KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
NATION
RELIGION
Presentation Outline
KING
‹ Cambodia
Introduction
‹ Cambodian History
‹ Economy
‹ Foreign Relations
‹ Politics
‹ Corruption and Corrupt People
‹ Victims
‹ Cambodia in the Future
‹ Summary
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan, Taiwan (R.O.C)
Political Economy of ASEAN
Instructor: Prof. Soong
Student: Phou Sambath (RA8967237)
December 18, 2008
Flag of Cambodia
Cambodian Introduction (1)
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Cambodians (most consider themselves to be Khmer)
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Land Area: 181, 040 Sq km (water 4,5220 sq km)
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Land boundaries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, VN 1228 km
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Climate: Monsoon (May-Nov.), Dry Season (Dec.-April)
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Population: 14.4 Million (Khmer 90%, VN 5%, Chinese 1%,) [UN]
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Religions: Theravada Buddhism 95%,
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Language: Khmer (Official), English and French
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1 in 4 can not read and 50% aged less than 20
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Capital: Phnom Penh, Tourist City: Siem Reap Angkor Wat
Cambodian Introduction (2)
Cambodian Introduction (3)
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Exchange Rates: 1US$=4,000 Riel
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GDP growth rate10.1% (2007)
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Telephone Mobile Cellular: 2.6 million
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GDP per capita (PPP) US$1,900 (2007)
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Internet Users: 70,000 (2007)
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GDP composition: Agriculture 31%, Industry 26%, Services 43%
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7 Television Stations (6 private)
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Labor force: 7 million (2003)
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The Press (The Cambodia Daily, Phnom Penh Post-English)
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Unemployment: 2.5% (2000)
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Radio (Several-BBC, Radio France)
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Administrative Divisions: 4 Cities + 20 Provinces
Export Partners: US 60%, Germany 7.6%, UK 5.4%, Canada
4.8% (2007)
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Independence: November 09, 1953 (From France)
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Import Partners: Thailand 27%, China 17.5%, HK 12.2%, Taiwan
8.8%, Singapore 6.7%, Vietnam 6.1%
1
History: 1st KingdomKingdom-FUNAN
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Inhabited since at least 4,000 BC
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The forerunner of Cambodia, Funan (68-550AD), set up by tribal
people from China in third century AD, becoming the earliest Hindu
state in Southeast Asia
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However, anthropologists believe two waves of migration: one from
the Malay peninsula and Indonesia, a second from Tibet and China
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At its highest peak, Funan and its pricipalities covered much of
mainland Southeast Asia, including its scopes the territory of modern
day Cambodia, Southern Vietnam, parts of Laos, Thailand, Myanmar,
and Malay Peninsular.
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Little is known about Funan, but powerful trading state
2nd KingdomKingdom-CHENLA (真腊 )
2nd KingdomKingdom-CHENLA (真腊 )
History (2)
3rd KHMER EMPIRE (真腊 )
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802AD-1431AD
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The largest empire of South East Asia based in what
is now Cambodia
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Politicalan and Trade Relatiosn with Java
(Indonesia) and Srivijaya (Malaysia)
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National Religion Hinduism and later Buddhism
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Angkor Wat, Preah Vihea Temple, and more than
1080 other temples built during Khmer Empire
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550AD-802AD
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Chenla divided into 2 states (Land Chenla and
Water Chenla)
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8th Malayans and Javanese dominated over many
Khmer principalities.
3rd KHMER EMPIRE (真腊 )
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802AD-1431AD
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The largest empire of South East Asia based in what is now
Cambodia
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Politician and Trade Relation with Java (Indonesia) and
Srivijaya (Malaysia)
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National Religion Hinduism and later Buddhism
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Angkor Wat, Preah Vihea Temple, and more than 1080 other
temples built during Khmer Empire
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Jayavarman VII (1243-1295)
History (2)
3rd KHMER EMPIRE (真腊 )
2
4th Charktomok,
Charktomok, 5th LOVEK, 6th DARK AGES
OF CAMBODIA
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Chartomok (1437-1525)
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Lovek (1525-1593) –visit from Spanish and Portuguese
- became a pawn of power struggle between its increasingly
powerful neighbors SIAM and VIETNAM.
