Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till
contemporary times.
The Tower of Babel, Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Bereshit/Genesis 11:1-9.
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Biblical and Jewish Motives in Art from Renaissance till
Contemporary Times.
During the Renaissance 17th century c.e. great non-Jewish Grand Masters in the
painting art have contributed a great part in the distribution of themes from the
Tanach around the globe. It is to be said that these great Grand Masters created
these art works in Christian influence and were commissioned by the church. The
Grand Masters in painting art are some notably Rembrandt, Rubens,
Michelangelo and many others.Aside Biblical artwork made by the Grand Masters
from the Renaissance throughout the industrial revolution 19th century c.e. Jewish
artwork made by Jewish artists came at the beginning of the 19 th century c.e.,
artists as Maurycy Gottlieb. These artists will be mentioned in this essay as
Jewish art work from the 20th century c.e. as Marc Chagall, Chaim Gross and
others.
I wrote this essay in full awareness that, in contradiction with any book about
Jewish art, it would be more consulted and probably read. But art has always
interested me and to see it combined with my interests in Judaism is a fascinating
and encouraging experience. It is the ideal introduction and announcement of the
Tanach towards everyone. This essay would be written with explanatory and
information but it will consist mostly with images of these wonderful and beautiful
artwork. This essay follows the chronological order of the Artists and not of the
countries.
Public remark
All images are intellectual property of the their respective owners and artists, no
copyright infringement is intended by the making of this essay. All sources are
traceable in the bibliography for each image came from public accessible
domains. This essay has no intention for commercial purposes, and it is made
under the licensing format of Creative Commons.
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect and poet.
Generally considered one of the greatest artists ever. He
worked in Florence and Rome. In Florence Michelangelo
create his masterpiece: David (1501-1504), now on
display in the Academia in Florence.
Pope Julius II commissions the decoration of the ceiling in
the Sistine Chapel (1508-12). The frescoes depict
prophets, sibyls and scenes from Bereshit/Genesis. It
shows Michelangelo's preference for strong, muscular
figures. For four years he paints the ceiling, lying on his
back most of the time.
2/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Statue of David, Michelangelo, 1 Sjmoeëel/1 Samuel 1:1.
3/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
fresco Noah's drunkness, Michelangelo, Bereshit/Genesis 9:21.
Left: fresco The Prophet Isaiah, Michelangelo, Isaiah 1:1.
Right: fresco The Prophet Zechariah, Michelangelo, Zechariah 1:1.
4/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
fresco The Prophet Ezekiel, Michelangelo, Ezekiel 1:1.
5/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
statue Moshe, Michelangelo, Sjemot/Exodus 34:29.
6/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Pieter Brueghel the Elder 1520-1569
South-Netherlandish, today Belgium, painter and father of
his famous son Jan Bruegel. His contemporaries dub him
'Boeren-Bruegel' (Farmers-Bruegel) for his skilful
sketches of country-life, a nickname that does not do
justice to either his work or his talent. In addition to the
famed Wedding and Kermis paintings, Bruegel creates
landscapes, devout works and impressions of Hell in a
confident and expressive style with great flair for
composition and space. What is unusual about his
religious work is the setting: the landscape and figures in
many of his works are Flemish, not Middle Eastern,
and Saul's/Paul’s conversion takes place in the Alps – most likely a remnant of
Bruegel's most recent trip to Italy.
Bruegel was probably born in the village of Brogel (also: Breugel or Brugel) in the
Kempen, Flanders. In 1552-1553 he travels to Italy, where he is introduced to the
works of, among others, Michelangelo. For the development of his style, the
landscapes he paints on the way are of greater significance than the impressions
Italy makes on him. Once back in Antwerp and after his marriage to his tutor's
daughter (1563) he settles in Brussels, where he dies in 1569.
Saul (Battle Against the Filistines on the Gilboa), Brueghel the Elder 1
Sjmoeëel/1 Samuel 31:4.
7/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting The Tower of Babel, Brueghel the Elder, Bereshit/Genesis 11:1-9.
painting The Tower of Babel, Brueghel the Elder, Bereshit/Genesis 11:1-9.
