Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
http://dx.doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2015.3.3.179
Online ISSN: 2287-9366
Print ISSN: 2287-9358
REVIEW ARTICLE
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and
Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties
1
2
2
2
3
4
Chaeyoung Lee , Man-Soo Choi , Hyun-Tae Kim , Hong-Tai Yun , Byungwook Lee , Young-Soo Chung ,
Ryan W. Kim3†, Hong-Kyu Choi4†*
1
Department of Medical Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Daegu 711-822, Republic of Korea
3
Korea Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
2
ABSTRACT Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is one of the most important crops in the world and in Korea as well. Since the
official start of soybean breeding program in Korea at which a landrace ‘Jangdanbaekmok’ was first released to promote cultivation in
1913, approximately one century has elapsed. Currently, a total of 178 soybean varieties are registered at two representative Korean
national institutes, the RDA-Genebank Information Center (http://www.genebank.go.kr) and the Korea Seed & Variety Service
(http://www.seed.go.kr). Of these, 155 varieties (87.1%) have been developed through hybridization-based breeding technologies, of
which most cultivars (133 varieties, 85.8%) have been released in the last twenty five years. In this review, we attempted to integrate all
the information for individual cultivars and to rebuild a breeding pedigree including the entirety of registered Korean soybean varieties.
The analysis has resulted in a total of four pedigrees involving 168 cultivars (94.4% out of 178 cultivars), which form the broadest
network of pedigrees. Each of pedigrees highlights different key varieties within the context of progenitor networks derived from
crossing of various elite parental lines as follows; pedigree I-‘Kwangkyo’, ‘Hwangkeumkong’, ‘Paldalkong’ and ‘Sinpaldalkong2’,
pedigree II-‘Baegunkong’, ‘Jangyeobkong’ and ‘Keunolkong’, pedigree III-‘Danyeob’, ‘Pangsa’ and ‘Eunhakong’. These pedigrees
also reveal purpose (i.e., desirable traits)-driven development of characteristic soybean varieties during the past century of breeding
history in Korea. We expect that the pedigree reconstructed in this study will provide breeders with information useful to design
breeding schema and guidance towards the genomics-assisted soybean improvement in the future.
Keywords Soybean, Pedigree analysis, Breeding, Genetic diversity
INTRODUCTION
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is apparently one of
the most important cultivated crops worldwide in its
agro-economic value and diverse utilities in both agriculture
and industry. The legume family, which contains this crop,
is composed of approximately 20000 species, which is the
third largest group among flowering plants, and includes
other agriculturally important legume crops such as
common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mung bean (Vigna
radiata) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Among many
other evolutionary branches within the family, Phaseoloid
clade harbors most of important crop legumes of agricultural
importance, within which soybean is a member of this
clade (Choi and Cook 2011).
It is generally known that distribution of the wild
soybean (G. soja), which is the ancestor of current
cultivated soybean, is limited to the East Asia regions
including China, Korea and Japan. Historical records have
addressed that the first cultivation of soybean originated in
China, which was approximately 4500 years ago (Qiu and
Chang 2010). “Shu”, which is ancient Chinese character
meaning soybean, has been frequently found in ancient
Chinese books. In addition, carbonized remain of soybean
seeds, which was estimated to be 2600 years old, were
discovered in an excavation site of the Eastern Zhou
Received September 10, 2015; Revised September 25, 2015; Accepted September 28, 2015; Published September 30, 2015
*Corresponding author Hong-Kyu Choi, [email protected], Tel: +82-51-200-7508, Fax: +82-51-200-7505
†
These authors are equally contributed
Copyright ⓒ 2015 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)
which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
180 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
Dynasty (Qiu and Chang 2010). Although its cultivation
history dates back to ancient age, soybean actually came to
prominent crop during the last 200 years (Singh and
Shivakumar 2010). Because of such a long history of
cultivation and natural/artificial selection, which was the
natural breeding process itself, China had been the world’s
th
top producer until the first half of the 20 century.
However, the situation had been reversed by the USA in the
1950s. It is known that soybean was first cultivated in the
USA as early as 1765 (Hymowitz 1984). During 1927-1931,
the USA sent scientist to collect soybean germplasm in
China, Korea and Japan, and some of germplasm played a
pivotal roles as primary parents to breed the current USA
cultivars (Qiu and Chang 2010). Using those collected
accessions, the USA rapidly developed breeding program
and accelerated the production of soybean, and thereafter
the country has now become not only the highest producer
but also largest exporter all across the world. In the USA,
soybean is now the second largest crop, right after corn, in
production.
