Smarr Publishers
English
for
Classical Studies
A Student’s Companion to
Selected Stories of
Edith Wharton
by Robert W. Watson
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Selected Stories of Edith Wharton / 1
D
Introduction to Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
URING her lifetime, Edith Wharton experienced a lot of
changes. Born during the War for Southern Independence in a
well-to-do New York home, Wharton would be one of the
first women in the United States to own a car and to witness the first
flight of a military plane in Paris, France.
Writing from her experiences both in New York and in Europe,
Wharton offers realistically to readers a insightful look into the “old
New York” social scene of the wealthy. As a realist, Wharton has the
knack to observe social change as it occurred. Without exaggeration,
Edith Wharton is American’s best social historian. Success allowed her
to live a financially comfortable life and in 1920, Wharton was awarded
a Pulitzer prize for fiction for her “Age of Innocence.” Following this
achievement, Yale University conferred upon Wharton the honorary
degree of Doctor of Letters.
However, in spite of her good fortune, Wharton lived a troubled life as a soul that sought
relief from constant emotional trouble. As a child, she could not develop a closeness with her
parents, who were too busy for her. Wharton had an engagement terminated by her fiancé’s
mother, and she marries Edward Robbins Wharton, a man of low character, whom she divorces
twenty-eight years later. In addition to this misery, Wharton suffers a nervous breakdown in
1894, which required nearly two years for her to recover.
Wharton preferred to live in Europe, and she finally settles down in Paris, France, while
returning to the United States every year for a short time. Thus, Wharton preferred the
traditional over the progressive. Wharton did not go out in public much, but visited often with
her inner circle, the most prominent member being Henry James. William Dean Howells often
met her, as well as Sinclair Lewis, who dedicated his book, Babbitt, to her.
To understand Wharton’s short stories, you must realize that Wharton believes that life is
merely a choice between one trap and another, which will lead to inevitable defeat. The
dilemma exists between what is seen, or the social-self, and the unseen, or inner-self. The social
-self is committed to the accepted moral behavior, while the inner-self rebels at the conventions.
For this reason, Wharton dwells on themes that explore problems with marriage and
immorality. As you read the stories, notice the choices that the characters have offered to them.
ROBERT W. WATSON
2 / Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Lesson One
1.1 Vocabulary
expiation n.
brougham n.
dissemble v.
titillate v.
1.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Circle the word that is a synonym to the first word.
1. expiation
expiration
atonement
relief
2. brougham
train
aircraft
automobile
3. dissemble
destroy
create
disguise
4. titillate
fascinate
shine
explain
1.3 Reading Assignment: Short Stories, pp. 1–20
1.4 Recall Questions
1. To whom does Mrs. Fetherel refer when she says, “Bores”?
2. Why is Mrs. Fetherel in an agitated mood?
3. According to Mrs. Clinch, what do critics’ “union” sometimes write, which “defy its
regulations”?
4. Why does Mrs. Fetherel think Mrs. Clinch fortunate that she will “never be denounced by
the press”?
5. What is the two ladies’ relationship to the Bishop of Ossining?
6. According to the Bishop, what is the best way for his books to become popular?
7. What was the main purpose of the Bishop’s visit with Mrs. Fetherel?
8. According to the narrator, what form of marital misery is not given “adequate attention”?
9. According to Mrs. Clinch, what motive did the Bishop have for sending copies of Fast and
Loose to members of his congregation?
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton / 3
10. Who provided the funds to buy the chantry window?
11. According to the Bishop, what has more power than an eloquent sermon for exciting the
imagination of the masses?
12. From what work does the Bishop accuse Mrs. Fetherel of using as the idea for Fast and
Loose?
1.5 Critical Thinking

Should local churches be more concerned about raising money for elaborate buildings and
steeples, or can this same money be used for other purposes such as helping members who
are widows and orphans? Why do you think that today’s churches are consumed with
accumulating “things”?

Explain the irony in the following statement: “My uncle felt dreadfully about having to
speak publicly against my book—it was a great deal harder for him than for me—but he
thought it his duty to do so. He has the very highest sense of duty.”