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Dark Age of Cambodia (1432-1863)
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By 1750, the Royal Khmer family had split into pro-Siamese
and pro-Vietnamese factions.
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In the late 18 centuries, the Khmers lost their control over the
Mekong Delta to the Vietnamese and the capital’s access to the
sea was blocked.
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C
7th FRENCH COLONIZATION
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In 1863, King Norodom placed Cambodia under French
protectorate
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In 1623, King Chey Chetta
II allowed Vietnamese
refugees to live in Prey
Nokor (Saigon).
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Slowly, the city was
vietnamized.
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When independence granted
to French Indochina in 1954,
the Mekong Delta
(including Prey Nokor) was
included in the state of
South Vietnam.
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But Cambodia protested.
C
8th POSTPOST-INDEPENDENCE CAMBODIA
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Crown by French in 1941 at the age of 18
King Norodom Sihanouk (1953-1970)
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The French did little to develop Cambodia, preferring instead
for the territory to pay for itself by forcing people to pay tax.
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Independence from France November 9, 1953
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Independence from France November 9, 1953
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Preah Vihear Temple from Thailand, 1962-International
Court
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Development in Agriculture, Industry, Education, Tourism,
and so on
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When in Moscow, March 18, 1970 Coup d’etat by General
Lon Nol
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Civil War with Guerrilla Fighters led by Pol Pot
1834-1904
3
9th REPUBLIC
10th Democratic KampucheaKampuchea-YEAR ZERO
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April 17, 1975, Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh after general
Lon Nol fled Cambodia.
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Pol Pot wanted to return the country to “Year Zero”
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The US Air Force had been secretly bombing Cambodia using
B-52s since March 1969, fearing communist North Vietnam
hiding in Cambodia.
The Khmer Rouge revolution was primarily a class-based one,
fed by years of growing resentment against the privilege elites.
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When the campaign was stopped, the B-52s had dropped more
than half a million tons of bombs in Cambodia—more than twice
the tonnage the US dropped in Japan during WWII.
The VN estimated that 2-3 million Cambodian people were
killed during Pol Pot regimes—politically motivated to justify
their invasion of the country in 1978/1979).
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The Yale estimates a total of 1.7 million killed.
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500,000 soldiers and civilians were killed over 4 years period.
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Lon Nol government collapsed-taxes rose, children combat units
American political scientist Wayne Bert noted that “The methods
and behavior of Pol Pot compare to that of the Nazis and
Stalinists, but in the percentage of the population killed by a
revolutionary movement, the Khmer Rouge holds an
unchallenged record.”
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Lon Nol abolished the monarchy and proclaimed a republic.
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US president Richard Nixon officially announced Washington’s
military intervention in Cambodia.
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10th Democratic KampucheaKampuchea-YEAR ZERO
10th Democratic KampucheaKampuchea-YEAR ZERO
10th Democratic KampucheaKampuchea-YEAR ZERO
YEAR ZERO MOVIE
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Release: November 2, 1984
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Language: English, French,
Khmer (Cambodia)
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British Film Drama
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Award: 3 Academy Awards
*Best Supporting Actor
*Best Editing
*Best Cinematography
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100thof the BFI top 100
British Film list
4
CAMBODIAN OSCAR AWARD WINNER
11th Vietnamese Invasion
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B. March 22, 2940-D. Feb. 25,
1996
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On Christmas Day 1978, 120,000 Vietnamese troops invaded
Cambodia (Colet and Eliot, 2000).
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Physician, Actor, and Author
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Awards:
By Jan., the Vietnam had installed a puppet government
(People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK).
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The VN compared their invasion to the liberation of Uganda
from Idi Amin, but for the Western world, it was an unwelcome
Christmas present.
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3 main anti-Hanoi factions were formed: Khmer Rouge,led by
Pol Pot; Armee National Sihanoukiste, led by Sihanouk; and
Khmer People’s National Liberation Front, led by Son Sann
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The 3 factions were against the government installed by VN.
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VN withdrew its troop completely from Cambodia in Sep. 1989,
ending nearly 11 years of Hanoi’s direct military involvement.