Korea also has a significantly long history of domestication
and cultivation of soybean, which is comparable to that of
China and dates back to the ancient Chulmun period
(8000-1500 BC). A recent archeological study shows that
charred soybean seeds discovered in ‘Pyeonggeodong’
around the Nam River valley are as old as 4840-4650 years
(Lee et al. 2011). Thereafter soybean continued to remain
an important crop in Korea throughout the ancient Mumun
period followed by the Three Kingdom periods. Interestingly,
the study also addresses that soybean domestication
occurred independently in multiple regions of the East Asia
and landraces with larger seeds were adapted in Korea and
Japan far earlier than in China (Lee et al. 2011). Although
Korea is one of the East Asian countries of soybean origin
and cultivation, start of systematic breeding programs were
relatively delayed. The first Korean cultivar bred by
hybridization method ‘Kwangkyo’ was recently developed
in 1969. Soybean is still important as one of main crops in
Korea, which is the third after rice and wheat, and its
production in1975 could almost fill up 98% of domestic
need. Since then, the rate of self-sustenance has gradually
decreased and is now only 8.7%, thereby causing severe
dependence on the GMO soybean imported from the USA.
Soybean is cultivated in enormous area of arable land
worldwide, which accounts for 90.2 million ha, resulting in
a total production of about 276 million ton (MT) in 2013
(FAO 2013). Among major producing countries, the USA
is the top producer (28.2% and 32.2%), by both area and
production, followed by Brazil (23.7% and 27.5%),
Argentina (18.5% and 21.2%) and China (9.7% and 7.0%),
respectively (Soytech Inc. 2007). In comparison to the total
production of the world, Korea produced relatively small
amount of soybean (0.16MT) in 2013 (FAO 2013).
Presumably, the most prominent purposes for soybean
cultivation should be its high contents of protein and oil,
which make up approximately 40% and 20%, respectively.
In the Western world of North America and Europe,
soybean is mainly regarded as oil crop or protein source for
animal feed. In other countries of the Eastern World, this
crop is consumed mainly by human in various forms of
foods, such as bean curd (tofu), soy milk, sprout, soy
paste/sauce. Soybean also has a diverse array of utilities in
industry and has been used for the production of lubricants,
toner ink, cosmetics and for many other purposes. In more
recent years, this crop is increasingly drawing interest of
scientists as a useful biofuel source.
Although soybean production in Korea has gradually
decreased during the past 40 years, its importance as a
major crop has not diminished probably because soybean
has a long history of cultivation associated intimately with
traditional food culture of Korea. Recent completion of
soybean whole genome sequencing (Schmutz et al. 2010)
may promote the development of new technologies for
soybean molecular breeding. Moreover, recently developed
technology of the next generation sequencing (NGS) and a
variety of bioinformatic tools can play a critical role in
processing and analyzing biological big data. NGS-driven
bioinformatic data processing enables researchers to analyze
population level of resequencing and transcriptome data.
Hence, collection and organization of useful germplasm
and their phenotypic characterization in precision are
becoming more and more important. To effectively select
germplasm for the data analyses, it is essential to know
relationships among a variety of cultivars, landraces and
wild accessions. Towards this end, this review intends to
integrate all available data and information, and provide a
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties ∙ 181
pedigree-based view of Korean soybean varieties, with a
high expectation for making a constructive use of the
pedigree information to breed a diverse array of soybean
varieties with superior traits in the future.
