NATIVE AMERICANCULTURES
OF
SOUTHTEXASAND NORTHERNMEXICO
/
ALONSO MARROQTNPERALES,Ph.t)
INDIGENOUSCULTURES
OF SOUTII TEXAS
AND
NORTHERNMf,XICO
(A Reviewof the Litenture)
THANK YOU FOR INWTING ME - ONCE AGAIN - TO MAKE A
PRf,Sf,NTATION.THIS IS A FIRST FOR ME. I USUALLY DON'T GET
INVITED A SECONDTTME AFTER I MAKE A PRESENTATION.
I HAVE ALWAYS BEEN INTERESTEDtN OTHER CULTURES- HOW
PEOPLf,LryE, THEIR CUSTOMS,THEIR VALUES,THEIR FOLKLORE,
CELEBRATIONS,MUSIC, R,ELIGIOUSAND SPIRITUAL BELIEFS.IT IS A
FASCINATIONTHAT HAS BEEN WTTH ME SINCE I WAS A CHILD. MY
FIRST CONTACT WITH THE AMERICAN INDIGENOUSCULTURE BELIf,VE IT OR NOT _ WAS THE BOY SCOUTSOF AMERICA. I JOINED
THE BOY SCOUTSAND SOONWAS INDUCTED INTO THE *ORDER OF THE
ARROW." IT IS A SUB.GROUPOF THE BOY SCOUTSAND TSMADE UP OF
SCOUTSWHO STUDYAIYDPRISERVE THE CULTURESOF THE TRUE
NATIVES,THE TRUE TEJANOS,OF OUR COUNTRY. IT IS IMPORTANTTO
NOTf, THAT THE ORDEROF THE ARROW.NATIONWIDE.IS DIRECTED
BY NATIVE AMERICANSWHO SHARETHf,IR CULTUREWITH THE
YOUNGSTERS.
TH E N E X T B R E A K F OR M E W HEREI HAD THE OPPORTUNITY
TO
ST U D YOT T IE RC U L T U R E SWAS W HEN I RECEIVEDA SUM M ER
SC H O L A R S H IPT O S T U D YIN UNAM ( UNIVERSTDAD
AUTONOMADE
MEXTCO).WHILE THERE I STUDTEDHISTORIADE Mf,XICO. GRAMMAR
AND FOLKLORE.DURINGTHE FOLKLORECLASS,I WAS INTRODUCET)
TO THE WORKS OF PAULO D[ CARVALHO-NETO,A BRAZILIAN
FOLKLORISTS.PAULO HAS DONE EXTENSIVERf,SEARCHR,ECORDING
AND DOCUMENTINGTHE CULTURESOF THE INDIGf,NOUS
THROUGHOUTCENTRAL AND SOUTHAMf,RTCA.HIS METHODSAND
TECHNIQUESFOR DOCUMENTINGNATIVE CULTURf,StS RECOGNIZED
WORLDWIDE.
LATER THE U.S.DEPARTMENTOF STATE,APPOINTEDME AS A
FULBRIGHT,HAYSSCHOLARIN APPLIEDLINGUISTICSAND ASSIGNEI)
ME TO UNMRSTDAD CENTRAL IN QU|TO AND TO THE UNwERSTDAD
DE GUAYAQUTL- BOTH rN ECUADOR.THIS WAS A GREAT
OPPORTUNITYFOR ME TO CONTINUEMY INTERESTIN YET OTHER
CULTURES.
WHILE AT THE UNIVERSITY.I FOUNDOUT THAT PAULO DE
CARVAI,IIO.NETOWAS ASSIGNEDTO THE BRAZILIAN EMBASSYIN
Q U T T O.I GOT A L L E X C IT E DAND IMM EDIATELYM ADE AN
A P P O T N T ME NT O ME E T WTTHHIM AT THE EM BASSY.AT TIIAT TIM T:
PA U L OH A D OR GA N IZ E DT H E INSTITUTOFOLKLORTCO
DEL ECUADOR .
H T .I,N VIT E DME T O JOIN T H E INSTITI.II' E
AND LEARNEDM I,' THODSANI)
TI,t(:ltNtQt[.ls FoR Doc'ttM ENTIN(;tNt)t(;ENous cu L'ttJRt]s. I I,EARNFll)M l lctt
A I I O T J T ' T I I S A I , A C A S .O ' T A V A L O S .I N D I O S C O L O R A D O S A N D ' T I I E . II I I A R O S .
