 8 7 ; San Antonio Tex M ay4 1 8 8 4 ; Shellmound Miss
A pril 1 5 1 8 9 2 ; Hickman K y A pr il 2 4 1 8 8 8 ; Lexingto n K y A pr il
2 9 1 8 99 ; St Louis May 1 4 1 8 8 3 May 1 1 1 8 8 4 May 1 1 1 8 8 5 May
1 1 1 8 8 6 May 8 1 8 8 7 April 2 8 , 1 8 8 8 ( next seen May 5 ; bulk pres
1 9 to
ent from May 1 1 to May 1 9 ; last noted in various years M ay
R ising Faw n G a April 2 6 1 8 8 5 ; Highlands N C April
M ay
May 4 1 8 94 As the Canadian w arbler
2 9 1 8 8 6 ; As heville N C
9;
W
asses
orth
it
has
been
noted
on
the
avera
e
at
ashingto
n
May
n
g
p
Beaver Pa May 5 ; Philadelphia E nglewood N J and Lock port
N Y May 1 5 ; in e astern Massachusetts May 1 4 ; southern N e w
Hampshire M ay1 8 ; southern Maine May 1 9 ; and southern N ew
Bruns wick May 2 8
Rather incongruous dates are reported from w est of the Allegh enies
The average date of arrival for five years n ear W aterloo I nd is May
2 and for nine years at Listo w el Ontario May 4 w hile not far dis
tant the date of arrival at Chica g o is May 1 5 ; Petersburg , Mich
May 1 3; Parry Sound dis t rict Ontario May 2 1 a nd Ottaw a May
21
The first migrant appears on the average at Lanesboro Minn
May 1 9 One w as seen at A w e me Manitoba May 2 0 1 8 9 9 and on e
at E dmonton Alberta , May 2 9 1 8 97
I n northern Peru in 1 8 7 8 a specimen w a s shot as late in the s pring
as March 2 8 and in central E cuador in A pril 1 8 99 both males and
females w ere taken A belated mi g rant w as taken April 2 8 1 8 9 3 at
Chalchicomula Puebla Mexico at
feet altitude Since lati t ude
390 in the Unite d S t ates is finally passed in the last w eek in May b y
the Canadian w arbler it follo w s that the late s prin g birds of this spe
cies must make a r apid migration
Fa ll migr a tion — The statemen ts already made outline the proba b le
mig ration route in fall of the Canadian war b ler The birds from
the north eastern section of the United States ap pear to follo w the gen
era ltrend of the mo untains to the Gulf Coast bein g found i n the fall
apparently not east of Mississippi
Thence they cross the Gul f of
Mexico to southern Mexico and Guatemala reaching the Pacific coast
They probably then turn southeast and follo w the
at Tehuantepec
mountains throug h Cos ta R ica and Panama to their principal w inter
hom
e in E cuado r and Peru
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1 32
OR T H
N
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E Rs
.
.
If
there w ere only the Un ited States records at hand it w ould b e
im possible to get a correct idea of the date of fall migratio n of the
Canadian w arbler chiefly because so little attention is paid in this
country to July and August bird movements Fe w observers think
it w orth w hile to beg in making notes on south w ard movements of
birds before September although for a large proportion o f migrants
the beginning of the fall j ourney is several w eeks earlier A few
records made of the arrival of the Canadian w arbler in fall are : Lanes
boro M inn Aug ust 1 8 1 8 8 9 ; Grinnell I o w a Aug ust 2 0 1 8 8 6 ;
Chicago August 1 5 1 8 9 6 ; W aterloo I nd August 1 6 1 8 9 1 ; Ger
man to w n Pa August 3 1 8 9 0; E ngle w ood N J August 7 1 8 8 6 ;
W ashington July 31 1 8 8 7 ; St Louis A ugust 1 5 ; Asheville N C
Se ptember 2 1 8 9 1 ; Leighton Ala August 1 8 1 8 9 1 and Bay St
Louis Miss Se ptember 1 1 1 8 9 9 Fall migration begi ns so early that
by the last of August the birds have appeared in southern Mexico a
month later ( September 2 9) have arrived at San José Costa R ica and
by N ovember 2 7 have reach ed north ern Peru This gives a quite uni
form rate of speed of 30miles pe r day W ere it possible t o suppose
that any on e individual traverses the entire range of the s pecies such
a bird w ould either have to increase this speed or else spend the entire
year on the road
The month of Septe mber is the time of greatest abundance of the
Canadian w arbler in Central America The parties of the Biologica l
Survey n oted its disappearance soon after th e middle of the month
from Chiapas and nearly all the r ecords from Guatemala w ere made