A brief history of soybean breeding in Korea
According to a recent archeological study, it has been
known that the cultivation and domestication of soybean in
Korea was evidenced back in ancient era of the Chulmun
period, which was approximately 4000 year ago. In spite of
such a long history of cultivation, a memorable moment
towards the development of cultivation methods and
systematic crop improvement initiated officially with the
first cultivar ‘Jangdanbaekmok’, which was derived from
landrace through pure line selection breeding, and was
recommended for farmers to grow and cultivated nationwide
until the first hybridization-bred variety ‘Kwangkyo’ was
developed. This cultivar was grown and used for soy
sauce/paste and beared medium-to-large seeds. Before
cross breeding technology was actively used, most varieties
were developed by selecting pure lines or directly introduced
from other countries such as the USA and Japan. At the
early developmental stage of new cultivars, breeding purposes
mainly focused on improvement of qualities associated
with yield and easiness in cultivation. In 1960s, 6 Korean
landraces (‘Haman’, ‘Chungbukbaek’, ‘Keumgangdaelip’,
‘Buseok’, ‘Iksan’, including ‘Jangdanbaekmok’) and ‘Yukwoo3’,
which was introduced from Japan, were released for the
purpose of cultivation. Thereafter, two cultivars, ‘Hill’ and
‘Shelby’, were introduced from the USA in 1967 and 1968,
respectively. In the next year, ‘Kwangkyo’, which was the
first variety developed by hybridization-based breeding,
was released to farmers. ‘Kwangkyo’ was developed using
‘Jangdanbaekmok’ as maternal line and ‘Yukwoo3’ as
paternal line, and thereafter was frequently employed to
develop many other cross-bred varieties. In 1970s, both
Korea-bred and introduced varieties were supplied for the
cultivation in parallel manner, and breeding came to further
focusing on development of cultivars adaptive to mechanized
farming because of a social phenomenon of the rural
exodus. Influenced by such change in social environment,
‘Muhankong’ (Hong et al. 1989), ‘Jangkyongkong’ (1988),
‘Jangsukong’ (Hong et al. 1991), which were resistant to
lodging and indeterminate type with relatively longer stem
length, were developed for mechanized farming and
released in 1980s. In 1986, ‘Eunhakong’ (Shin et al. 1988),
which was first bred for bean sprout, was released. Until
1990s, soybean breeding mainly focused on qualities in
appearance, stress resistance and useful chemical
ingredients in seeds. Since 1995, soybean breeding has
gradually switched to upgrading crop qualities and
diversifying uses to compete cheaper GMO soybeans
imported from open international market of the agricultural
products. As a result, many varieties with desirable
qualities were developed and released, some of which
included ‘Danbaek’ (Soybean Breeding Team 1994a),
‘Kwangankong’ (Soybean Breeding Team 1994b) with
higher protein content, ‘Jinpumkong’ (Kim et al. 1995)
with no fishy smell and ‘Geomjeongkong 1’ (Soybean
Breeding Team 1994c) suitable for cooking with rice. After
2000s, soybean breeding has more focused on the
improvement of quality for processing, functional
ingredients, seed appearance and mechanized farming.
Previous pedigree studies of soybean varieties in Korea
It appears that pedigree analyses for Korean soybean
varieties were intermittently made by a limited number of
breeding researchers. Jong et al. (1999) conducted CP
(coefficient of parentage)-based clustering analysis for 75
soybean varieties released during 1913-1998. The analysis
ended up with separation of the varieties into nine clusters.
In the next year, the same group of researchers performed
a similar pedigree analysis for 53 varieties bred by
hybridization method and released during 1960-1998
(Jong et al. 2000). It is currently thought that the pedigree
study in 2006 was the most recent one done by the same
research team (Jong et al. 2006). In that study, they
analyzed pedigree using a total of 86 cultivars bred
between 1933 and 2002. They also attempted to compare
genetic relationships among cultivars by pedigree analysis
and DNA finger printing method (Jong et al. 2006).
However, any other noticeable research of pedigree
analysis for Korean soybean varieties has not been found,
although considerable amount of time has elapsed since
182 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
then. Thus we intended to update and reconstruct the
pedigrees by integrating data and/or information on
recently released soybean varieties in this review.
Data/ information resources and current status of
soybean breeding in Korea
In an attempt to reconstruct the Korean soybean pedigree,
previous analyses done by Jong et al. (1999, 2000, 2006)
played a skeletal role in rebuilding the pedigree. The
majority of relevant information was obtained from the
RDA-Genebank Information Center (GBIC; http://www.
genebank.go.kr) and the Korea Seed & Variety Service
(KSVS; http://www. seed.go.kr). Basic information on all
registered cultivars/varieties is provided in Table1 and
Table 2.
The data reveals that a total of 178 soybean varieties
have currently been registered at the two national institutes.
Fig. 1 demonstrates their basic information for all these
varieties according to their uses, breeding methods and
timelines at which they were developed. It is apparent that
soybean varieties for soy sauce and tofu predominate in
Korea while ones for vegetables are relatively minor (Fig.