8/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Caravaggio, 1573-1610
Caravaggio is particularly renowned for his use
of chiaroscuro, a technique that uses light and dark to
achieve a 3-D effect. Caravaggio breaks away from the
tradition
of
symmetrical
figures
and
detailed
backgrounds. His figures do retain a traditional
monumentality. His later work is less plastic.
Caravaggio takes his name from the village in Italy where
he was born. He receives his first training in Milan,
specializing in still-lives. Around 1592 he takes to Rome,
the spiritual capital of the Italian peninsula, switching his
subject matter to street-life and young boys.
painting David with the Head of Goliath, Caravaggio, 1 Sjmoeëel/1 Samuel
17:51.
9/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting The Sacrifice of Isaac, Caravaggio, Bereshit/Genesis 22:10.
Rubens, 1577-1640
A.k.a. Pieter Pauwel Rubens, Flemish painter
and draughtsman, famous during his life and
thereafter.
At first Rubens paints mainly Biblical and
mythological tableaux, while his Antwerp period
(1608-1618) is characterized by its abundance of
portraits. After Rubens retires to his country
estate 't Steen at Elewijt in 1635, he dedicates
himself to landscape painting.
Rubens is the embodiment of Flemish baroque.
His temperament helps him break with the
reigning, rigid style of his day.
Rubens draws more commissions than he can
handle; in his workshop others do much of his
work for him. Often Rubens would draw the composition and add the final touch.
10/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Abraham meets Melchizedek, Rubens, Bereshit/Genesis 14:18.
painting Hagar (on the right) leaves the house of Abraham, Rubens,
Bereshit/Genesis 16:6.
11/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting An Angel Gives Bread and Water to Elijah, Rubens, 1 Melachiem/1
Kings 19:7.
12/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Samson and Delilah, Rubens, Sjoftiem/Judges 16:19.
Van Dyck, 1599-1641
Flemish painter, a major Baroque artist. Van Dyck was
the son of a wealthy merchant from Antwerp. At the age
of ten he already studied with a master painter. In 1615
he opened a workshop together with Jan Brueghel the
Younger. His talent was recognized by his main
example, his fellow Antwerp painter Peter Paul Rubens.
Rubens employed Van Dyck in 1617.
In 1620 he made his first journey to England, where he
stayed at the court of king James I. The next year he
travelled to Italy, where he spent most of his time in
Genua.
13/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Moses and the Brazen Serpent, Van Dyck, Bemidar/Numbers 21:8.
Painting Samson and Delilah, Van Dyck, Sjoftiem/Judges 16:19.
14/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Rembrandt, 1606-1669
Dutch painter, draftsman and etcher. Most sources
claim he was born on 15 July 1606, although there
is written evidence in which he himself mentions
1607 as his year of birth. Born in Leiden into a
middle class family, Rembrandt becomes a pupil
of the painter Jacob van Swanenburgh. In 1624,
he studies in Amsterdam in the studio of Pieter
Lastman, who will greatly influence his artistic
development. Some say it is Lastman who
illustrates to Rembrandt Caravaggio's use of
chiaroscuro – the application of light and darkness
to suggest depth.
In 1639 Rembrandt and his wife Saskia move to
the Breestraat, a main street bordering on the
Jewish neighborhood, where the couple sets up household in the present
Rembrandt House Museum. Their new address facilitates Rembrandt's study of
Jewish faces, making his Biblical work even more striking. All in all, Rembrandt
creates over 300 works on Biblical subjects; most of them drawings and etchings.
As in everything he does Rembrandt's Biblical work reaches far beyond and
above everybody else's when it comes to capturing the decisive moment of a
particular episode. In his last years Rembrandt produces several masterpieces,
such as David and Saul(1657) and The Jewish Bride (1665).
painting Jacob Blessing
Bereshit/Genesis 48:14.
the
15/48
Children
of
Joseph,
Rembrandt,
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Balaam and the Ass, Rembrandt, Bemidar/Numbers 22:27.
16/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Moses Smashing the Tables of the Law, Rembrandt, Sjemot/Exodus
32:19.
