International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org HOW MUCH CORRELATION DOES EXIST BETWEEN
ENGLISH AND FARSI ONOMATOPOEIC WORDS?
Mojtaba Khademi
Corresponding author, South branch, Payam-e-noor university, Tehran, Iran
Hassan Aghili
Co-author, North Branch, Azad university, Tehran, Iran
Hoda Harati
Co-author, Elm-o-Sanat university, Tehran, Iran
ABSTRACT
Onomatopoeic words are those words which are imitation of the sounds in the nature. Since all
these words are the same in all the world it seems that all these words must be the same through
all human languages. In this research the researchers tried to account for this similarity between
English and Farsi onomatopoeic sounds . In doing so they made two different tests consisting of
one selection test for selecting appropriate set of words and a matching test based on the results
of the selection test - in two parts each of which consisted of twenty English onomatopoeic words
and their equivalents in Farsi and asked the participants whom were 40 Iranian male EFL
learners in preintermediate level to match the items in the matching test and they saw that not
only there is not a high relationship between English and Farsi onomatopoeic words, but also a
partly big difference exists in some cases.
KEYWORDS: Onomatopoeic words, mimetic words, sound symbolism
INTRODUCTION
Generally all the words in all human languages are divided in three groups: iconic words,
indexical words and symbolic words. Most the words in all human languages are symbolic words
(there is an arbitrary relation between their forms and their meanings), but onomatopoeic words
are an exception to this rule and they have an iconic nature (the relation between their forms and
meanings is not arbitrary and their forms mirror their sounds in the nature).
As its Greek root suggests, onomatopoeia is the making (poiein) of a name or word
(onoma) from natural sound. Onomatopoeias are thus imitative words of these natural
sounds. They are found in all languages of the world, and some linguists, in fact, believe they
were the first words human spoke when language was developed. Since direct imitation allows
the hearer to understand the meaning most easily, it is the most obvious way to describe actions
(e.g. punch, boom) and animals (e.g. cock, dodo), which constitute the most parts of the
conversation between primordial human. Therefore, the hypothesis is, indeed, reasonable. These
primitive sounds have evolved over time and the remnants have become today’s onomatopoeias.
504
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Onomatopoeic expressions (sound symbolisms) are mostly used in order to create an impression
in a person or an emotional manner; therefor are considered indispensible in a conversation.
Should onomatopoeic words be treated like the other words (which have a symbolic nature) when
they are translated or due to their iconic nature no? Onomatopoeia are used for both soundimitating words and also those that describe non-audible states and actions by the sounds.
It seems many onomatopoetic (or mimetic) words found in various languages have evolved
to their present form recently and often rapidly. Once a part of a language' s lexical
structure, they are subjected to the same evolutionary process that other words undergo (F. de
Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, McGraw-Hili, 1959). Hence this proves that in
assuming the linguistic sign "naturally" or without motivation, something is lost of a
word' s, a mimic' s and/or an onomatopoeia' s original character. Language is an open,
arbitrary system, subject to deterioration over time. Onomatopoeia is not common, numerous
or important enough to invalidate the principle that language is arbitrary. Humans create
perceptions, images, rationalizations, truths and falsities through language and therefore it
should not be considered a natural thing. Onomatopoeia is just one of these constructions.
The argument has been presented that language is an arbitrary, conventional and humanmade system. The link between language and nature is not only unreliable, open to
perception and interpretation but it is also open to deterioration over time. Any attempt to
show a constant relationship between language, words, object noises to nature and across
cultures and languages is unprecedented. Ontologically, there is a bad match between language
and the environment, and theories of scientific truth and realism do not seem to help much,
either. Whether our perceptions of object noises can be translated over different situations,
time frames and other parameters remains to be seen. So how can linguists alleviate or resolve
this problem? Assigning more bio-centric language to natural objects would be an initial step.
greater iconicity to increase understanding of the natural environment would also help (Joshua
Nash).