1A). Of 178 registered accessions, the majority of varieties
(155, 87.1%) have been developed by hybridization-based
breeding methods (Fig. 1B). Since the first hybridizationbred Korean variety ‘Kwangkyo’ was released, seven more
varieties were added in 1970s as recommended cultivars.
These include ‘Bong-Eui’, ‘Kang-lim’, ‘Baegcheon’ (Choi
et al. 1978), ‘Jangyeobkong’, which were developed by
hybridization method and three introduced varieties,
‘Eundaedu’, ‘Dongpuk-tae’, ‘Danyeobkong (Essex)’. It is
noteworthy that new varieties have been increasingly
developed almost exclusively by hybridization methods
and registered since 1980s (Fig. 1C). It is also noticeable
that more than one third of varieties (68 cultivars, 38.2%)
were emerged during the period of 2000s, which implicated
that previously developed varieties played nodal roles to
provide a diverse array of progenitors for soybean breeding.
Fig. 1. Summary of 178 registered Korean soybean cultivars. A. Distribution of cultivars according to utilization. It is
classified into four categories; vegetable & early maturity, soy sauce & tofu, bean sprout and cooking with rice.
B. Classification of soybean cultivars according to their origin of development. C. Distribution of soybean
varieties according to their registered timeline.
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties ∙ 183
Table 1. Summary of Korean soybean varieties according to their utilization.
Released
time periods
1913~1969
1970s
1980s
Breeding
mathods
Vegetable & early maturity
Korea
landrace
-
Hybridization
Introduction
Korea
landrace
-
Jangdanbaekmok,
Chungbukbaek, Iksan, Buseok,
Haman, Keumgangdaelip,
Keumgangsolip, Kwangdu
Kwangkyo
Yukwoo3, Shelby
-
Hybridization
-
Introduction
Korea
landrace
2000s
Cooking with rice
-
-
Hill
-
-
-
-
-
-
Danyeobkong
-
-
-
-
-
Pangsakong, Eunhakong,
Namhaekong
-
-
-
-
Heugcheongkong, Galmikong
-
Introduction
Keunolkong,
Hwaseongputkong,
Geomjeongolkong
Hwangkeumkong,
Jangbaegkong,
Namcheonkong, Togyukong,
Milyangkong, Baegunkong,
Saealkong, Paldalkong,
Pokwangkong,
Dankyeongkong, Muhankong,
Jangkyongkong, Jangsukong,
Danweonkong
-
Hybridization
-
Manlikong, Sinpaldalkong,
Taekwangkong, Samnamkong,
Sinpaldalkong2,
Danbaekkong, Duyoukong,
Soyangkong, Geumgangkong,
Alchankong, Dajangkong,
Daewonkong, Jangmikong,
Sodamkong, Songhagkong,
Ilmikong, Saeolkong,
Daehwangkong
Introduction
Hwaeomputkong,
Seokryangputkong
Jinpumkong, Jinpumkong2
-
-
Korea
landrace
-
-
-
-
Hybridization
Introduction
Korea
landrace
2010s
Bean sprout
Bong-Eui, Kang-lim,
Baegcheon, Jangyeobkong
Eundaedu, Dongpuk-tae
Hybridization
Korea
landrace
1990s
Soy sauce & Tofu
Jangwonkong, Jinmi,
Daepung, Hojang, Shingi,
Daemang, Daol, Seonyu,
Sinrokkong, Seonnogkong,
Daemang2, Mansu, Hoban,
Danmi, Dajin, Mirang,
Nampung, Daeyang, Daewang,
Danmi2, Nokwon, Sangwon,
Gangil, Cheonga, Daeha,
Cheongyeob
Cheonsang, Socheong, Hanol,
Geomjeong5, Soheuk,
Manpoong, Jungmo3003
-
Hybridization
-
Introduction
-
-
Bukwangkong, Kwangankong,
Pureunkong, Hannamkong,
Myeongjunamulkong,
Geomjeongkong1,
Iksannamulkong,
Geomjeongkong2,
Sobaegnamulkong,
Ilpumgeomjeongkong,
Pungsannamulkong,
Seonheukkong, Jinyulkong
Tawonkong, Somyeongkong,
Paldonamulkong, Sowonkong,
Doremikong
Sohokong, Seabyeolkong,
Cheongjakong,
Sorog, Anpyeong, Seonam,
Geomjeongkong 3,
Dagi, Dachae, Sojin, Bosug,
Geomjeongkong 4,
Sogang, Nogchae, Wonhwang,
Cheongdu1, Cheongja2,
Jangki, Jonam, Pungwon, Geomjeongsaeol, Cheongja3,
Wonkwang, Hoseo, Sinhwa, Ilpumgeomjeong2, Heugmi,
Shingang, Sohwang, Galchae,
Daeheug, Heugseong,
Jungmo3001, Sohyeon
Jungmo3002
-
-
-
-
Uram, Saedanbaek,
Hwangkeumol, Jungmo3006,
Jungmo3007, Jungmo3004,
Neulchan, Chamol,
Sowon2010, Joyang1,
Jungmo3008, Jinpung,
Haepum, Wonheug, Haewon
Saegeum, Seonpung,
Jungmo3010, Teaseon,
Daechan, Daepung2, Duruol,
Miso, Jungmo3005, Jangol
-
Jungmo3009, Jungmo3011,
Cheongmiin, Socheongja
-
184 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
Table 2. Summary of 178 Korean soybean varieties.