N O W , I A M N O T I N V O L V E D I N S C I I ] N ' T I I ' I ( ]R E S E A R C T A
I ND RELY MOSTI,Y ON WITA'I
O T I I E R S H A V E D O N E A N D H A V E W R I T T E N . I D O I I O W E V E , RT R Y T ( ) A P P R O A ( ] I I M Y
R E A D I N ( ; S W I T H A C R I T I C A L M I N D . T I I E , R EI S M U C H M I S I N F O R M A T I O N O U T T H E R E
C O N C E R N I N ( ; N A T I V E A M E R I C A N S . M I J C H O } ' W I I A T I S R E C O R D E DI I Y E U R O P E A N SI I A S
B E E N T I N T E D B Y T I I E I R B I A S E S .P R T I T U D I C E S
AND MISUNDERS'TANDIN(;S.
I N T I I E R E P O R T I A M S H A R I N ( ; W I T H Y O I I T H I S M O R N I N ( ; . I C O N C E , N T R A T EO N T I I E
C U L T U R E S O F T I I E R I O G R A N D E A R E A C O V E R I N G T H E S O U ( ; H E R NP A R T O F T E X A S A N t )
N O R T H E R N P A R T O F M E X I C O T I I A T I N C L U D E S E L S E N O D E M E , X I C OO R T H E G U L F O } '
MEXICO. IN PARTICULAR MY PRESENTATION CENTERS ON THAT AREA BETWEEN T]IE
R I O S A N F E R N A N D O O R N O R T H E R N T A M A T I L I P A S A N D E L R I O D E L A S N U E C E SO R
N T J E C E SR I V E R . W H E N T H E S P A N I S T A
I RRIVED IN THIS AREA IN I5t9. IT WAS INHABITEI)
I1Y A I,AR(;E NtIMIII]R 0F INDI(;ENOTIS(;ROIJPS.AS WE SHALL SEE LATER ON.
THREE KEY SOURCESI TJSEDFOR THIS REPORT ARE CAI}EZA DE VACA, JTIAN
I } A T I T I S T AC H A P A A N I ) . M A R T I N S A L I N A S . T I I E I R A C ( ] O [ I N T S A P P E A R T ( ) B 1 ]T H T ]
EARI,TESTDOCIJMEN'I'SDESCRTBIN(;IN I)I.]TAI1,TTTI]GROUPSTHAT LIVED AND ROAMl]I)
I N T I I I . ]A R E A M E N T I O N E I ) .
WE KNOW 1'[IA'T CAIIEZA DE VACA ROAMED TIIROU(;H I']]XAS I.'0R A PERIOD O}
. URIN(; TIIAT PERIODHE WAS A CAPT|Vn, A'IRADI'R, AND
E | ( ; H T Y E A R S ( 1 5 2 8 - t 5 3 6 )D
A M E D I C I N E M A N A M O N G O N E O R A N O T I I I . ] RS O U T I I ' T E X A S I N D I ( ; E N 0 T I SG R O U P S . O N
N O V E M B E R 6 . 1 5 2 8T
, H E S H T PC A R R Y I N ( ; C A I I E Z A D E V A C A W A S C A S T A S I I O R E O N A
I , O N G N A R R O W I S L A N D I N H A B I T E D B Y N A T I V E S O N T I I T ] T E X A S C O A S T . T I P O NR E A C ] T I I N ( ;
S H O R E . H E N A M E D T H E I S L A N D * M A L I I A D A D O " - P R O B A I } L Y T I T T ]S P A N I S I I W O R D W E
NOW KNOW AS *MALVADO."
I SAY THIS BECAUSE OF THE INTIOSPITAI}I-1]AREA WIIERE
T'HEY CAST ASTIORT].CONSIDER THE BEACHES OF SOUTH PADRII ISLAND DURING TIIA-I'
PERIOD.