Look at the definition of chantry in the “Bonus Thoughts.” Explain how the word means
something different to Mrs. Fetherel and to the Bishop.

Discuss the hypocrisy found in this story. Is it ever right to do wrong in order that good will
be the result?
1.6 Bonus Thoughts

Natural History centers on the study of the origin, “evolution,” and interrelationships of
living organisms. For the most part, natural history is pure guessing, because the foundation
for such studies assumes an evolutionary process. For the creationist, the origin of life
began in a garden, and the history of all organisms has been downhill since that time.

Chantry: This term is associated with Roman Catholicism. Chantry has two meanings.
First, a chantry is an endowment fund that a parishioner sets aside for the saying of mass
and prayers for his departed soul. In addition to this, a chantry can mean, as in the case of
“Expiation,” a chapel that is used for the saying of such masses and prayers.

Joris Karl Huysmans (1848–1907): In today’s reading, Wharton refers to Huysmans, who
was a French author known for his realistic novels, such as Marthe, Histoire d'une Fille,
and En Rade.
4 / Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Lesson Two
2.1 Vocabulary
dilettante n.
chiaroscuro n.
tacit adj.
fatuity n.
2.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Circle the word that is a synonym to the first word.
1. dilettante
expert
tyro
connoisseur
2. chiaroscuro
shading
gambling
cooking
3. tacit
explicit
tactical
unspoken
4. fatuity
sanity
foolishness
gluttony
2.3 Reading Assignment: Short Stories, pp. 21–43
2.4 Recall Questions
1. To whom is Thursdale engaged to be married?
2. What was the main purpose for Thursdale’s seeing Margaret Vervain?
3. Who visited Mrs. Vervain in the morning before Thursdale’s visit?
4. According to Mrs. Vervain, what did Miss Gaynor object to regarding Mrs. Vervain and
Thursdale?
5. Which Shakespearean character does Miss Gaynor liken Thursdale?
6. Surprisingly, what sort of man did Miss Gaynor want?
7. In “The Muse’s Tragedy,” who was the “Silvia” in Vincent Rendle’s sonnets?
8. Why does Danyers take a special interest in Mrs. Memorall?
9. Where does Danyers finally meet Mary Anerton?
10. According to the narrator, what is the “most exquisite flattery that human lips could give”?
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton / 5
11. In what form of writing is part II written?
12. What do we learn about Rendle’s relationship with Mrs. Anerton?
13. What does Mrs. Anerton describe the heart as?
2.5 Critical Thinking

Explain how the title “The Dilettante” is appropriate for this short story. To whom does the
title refer? Why?

In “The Muse’s Tragedy,” is the shift from third-person narrative to first-person in Part III
effective? Why or why not?

Explain the difference between poetry “addressed to Woman” and “to a woman.” Can
poetry be considered great if the poem is written specifically for a beloved and not
universal?

Discuss the following statement: “The intellectual union counted for nothing now. It had
been soul to soul, but never hand in hand, and there were no little things to remember him
by.” What are memories made of?
2.6 Bonus Thoughts

A Pound of Flesh: This allusion comes from Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice.
Shylock the Jew hates Antonio, because the merchant is a Christian, and even more
importantly, he lends money without charging interest. In order to get money for his friend
Bassanio, Antonio agrees to enter into a contract with Shylock, which the penalty for failure
to repay is according to Shylock:
…let the forfeit
Be nominated for an equal pound
Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken
In what part of your body pleaseth me.

Muse: In “The Muse’s Tragedy,” Mrs. Anerton was the inspiration that helped Rendle to
write, which is the role of a muse. According to Greek mythology, there were nine Muses
who were all the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (Memory). These goddesses were to
inspire men with the arts and sciences, and to aid them with memory. Each muse had her
own specialty in the arts and sciences.
Clio
Urania
Melpomene
Thalia
Terpsichore
Calliope
Erato
Polyhymnia
Euterpe
History
Astronomy
Tragedy
Comedy
Dance
Epic
Love-poetry
Songs to the gods
Lyric poetry
6 / Selected Stories of Edith Wharton