Statement of the problem
Onomatopoeic words seem at the first glance easy words to learn and use since it is said that
these words unlike most the other words which have symbolic nature and there is an arbitrary
relation between their form and meaning , have an iconic nature and it is possible to guess and
understand their meaning from their form . But unlike this promising state , there always exists a
kind of gap in forming this one to one relation and in brings about this question whether a perfect
relation exists between form and meaning among onomatopoeic words in different languages or
no and whether one can account completely on the iconic nature of onomatopoeic words or not ?
The present study seeks to search the existence and degree of the relation between English and
Farsi onomatopoeic words and answer these questions as much as possible .
LITERATURE REVIEW
What is onomatopoeia? According to Webster’s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary,
onomatopoeia is the formation of a word as cuckoo or boom, by imitation of a sound made by or
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org associated with its referent . Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary defines onomatopoeia as the
follow : “ The fact of words containing sounds similar to the noises they describe, for example
hiss or thud .”As Nuri Ma’rifatil Laili says in A STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA IN AVATAR
COMICS onomatopoeia is the formation of words originated from the sound they refer. It can be
in a word or group of words, such as ‘splash’, ‘cuckoo’ and ‘sniff’. She says that there are three
kinds of onomatopoeia which reflects the relationship between meaning and sound. They are
direct onomatopoeia, associative onomatopoeia and exemplary onomatopoeia.
a. Direct onomatopoeia is in which the words are similar to the actual sound they refer to, such as
bang, hiss, cluck, and moan.
b. Associative onomatopoeia is the category of onomatopoeic words because association, not
because they resemble the object or the action they represent.
c. Exemplary onomatopoeia is based on the amount and character of the physical work done by
the speaker in uttering the word.
She also writes about the origin of onomatopoeia: Serious debate about the origin of language
and the correlation between the words and the meaning of language generates two contradiction
arguments ,Conventionalist and Naturalist. The Conventionalist argues that words or names for
things based on an agreement between speakers (Fromklin & Rodman, 1999). The
Conventionalist also emphasizes the arbitrary relationshipbetween word and things, a principle
accepted by modern semantics. In other hand, the Naturalist opposes that there is natural
connection between the word formation and the essence of things, and the meaning of words just
by hearing them.
There are some theories related to the natural sound in which one of them is onomatopoeia. She
claims that Onomatopoeia is not direct imitations of sounds but some sort of interpretation with a
psychological basis the way of thinking . She adds that All languages of the world have different
onomatopoeia. For example an English pig will produce the sound oink while a France one,
groin-groin, and Chinese pig produce the sound hulu-hulu. Due to these statements it is wrong if
one thinks that there is no difference between onomatopoeic words in different languages of the
world .
Despite the importance of onomatopoeias in the world’s languages, the linguistic study of
them is pitifully inadequate. Many linguistics regarded onomatopoeias as “second class citizens
among words, since they are often polysemous, while at the same time, paradoxically, applicable
to only a narrow semantic range” (Falk, 1973: 60). Of course, onomatopoeia is a modified type of
coining in which a word is formed as an imitation of some natural sound. As on borrowing
and the various means of making new words based on old ones, onomatopoeia involves a model
that serves as the basic for the new word, but onomatopoeic model is extralinguistic - it
lies outside of language itself. Words like buzz, as well as those that represent animal
noises, like moo, were originally attempts to imitate natural sounds .