THE FIRST GROTJPIIE ENCOI.JNTERSIN THAT AREA. (]AIII.]ZA DI' VACA DI,]SCRIBT]S
T H ] ] I N H A B I T A N T S A S V E R Y L A R ( ; E P E O P L E .W E L L F O R M E D . A R M E D W I T H B O W A N t )
A R R O W S B U T N 0 O T } I E R W E A P O N SA N D S A Y S T H E N A T I V E , SA R E E X P I ] R T SI N T H E I R
IJSI.]T
. H I | Y A P P E A R F R I E N D I , YT O S O M E D E G R E E . T H E M T i NI I A V E O N 0 I . ' T H E I R N I P P I , E S
IIORED FROM SIDE TO SIDE. SOME HAVE BOTH NIPPLES BORED TTIE LEN(;TH OF TWO
P A L M S A N D A H A L F A N D T H E T } I I C K N E S S O F T W O F I N G E R S . I I l ] F T I R T } I I ] RD E S C R I B E S
I I 0 W T H E I N H A B I - I ' A N T SI I O R E A P I E C E O F C A N E - * T H R T ] E T I R I ] A T HO F ' H A L T ' A F I N G T ] R
0NTO THEIR LIPS."
T T I E R E I S N O T T I I N GO U T O F T T I E O R D I N A R Y H E R H , .W ] ] F I N I ) T I I A T ' V A R I O T I S
(]III,TURT.]STIIROTICII0T/T THI.] WORLD FOLLOW TIIE (:TJS"I'OM
OF I}ODY PIT]RCIN(;.
WI' FINI) TIIE PRACTI(]E0F BODY
PIERCINGAND TATOOING A VERY COMMON PRACTICETODAY.
CATTEU-A
DI] VACA CON'IINTIESAND DESCRIBESTHE WOMEN OF TIIE
GROUPAS HARD WORKING.AS BEING"ACCUSTOMEDTO GREAT TOIL'
D U R I N GT H E T IME S T H E Y STAY IN ONE ARf,A W HICH USUALLY
OCCURSFROM OCTOBERTO THE END OF FEBRUARY.ALSO,HE NOTES
HOW THE PEOPLEOF *MALHADADO'TRf,AT THEIR CHILDREN.THEY
TREAT THEM WITH GREAT MILDNESS.CABEZA DE VACA REPORTS
THAT CTIILDRENARE TREATf,DWITH KINDNESS. Hf,,STATESTHAT
THIS IS CHARACTERISTICOF ALL NATIVE AMERICANSWHO TEND TO
PUNTSHTHEIR CHTLDRENRARELY.
UPONTHE DEATH OF A SON,THE PARENTSAND KINDREDWEEP
AS DONSRVERYBODYELSEIN THE GROUP.THE WAILING CONTINUES
FOR THE DECEASEDFOR A WHOLE YEAR. AFTER THE YEAR OF
MOURNINGHAS PASSED,THE RITf,SOF THE DEAD ARE PERFORMED.
THEY WASH AND PI.JRIFY
THEMSELVESFROM THE STAIN OF SMOKE.
THEY LAMENT ALL THE DEAD IN THE SAME WAY EXCEPTTHE
EL D ER L YOF WH IC T IT H E Y SHOWNO REGRETSAYINGTHAT THEIR
SE A S ONH A S P A S S E DT. H E Y BELIEVETHAT THE ELDERLYHAVE NO
EN J O YMR N TA N D B Y C OT INUEINGTO LIVE THEY OCCUPYTHE EARTH
AN D T AK E F OOD F R OM T H E YOUNG.THEIR CUSTOMIS TO BURY THE
D E A D T JN L E SIT
S B N T H OS EW IIO ARf, PHYSICIANSOR CURANDEROS
W H O A R E T H E N IIT JR N I-I).
A FTERA YEAR HAS PASSED.
THE F- TJNERAI..
I I O N O R SA R E (]Ii I,E IIR A 'I'I.]D.
[IVI]RYONEI) ANCIN( ;AND MAKIN( ; HI( ; } I
(r
F ES T IV IT YU N T IL T H E B ONESBECOM EPOW DERAT W HICH TIME IT IS
MIXED WITH WATER FOR TIIE REI,ATIVES'I'ODRINK.
T H R OU GH OU TT H E IR JOURNEY,CABEZADE VACA AND HTS
G R O UPU N D E R WE N TMU C H DEPREVATION.