“Like a Female Tithonus”: When she alludes to Tithonus, Mrs. Anerton is suggesting that
she will just waste away to nothing. Tithonus was the husband of Aurora, the goddess of the
dawn. Aurora asked Zeus to make Tithonus immortal. Zeus agreed to the request, and
Tithonus became immortal. However, Aurora forgot to ask the father of the gods to give
Tithonus eternal youth along with immortality. Poor Tithonus gets older and smaller as the
years went by. Finally, Tithonus became so small that Aurora changed him into a
grasshopper.
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton / 7
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Lesson Three
3.1 Vocabulary
erudite n.
peripatetic adj.
discursive adj.
fastidiousness n.
3.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Circle the word that is a synonym to the first word.
1. erudite
ignorant
scholarly
mystical
2. peripatetic
itinerant
slovenly
fancy
3. discursive
tidy
rambling
dangerous
4. fastidiousness
swiftness
tiresome
thoroughness
3.3 Reading Assignment: Short Stories, pp. 45–60
3.4 Recall Questions
1. What was Mrs. Amyot lecturing on when the narrator hears her for the first time?
2. What were the two flaws of Mrs. Amyot?
3. Which poet did Mrs. Amyot think she could help others to understand his poetry?
4. To what does the narrator credit Mrs. Amyot success as a lecture when he hears her again in
Boston?
5. What name did Mrs. Amyot give to her boy?
6. What subject was being requested that troubled Mrs. Amyot since her grandfather had been
“a pillar of the Presbyterian ministry”?
7. When the narrator hears Mrs. Amyot in the South, what was the subject of her lecture?
8. Who does the gentleman with the brown beard, who talks with the narrator on the veranda,
turn out to be?
9. What did Mrs. Amyot give to Lancelot’s wife for Christmas?
8 / Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
3.5 Critical Thinking

Explain the system of values embraced by Mrs. Amyot. What were her ethics based upon?
What is the significance of the last sentence in this story?

Discuss how apparently good intentions can become fraudulent in religion, politics, or
education.

Was Lancelot Amyot correct to discuss a family matter with a stranger present? Discuss
whether honoring one’s mother and father has limitations. In other words, according to the
Bible, even if the parent is wrong, is the child still under an obligation to obey the wishes of
the parent?

Is the title to this story, “The Pelican,” as one critic says, “unhappily titled”? Research the
feeding habits of a pelican, and determine the reason for the title of this story.
3.6 Bonus Thoughts
Parnassus: This mountain in Greece was sacred to Apollo, Dionysus, and the Muses. At the
base of Parnassus is the city of Delphi, where the oracle of Apollo resided. According to the
Greek account of the Biblical flood, Parnassus was the only mountain that was not completely
covered. This small, dry spot was sufficient for Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha to dock their
small ark and thus survive the flood.
Cosmology and Cosmogony: These two philosophical disciplines relate to the study of the
universe. Cosmology attempts to explain the fundamental nature of the universe, and
Cosmogony tries to determine its origin. Every philosophical project tries to determine the
absolutely fundamental building block, or the “simple,” upon which the universe is constructed.
For the Christian, this is not difficult. The Bible reveals the simple in John 1:1 and Colossians
1:16–17. As for the origin of the universe, one must either believe in eternal matter or in an
eternal God. This is not science, but faith. Thus, the question becomes “What is the authority
upon which you base your faith”?
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton / 9
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Lesson Four
4.1 Vocabulary
milieu n.
modus vivendi n.
microcosm n.
querulous adj.
4.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Circle the word that is a synonym to the first word.
1. milieu
surroundings
fungus
century
2. modus vivendi
contingency
way of life
example
3. microcosm
bacteria
universe
representation
4. querulous
difficult
steep
peevish
4.3 Reading Assignment: Short Stories, pp. 61–84
4.4 Recall Questions
1. Why was Lydia’s experience with smokers limited?
2. What was the “thing” that came the morning Lydia and Gannett were leaving the hotel in
Bologna?
3. According to the narrator, what is one of the chief advantages of being rich?
4. What is Gannett’s occupation?
5. According to Lydia, what is the “odious question”?
6. What does “Civis Romanus sum” mean?
7. For what does Lydia blame herself concerning Gannett’s vocation?
8. Who gave the “certain tone” to the Hotel Bellosguardo?
9. What is the request of Mrs. Cope for Lydia to do?
10. What habit did Lydia lose during the first months at the Hotel Bellosguardo?
10 / Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
11. According to Lydia, what would be the solution to the deception that she and Gannett had
been living?
4.5 Critical Thinking