17/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting The Angel Prevents
Bereshit/Genesis 22:10.
the
18/48
Sacrifice
of
Isaac,
Rembrandt,
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Sketch of the Portugese Rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel by Rembrandt.
Bernard Picart, 1673-1733
Bernard Picart was a French engraver, son of Etienne Picart, also an engraver.
He was born in Paris and died in Amsterdam. He
moved to Antwerp in 1696, and then spent a year in
Amsterdam before returning to France at the end of
1698. After his wife died in 1708, he moved to
Amsterdam in 1711 (later being joined by his father),
where he became a Protestant convert and married
again.
Most of his work was book-illustrations, including the
Bible and Ovid. His most famous work is Cérémonies
et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du
monde, appearing from 1723 to 1743. Jonathan I.
Israel callsCérémonies "an immense effort to record
the religious rituals and beliefs of the world in all their
diversity as objectively and authentically as possible".
Although Picart had never left Europe, he relied on
accounts by those who had and had access to a collection of Indian sculpture.
The original French edition of Cérémonies comprises ten volumes of text and
engravings.
19/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Painting, Sukkah meal on Sukkot, Picart.
Drawing, Blowing of the Shofars on Rosh Hashanah, Picart.
20/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Sukkot procession of the four spices by Portugese Jews, Picart.
Moritz Oppenheim, 1800-1882
A German painter who is the first Jewish-German
painter of the modern era. Oppenheim was born
to Orthodox Jewish parents at Hanau, Germany in
1800; he died at Frankfurt am Main in 1882. His
niece was the wife of student and fellow
painter Benjamin Prins, Rosa Benari.
He received his first lessons in painting from Conrad
Westermayr, in Hanau, and entered the Munich
Academy of Arts at the age of seventeen. Later he
went to Rome, there he studied the life of the Jewish
ghetto and made sketches of the various phases of
its domestic and religious life, in preparation for
several large canvases which he painted upon his
return to Germany. In 1825 he settled at Frankfurt, and shortly after exhibited his
painting David Playing Before Saul, to see which a great number of admirers from
all parts of Europe visited his studio. In 1832, at the instance of Goethe, Charles
Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach conferred upon him the
honorary title of professor.
21/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting The Heder, The Jewish Elementary School, Oppenheim.
painting The Bar Mitzvah Discourse, Oppenheim.
22/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting The Conclusion of the Sabbath, Havdallah, Oppenheim.
23/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting The Examination of Talmud by grandfather, Oppenheim.
24/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Shavuot, Oppenheim.
25/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Gustave Doré, 1832-1883
Doré was born in Strasbourg, France, on 6 January
1832. At age five he had been a prodigy troublemaker,
playing pranks that were mature beyond his years. At
the age of fifteen Doré began his career working as a
caricaturist for the French paper Le Journal pour rire,
and subsequently went on to win commissions to depict
scenes from books by Rabelais, Balzac, Milton and
Dante.
In 1853, Doré was asked to illustrate the works of Lord
Byron. This commission was followed by additional
work for British publishers, including a new
illustrated English Bible.
Drawing of Jacob wrestling with the Angel, Doré.
26/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Drawing, Moshe return from Sinai with the Torah, Doré.
27/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Maurycy Gottlieb, 1856-1879
He was a Polish-Jewish realist painter of the Romantic
period. He was born in Drohobych to a wealthy, YiddishPolish-speaking orthodox Jewish family living in Galicia,
then part of the Austrian sector of the Partitioned
Poland, now Western Ukraine. Considered one of the
most talented students of Jan Matejko he died at the
age of 23. Aside his young age he has left a heritage of
300 paintings, mostly which are unfinished.
After the fall of the Iron Curtain his works were
rediscovered and his fame grew once again. His brother,
who was born 5 years later, grew up to become an art
painter himself.
painting Jews praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur, Gottlieb.
28/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Boris Schatz, 1866-1932
Born to a religious Jewish family in Lithuania, Boris
Schatz was sent to Vilna to study in a Yeshivah. There
he broke from his religious upbringing and education
to pursue his interest in art. In 1889 he went to Paris
and was trained as a sculptor and painter in a
traditional, academic style. While in Paris he began to
achieve recognition for his own work, and at the
invitation of Prince Ferdinand, Schatz moved to
Bulgaria in 1895 as a court sculptor, and there
founded the Royal Academy of Art in Sofia.