in September Ho ffman found the species in September on the high
lands o f Costa R ica and Cherrie found it most abundant on October
R ecords o f the la s t mi g rants seen are :
6 at San Jos é Costa R ica
Fort M cM ur rayAthabasca August 1 0 1 9 0
3, and August 1 2 1 9 0
4;
Grand R a pids Athabasca August 2 0 1 9 01 ; A w e me Manitoba
August 30 1 9 01 ; Otta w a September 5 1 8 9 0; Chicago September 1 6
1 8 9 4 ; W aterloo I n d September 2 8 1 9 0
2 ; Petitco di ac N e w Bruns
w ick August 2 1 1 8 8 6 ; Pit t s fie ld Me September 1 2 1 8 9 7 Amherst
Mas s September 2 9 1 8 9 1 ; E nglew ood N J October 2 1 8 8 6
R enovo Pa ( average o f six years) , August 1 4 ; Germanto w n Pa
October 1 1 8 8 9 ; W ashington September 2 5 ; St Louis September
2 2 1 8 8 5 ; Asheville N C October 1 0
1 8 9 1 and October 1 9 1 8 94 ;
,
Ariel Miss October 1 4 1 8 9 7 and Bay St Louis Miss October 1 5
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1 8 99
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dstart
B r eedin g ra n ge — The summer range o f the redstart extends over
0
0
o
0
0
3
5
to
2
of
latitude
from
6
and over 69 o f longitude from 54
27
0
0
in
southeastern
Alaska
to
to 1 33
( 1 2 3 in the United States ) The
68 7
.
S
la
e t o ph a g a. r u t i c il
'
,
Re
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a
Ch errie , A
uk ,
VI I
,
p 337 , 1 8 9 0
.
.
1 34
N
OR T H
W A R B L E Rs
A M E R I CA N
.
the A ndes ; Quito and Chimb o b in w es tern E cuador at above
feet and at Papallacta 0
feet) southeast o f Q uito on the east slope
of the Andes w here it w as not uncommon The latter places t w o
degrees south of th e equator are the southernmost points at w hich it
has been recor ded I t has been t aken once at M e r ida d
feet) and
once at Caracas f both in V ene z uela ; o nce at E lPilar f o n the coast of
Venezuela ; t w ice in th e Orinoco r e g io nfl and once on Mount R oraima "
°
in Britis h Guiana w here its eastern w inter r an g e is carried to 60
w est lon g itude
To the w est a redstart was taken February 2 4 1 8 8 3 at M iraflo res é
Lo w er California Th is must hav e been an accidental occurrence
ho w ever , for the parties of the Biolog ical Survey have never obser ved
the s pecies in w estern Mexico thou g h they found it abundant through
the w inter in eastern Puebla souther n Vera Cruz Tabasco Campeche
and Yucatan I t w as n ot seen by them in Oaxaca Chia pas o r any
w here o n t he Pacific slo pe though in migration it has been tak en at
Santa E fi g enia Oaxaca the City of Mexico and as far w est as the city
of S a n Luis Potosi All t he w inter birds w ere seen belo w
feet
al tit ude I n migration ho w ever a fe w range to about 7 50
0feet
The lo w w inter range may perhaps be due to the fact that the higher
lands of Mexico from
feet up are occupied by several c losely
related resident s pecies for in the R ocky Mountains of Colo ra do t he
redstart breeds at heights ranging from
to
feet
I n Guatemala the Ameri c an redstart has a w ider altitudinal ran g e
than i n Mexico and is found throughout the country fro m the Paci fic
coast to at least 6 0
00feet altitude in the interior I t is on e of t he fe w
Unite d States w arblers t hat have been recorded in Salvador I t is a
common w inter resident on th e east coast o f N icarag ua fland equally
common in Costa R ica " to at least
feet 1 11 Panama its range is
about the same
S p r in g migr a t io n — The records of s pring migration of the redstart
in Florida are scattering and contradictory I t is therefore neces s ary
to consider the N orth Carolina records before enough data can be
obtain ed to determine definitely the date of arrival of the s pecies from
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S clate r, P
Z
M ag N H
p 1 1 1 , 1 8 54 ; A nn
b B e l
e ps c
T acz an o wsk i, P Z S , p 541 , 1 8 8 3
c G o o d fe l
lo w , I is , p 31 5, 1 9 0
1
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r
h
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X VI
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v
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2 8 1 , 1 8 55
.