Name
Breeding
method
z)
Parents
(Maternal/Paternal)
Seed
Year
Weight
Shape
released Size
(g/100
y)
x)
seeds)
Color
Seed- CotyFlower Hilum
coat ledon
u)
t)
w)
v)
Growth Utiliztype
ation
s)
r)
Crude
protein
(%)*
Crude
oil
(%)*
Height
(cm)*
Data
q)
1
Jangdanbaekmok
L
Korea (Jangdan)
1913
M
25.2
G
Y
Y
P
W
D
S&T
44.9
15.7
56
GBIC
2
Chungbukbaek
L
Korea (Chungbuk)
1948
M
22.7
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
44.3
16.2
46
GBIC
3
Iksan
L
Korea (Iksan)
1948
S
14.8
O
Y
Y
P
Br
ID
S&T
43.7
14.6
76
GBIC
4
Buseok
L
Korea (Youngju)
1948
M
25.4
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
45.2
15.4
58
GBIC
5
Haman
L
Korea (Haman)
1960
M
20.8
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
S&T
42.5
17.1
51
GBIC
6
Keumgangdaelip
L
Korea (Anyang)
1960
M
23.6
NA
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
7
Keumgangsorip
L
Korea
1960
SM
18.7
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
46.6
13.9
42
GBIC
8
Yukwoo 3
I
Japan (Rikuu 3)
1960
M
16.1
NA
Y
Y
P
G
D
S&T
NA
NA
50
RDA 2008
9
Kwangdu
L
Korea (Jeonnam)
1966
M
20.6
G
Y
Y
W
Br
D
S&T
43.2
16.3
45
GBIC
1967
S
14.4
NA
Y
Y
W
DBr
NA
BS
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
10
Hill
I
The USA (D632-15 /
D49-2525)
11
Shelby
I
The USA (Lincoln(2) /
Richland)
1967
NA
NA
NA
NA
Y
NA
NA
NA
S&T
40.4
20
NA
GBIC
M
20
G
Y
Y
P
T
D
S&T
41.4
9.8
72
GBIC
Kwangkyo
B
Jangdanbaekmok / Yukwoo 3
1969
(Rikuu3)
13
Bong-Eui
B
Lincoln / Yukwoo 3 (Rikuu 3) 1970
M
16.7
G
C
Y
P
LBr
D
S&T
NA
NA
51
RDA 2008
14
Eundaedu
I
Japan (Gin Daizu)
1970
M
24.2
NA
V
Y
P
Br
NA
S&T
NA
NA
58
RDA 2008
15
Kang-lim
B
Keumgangdaelip / Norin 1
1974
M
24
G
Y
Y
W
Bl
D
S&T
44.4
18.8
79.7
RDA 2008
16
Dongpuk-tae
I
Japan (Raiden)
1974
NA
NA
NA
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
S&T
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
B
Eunbaek (Ginjiro) /
Dancheondamrok
1977
SM
19
NA
Y
G
W
Br
D
S&T
46.3
16
NA
RDA 2008
Danyeob
I
The USA (Essex, Lee /
S55-7075)
1978
S
12.7
G
Y
Y
P
G
SD
BS
40.9
15.2
63
GBIC
19
Jangyeob
B
Miyagi Sirome / SS7023
1978
M
24
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
38.1
17.4
46
GBIC
20
Hwangkeum
B
SS7006 // Baekmokjangyeob
1980
M
25
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
S&T
36.7
19.7
49
GBIC
21
Jangbaeg
B
Suwon61 / SS6807
1982
M
15.4
G
LY
Y
W
Br
SD
S&T
40.9
19
87
RDA 2008
22
Namcheon
B
Dongpuktae / Tachi Suzunari
1982
M
21.3
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
S&T
42.4
12.8
60
GBIC
23
Togyukong
B
SS74185 / Jangyeob
1983
SM
18
O
Y
Y
P
Br
D
S&T
41.4
15.9
69
GBIC
24
Milyang
B
Kwangkyo / Williams
1983
M
19.9
NA
Y
Y
W
T
ID
S&T
NA
NA
92
RDA 2008
25
Baegun
B
Kwangkyo / dtl-long raceme
1984
M
21.1
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
40.8
19.9
70
GBIC
26
Pangsa
B
Mutant from CB27