In 1903, Schatz met Theodore Herzl, founder of the
Zionist movement, and became an ardent Zionist. At
the Zionist Congress of 1905, he proposed the idea of
an art school in the Yishuv Eretz Yisrael, and in 1906
he moved to Eretz Yisrael and founded the Bezalel
School of Art in Jerusalem. Bezalel, which was a school for crafts as well as for
graphic art, became successful very rapidly. Schatz added a small museum to the
school, which was the foundation for the Bezalel Museum and later the Israel
Museum. The exhibitions of Bezalel works in Europe and the United States
arranged by Schatz were the first occasion that works from Eretz Yisrael were
exhibited abroad. During World War I, the school was closed by the Turks, and
despite its reopening after the war, suffered major financial difficulties. Schatz died
in Denver, Colorado U.S.A. in 1932, on a fund-raising trip for the school.
Left: painted plaster Head of Mattathias the Hasmonean, Schatz.
Right: Sculpture of Theodore Herzl by Schatz.
29/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Marc Chagall, 1887-1985
Born in Belarus in 1887, Marc Chagall was a painter, printmaker and designer
associated with several major artistic styles, synthesizing elements of Cubism,
Symbolism and Fauvism. One work in particular, "I and the Village" (1911), predated Surrealism as an artistic expression of psychic reality. An early modernist,
Chagall created works in nearly every artistic medium, including sets for plays and
ballets, Biblical etchings, and stained-glass windows. Chagall died in France in
1985. Today, he is widely regarded as one of the most successful artists of the
20th century.
painting Dance at the Jewish Wedding, Chagall.
30/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Jew in green and yellow, Chagall.
31/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Stained glass window of the tribe of Asher, Chagall.
32/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting The Praying Jew with Tefillin, Chagall.
33/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Solitude Jew with Torah, Chagall.
Arthur Szyk, 1894-1951
A master of miniature painting and
calligraphy,
Szyk
brought
his
unmistakable style to subjects as
diverse as Biblical stories, literary
classics, and political caricature and
cartoon. Many of his works were
published as limited edition fine art
books and as editorials in periodicals
such as Collier’s, Esquire, TIME, and
The New York Post.
Other popular works, such as his
celebrated
Declaration
of
Independence of the United States,
were
reproduced
and
widely
distributed as fine art prints.
A self-described “soldier in art,” Szyk was a committed activist-artist, advocating
for religious tolerance and racial equality for minorities, especially for Jews and
black Americans. Today, collectors around the globe prize Szyk’s art for its vibrant
imagery and messages, which remain as stunning and timely as ever.
34/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
print Haggadah Family at the Seder on Pesach, Szyk.
35/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
print Haggadah Seder plate on Pesach, Szyk.
36/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
print Haggadah on Pesach about Baby Moses and princess Batiah, Szyk.
37/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
print Haggadah on Pesach Four Questions, Szyk.
38/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
print Visual history of Nations: Israel, Szyk.
39/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Nachum Gutman, 1898-1980
Nachum
Gutman
was
born
in Romania and immigrated to Israel in
1905, where he was able to make a
name for himself as a unique and
renowned writer, artist, and illustrator.
He served in the Jewish Legion during
the First World War, after which he
decided to study at the Herzlia
Gymnasium in Tel Aviv and at Bezalel in
Jerusalem (1912). It was noted,
however, that not only were his studies
there brief, but he was amongst
numerous other students who began to
rebel against the old school manner of
instruction.
His sense of style was often portrayed in
his exotic images of the Arab community
and the Arab people, in which he
depicted farm girls washing naked in the
orange groves, depictions of shepards and shepherdesses, and a series done
displaying Jaffa's brothels, capturing the instinctual and sensuous atmosphere of
the Middle East. However, his later works were said to have taken on a lighter and
more buoyant feel, then some of his earlier paintings.
painting Pomegranates, Gutman.
40/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
painting Independence Day of Israel on the boats, Gutman.
drawing Jonah and the whale, Gutman, Jonah 7:12.