Is marriage merely a physical relationship? Discuss the importance of the spiritual,
intellectual, and physical relationships in marriage.

Is the love for a spouse any different than the love for God? In other words, can one love his
spouse with all of his heart, his soul, his mind, and his strength? Why or why not?

By using support from “Souls Belated,” explain how sin causes cowardice.
4.6 Bonus Thoughts
George Cruikshank (1792-1878): As a talented caricaturist, Cruikshank was well-known for
his illustrations that appeared in the works of Charles Dickens.
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton / 11
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Lesson Five
5.1 Vocabulary
indomitable adj.
tenacious adj.
tome n.
auriferous adj.
5.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Circle the word that is a synonym to the first word.
1. indomitable
embarrassed
resentful
invincible
2. tenacious
doubtful
persistent
weak
3. tome
crypt
pyramid
book
4. auriferous
gold-bearing
obnoxious
odorless
5.3 Reading Assignment: Short Stories, pp. 85–105
5.4 Recall Questions
1. Why is Mrs. Roby considered “a failure” as a member of the Lunch Club?
2. Why is the club membership restricted to only six members?
3. What breach of decorum does Mrs. Roby commit while the club is discussing The Wings of
Death?
4. The allusion, “Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook,” comes from what book of the
Bible?
5. How does Mrs. Roby “break the ice” when the ladies go to the drawing room for a
discussion?
6. After Mrs. Roby announces that she must go before Osric Dane began talking about her
book, what is the reaction of the author?
7. Other than a book, what are some of the other “guesses” by the club as to what is Xingu?
8. After consulting an encyclopedia, what did the ladies discover Xingu to be?
12 / Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
5.5 Critical Thinking

What is the purpose for writing a novel? Is the novel to amuse, to instruct, or to elevate?
When considering your answer, what is the standard set by “classics” like Great
Expectations or Ivanhoe?

While the ladies in the Lunch Club knew many facts, do they possess knowledge? Explain
the purpose for education.

Explain why the Lunch Club and Osric Dane were adversaries? What false values are
presented in this story?
5.6 Bonus Thoughts

Agamemnon and Iphigenia: In today’s reading, an allusion was made to Agamemnon and
his daughter Iphigenia. According to myth, Agamemnon was the commander-in-chief of the
Greek forces who went to fight the war at Troy. However, after the troops were assembled,
the ships were unable to get underway because the north wind continued to blow, making
the journey hazardous. In order to have favorable winds, Calchas, a soothsayer, stated that
Artemis demanded that Agamemnon sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia to the gods. For
Agamemnon, his ambition for glory in battle as well as his reputation with the army
outweighed his paternal affection for his daughter. Agamemnon wins the Trojan war, but he
loses his life when his wife Clytemnestra murders the commander upon the day of his return
from the war. Some versions of the myth has Iphigenia not being sacrificed, and she even
appears later after the war with Troy in works of playwrights and poets.
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton / 13
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Lesson Six
6.1 Reading Assignment: Short Stories, pp. 107–124
6.2 Recall Questions
1. What was the reason for the Waythorns’ being recalled from their honeymoon?
2. According to the narrator, what is a New York divorce a diploma for?
3. When Mrs. Waythorn comes to dinner, she has a letter. What did the letter say?
4. While he was going downtown on the train, whom does Waythorn meet?
5. What blunder does Mrs. Waythorn produce when preparing the coffee for Waythorn? Why
was this a blunder?
6. What task does Mr. Sellers give to Waythorn?
7. What article of clothing does Waythorn use to symbolize Haskett?
8. What does Haskett tell Waythorn that he disliked?
9. According to the narrator, for what qualities possessed by Alice did Waythorn owe to
Haskett and Varick?
6.3 Critical Thinking

What was Alice Haskett Varick Waythorn’s “solution” for the “newest social problem”?
What problems arise as a result of divorce?