THIY THEN M EET THE
GIVEN TO THEIR
O U I T OK S . P R OB A B L YA P HONETICPRONUNCIATION
NAMf,. HE REPORTS...WE STOODBY THE FIELD WHILE THE INDIANS
GATHEREDAND OBSERVEDUS AND FINALLY APPROACHEDUS.THEY
TOOK EACH OF US BY THE HAND TO THEIR,DWELLINGS.'WHILE
AilTONGTHEM, HE REPORTSTHAT THEY ATE DAILY NO MORE THAN
TWO HANDFULSOF THE PRTCKLYPEARS,WHTCHWf,RE GREENAND SO
MILKY THEY BURNEDTHETRMOUTHS.THf,Y THEN WERf, ABLf, TO
BARTERTWO DOGSWHICH CABEZA Df, VACA AND HIS COMPANTONS
ATE RAW IN ORDERTO GAIN THEIR STRENGTHAA'DIN THIS WAY
CONTINUETHEIR JOURNEY.
OF THIS GROUP:
HE NOTf,SOTHER CHARACTERISTICS
EVERY MAN IN THE MALHADADO AREA HAS AN ACKNOWLEDGED
WIFE. PHYSICIANSARE ALLOWED TWO OR MORE WIVES WHO I,IVE IN
PEACEAND HARMONY WITH EACH OTHER.
o WH E N A D A U GH T E RMARRIES,THE GROOM IS OBLIGATEDTO
GIV f, T O T IIE WT F EA L L THAT HE KII- I,SIN THE HUNT OR ALL
TH E F IS HH E C A T C H ES.THE W OM AN THEN BRINGSTHESEITEMS
TO H E R F A T H E RT .'IR ST.
AFTERW ARDSSHI] TAKIS TIII T' OODT0
I IE R III.JS B A N D .
NE IT H E RH E R F A T H ERNOR M OTHERENTERSTHE IIUSBAND' S
H OU S E .N OR C A N T H E HUSBANDENTERTHEIRS
IF B Y C H A N C ET H E Y M EET EACHOTHER,THEY TURN THEIR
FACESASIDE CARRYINGTHE HEAD LOW WTTHEYESCAST ON
THE GROUND.THEY CONSIDERIT IMPROPf,RTO SPEAKTO EACH
OTHER.
THE SICK WERE TREATEDBY CURANDEROS.
THE METHOD OF
HEALING INVOLVED BLOWING THEIR BRf,ATH UPONTHE SICK
AND IMPOSING HANDS ALL OVER THE BODY. CABEZA DE VACA
WAS ORDEREDTO LEARN THE HEALING METHODSSO THAT HE
COULD BE OF SOME USETO THE GROUP.
CABEZA Df, VACA Lf,ARNED HOW TO HEAL BY USINGSTONES
TO THE CURANDERO,
AND PEBBLESSINCE,ACCORDTNG
CONTAINEDSPECIALHEALING POWf,RS.PASSINGA PEBBLE
ALONG THE STOMACHWOULD TAKE AWAY PAIN AND RESTORE
HEALTH.
HE ALSO LEARNEDTO SCARTFIED
OVIR THE AREA OF PATNANT)
T H E N S U C K A B OU TT HE W OUND.CAUTERIESARE DONEW ITH
FIRE.CABEZA DE VACA TRIED ALL THESEREMEDIESUPON
H IMS E L FA N D F OT IN DTHEY W ORKED.
(
I N OW WA N T T O D IR E C TYOUR ATTENTTON
TO JUAN CHAPA' S
N AR R A T IvR .IN T U E tzB cnxr uRy, sour n TExAS ANI)
NORTHEASTERNMEXICO FORMED EL NUEVOREINO DE LEON. A
FRONTIERPROVINCEOF Nf,W SPAINWHERE SPANISH
SETTLEMENTSWERE WIDELY SCATTEREDAND SUBJECTTO
CLASHESWITH THE NATIVE AMIRICAN INHABITANTS.CHAPA'S
DOCUMENTARIESIS A LINK BETWEENTHE SPANISHEXPLORERSCABEZA DE VACA, CORONADOAND DE SOTOAND RECORDSTHE
EVENTSTHAT OCCURRf,DIN THE EAR,LY1660'5.