41/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Chaim Gross, 1904-1991
was an American sculptor. He was born to a Jewish
family
in
the
then
Austro-Hungarian
town
of Kolomyia (which since 1939 has been annexed into
the Ukrainian SSR and from 1991 is part of Ukraine)
and immigrated to the United States in 1921. His art
studies
began
at
the Kunstgewerbeschule
in Vienna shortly before he moved to the United States,
where it continued at the Beaux-Arts Institute of
Design where he studied with Elie Nadelman and at
the Art Students League of New York, with Robert
Laurent.
Primarily Gross was a practitioner of the direct
carving method, with the majority of his work being carved from wood. Works by
Chaim Gross can be found in major museums and private collections throughout
the United States.
painting The Jewish Holidays, Gross.
42/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Lithographic work entitled: Rebirth, Gross.
poster of the 18th birthday of the State of Israel, Gross.
43/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
Colofon:
Initiated and completed under the supervision of Prof. Rabbi Ahron Daum, B.A.,
M.S., Emeritus-Chief Rabbi of Frankfurt am Main.
Special effects and collecting the material as the whole composition of the essay:
Hans Weygers, Antwerpen
Webmaster: Yitzchak Berger, son-in-law of Rabbi Ahron Daum, Shlita, Antwerp.
Bibliography
We give thanks to the websites that are mentioned underneath, they have been
very resourceful in our attempt of making this essay accessible towards the
audience about Biblical and Jewish art.
Without their contribution this essay wouldn’t have been completed.
Many thanks in the name of all the visitors of the website!!!
CHAGALL, M., ‘Jewish wedding’, internet, artlover.me, 1910,
(http://artlover.me/en/art/marc-chagall/jewish-wedding).
BUONARROTI, M., ‘biography Michelangelo’, internet, Art and the Bible, 20052014, (http://www.artBible.info/art/biography/michelangelo-buonarroti).
BUONARROTI, M., ‘David, internet, Art and the Bible, 1501-1504,
(http://www.artbible.info/art/large/338.html).
BUONARROTI, M., ‘Noah’s drunkness’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1508-1512,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/145.html).
BUONARROTI, M., ‘The prophet Isaiah’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1508-1512,
(http://www.artbible.info/art/large/77.html).
BUONARROTI, M., ‘The prophet Zachariah’, internet, Art and the Bible, 15081512, (http://www.artbible.info/art/large/78.html).
BUONARROTI, M., ‘The Prophet Ezekiel’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1508-1512,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/76.html).
BUONARROTI, M., ‘Moshe’ internet, Wikipedia, 1513-1515,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)).
BRUEGHEL, P., ‘biography Pieter Brueghel the Elder’, internet, Art and the Bible,
2005-2014, (http://www.artBible.info/art/biography/pieter-bruegel-the-elder).
BRUEGHEL, P., ‘Saul (Battle Against the Filistines on the Gilboa)’, internet, Art
and the Bible, 1562, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/300.html).
BRUEGHEL, P., ‘The Tower of Babel (Rotterdam)’, internet, Art and the Bible,
1563, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/296.html).
BRUEGHEL, P., ‘The Tower of Babel (Vienna)’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1563,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/122.html).
44/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
CARAVAGGIO, M., ‘biography Caravaggio’, internet, Art and the Bible, 20052014, (http://www.artBible.info/art/biography/caravaggio).
CARAVAGGIO, M., ‘David with the Head of Goliath’, internet, Art and the Bible,
1601/1602, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/114.html).
CARAVAGGIO, M., ‘The Sacrifice of Isaac’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1603,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/2.html).
RUBENS, P., ‘biography Pieter Paul Rubens’, internet, Art the Bible, 2005-2014,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/biography/peter-paul-rubens).
RUBENS, P., ‘Abraham Meets Melchizedek’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1625,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/186.html).
RUBENS, P., ‘An Angel Gives Bread and Water to Elijah’, internet, Art and the
Bible, 1625-1628, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/184.html).
RUBENS, P., ‘Hagar leaves the house of Abraham’, internet, Art and the Bible,
1615-1617, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/826.html).