1984
S
9.9
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
BS
39.6
17.5
68
GBIC
27
Saeal
B
Kwangkyo / SS7145
1984
M
25
O
Y
Y
P
LY
D
S&T
40.3
13.7
67
GBIC
28
Paldal
B
Elf / SS74185
1985
S
15
O
Y
Y
P
Bl
D
S&T
41.6
15.8
53
GBIC
29
Pokwangkong
B
Jangyeob / PI219787
1986
M
25.4
NA
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
40.7
20.3
86
RDA 2008
30
Dankyeong
B
Kwangkyo / Willams
1986
SM
18.8
G
Y
Y
W
T
D
S&T
39.7
17.6
43
GBIC
31
Eunha
B
D69-7816 / Danyeob (Essex)
1986
S
11.6
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
BS
40.5
18.6
63
GBIC
32
Muhan
B
Hwangkeum / Wells
1988
SM
18.2
G
Y
Y
P
Br
ID
S&T
40.7
19
129
GBIC
33
Namhae
B
Danyeob (Essex) / Hill
1988
SM
12.4
G
Y
Y
W
LY
D
BS
43.9
16.4
85
GBIC
34
Jangkyongkong
B
Kwangkyo / Harcor
1988
M
22.9
O
Y
Y
W
LBr
ID
S&T
43.8
18.4
88
GBIC
35
Jangsu
B
Elf / SS74185
1989
M
22.2
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
ID
S&T
40.9
21.4
91
RDA 2008
36
Danweonkong
B
Willams / Suwon61
1989
SM
18.2
G
Y
Y
W
T
D
S&T
39.9
19.4
70
RDA 2008
37
Malli
B
Jangyeob / PI219782
1990
SM
18.9
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
41.2
17
68
GBIC
38
Sinpaldal
B
Will / SS79168
1991
SM
17.2
G
Y
Y
W
Br
D
S&T
39.5
21
57
GBIC
1991
M
22.9
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
41.2
15.5
75
GBIC
12
17
18
Baegcheon
39
Taekwang
B
SS77011 /
Dongsan (Touzan) 53
40
Samnam
B
Suwon101 / YS104
1991
M
21.2
NA
Y
Y
W
Br
D
S&T
40.9
17.7
73
RDA 2008
41
Keunol
B
Korea (Chilgok)
1991
M
28.4
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
V&E
42.1
17
38
RDA 2008
42
Sinpaldal2
B
Togyu / SS79168
1992
SM
19.5
G
Y
Y
W
Br
D
S&T
NA
NA
55
RDA 2008
43
Bukwang
B
Jangbaeg / Pangsa
1992
S
13.9
G
Y
Y
W
T
D
BS
40.2
15.1
76
GBIC
44
Geomjeong1
B
SS833020 / Hwangkeum
1993
M
29
G
Bl
Y
W
Bl
D
CR
41.4
20
71
RDA 2008
45
Danbeakkong
B
Dongsan (Touzan) 69 /
D76-8070
1993
SM
13.9
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
S&T
48.5
13.3
84
GBIC
46
Kwangan
B
Dongsan (Touzan) 69 /
Hwangkeum
1993
S
11.4
NA
Y
Y
P
Bl
D
BS
44.7
NA
92
RDA 2008
47
Pureun
B
Cheongsaeknamul / L78-379
1993
M
20.1
NA
G
Y
W
Bl
D
BS
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
48
Hwaeomput
I
Japan (Kegon)
1993
M
27.2
G
Y
Y
W
G
D
V&E
45.7
17.3
47
RDA 2008
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties ∙ 185
49
Duyou
B
Milyang18 / Bonghwajaerae
1993
NA
NA
NA
Y
Y
W
T
D
S&T
39.3
20.5
47
RDA 2008
50
Hwasongputkong
L
Korea (Yongin)
1993
NA
NA
NA
Y
Y
W
Br
D
V&E
48.7
17.8
47
RDA 2008
51
Soyang
B
SS79149 / L78-379
1993
NA
NA
NA
Y
Y
W
Br
NA
S&T
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
52
Seokryangput
I
Japan (Yusuzumit)
1994
L
37
G
LG
Y
W
Br
D
V&E
NA
NA
24
GBIC
53
Jinpum
I
Japan
1994
NA
NA
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
41.3
20
NA
RDA 2008
54
Hannam
B