*Academy (Oscar) Award for
Best Supporting Actor, 1985,
the Killing Field
*BAFTA Award
*Golden Globe
Dr. Haing S. Ngor
Movies: The Killing Field,
Eastern Condors, My Life
and Heaven & Earth
12th PARIS PEACE ACCORDACCORD-1st Election
CAMBODIA’
CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN RELATIONS
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The four parties in Cambodia signed a negotiated agreement in
October 1991 in Paris and other 19 nations.
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A member of United Nations (UN)
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22,000 UN peace keepers kept peace in Cambodia and first
election took place on May 23-28, 1993.
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A member of World Back (WB)
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Funcinpec-45% (58 Seats)
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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Cambodian People’s Party 38% (38 Seats)
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Asian Development Bank (ADB)
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Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party 10% (10 Seats)
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World Trade Organization (WTO, Oct. 13, 2004)
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1993-1998, Hun Sen and Prince Norodom Ranariddh were coprime ministers
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Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN, 1999) [4]
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Bloody Coup in 1997 led by Hun Sen and he became the sole
prime minister
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July 2003, CPP (73 seats), FCP (26 Seats), SRP (24 Seats)
WHY ASEAN?
ASEAN Economic Community 2020
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institute new mechanisms and measures to strengthen the
implementation of its existing economic initiatives including the
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), ASEAN Framework Agreement on
Services (AFAS) and ASEAN Investment Area (AIA);
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accelerate regional integration in the following priority sectors by
2010: air travel, agro-based products, automotives, e-commerce,
electronics, fisheries, healthcare, rubber-based products, textiles and
apparels, tourism, and wood-based products
renunciation of the threat or use of force
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facilitate movement of business persons, skilled labour and talents; and
effective cooperation among themselves
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strengthen the institutional mechanisms of ASEAN, including the
improvement of the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism
to ensure expeditious and legally-binding resolution of any economic
disputes
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mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality,
territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations
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the right of every State to lead its national existence free from
external interference, subversion or coercion
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non-interference in the internal affairs of one another
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settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner
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5
ECONOMY OF CAMBODIA
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Textile Industry-employ 350,000 workers (70% of Export)
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Tourism-the fasting growing industry (hit 2 million in 2007)
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Agriculture products: rice, rubber, vegetables, casher, tapioca
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Construction Industry seemed to be a promising industry before
global financial crisis.
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Exploitable Oil and Natural Gas Deposits were discovered in
2005, expected revenue in 2010 by Chevron [14]. 2 billion
barrels of oil and 10 trillion cubic feet of natural gas [5].
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Natural Source: Wood and Wood Products, Gem
Cambodia’
Cambodia’s Bilateral Trade with ASEAN+ US,
China
Country
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Thailand
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Vietnam
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China
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US
Import Value
BT48.4 billion ($1.4B)
Cambodia’
Cambodia’s Bilateral Trade with ASEAN+ US,
China
Export Value
Country
Import Value
Export Value
BT48.4 billion ($1.4B)
BT1.3 billion ($40M)
BT1.3 billion ($40M)
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Thailand
US$ 1.2 billion
About US$ 200 million
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Vietnam
US$ 1.2 billion
About US$ 200 million
US$ 732 million
US$110 million
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China
US$ 732 million
US$110 million
US$2.2 billion
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US
Export Partners: US 60%, Germany 7.6%, UK 5.4%,
Canada 4.8% (2007)
Import Partners: Thailand 27%, China 17.5%, HK
12.2%, Taiwan 8.8%, Singapore
6.7%, Vietnam 6.1%
Angkor WatWat-UNSCO’
UNSCO’s 1992 World Heritage
US$2.2 billion
Export Partners: US 60%, Germany 7.6%, UK 5.4%,
Canada 4.8% (2007)
Import Partners: Thailand 27%, China 17.5%, HK
12.2%, Taiwan 8.8%, Singapore
6.7%, Vietnam 6.1%
Angkor Wat
-Built 1113-1150 [1]
-By Suyavarman II
-Khmer Architecture Style
-Dedicated to Hindu,
Angkor Wat, Cambodia
later Buddhism [2]
-UNESCO’s World Heritage
in 1992
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Sunrise at Angkor Wat (built from 879 - 1191AD)
Bayon Temple
Angkor Wat View from Air-plae
Bayon Temple
7