RUBENS, P., ‘Samson and Delilah’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1609-1610,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/920.html).
VAN DYCK, A., ‘biography Anthony Van Dyck’, internet, Art and the Bible, 20052014, (http://www.artBible.info/art/biography/anthony-van-dyck).
VAN DYCK, A., ‘Moses and the Brazen Serpent’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1620,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/143.html).
VAN DYCK, A., ‘Samson and Delilah’, internet, Art and the Bible, 1628-1630,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/577.html).
VAN RIJN, R., ‘biography Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn’, internet, Art and the
Bible, 2005-2014, (http://www.artBible.info/art/biography/rembrandt-harmenszvan-rijn).
VAN RIJN, R., ‘Balaam and the Ass’, intertnet, Art and the Bible, 1626,
(http://www.artBible.info/art/large/199.html).
VAN RIJN, R., ‘Jacob Blessing the Children of Joseph’, internet, Art and the Bible,
1656, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/421.html).
VAN RIJN, R., ‘Moses Smashing the Tables of the Law’, internet, Art and the
Bible, 1659, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/113.html).
VAN RIJN, R., ‘The Angel Prevents the Sacrifice of Isaac’, internet, Art and the
Bible, 1636, (http://www.artBible.info/art/large/910.html).
VAN RIJN, R., ‘Menasseh Ben Israel’, internet, Wikipedia, 2014,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menasseh_Ben_Israel#cite_note-1).
OPPENHEIM, M., ‘biography Moritz Oppenheim’, internet, Wikipedia, 2014,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim).
45/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
OPPENHEIM, M., ’The Heder, The Jewish Elementary School’, internet, the
Jewish museum, 1878, (http://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/27123-the-hederthe-jewish-elementary-school-der-cheder-die-judische-elemen).
OPPENHEIM, M., ‘The Bar Mitzvah Discourse’, internet, the Jewish museum,
1869, (http://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/27128-the-bar-mitzvah-discoursebar-mizwa-vortag).
OPPENHEIM, M., ‘The Conclusion of the Sabbath’, internet, the Jewish museum,
1866, (http://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/27122-the-conclusion-of-thesabbath-sabbath-ausgang).
OPPENHEIM, M., ‘The Examination’, internet, the Jewish museum, 1868,
(http://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/27118-the-examination-das-verhoren).
OPPENHEIM, M., ‘Shavuot’, internet, the Jewish museum, 1880,
(http://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/27114-shavuot-pentecost-das-wochenoder-pfingst-fest).
GOTTLIEB, M., ‘biography Maurycy Gottlieb’, internet, Wikipedia, 2014,
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurycy_Gottlieb).
GOTTLIEB, M., ‘Jews praying in the synagogue on Yom Kippur’, internet,
tamuseum, 1878, (http://www.tamuseum.org.il/collection-work/8224).
SCHATZ, B., ‘biography Boris Schatz’, internet, Jewish virtual library, 2014,
(http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/schatz.html).
SCHATZ, B., ‘profile photo of Boris Schatz’, internet, Wikipedia, 2014,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Schatz).
SCHATZ, B., ‘Head of Mattathias the Hasmonean’, internet, Wikimedia, 1894,
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Schatz_tel_aviv_001.jpeg).
SCHATZ, B., ‘sculpture of Herzl’, internet, Wikimedia, 2008,
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shatz_herzel.jpg).
CHAGALL, M., ‘biography Marc Chagall’, internet, biography, 2014,
(http://www.biography.com/people/marc-chagall-9243488#synopsis).
PEN, J., ‘Portrait of Marc Chagall’, internet, volksfreunde, 1915,
(http://www.volksfreund.de/nachrichten/region/kultur/Kultur-Der-Mann-mit-demEngel-im-Kopf;art764,3115077).
CHAGALL, M., ‘Jew in Green’, internet, Marcchagall, 1914,
(http://www.marcchagall.net/jew-in-green.jsp#prettyPhoto).
CHAGALL, M., ‘Solitude’, internet, Marcchagall, 1933,
(http://www.marcchagall.net/solitude.jsp).
CHAGALL, M., ‘The Praying Jew’, internet, Marcchagall, 1923,
(http://www.marcchagall.net/the-praying-jew.jsp).