b
d S cl
ater
S alv in P Z S
p 78 0 1 8 70
E rn st F lo ra an d Fauna V e n e
1 1 8 77
p 30
f A lle n B ull A m M us N at H ist I V p 5 1 1 8 9 2
0B erle ps ch
H artert N o v it Z o o l I X 1 1 1 9 0
2
h S al
I b is p 2 0
3 1 885
vin
Caban is S ch o mb R eis
Que lch T ime h ri X p 2 62 1 8 96
B el
ding Pro c U S N at M us V I p 350 1 8 8 3
JR ich mo n d Pro c U
S N at M us X V I p 48 5 1 8 9 3
l U nderw o o d I bis
p 434 1 8 9 6
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G
ana
ui
,
I I I , p 6 67 , 1 848
.
.
RE D S T A RT
t he
1 35
.
South Statesville and R aleig h N C are in the same latitude
0miles apart R aleigh is a b out 30
a nd 2 0
0feet above sea level and
Statesville
feet At both places si multaneous observatio n s w ere
t aken in A pril 1 8 8 5 1 8 8 7 and 1 8 8 8 as follo w s : 1 8 8 5— R alei g h first
t h n ext
seen 9 t h next 1 3t h common 2 0t h ; Statesville first s een l0
th
1 8 8 7— R alei g h fi rst seen 1 3th next 1 6 t h com
1 2 th common 2 0
mo n 1 8 th ; Statesville first seen lot h next 1 1 t h common 1 5 t h 1 8 8 8
R aleigh first seen 2 d n ext 3d common 1 2 th ; Statesville first seen
Average— R aleigh first seen 8 t h n ext
th
3d next 4t h common l0
1 lt h common 1 7 th ; Statesville first seen 8 th next 9 t h com mon 1 5 t h
t h common l6t h
Average for both places —firs t seen 8 th n ext 1 0
T hese records seem to determine quite c losely the date of arrival of
the redstart in N orth Carolina Migration in the sprin g of 1 8 8 8 w as
earlier than usual as April 2 is the earliest date of arrival at R aleigh
in fifteen years of observation The average for these fifteen years is
April 1 0
The distance from the south end of Florida to central N orth Caro
The apparent s p eed of migration of the r e dstart
lina is 650miles
a s obtained from the records of its verna ladvance in the Mississip pi
Valley is 30miles per day Hence if the b irds w hich arrived i n N orth
Carolina on the dates above given landed first in Florida and then
passed overland a t a similar rate of speed they must have reached the
I t is w ell to
s outhern end of Florida on the average by March 2 0
n ote first that these early migrants in N orth Carolina do not come b y
w ay
of the Bahamas R edst arts do not w inter in any of the Bahama s
w ithin 40
0miles of Florida Bryant saw none until April 1 8 on N e w
Providence and Andros islands ; N orthrop noted none until A pril 1 0
1 8 90 on An dros ; Cory noted the first migrant of the season on March
2 7 1 8 91 on N e w Providence I s l
and and on March 1 8 of the same year
the naturalists of the steamer A lba tr oss secured their first specimen on
the same island I t is probable from these record s that the van o f the
n orth w ard migration in N orth Carolina is composed of birds that have
w intered in Cuba
Fe w records of occurrence of the species in spring south of N orth
Caroli n a accord w ith the av erag e date of Apri l1 0at R aleigh
I n stead
o f March 2 0the earliest dates of redstarts striking the light at Som
b r er o Key Fla are A p ril 1 4 1 8 8 5 April 1 2 1 8 8 7 April 1 8 1 8 8 8
a n d A ril 3
and the earliest at the Tortugas is March 30 1 8 9 0
p
I n Chester County S C the earliest date of arri v al in fourteen years
is A pril 1 0 Other e arlyr e co r ds of arrival south of N orth Carolina
April 5 1 8 8 5 ; R ising Fa w n G a April 1 0 1 8 8 5 ;
a re : Pensacola Fla
G aine s ville Fla April 7 1 8 8 7 ; Tarpon Springs Fla A pril 1 1 1 8 9 5
F1a March 2 2 1 8 9 0 W ith these
a nd month of Su w anee R iver
r ecords are to be considered the dates of arrival at Savan nah G a
A pril 1 9 1 8 8 5 and at D arien G a A pril 2 8 1 8 9 0
; an d t he average
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1 36
N
OR T H
W A RB L E Rs
A M E R I CA N
fo r
.