YS236 / SS79168-67-5
1994
S
11
G
Y
Y
P
Y
SD
BS
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
55
Myeongjunamul
B
Jangyeob / Baegun
1995
S
11.4
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
37.5
19.3
65
RDA 2008
56
Iksannamul
B
Danyeob (Essex) / Hill
1995
S
12.6
G
Y
Y
W
LBr
D
BS
NA
NA
76
RDA 2008
57
Geumgangkong
B
YS267 / YS268
1995
SM
18.8
G
Y
Y
W
G
D
S&T
42.3
19.2
53
RDA 2008
58
Sobaegnamul
B
Milyang18 / Bonghwajaerae
1995
S
11
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
BS
NA
NA
47
RDA 2008
59
Alchan
B
Hwangkeum / Eunha
1996
S
14.6
NA
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
S&T
38.7
19.3
71
RDA 2008
60
Dajang
B
YS23-2B-3-9-9-1 / Paldal
1996
SM
19.9
G
Y
Y
W
G
D
S&T
44.9
18.7
50
Shin et al.
1997
61
Pungsannamul
B
Pangsa / KLS87092
1996
S
11.3
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
BS
38.5
19.9
60
RDA 2008
62
Jinpum 2
I
Japan
1996
M
21.9
G
Y
Y
P
Y
NA
S&T
38.2
18
72
RDA 2008
63
Geomjeong2
B
SS83021 / SS83033
1996
M
28.3
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
40.8
17.9
83
RDA 2008
64
Geomjeongol
L
Korea
1996
M
22.4
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
V&E
42.8
17.9
52
RDA 2008
65
Daewon
B
Suwon133 / Milyang18
1997
L
24.6
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
40.7
18.7
78
GBIC
66
Jangmi
B
YS110-2B-3-1 / SLSB87-2
1997
SM
19.3
O
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
NA
NA
63
RDA 2008
67
Ilpumgeomjeong
B
SLSB87-3 / YS558
1997
M
27.6
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
39.5
19.6
54
RDA 2008
68
Tawon
B
Paldal / ES33
1997
ES
9.2
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
BS
43
15.8
42
RDA 2008
69
Somyeong
B
Eunha / Pangsa
1998
ES
8.3
NA
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
70
Paldonamul
B
KW220-26 / Hill
1998
S
11.8
NA
Y
Y
P
Br
D
BS
39.1
NA
57
RDA 2008
1998
M
25.2
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
40.8
18.8
66
RDA 2008
71
Sodam
B
SNUA78010 / Dongsan
(Touzan) 127
72
Seonheuk
B
Hwangkeum / Sinnongheuk
(Sinano Kuro)
1998
L
34.2
NA
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
40.1
NA
NA
RDA 2008
73
songhagkong
B
Dongsan (Touzan) 74 /
Jangbaeg
1998
M
20.9
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
42.8
21
71
RDA 2008
74
Ilmi
B
YS536 / Paldal
1998
M
20.2
G
Y
Y
P
Br
SD
S&T
40.3
19.3
68
RDA 2008
75
Saeol
B
YS841 / Baeksajajidu
(Shirojishi)
1998
M
27.2
S
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
41.8
16
43
RDA 2008
76
Sowon
B
Eunha / Pangsa
1999
ES
9.3
NA
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
NA
NA
NA
Park et al.
2000
77
Doremi
B
Namhae / YS569
1999
S
11
G
Y
Y
W
DBr
D
BS
40.8
17.9
NA
RDA 2008
78
Daehwang
B
Keunol / SLSB87-3
1999
L
31.9
S
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
NA
NA
NA
Baek et al.