The narrator implies that men are better able to forget their past than women. Do you agree?
Why or why not?
14 / Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Glossary for Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
auriferous (ô-r¹f“…r-…s) adj. Containing gold; gold-bearing
brougham (br›m) n. A closed four-wheeled carriage with an open driver's seat in front; an
automobile with an open driver's seat
chiaroscuro (k¶-är”…-sk‹r“½) n. The technique of using light and shade in pictorial
representation; the arrangement of light and dark elements in a pictorial work of art
dilettante (d¹l“¹-tänt”) n. A dabbler in an art or a field of knowledge; a lover of the fine arts; a
connoisseur
discursive (d¹-skûr“s¹v) adj. Covering a wide field of subjects; rambling; proceeding to a
conclusion through reason rather than intuition
dissemble (d¹-sμm“b…l) v. To disguise or conceal behind a false appearance; to make a false
show of; feign
erudite (μr“y…-dºt”) adj. Characterized by erudition; learned
expiation (μk”sp¶-³“sh…n) n. Atonement
fastidiousness (f²-st¹d“¶-…s-n¹s) n. A meticulous attention to detail, a difficulty with pleasing
fatuity (f…-t›“¹-t¶) n. Smug stupidity; utter foolishness
indomitable (¹n-d¼m“¹-t…-b…l) adj. Incapable of being overcome, subdued, or vanquished;
unconquerable
microcosm (mº“kr…-k¼z”…m) n. A small, representative system having analogies to a larger
system
milieu (m¹l-y‹“) n. An environment or a setting
modus vivendi (m½”d…s v¹-vμn“d¶) n. A manner of living; a way of life
peripatetic (pμr”…-p…-tμt“¹k) adj. Walking about or from place to place; traveling on foot
querulous (kwμr“…-l…s) adj. Given to complaining; peevish; grumbling
tacit (t²s“¹t) adj. Not spoken
tenacious (t…-n³“sh…s) adj. Holding persistently to something; strong; holding together firmly;
cohesive
titillate (t¹t“l-³t”) v. To tickle; to excite pleasurably
tome (t½m) n. One of the books in a work of several volumes; a book, especially a large or
scholarly one
Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Vocabulary Quiz
Instructions: Match the word with its definition.
A. auriferous
D. dilettante
G. erudite
J. fatuity
M. milieu
P. querulous
S. titillate
B. brougham
E. discursive
H. expiation
K. indomitable
N. modus vivendi
Q. tacit
T. tome
C. chiaroscuro
F. dissemble
I. fastidiousness
L. microcosm
O. peripatetic
R. tenacious
1. _____ a dabbler in an art or a field of knowledge; a lover of the fine arts
2. _____ an automobile with an open driver's seat
3. _____ atonement
4. _____ a meticulous attention to detail, a difficulty with pleasing
5. _____ incapable of being overcome or subdued; unconquerable
6. _____ an environment or a setting
7. _____ the technique of using light and shade in pictorial representation
8. _____ containing gold; gold-bearing
9. _____ covering a wide field of subjects; rambling
10. _____ a book, especially a large or scholarly one
11. _____ to disguise or conceal behind a false appearance; feign
12. _____ learned
13. _____ a manner of living; a way of life
14. _____ walking about or from place to place; traveling on foot
15. _____ given to complaining; peevish; grumbling
16. _____ not spoken
17. _____ holding persistently to something; strong; cohesive
18. _____ smug stupidity; utter foolishness
19. _____ to tickle; to excite pleasurably
20. _____ a small, representative system having analogies to a larger system
Answer Keys to Selected Stories of Edith Wharton
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 1
1. atonement
2. automobile
3. disguise
4. fascinate
Lesson 1
1. She is referring to newspaper reviews.
2. Her new book has be released and she is anxious for the reviews of the book.
3. Critics may actually say a good word about a new author.