The use of onomatopoeia varies with language and written works. For example, some Asian
languages, especially Japanese and Korean, have many onomatopoeia words and also
506
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org onomatopoeic words represent states, movements, feelings and emotions, and allow their
expression in a fun, lively manner. But we might be rather skeptical about a view that seems to
assume that a language is only a set of words which are used as names for entities (Yule, 1996:
3). Nowrouzi (1994) says that naming onomatopoeia is because of their melodic similarities
(Nowrouzi, 1994: 93). Saghravanian (1990) believes that there is a natural relationship between
pronunciation of some words and what they refer to (Saghravanian, 1990: 151). Thomas and
Hill’s (2012) studied some special onomatopoeia and at the end of their article they presented
some literary examples with onomatopoeia such as the pied piper of Hamelin and the bells of
Edgar Allen Poe (Thomas & Hill, 2012). Hiroko (2006) identified the methods used in
translating Japanese onomatopoeic and mimetic words in literature into Spanish and English.
Almost 300 cases are extracted and nine methods such as onomatopoeia in the target
language are identified. Each method is analyzed with some examples, considering its
effectiveness in transmitting the meaning of the original expressions (Hiroko, 2006).
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This present study seeks to answer this question that there is a high relation between English and
Farsi onomatopoeic words or no .Therefor the researchers attempted to answer the following
questions:
Q1 : Is there a high relation between English and Farsi onomatopoeic words or no?
Q2 : If there is not such this relation , how much similarity and matching does exist between
English and Farsi onomatopoeic words?
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
In this study the researchers selected 40 male participants from a pre-intermediate level randomly
and gave them two kinds of tests: Firstly a selection test was administered in order to find the
appropriate pairs for the matching test. The selection test contained 50 English onomatopoeic
words and the participants were supposed to write their translations. After this test 10 English
onomatopoeic words whose answers were right on the account of more than 90 percent of the
subjects were omitted and 40 items were selected for the next test - the matching test - . The next
test was a matching test with 40 English onomatopoeic words and their Farsi equivallents and the
participants were asked to match these items and unscramble them. This matching test were
administered in two parts – each of them contained twenty English onomatopoeic expressions
and their Farsi equivalents _ in order to prevent the participants to be overwhelmed by a difficult
task. Then they analyzed the results to see whether there is a high relation between English and
Farsi onomatopoeic expressions or no and if this high relation does not exist, how much
difference could be detected among these two groups of words using percentage of the correct
answers and chi square test. This study is a quantitative study and it could be classified among
correlation studies. The two variables that the researchers tried to correlate in this study are
English onomatopoeic words and their Farsi equivalents.
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Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Participants
The number of the participants in this study were 40 subjects who all been studying English in a
pre-intermediate level in Iran institute in Arak. This level was chosen by the researchers because
learners in this level have not a comprehensive vocabulary in onomatopoeia and as a result they
can answer the matching test based on the iconic nature of the onomatopoeic words and not their
knowledge in this field - as it is desired in this paper –. All these subjects were selected randomly
and none of them had any academic study in English language field in any universities in order to
prevent the effect of their academic knowledge on the result of the study. The gender of all the
subjects was male and they were from 14 to 20 . All these subjects studied English as a foreign
language (EFL) and all of them were studying English in Iran institute, Arak branch, for at least
four terms.
Instruments
In this study the researchers used two kinds of tests in order to test the research hypothesis: A
selection test and a matching test. The selection test containd 50 English onomatopoeic words
and the participants were asked to translate these words into Farsi. THe purpose of this test was
selecting appropriate items for the matching test. These matching test were based on the result of
the selection test and consisted of 40 items - and 10 items were omitted after the selection test
because a high number of the participants (more than 90 percent) answer these words correctly - .
In order to prevent the subjects from being overwelmed by the high number of the items in the
matching test , this test was administered in two parts each of them consisted of twenty English
onomatopoeic words and their Farsi equivalents and they were supposed to match the right pairs
together . After any item in the matching test there was an open-ended question from the subjects
that asked them why you match this item with this equivallent in order to check their reasons. All
fifty English onomatopoeic words were chosen by the researchers after preparing several lists of
the most popular English onomatopoeic words from different websites and dictionaries and their
Farsi equivalents were taken from one of the best English to Farsi dictionaries (Millenium or
Hezareh dictionary By Ali Mohmmad HaghShenas , Hossien Entekhabi and Nargues Samei ) and
it was important for the researchers to select an English onomatopoeic word which its Farsi
equivalent be also familiar and practical for Iranian native speakers not a one which is popular in
English but unpopular or even weird in Farsi. Since Farsi in contrast with English has not special
diacritics ; in order to provide the subjects with clear translation of English onomatopoeic words,
the researchers used Arabic diacritics in order to help the subjects understand Farsi onomatopoeic
words better and easier.
