Table 1: Summary of Program Economics (All Monetary Values in 2000 Dollars)
(for full publication, see: Aos, Steve, Polly Phipps, Robert Barnoski, and Roxanne Lieb. "The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs
To Reduce Crime. Version 4.0." Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2001.)
Number Average Size of
of
the Crime
Program
Reduction
Effects in
Effect* &
the
(Standard Error)
note that a
Statistical
Summary negative effect size
Net Direct
Cost of the
Program,
Per
Participant
means lower crime
Net Benefits Per Participant
(i.e., Benefits minus Costs)
Lower End
of Range:
Includes
Taxpayer
Benefits
Only
Upper End
of Range:
Includes
Taxpayer and
Crime Victim
Benefits
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2
6
-0.29 (0.21)
-0.10 (0.04)
$7,733
$8,936
-$2,067
-$4,754
to
to
$15,918
$6,972
1
1
2
1
1
-0.13 (0.11)
-0.31 (0.20)
-0.04 (0.05)
-0.08 (0.03)
0.10 (0.05)
$4,355
$18,964
$1,054
$6,123
$1,431
-$456
-$8,855
$225
-$3,818
-$4,562
to
to
to
to
to
$14,169
$16,428
$4,524
$1,719
-$12,082
3
7
4
2
5
-0.31 (0.10)
-0.25 (0.10)
-0.18 (0.14)
-0.37 (0.19)
-0.27 (0.07)
$4,743
$2,161
$738
$2,052
$1,138
$31,661
$14,149
$8,287
$21,836
$5,720
to
to
to
to
to
$131,918
$59,067
$33,143
$87,622
$27,212
13
7
6
7
4
8
6
5
10
-0.05 (0.02)
-0.05 (0.06)
0.00 (0.05)
-0.04 (0.06)
-0.14 (0.10)
0.13 (0.06)
-0.17 (0.04)
-0.12 (0.10)
0.10 (0.04)
-$127
$2,234
-$18,478
$2,635
$603
$51
$1,537
$9,920
-$15,424
$1,470
$176
$18,586
-$117
$3,131
-$6,572
$7,113
-$3,119
$10,360
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
$5,679
$6,812
$18,854
$6,128
$14,831
-$24,531
$30,936
$23,602
-$3,587
Adult Offender Drug Treatment Programs (compared to no treatment)
In-Prison Therapeutic Community, No Community Aftercare
In-Prison Therapeutic Community, With Community Aftercare
Non-Prison TC (as addition to an existing community residential facility)
In-Prison Non-Residential Substance Abuse Treatment
Drug Courts
Case Management Substance Abuse Programs
Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment
Drug Treatment Programs in Jails
5
11
2
5
27
12
3
7
-0.05 (0.05)
-0.08 (0.02)
-0.17 (0.10)
-0.09 (0.03)
-0.08 (0.02)
-0.03 (0.03)
-0.07 (0.05)
-0.05 (0.05)
$2,604
$3,100
$2,013
$1,500
$2,562
$2,204
$2,198
$1,172
-$899
-$243
$4,110
$1,672
-$109
-$1,050
$237
$373
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
$2,365
$5,230
$15,836
$7,748
$4,691
$1,230
$5,048
$3,361
Adult Sex-Offender Treatment Programs (compared to no treatment)
Cognitive-Behavioral Sex Offender Treatment
7
-0.11 (0.05)
$6,246
-$778
to
$19,534
19
6
3
11
11
-0.03 (0.03)
-0.10 (0.06)
0.00 (0.08)
0.00 (0.03)
0.00 (0.03)
$3,296
$3,811
-$5,925
-$9,725
-$3,380
-$2,250
-$459
$6,083
$9,822
$3,477
to
to
to
to
to
-$384
$5,520
$6,386
$10,011
$3,666
8
6
-0.08 (0.05)
-0.07 (0.04)
$310
$308
$2,471
$2,202
to
to
$7,797
$7,104
2
6
3
2
3
-0.03 (0.11)
-0.04 (0.02)
-0.11 (0.05)
-0.13 (0.04)
-0.08 (0.02)
$456
$772
$1,972
$1,960
$1,800
$507
$625
$1,852
$2,835
$1,147
to
to
to
to
to
$2,351
$3,300
$9,176
$12,017
$9,413
Early Childhood Programs
Nurse Home Visitation (for low income single mothers)
Early Childhood Education for Disadvantaged Youth
Middle Childhood & Adolescent (Non-Juvenile Offender) Programs
Seattle Social Development Project
Quantum Opportunities Program
Mentoring
National Job Corps
Job Training Partnership Act
Juvenile Offender Programs
Specific "Off the Shelf" Programs
Multi-Systemic Therapy
Functional Family Therapy
Aggression Replacement Training
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care
Adolescent Diversion Project
General Types of Treatment Programs
Diversion with Services (vs. regular juvenile court processing)
Intensive Probation (vs. regular probation caseloads)
Intensive Probation (as alternative to incarceration)
Intensive Parole Supervision (vs. regular parole caseloads)
Coordinated Services
Scared Straight Type Programs
Other Family-Based Therapy Approaches
Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment
Juvenile Boot Camps
Adult Offender Programs
Adult Offender Intermediate Sanctions (compared to regular programs)
Intensive Supervision (Surveillance-Oriented)
Intensive Supervision (Treatment-Oriented)
Intensive Supervision: Diversion from Prison
Adult Boot Camps
Adult Boot Camps--As partial diversion from prison
Cognitive-Behavioral Programs (compared to no treatment)
Moral Reconation Therapy
Reasoning and Rehabilitation
Other Programs (compared to no treatment or regular programs)
Work Release Programs (vs. in-prison incarceration)
Job Counseling/Search for Inmates Leaving Prison
In-Prison Adult Basic Education
In-Prison Vocational Education
Correctional Industries Programs
* The summary effect size shown on this table for each area is the weighted average standardized mean difference effect size. For those studies with bi-variate outcome
measures, the mean difference effect sizes are approximated using the arcsine transformation as described in Lipsey & Wilson(2000), Table B10, Formula 22. The individual study
effect sizes are adjusted using the Hedges correction for small sample sizes as described in Lipsey & Wilson(2000), page 49, Equation 3.22. The weights are the inverse variance
weights as described in Lipsey & Wilson(2000), page 49, Equations 3.23 and 3.24.