six years nea r Atlanta G a April 2 3 w ith extremes of A pril 1 7
1 8 96 and A pril 30 1 8 9 7
The date s of arrival of the reds tart in the Mississi ppi Valley sho w
a state of affairs similar to that exhi b ited by the records made on t he
Atlantic coast— that the s pecies is rare and late on the southern coast
early and abundant in the interior A possible explanation is that
the redstart is not a sw amp d w eller and w hile a bird of the forest
prefers hard w ood timber and that in its flight from Cuba , Yucatan
and southern Mexico therefore it does not alight as soon as it si g hts
land but passes on into the interior until it attains the desired feedin g
grounds
Along the Atlant ic slope the rate of further advance is exemplifie d
by the follo w ing records O f a verage date of arrival : W ashingto n
April 2 3; Beaver Pa April 2 9 ; R enovo and Germantown Pa and
E ngle w ood N J
May 3 ; south eastern N e w York May 4 ; north
eastern N ew York May 1 1 ; Portland Conn May 6 ; Providence
R I
May 9 ; Boston May 6 ; southern N e w Ham pshire May 1 2 ;
southern Maine May 1 3; Montreal May 1 6 ; Quebec M ay 1 4 ; St
John N e w Bruns w ick May 2 0; central N ova Scotia May 2 5 ; N ort h
The average date of arrival o f
R iver Prince E d w ard I slan d May 2 7
the redstart for several years at Helena Ark is April 1 3 w ith
extremes of April 9 1 8 9 8 and A pril 1 8 1 9 00 At E ubank K y t he
average for seven years is April 1 6 w ith extremes of Apri l1 2 1 8 90
and April 2 1 1 8 94 At St Louis t he ave rage for six years is April
1 9 w ith extremes of April 1 7 1 8 8 3 1 8 8 4 and 1 8 8 8 and A pril 2 4
Helena is abo ut 30
0 miles north of N e w Orleans and on t he
1 887
basis of the usual speed of migration the redstart should r each t he
latter place about April 1 The s pecies is apparently rather rare in
s pring at N e w Orleans thoug h commo n i n fall Three observers
failed to see it at all in five out of eight years of observation I n each
of t w o other years 1 8 98 and 1 8 9 0 a single bird was seen April 8 and
in 1 8 9 4 one w as seen on A pril 7 and several w ere noted on A pril 1 1
Farther north in the Mississippi Valley records of the average date
w hen the first redstart appears are : Columbus Oh io A pril 2 6 ; W ate r
loo I n d A pril 2 9 ; Petersburg Mich April 30; Locke M ich May
8 ; south
7 ; southern Ontario May 6 ; Otta w a May 1 7 ; Chicago M ay
ern W isconsin May 9 ; Keokuk I o w a , May 2 ; Lanesboro Minn M ay
1 1 ; E lk R iver Min n May 1 2 ; A w e me Manitoba May 1 4
The recorded dates of arrival of the s pecies i n Texas are w ithout any
regularity : Cor pus Christi March 2 6—April 2 5, 1 8 9 1 April 1 5 1 8 99 ;
R efugio County A pril 1 5 1 8 99 ; Bee County April 1 0 1 8 8 6 April
1 6 1 8 8 7 ; San Antonio A pril 1 6 1 8 9 0 A pri l 1 6 1 8 9 1 ; a n d D allas
April 2 1 1 8 98 April 2 2 1 8 9 9 These record s sho w that migration in
Texas is later than in Louisiana j ust as in the Mississippi V alley it is
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1 38
N
OR T H
A M E R I CA N
W A RB L E Rs
.