Procedure
In this study forty Iranian EFL language learners who were studying English in pre-intermediate
level were selected who were supposed to take part in two different tests: A selection test and a
matching test. In the selection test which consisted of 50 English onomatopoeic words the
participants were asked to translate them into Farsi. This test were administered in order to select
the items for the matching test. After this test 10 items were omotted because more than 90
percent of the subjects answer these 10 items correctly and it means that they had the knowledge
of these items. The selection test were administered in 50 minutes and two weeks after the
selection test, the matching test were administered. The matching test were divided in two parts
508
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org in order to ease the process of matching the items and prevent the participants from being
overwelmed by a high number of the items. Through each of these tests the subjects were
supposed to match the scrambled items in two matching tests. They had ten minutes time to
answer each of the matching tests (30 seconds for each pair). The two tests were administered at
the same time and before the tests, the researchers explained in Farsi for the subjects what they
are supposed to do in order to clarify the case and remove any vagueness and uncertainty about
the procedures and they also received a brief description about onomatopoeic words. They were
told that they should match all the words and even if they do not recognize one or several of the
onomatopoeic words in the matching test, try to match them with their Farsi equivalents using
their background knowledge and their guessing ability and their hunches (as onomatopoeic words
are iconic words and it is logical to expect the subjects to answer them by guessing). After any
items in the matching tasts there was an open-ended question which asked the subjects why they
matched this item with that equivallent in order to see their reasons. After administrating the
tests, the researchers analyzed the answers to see how much togetherness exists between English
and Farsi onomatopoeic words using chi square test .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to test the research hypothesis the researchers used a chi square test to see the result of
the matching tests and the degree of togetherness of English and Farsi onomatopoeic words. The
result of this test are presented in table 1 and 2 for the two matching tests .
T = true answers
F = false answers
Item Number
T
F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
32
34
28
29
30
33
30
26
29
34
35
25
29
30
31
28
28
32
30
29
7
6
10
11
8
7
10
13
10
6
5
14
11
10
10
11
12
8
9
11
B = unanswered items
Table 1: Statistics of the first matching exam
B
Percentage of the Chi-square
true answers
1
80
16.02
0
85
19.60
2
70
8.52
0
72/5
8.10
2
75
12.73
0
82/5
16.90
0
75
10.00
1
65
4.33
1
72/5
9.25
0
85
19.60
0
87/5
22.50
1
62/5
3.10
0
72/5
8.10
0
75
10.00
1
77/5
10.76
1
70
7.41
0
70
6.40
0
80
14.40
1
75
11.30
0
72/5
8.10
Sig.
.000*
.000*
.004*
.004*
.000*
.000*
.002*
.037*
.002*
.000*
.000*
.078
.004*
.002*
.001*
.006*
.011*
.000*
.001*
.004*
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Table 2: Statistics of the second matching test
Item Number
T
F
B
Percentage of the true Chi-square
Sig.
