Snitching: The Institutional and Communal Consequences

LOYOLA LAW SCHOOL
(LOS ANGELES)
Legal Studies Paper No. 2004-24
Nov 2004
Snitching: The Institutional
and Communal Consequences
Professor Alexandra Natapoff
This paper can be downloaded without charge from the
Social Science Research Network (SSRN) electronic library at:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=613521
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