lope o f Costa R ica at San Jos é Augu st 1 3 1 8 8 9 ; on the north shore
an d on the island of Antigua Septem
o f Colombia Sep t e mber
ber 6 All t he w ayfro m its summer to its w inter ho me therefore
t he red st art is among th e earliest migra nts
Mi g ration is early along the w estern limit o f the range o f the species
but not so extraordinarily early as in the east The migrants reach
central Texas by the last o f Augus t and have been note d near the
souther n limit o f their range at San Luis Potosi Mexico , by th e 1 s t of
September
For a bird that w inters ab undant lv in Cuba the redstart closes its
migration rather early I t is seldom seen in N e w E ngland after the
la t w eek in Sep t ember , and the largest flocks pass through N o rth and
Sou th Carolina about the middle o f the month Some records of the
last seen are : Ottawa Sept ember 2 9 1 8 90; Montreal August 2 9, 1 8 91 ;
N orth R iver , Prince E dwar d I sland Septemb er 7 1 8 90
; St John
N e w Brunswick September 2 5 1 8 9 1 ; eastern Massachusetts Septem
b er 2 4 1 8 96 ; Po r tland Conn September 2 6 1 8 9 0
; southeas tern N e w
York September 2 8 1 8 9 0; E nglew ood , N J October 3 1 8 8 6 ; Ger
mant o w n Pa October 8 1 8 8 8 ; W as hi ngto n September 2 4 1 8 9 0;
Frenchcreek , W V a , September 30 1 8 90 The greatest nu mber o f
the species strike the F
lorida lighthouses in the first h alf of October
though the greatest singl
e fligh ts w ere on September 1 7 and 1 8 1 8 8 7
when about 1 50birds struck eac h night The eigh t years average
dat e of the las t south b ound mig rant seen at Ra leigh N C is Octo
ber 9 , while the latest single date is October 1 3 1 8 8 6 and 1 8 9 1 T he
latest recorded date of fall migrat ion at Asheville N C is Octo ber
2 8 1 8 94 ; that at Tarpon Springs , Fla , N ovember 1 and those at
Sombrero Key lighthouse October 1 3, 1 8 8 5, October 2 5 1 8 8 6, Octo
ber 1 7 1 8 8 7, and N ovember 4, 1 8 8 8 The follo w ing records o f final
depa rt ure west of the Alleghenies are similar in p oint o f time : F
ort
Athabasca, August 1 4 1 9 0
4 ; Great Falls Mont , Septe m
M cM urray
,
0; Lanesboro ,
ber 1 4 1 8 8 9 ; Aw e w e , Manitoba September 2 0 1 9 0
Min n , September 2 2 1 8 8 7 ; Grinnell , I ow a September 2 8 , 1 8 8 5 ;
Chicago , October 5 1 8 94 ; W aterloo I nd , October 1 1 1 8 89 ; E ub ank
October 1 8 1 8 97 ; and N ew
K y October 7 1 8 9 1 ; Ariel , Miss
Orleans October 2 7 1 899
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68 8
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e t o p h a g a.
c
p i t a S wains
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Pain ted R e ds tart
.
Th e painted r edsta rt is a common resident species of the mountains
o f Me xico Guatemal
a and Honduras from
to
feet
I t occurs as a s ummer r esident in southern Arizon a and so uthern
N e w Mexico and retreats to Mexico for the winter
I t is thus r esident
over most of its ran g e and is a mig ra n t in the no r ther n portion The
first migrant appeared in so uthern N ew Mexico March 2 6 1 8 8 9 , and in
s outhern Arizona March 1 5
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Cherrie, A uk , V I I , p 337, 1 8 9 0
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R E D -B E L L I E D
m in i at a S wain s
R E D sT A RT
1 39
.