4. Mrs. Clinch as a writer does not write novels, but only on subjects of natural history.
5. The ladies’ are the Bishop’s nieces.
6. The books must be denounced by the press as immoral.
7. The Bishop hopes to have Mrs. Fetherel change the title of her book.
8. The marital misery is the sufferings of a talented woman whose husband does not conform
to her moods.
9. The Bishop was jealous, and the best way to “kill” the book was by distributing it.
10. Mrs. Fetherel provided the funds.
11. The novel has more power.
12. The Bishop suggests that Mrs. Fetherel used the idea from his work, “Through a Glass
Brightly.”
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 2
1. tyro
2. shading
3. unspoken
4. foolishness
Lesson 2
1. He is engaged to Miss Gaynor.
2. Thursdale wants to talk about Miss Gaynor.
3. Miss Gaynor visited Mrs. Vervain.
4. Miss Gaynor objected to their friendship.
5. She compares Thursdale to Shylock.
6. She wanted a man who had a “past.”
7. Mrs. Anerton
8. Mrs. Memorall knows Mary Anerton personally.
9. He meets Mrs. Anerton in Rome while he was on holiday.
10. You must write.
11. The form is a personal letter to Danyers
12. Rendle never loved Mrs. Anerton.
13. The heart is a hypocrite.
1
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 3
1. scholarly
2. itinerant
3. rambling
4. thoroughness
Lesson 3
1. Mrs. Amyot was lecturing on Grecian art.
2. She had a poor memory, and she was too fluent in speech.
3. Mrs. Amyot thought she could lecture about Lord Tennyson.
4. Mrs. Amyot has the ability to change secondhand ideas into firsthand emotions.
5. His name is Lancelot.
6. The public was demanding lectures on evolution.
7. The lecture was about the Cosmogony.
8. The gentleman is Lancelot.
9. She gave the wife a sealskin jacket.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 4
1. surroundings
2. way of life
3. representation
4. peevish
Lesson 4
1. Her husband had disapproved the use of tobacco.
2. Lydia received a suit for divorce from her husband.
3. The rich need not be exposed to unforeseen circumstances.
4. Gannett is a writer.
5. The question of marriage.
6. I am a Roman citizen.
7. Gannett has not written anything since he met Lydia; Lydia blames herself for interfering
with his work.
8. Lady Susan Condit
9. Lydia is asked to find out what Gannett and Lord Trevenna had discussed together.
10. Lydia lost the habit of introspection.
11. Lydia thinks that she must leave Gannett.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 5
1. invincible
2. persistent
3. book
4. gold-bearing
2
Lesson 5
1. Mrs. Roby was accepted into the club upon the recommendation of a man.
2. The dimensions of Miss Van Vluyck’s dining room permits only six people.
3. Mrs. Roby asks Mrs. Plinth her opinion of the book.
4. This allusion comes from the Book of Job, chapter 41.
5. Mrs. Roby asks Osric Dane whether this was her first visit to Hillbridge.
6. Osric Dane wants to go with Mrs. Roby.
7. Some of the guesses were a religion, a philosophy, and a language.
8. Xingu is a river in Brazil.
Lesson 6
1. Lily Haskett, Mrs. Waythorn’s daughter, became ill.
2. It is a diploma for virtue.
3. The letter states that Mr. Haskett wanted to see Lily.
4. Waythorn meets Varick, the second husband of Mrs. Waythorn.
5. Mrs. Waythorn puts cognac in his coffee, yet Waythorn does not use cognac. This was a
blunder, because her ex-husband, Varick used cognac.
6. Waythorn is to negotiate a deal for Varick.
7. Waythorn uses Haskett’s made-up tie that was attached with an elastic.
8. Haskett does not like Lily’s governess.
9. Alice desired good bleeding while married to Haskett and wanted conjugal virtues while
married to Varick.
Edith
Wharton
1. D
2. B
3. H
4. I
5. K
6. M
7. C
8. A
9. E
10. T
11. F
12. G
13. N
14. O
15. P
16. Q
17. R
18. J
19. S
20. L
3
4