IN 1690,JUAN BAUTISTA CHAPA WROTE HISTORIA DE NUEVO
OFTHESER'OU'ffi
ACCOUNT
I,EON.A DETAILED
SPANISHSETTLEMf,NTSBY Tf,XAS TRIBESFROM NORTH OF THE
RIO GRANDE.THE REGTONAROUNDCERRALVOAND AS FAR SOUTH
AS MONTERRY,INDIANSRAIDED THE SETTLEMENTSIN SEARCHOF
SPANISHHORSEHERDSWHICH SUGGESTS
THAT NATIVE
AMERICANSWERE MOUNTEDAND HAD HORSESTO TRADE.
THE WEALTH OF THE AREA FROM WHAT TSNOW CHTHUAHUA
AND BORDERINGNEW MEXICO ATTRACTEDTRIBESSUCHAS THE
JUMANO AND TIIE *CACAXTLES'WIIO LIVED NEAR THE SPANIS}I
SETTLf,MENTS.CHAPA IS THE ONLY KNOWN ACCOUNTOF TWO
FROM MONTERREYIN
I - AR (;ES P A N IS IIMII,IT A RY EXPEDITIONS
T H E I6 6 0 '5T H A T WE R EDIRECTEDAGAINSTTHE CACAXTLETRIBf,
I N T IIE N OR T II.
I
l0
CHAPA ALSO PROVIDESA LIST OF NAMESOF OVER 250NATIVE
TRIBESLIVING IN THE ARf,A.'I'HE NAMES ARE PART OF-THE
PROVTNCIALRECORDSTHAT IDENTIFIEDTHE INDIAN GROUPS
FORMALLY ASSIGNEDTO *EMCOMIENDA" SYSTEM.THE SYS'TI|M
CALLED FOR THE PROVINCIALSTO GATHER TIIE INDIANSLIVING
CLOSETO THEIR SETTLEMENTSAND PROVIDEFOR THEM. INDIANS
COULD BE ASSIGNEDTO A FAMILY OR TO AN INDTVIDUALFOR
CARE AND SAFEKf,EPING.BUT THE CARE AND SAFEKEEPINGWERE
CAST ASIDEAND SOONTHE INDIANSWERE REDUCEDTO SLAVERY.
THf, ENCONMIENDASYSTEMGAVE THE SPANIARDSLEGAL
TITLE, BESTOWEDBY THE GOVERNOROF NUEVO LEON.ONCE THE
THE LANDOWNER OR
LEGAL SANCTIONWAS FORIVTALIZED.
ENCONMENDEROWENT TO THE NATIVE RANCHERIAWITH AN
IT BY APPEARINGAT DAWN.
ARIvTED
FORCE,USUALLYSURPRTSING
ONCECAPATUREDTHE NATIVESWERE PUT IN CHAINSAND TAKEN
TO THE ENCOMENDERO'SLAND. WHERf, THEY WERE CAREFULLY
W AT C H E DB Y A S U P E R INTENDENT
AND ARMEDGUARDS.
THE ENCOMIENDASYSTEMWAS ABOLISHEDAROUND 1698ANt)
WAS Rf,PLACEDBY THE *CONGREGAS"SYSTEMTHAT ALLOWEI)
TRIBESTO FORM CONGEGASOR TOWNSLOCATEDNEAR THE
M I S S ION ST. H E Y WE R E P ERM ITTEDTO El,E( ]TTIIf,IR OW N
BY A
G O V E R N IN GOF F IC IA L S .EACH CONGREGAW AS SUPERVISED
BY A SPANIS1I
M ILITARY 0FFI( :ER.
M I SS ION A R YA N D P R OT ECTED
l0
ll
T H E MOR E P R E S S U RE
AND THE HARSHPUNISHM ENTTIIE
S P A N IS HP L A C E DON T HE NATIVES,TIIf, MORE Df,TERMINEDTHE
NATIVESWERE TO UNITE,FORM NATIONS.FIGHT BACK AND
PROTECTTHEMSELVESAND THEIR LAND. A CONFEDERATIONOF
TRIBESFROM PRESENTDAY TEXAS WAS FORMEDAND KEPT THE
PRESSUREAND RAIDS AS FAR SOUTH AS CERRALVO AND
MONTERREY.