bellied R edstart
The red bellied redstart is a w ell kno w n resident species O f M exico
a nd Guatemala where it is foun d at an elevation of
to
feet
I t is s aid by Giraud to have been taken in Texas though its kn o w n
range does not reach within several hundred miles of that State
6 9 0 Ca r d e llin a r u b r ifr o n s ( G iraud )
R ed fa ced W arbler
S
e t o ph a g a
R e d-
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The red faced w arbl er breeds i n the mountains of norther n Mexico
southern Ari z ona and N e w Mexico and w inters high up in the pin e
forests of Mexico an d Guatemala The arrival of the first w as noted
April 2 0in t he H uachuca Mountains Ariz ona
R e d W arbler
E r g at i cu s r u b e r
B ra sher W arbler
B a s ile u t e r u s cu liciv o r u s b r a s h e r i (G iraud )
li ( G iraud )
B ellW arbler
B as ile u t er u s b e l
These three w arblers are all r esident species in the pine regions of
Mexico and Guatemala Their only standing in th e list of United
States birds is the statement of Giraud that he took them in Texas
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1 42
IN D E X
N ash v ille warb ler, 1 1 1 3, 1 5, 37-39
N o rt h e rn Parula warbler, 45 50
N orth e rn e llo w-t h ro at , 9 , 1 0
,
liv e w arb le r, 1 2 , 52
ran e -cro w n e d w a r l
e r , 1 1 , 1 5 , 4041
—
,
e iuru s nov e borace nsis 9
S e nn ett warbl e r 1 2 50
S etoph ag a minia t a 1 39
p i ta
S
.
y
v
g
en b i
b
—
c
-
roat ,
red st art ,
12
1 2 , 1 38
1 19
,
.
r,
ar
,
r
r
Pro t ono ta ria
Pro t
,
,
cit rca ,
b ellied
,
re d§ t art ,
1 39
,
.
.
b
—
p
b
R e d warb le
R io G
.
S
r,
1 39
1 39
S eiurus
,
lus ,
auro capil
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,
12 9
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,
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1 4, 1 5, 1 2 3-1 2 6
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,
,
,
pileolat a , 1 2 , 1 2 8 1 2 9
1 2 6-1 28
pu
, 1 1,
.
.
silla
1 5 1 2 6 128
W ilson warbl er
28—
30
W orm e a ting warbl e r 9
—
12 2
Ye llow br eas ted ch at 7 1 01 1 1 3 1 5 1 2 0
96
Ye llow p al m warbl e r 1 6 95—
85
Ye llow t h roate d warbl e r 9
1 3 1 4 1 5 52 56
Ye llow warbl e r 7 8
.
,
-
9, 1 0
2
, 1 1 , 1 4, 1 5, 9 9 1 0
—
10
6
1 o, 1 1 , 1 4,
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-
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,
not a b il
is, 1 2
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,
-
-
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,
mi t ra ta 1 01 1
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,
mo t aci11&, 9
,
,
-
y
.
lo w-thr oat 1 2 1 19
el
y
lo w t hroat 1 1 9
sh y
el
ar
,
,
,
a, 1 2
c h r seo l
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.
ra n d e
al t m
,
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,
,
,
.
re d - e l
lie d ,
.
-
.
2 -1 38
R e ds tart , 9 , 1 0
, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 1 3
ain t e d , 1 2 , 1 38
,
,
,
,
.
R ed -fa ced w ar ler, 1 2 , 1 39
,
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-
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22 27
,
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,
—
27
10
, 1 4, 2 2
,
s,
—
96 9 9
,
h ono tarywarbler 1 01 4
R e d-
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.
r,
r
—
—
,
,
,
.
il e ola te
b
Pin e w b le 1 6 9 2 93
P ai ie w a b le 9 1 01 6
2 -1 38
9, 1 0
, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 1 3
onora yellow warbl e r 1 2 56
28
S wainson warbl e r 8 9 1 5 2 7—
86
Sy
ca mor e w arbl e r 1 1 1 4 1 5 8 5—
45
T e nn e ss ee warbl e r 1 1 1 3 1 5 42 —
—
T owns e n d warbl e r 1 2 9 0
91
rann us dominicensi 1 4
Ty
ty
rann us 8
V irg inia warbl e r 1 2 37
2 10
5
W a te r th rus h 9 1 01 1 1 4 1 5 1 0
W e s te rn y
e llow th roa t 1 1 12 1 1 9
1 32
W ilson ia canad ensis 1 01 1 1 5 1 2 9—
Palm w ar b lé r , 9 , 1 0
, 1 5 , 93 95
Parula w ar ler , 9 , 1 0
5 -50
, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5, 4
P
d w ar le r , 1 2 , 1 2 3 1 2 9
b
.
S
—
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,
la ,
rut icil
.
2 -1 0
5
10
11 , 14 15 1 0
,
,
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,
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.
el
lo w t h
y
Pa in t ed
.
2
1 1 , 1 4, 1 5, 99 1 0
rd ,
Pa cifi c
-11 9
—
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O
O
O
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—
0
1 7
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