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General Certificate of Education
June 2006
Advanced Subsidiary Examination
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Unit 1
Energy, Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
Thursday 8 June 2006
ESC1
1.30 pm to 2.30 pm
You will need no other materials.
You may use a calculator.
For Examiner’s Use
Number Mark Number Mark
Time allowed: 1 hour
1
5
Instructions
∑ Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen.
∑ Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
∑ Answer all questions.
∑ Answer the questions in the spaces provided.
∑ Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do
not want marked.
2
6
3
4
Total (Column 1)
Total (Column 2)
Information
∑ The maximum mark for this paper is 60.
∑ The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
∑ You are reminded of the need for good English, clear
presentation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
Question 6 should be answered in continuous prose. Quality of
Written Communication will be assessed in this answer.
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Examiner’s Initials
ESC1
2
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Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1 The table shows some features of the water cycle.
Complete the table by adding suitable features or descriptions.
Feature
Description
Loss of water vapour from the stomata
in a plant’s leaves
Interception
Conversion of liquid water into gaseous
water as hydrogen bonds are broken
Infiltration
Level in the ground below which the
interstitial spaces are filled with water
(5 marks)
5
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2 The graphs show some features of population, total water use and per capita (per
person) water use in two countries.
Graph A
Country A
Population /
Water use
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1990
2000
Year
Key
Population
Total water use
Per capita water use
Graph B
Country B
Population /
Water use
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year
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(a)
Continue the line on Graph B to show per capita water use between 1960 and
2000.
(1 mark)
(b)
Outline two reasons why the per capita water use in a country may increase.
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(4 marks)
(c)
(i) What is an aquifer?
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(1 mark)
(ii) By reference to the amount of water in an aquifer, explain the principles
of a dynamic equilibrium.
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(1 mark)
(iii) Describe the likely consequences of the over-exploitation of an aquifer.
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(3 marks)
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3 Coal and oil can only be exploited economically if the geological conditions of the
deposits are suitable.
The diagrams show geological sections through an oilfield and a coalfield.
(not to scale)
Oilfield
WATER
High
INJECTION pressure
WELL
pump
Water
injection
pipe
PRODUCTION
WELL
Water
saturated
rock
Cap rock
Oil
Reservoir
rock
Coalfield
Limestone
Shales with
coal seams
Sandstones
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(a)
Outline two geological conditions which affect the economic exploitation of oil
or coal.
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(4 marks)
(b)
Suggest two reasons why the use of fossil fuels may stop earlier than is
currently estimated.
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(2 marks)
(c)
Describe how the lifespan of fossil fuel reserves could be extended.
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(4 marks)
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4 The flow diagram shows some of the processes which are used to produce water for
public supplies.
screening
sedimentation
flocculation
filtration
sterilisation
fluoridation
(a)
What are the purposes of:
(i) sedimentation;
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(1 mark)
(ii) sterilisation?
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(1 mark)
(b)
Describe the process of flocculation.
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(2 marks)
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(c)
Describe two different methods used to reduce the domestic demand for water.
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(4 marks)
(d)
Explain why river water and groundwater are likely to contain different levels
of:
(i) dissolved oxygen;
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(1 mark)
(ii) turbidity.
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(1 mark)
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5 (a)
The diagrams show two different methods of harnessing the energy of flowing
water in tidal areas of the sea.
Scheme A
Part of a proposed tidal power scheme
Scheme B
In-stream tide turbine
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Explain which of the two schemes would:
(i) provide a high energy output;
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(2 marks)
(ii) have a low environmental impact.
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(2 marks)
(b)
Name two other renewable energy resources which harness the kinetic energy
of moving water.
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2. ............................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
(c)
Outline two reasons why it is difficult to use renewable energy resources to
replace fossil fuels.
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(4 marks)
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6 The table shows some human activities which release gases that cause global climate
change.
(a)
Complete the table.
Gas
Carbon dioxide
Human activities
Combustion of fossil fuels,
deforestation
Livestock and rice production, landfill
sites, coal mine ventilation
Oxides of nitrogen
Chlorofluorocarbons
Aerosol propellants, fire extinguishers,
refrigerants
Tropospheric ozone
Chemical reactions involving NO2 and
unburnt fuel vapours
(2 marks)
(b)
Explain how greenhouse gases control the temperature of the atmosphere.
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(2 marks)
(c)
Explain how global climate change is likely to affect:
(i) aquifers through sea level rise;
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(1 mark)
(ii) precipitation through altered evaporation rates.
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(1 mark)
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(d)
Describe how the local climate may be altered by the presence of an urban
area.
Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in this answer.
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(9 marks)
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END OF QUESTIONS
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SA6015/Jun06/ESC1