GOVERNORZAVALA Rf,COGNIZEDTHE IMPOSSIBILITY OF
CONQUERTNGTHE NATIVES BECAUSEOF THE INACCESSIBILITYOF
THE AREAS WHERE THEY LIVED. HE LATER DISPATCHEDCAPTAIN
ANTONIO ORPINEL FROM HIS HOMETOWN OF MATEHUALA - SOUTH
OF MONTERRY. ORPINETWAS SUCCESSFULIN TRACKING DOWN
AND CAPTURINGSOME NATIVES.HE OFFEREDTHEM CLOTHTNG.
FOOD AI{D SUPPLIf,S.ONCf, THEY APPROACHEDTO RECEIVE THE
FREE GIFTS,THEY WERE ATTACKED BY THE SOLDIERSAND
IMPRISONED.THEY WERE THEN TURNEDOVER TO A MAJOR NAMED
JACINTO GARCTADE Sf,PULVEDAAND HIS COMPANY.SEPULVEDA
IIANGEDTWf,NTY-TWOOF THEM AS PUNISHTUENT.
THE GROUP
WERE MEMBERSOF THf, "HUALAHUIS'NATION.
TNOW WANT TO TURN TO THf, LIST OF SOMf, OF THE TRIBES
T H A T L IV E D IN T H E A R E A HEREMENTIONED.M ARTIN SAI,INAS.IN
TIISBOOK, INDIANSOF THE RIO GRANDEDELTA (THEIR ROLE IN
T I I f , H IS T OR Y0 F S OT JT Hf
RN Tf,XASAND NORTHEASTERN
MEXICO) .
lt
l2
I T WA S N OT U N T IL 1 7 4 7OR 1757W HEN NATIVE NAM ESBEGANTO B E
FORMALLY DOCUMENTED.SALINASRESEARCHLIST CONTAINSAT
L EA S TE IGH T IN D IGE N OUS
GROUPSW HO RESIDEDNORTHOF THE
RIO GRANDEAND WHO APPEARIN THE DOCUMENTSOF I747 AND
1757.THERE IS NO INDICATIONHOW THE SPANISHCAME TO
DETERIVIINE
THE SPELLINGAND PRONUNCIATIONOF THE TRIBAL
NAMES.ONE SUSPECTS
THE NAIVTES
WERE PHONETTCALLY
RECORDED.I WILL READ A FEW OF THE TRIBAL NAMES
RECORDED.
LUG-PLA-P|A-GUI-LAM(CHILES MOCHOS)- SALTNASNOTES
THAT BOTH WORDSHAVE MULTIPLE CONNOTATIONS.'CHILE"
HERE PROBABLYMEANS..HOT PEPPERLIKE JALAPENO.CHILE
VERDE,ETC. IT ALSO REFERSVULGARLY TO A PART OF THE MALE
BODY THAT SALINASFEf,LSIS TIIf, REAL MEANING.THE INDIANS
PRACTTCEDCIRCUMCISIONAS A RITE OF PASSAGEFROM
ADOLESCINCETO MANHOOD.WE T'INDTHE SAME RITUAL AMONG
GROUPSIN AFRICA AND AMONG THE ARABSAND JEWISH GROUPS
AND IN OTHER PARTSOF THE WORLD.
MASA-CUA-JU-LA:(LOSQUE ANDAN SOLOS).THIS GRoUP WERE
WANDERERS
OR N OMA D SW HO FOLLOW EDGAM E TO HUNT AND
PR OB A L YWE R E N OT A T TACHED' TOANY PARTICUI,ARNATION.
P A -R A N -P A MA - T U - JU ( BERMEJOLOS HOMBRES)LTTERALLY,
.
*I ' [ I E R f,DMfN .'T H E N A M E MAY Rl]Ff,R' I' OTIIE SKIN COLOR 81iT
l2
tl
M OS T L IK E L Y MA K IN G USEOF REDPIGMENTFOR BODY PAINTIN G
DURINGCEREMONIESOR FOR SPECIALOCCASTONS.
ALSO LIKELY.
IS TTIEUSEFOR COVERINGTHEIR BODIESSUCH AS TIIE *INDIOS
COLORADOSN'
OF ECUADOR.
PAULO DE CARVALHO.NETOAND I WENT TO SANTO DOMINGO
DE LOS COLORADOSIN ECUADORTO RECORDSOME INFORMATION
ON THE TNDIOSCOLORADOS.THIS GROUP LryES IN THE RAIN
FOREST.THEY USE THE ACHOTE BEAN TO FORM A PASTEBY
CRUSHINGTHE BEAN AND ADDING WATER AND THE OTL OF A
SPECIALWORTI THAT EXISTSIN THE AREA. THEIR HEAD AND BODY
IS COVEREDWITH THE PASTEAND SERVESAS A PROTECTION
AGAINS BUG BITES AND TORRENTIAL RAINS.