CHAGALL, M., ‘Asher’, internet, Hadassah-med, 2014, (http://www.hadassahmed.com/about/art-at-hadassah/chagall-windows/the-windows/asher.aspx).
46/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
SZYK, A., ‘biography Arthur Szyk’, internet, szyk, 2014,
(http://www.szyk.com/about-szyk/index.htm?mnHd=2&mnSubHd=11).
SZYK, A., ‘Haggadah Family at the Seder’, internet, szyk, 1935,
(http://www.szyk.com/images/iLrg-szyk-haggadah-family-at-seder.jpg).
SZYK, A., ‘Haggadah Seder Plate’, internet, szyk, 1935,
(http://www.szyk.com/images/iLrg-szyk-haggadah-seder-plate.jpg).
SZYK, A., ‚Haggadah Baby Moses’, internet, szyk, 1935,
(http://www.szyk.com/images/iLrg-szyk-haggadah-baby-moses.jpg).
SZYK, A., ‘Haggadah Four Questions’, internet, szyk, 1935,
(http://www.szyk.com/images/iLrg-szyk-haggadah-four-questions.jpg).
SZYK, A., ‘Visual history of Nations Israel’, internet, szyk, 1948,
(http://www.szyk.com/images/cn-szyk-art-subject-iLrg-visual-history-nationsisrael.jpg).
GUTMAN, N., ‘biography Nachum Gutman’, internet, Jewish virtual library, 2014,
(http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Gutman.html).
GUTMAN, N., ‘profile photo Nachum Gutman’, internet,
(http://www.imj.org.il/artcenter/default.asp?artist=272359).
imj,
2014,
GUTMAN, N., ‘Pomgranates’, internet, gutmanmuseum, 2014,
(http://www.gutmanmuseum.co.il/en/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D%D7%92%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9F/art-gallery#2-7806__Small_).
GUTMAN, N., ‘Independence day on the boats’, internet, gutmanmuseum, 2014,
(http://www.gutmanmuseum.co.il/en/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D%D7%92%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9F/art-gallery#2-7831__Small_).
GUTMAN, N., ‘Jonah and the whale’, internet, gutmanmuseum, 2014,
(http://www.gutmanmuseum.co.il/en/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%
9D#5-hufenko__small).
GROSS, C., ‘profile picture Chaim Gross’, internet, aaa, 2014,
(http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/images/detail/chaim-gross-working-female-bust8746).
GROSS, C., ‘biography Chaim Gross’, internet, Wikipedia, 2014,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Gross).
GROSS, C., ‘Visions of Israel.pdf’, internet, uhaweb, 2014,
(http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/greenberg-center/pdfs/Visions-of-Israel.pdf).
PICART, B., ‘biography Bernard Picart’,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Picart).
internet,
Wikipedia,
2014,
PICART,
B.,
‘Sukkah
meal’,
internet,
Wikimedia,
2014,
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sukkah_meal_Amsterdam_1922_Bernard
_Picart_Wigoder_editor_Jewish_Art_Civilization_1972_p60-1.JPG).
47/48
Biblical and Jewish motives in art from Renaissance till contemporary times
PICART, B., ‘Blowing of the Shofars on Rosh Hashanah’, Wikimedia, 2014,
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Picart_The_Sounding_of_the_Shofar_on_
Rosh_Hashanah.jpg).
PICART, B., ‘Four spices procession Sukkot’, listephoenix, 2014,
(http://www.listephoenix.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Soukkhot-BernardPicart-Antoine-Auguste-Procession-des-palmes-chez-les-Juifs-portugais-Bruzende-La-Martiniere-1721.jpg).
DORÉ, G., ‘biography Gustave Doré’, internet,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9).
Wikipedia,
2014,
DORÉ, G., ‘Jacob wrestling with the angel’, internet, Wikimedia, 2014,
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob-angel.jpg).
DORÉ, G., ‘Moshe return from Sinai with the Torah’, internet, creationism, 2014,
(http://www.creationism.org/images/DoreBibleIllus/bExo3215Dore_MosesComing
DownFromMountSinai.jpg).
48/48