answers
1
30
10
0
75
10.00
.002*
2
33
7
0
82/5
16.90
.000*
3
32
7
1
80
16.02
.000*
4
29
10
1
72/5
9.25
.002*
5
27
13
0
67/5
4.90
.027*
6
30
9
1
75
11.30
.001*
7
28
12
0
70
6.40
.011*
8
25
14
1
62/5
3.10
.078
9
29
11
0
72/5
8.10
.004*
10
30
8
2
75
12.73
.000*
11
30
10
0
75
10.00
.002*
12
31
9
0
77/5
12.10
.001*
13
29
10
1
72/5
9.25
.002*
14
29
11
0
72/5
8.10
.004*
15
31
8
1
77/5
13.56
.000*
16
26
14
0
65
3.60
.058
17
29
10
1
72/5
9.25
.002*
18
32
7
1
80
16.02
.000*
19
28
12
0
70
6.40
.011*
20
29
10
1
72/5
9.25
.002*
The result of the chi square test for every single item showed that the degree of togetherness for
most of the items except item N.12 in the first matching test and items N.8 and N.16 exceeds the
significance degree and it shows that there is a high degree of relationship between English and
Farsi onomatopoeic words . The highest percentage of go togetherness belongs to item N.11 in
the first matching test with 87/5 percent of go togetherness and the lowest percentage of go
togetherness belongs to item N.12 in the same test with 62/5 percent of go togetherness.
Based on the result of the open-ended question which asked the subjects why you select these
two word as a pair and after classifying their answers several main reasons were categorized and
shown in the table N.3.
Item number
1
2
3
4
Table 3: The main reason for choosing the words as a pair in the matching tests
Description
Frequency
Percent
Phonological similarities
739
46/18
English knowledge
323
20/18
Guessing
313
19/56
Farsi knowledge
137
8/56
Based on the result of this table it is clear that in about half of the cases the subjects answered the
questions based on the phonological similarities of English and Farsi onomatopoeic words which
shows that these words are iconic to some extent. Other reasons are shown in the table which are
not the topic of this research and could be scrutinized in the future researches.
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Discussion
In this research the researchers tried to check the degree of togetherness of English and Farsi
onomatopoeic words using two tests: A placement test which were used in choosing the final
items and two matching tests in order to see the results and check the degree of togetherness of
English and Farsi onomatopoeic words. After administrating the tests and analyzing the results
using a chi square test for every item, it was concluded that there is a high degree of togetherness
between English and Farsi onomatopoiec words. But based on this tenet that onomatopoeic words
are iconic and so they must be the same through all languages there is a question here that how
we can justify for the difference between English and Farsi onomatopoeic words? Are these
words gone through different linguistics processes and tolerated some changes in their forms?
Are they basically different through different languages from their invention because of some
reasons like cultural differences? Are they different because every language causes these
differences based on sapir-whorf relitivism theory? These are questions which seek the answer in
the next researches.
CONCLUSION
Based on the classification of all words in linguistics (iconic, indexical and symbolic)
onomatopoeic words are iconic and it means that they are tha same through all languages. The
current study tried to chech the degree of togetherness of English and Farsi onomatopoeic words
using a selection test for selecting the best items and two matcing tests to test the degree of their
correlation . The result of these tests based on chi square test for every item showed a high degree
of togethrness between English and Farsi onomatopoeic words, yet the existing gap still seeks
justification and should be scrutinized carefully.
Suggestions for further studies
The result of this study showed a high degree of correlation and togetherness of English and Farsi
onomatopoeic words ; but it is needed that some studies work on the reasons of the existing
difference between English and Farsi onomatopoeic words. Are these words gone through
different linguistics processes and tolerated some changes in their forms? Are they basically
different through different languages from their invention because of some reasons like cultural
differences? Are they different because every language causes these differences based on sapirwhorf relitivism theory? These are questions which seek the answer in the next researches.
REFERENCES
Buzzle.com
Englishbanana.com
Englis-language-skills.com
Falk, J. S. (1978). Linguistics and Language a Survey of Basic Concepts and Implications, New
York: John Wiley & Sons.
De Saussure, F. (1959). Course in General Linguistics, McGraw-Hili
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(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2002). An introductionto language (7th ed.).
Thompson Heilne.
Haghshenas, A. M., Entekhabi, H., & Samei, N. (2005). FARHANG MOASER MILLENNIUM
Hiroko, I. (2006). Translating Japanese onomatopoeia and mimetic words. Universidad de
Granada, Spain. P. 97- 116.