PER.PA.CUG:(LOS QUE SE AMARRAN SUSPARTESCON UNA
BOLSITA). LITERALLY, THOSE WHO TIE THEIR GEN|TAL|A IN A
SMALL BAG. THE PRATICE CONTINUESAND MAY BE FOUND TN
SOME PARTSOF THE WORLD.THE GENITALIA IS PLACEDINSIDEA
LONG REID OR BAG MADE OF ANIMAL SKIN OR VEGETATIONANI)
WITH A CORD IS THEN TIED AROUNDTHEIR WAIST.
OTHER NAMESLISTED INCLUDE-PEU.PE-PUG- (CABEZAS
BLANCAS- OR WHrTE HEADS)--PEU-PUE - TEM (LOS QUE HABLAN
D I F E R E N T EOR
, T H OS EW HO HAVE ANOTHERLANGUAGEOR SPEAK
-- SEGU- JU - LA - PEM: (LOS QUE VIVEN EN LOs
DIFFERENTT,Y)
THE W ORD REFERSTO
B Y T H E S OUND,PERHAPS
G U I-A -C H S .)
t3
l4
. H U IS A C H f,- T H E H U IS ACHETREE IS SIMILAR TO THE MESQUITE
TREf, EXCEPTTHAT THEIR LEAVESARE NARROWERAND THINNER.
TIIIS TYPE OF TREE GROWSABUNDANTLYIN THf, AREA.
SE-PINPA CAM: (LOS SALTNEROS)
PERHAPSREFERSTO SALT OR
THOSE WHO LIVE CLOSETO A SALT LAKE. SALT IS AN IMPORTANT
PART OF FOOD.THE MODERN HISTORYOF ECUADOR,
RECORDSTHE
SALT WARS.
W.W.NEWCOMB,JR'S BOOK, THE INDIANS OF TEXAS WRITES
ABOUT THE INDIANSOF A LATER PERIOD.AT THE BEGINNINGOF
THE HISTORIC PERIOD A NUMBER OF SCATTEREDBANDSOF
NATIVES,SUCH AS THE TONKAWAS,ROAMED OVER MUCH OF
CENTRAL TEXAS, THf,RE TSNO AGREEMENT AS TO WHERE THE
TONKAWAS FIT IN THE CULTURESOF THE WESTERNGULF. BY THE
EIGHTEENCENTURY_ IF NOT EARLIER - THEY WERE A BUFFALO.
HUNTING,TEPEE-USINGMOUNTEDPLATNSPEOPLE.ASSOCIATED
!7 "' vt I t\t tJ
WITH THE TONKAWAS DUG|ilG THf, PERIODWERE THE LIPANAPACHES.
MUCH OF WHAT IS WRITTEN ABOUT THE TONKAWASCOMESTO
US FROM EITHER THE EUROPEANSINCLUDINGTHE SPANISHAND
FROM THE ANGLO TEXASSETTLERSBOTH OF WHO HAD A
CULTI.IRES.
N E ( ;A T IV EV IE W OF IN D IGE,NOUS
l4
t5
THIS PARTIAL LIST THEN CONTATNSTHE FIRSTGROUPOF
NATIVE AMERICANSTHE SPANIARDSENCOUNTEREDIN SOUTH
TEXASAND NORTHERNMEXICO.
T H A N K Y OU
l-5
I NDt(; I.lN()tisCtJl,'tt IRl.ls
or'
S O 1 J T I IT E X A S A N D N O R T I I E R N M T . ] X I C O
(A Reviewof the Literature)
AlessioRobles,Vito: Coahuilay'Iexas en la errocacolonial.1938,Reprint l97ll, MexicoCity Porrua
Almrraz, Felix D. .fr.: Traeic (lavalier. (lovernor Manuel Salcedoof Texas. l80E-ltll3. University of
'l'exas
Press.l97l
Alonzo, Armando C.:'feiano Leeacv. Rencherosand Settlersin South Teras. 1734-1900.
Universityof
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