Ma’rifatil Laili , N. (2008 ). A STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA IN AVATAR COMICS Oxford
university press, (2000), Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary
Nowrouzi , J. (1994). The Grammar of language and the Structure of Persian Language. Tehran
Rahgosha Press.
Saghravanian, J. (1990). Linguistics Idioms. Tehran: Nama Press. Scribed.com
Thomas, D. & Hill, F. (2012). Literary Special Effect, Onomatopoeia. Beverly Schmitt.
Webster’s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary ( 1989). Gramercy books. Wikipedia.org
Yule, G. (2006). The study of language. (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Appendics
Number
of item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Item
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Table of omitted onomatopoeic words after the selection test
English onomatopoeic word
Farsi equivalent
Bang
Buzz
Moo
Tick
Whiz
Cuckoo
Shush
Quack
Beep
dingdong
English onomatopoeic word
sizzle
Plop
rustle
chatter
click
splash
purr
crackle
giggle
bubble
gulp
Gurgle
crash
mumble
bah
‫ﺑﻨﮓ‬
‫ﻭوﺯزﻭوﺯز‬
‫ﻣﻮﻣﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻴﯿﮏ ﺗﻴﯿﮏ‬
‫ﻭوﻳﯾﮋ‬
‫ﮐﻮﮐﻮ‬
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻴﯿﺶ‬
‫ﮐﻮﺍاﮎک ﮐﻮﺍاﮎک‬
‫ﺑﻴﯿﺐ ﺑﻴﯿﺐ‬
‫ﺩدﻧﮓ ﺩدﻧﮓ‬
The first matching test
Farsi equivalent
‫ﺟﻠﺰﻭوﻭوﻟﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻠﭗ‬
‫ﺧﺶ ﺧﺶ‬
‫ﺗﻖ ﺗﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺷﻠﭗ ﺷﻠﻮﭖپ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻕق ﺗﺮﻕق‬
‫ﮐﺮﮐﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻞ ﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻠﭗ‬
‫ﻗﻠﭗ ﻗﻠﭗ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻣﭗ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻭو ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍاﻩه‬
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Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 504-­‐513 Khademi, M., et al EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org 16
croak
‫ﻏﻮﺭرﻏﻮﺭر‬
17
grunt
‫ﺧﺮﺧﺮ‬
18
huff
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻦ ﻭو ﻫﮬﮪھﻦ‬
19
clash
‫ﺗﺮﻕق ﺗﺮﻭوﻕق‬
20
screech
‫ﻗﻴﯿﮋﻗﻴﯿﮋ‬
Item
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
English onomatopoic word
pop
fizz
hiss
jangle
hoot
snuffle
clatter
creak
ping
thump
rattle
lap
rumble
chirp
woof
drip
squeak
whiff
whirr
thud
The second matching test
Farsi equivalent
‫ﭘﻖ‬
‫ﻓﺲ‬
‫ﻓﺶ ﻓﺶ‬
‫ﺟﻴﯿﺮﻳﯾﻨﮓ‬
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻮﻫﮬﮪھﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻴﯿﻦ ﻓﻴﯿﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺮﭖپ ﮔﺮﭖپ‬
‫ﻏﮋﻏﮋ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻴﯿﻨﮓ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻣﭗ‬
‫ﺩدﻕق ﺩدﻕق‬
‫ﺷﻠﭗ ﺷﻠﭗ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭرﻭوﻗﻮﺭر‬
‫ﺟﻴﯿﮏ ﺟﻴﯿﮏ‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻍغ ﻭوﺍاﻍغ‬
‫ﭼﮏ ﭼﮏ‬
‫ﺟﻴﯿﺮﺟﻴﯿﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻒ‬
‫ﭘﺮﭘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻻﭖپ‬
513