2001a
79
Jinyul
B
Hwangkeum / Sinnongheuk
(Sinano Kuro)
1999
M
28.3
NA
Br
Y
P
Br
D
CR
41.1
18.6
66
Yun et al.
2000
80
Heugcheongkong
B
Korea (Yeongwol)
1999
L
30.6
S
Bl
G
P
NA
D
CR
39.2
21.1
77
RDA 2008
81
Galmi
B
Korea (Gwangju)
1999
M
27.2
NA
Br
Y
P
Br
D
CR
37.9
19.3
63
RDA 2008
82
Jangwon
B
Pokwang / SS84040
2000
M
26.9
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
38.1
26.6
82
RDA 2008
B
Suwon163 (Mikawashima) /
Jinpum 2
2000
ML
29.5
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
V&E
NA
NA
38
RDA 2008
Seonnogkong
B
Keunol / Vegetable soybean
form Japan
2000
L
30.9
S
LG
Y
W
T
D
V&E
40.6
22.7
41
RDA 2008
85
Soho
B
Namhae / YS569
2000
SM
19.6
G
Y
Y
W
LBr
D
BS
40.8
19.6
57
RDA 2008
86
Saebyeol
B
Bukwang / Namhae
2000
S
12.9
G
Y
Y
P
DBr
D
BS
40.2
22.2
68
RDA 2008
87
Cheongja
B
Milyang55 / Geomjeong 1
2000
M
28.8
O
Bl
G
P
Bl
D
CR
40.2
20.2
74
Baek et al.
2001b
88
Jinmi
B
HS12 / Manli
2001
M
23
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
38.7
19.2
69
RDA 2008
89
Sorog
B
Pureun / Namhae
2001
S
11.9
G
LG
Y
P
Br
D
BS
37.7
16.7
72
GBIC
90
Geomjeong3
B
Sinnongheuk (Sinano Kuro) /
2001
SNUA78010
L
31
S
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
37.3
18.1
67
RDA 2008
91
Geomjeong4
B
YS823 / YCS87-3
2001
M
28
O
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
33.9
20.7
66
RDA 2008
92
Anpyeong
B
Eunha / SS88034-1
2002
S
11.6
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
BS
NA
NA
64
Yun et al.
2005b
93
Seonam
B
Kosuzu / Bukwang
2002
ES
9
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
BS
34.8
16.3
49
RDA 2008
94
Dagi
B
Namhae / D70-6545
2002
S
11.4
G
Y
Y
P
Br
D
BS
36.5
16.7
52
RDA 2008
95
Dachae
B
Hannam / Eunha
2002
ES
8.6
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
34.2
18.3
34
Shin et al.
2003
96
Daepung
B
Baegun / Sinpaldal2
2002
M
20.7
G
Y
Y
W
LBr
D
S&T
36.4
21.2
58
Park et al.
2005
83
84
Sinrokkong
186 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
97
Hojang
B
HS309 / Suwon153
2002
M
21.6
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
37.8
18.2
54
RDA 2008
98
Daol
B
Keunol / YS1040
2002
L
33.6
G
Y
Y
W
LBr
D
S&T
40.7
17.5
51
Baek et al.
2003
99
Danmi
B
Milyang37 / Josaengbaegjo
(Wase Hakucho)
2002
L
31.3
G
LG
Y
W
Y
D
V&E
44.4
17.4
46
Kang et al.
2003
100
Shingi
B
Baegun / Sinpaldal 2
2003
M
22.5
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
S&T
38.5
NA
73
RDA 2008
Daemang
B
Jangyeob / Seokryangput
(Yusuzumit)
2003
L
31.4
G
LG
Y
W
Br
D
S&T
39
NA
44
Kim et al.
2006
102
Sojin
B
Danyeob (Essex) / SI93001
2003
ES
9.7
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
38.2
19.9
52
RDA 2008
103
Bosug
B
Namhae / Camp
2003
ES
8.6
G
Y
Y
P
Br
SD
BS
38.5
20.8
65
RDA 2008
104
Cheongdu1
B
SI93006 / Sinpaldal 2
2003
M
24.5
G
G
G
W
Bl
D
CR
42.1
17
69
Yun et al.
2005a
105
Cheongja2
B
Milyang70 / Ilpumgeomjeong 2003
M
26
O
Bl
G
P
Bl
D
CR
42.9
18.7
68
RDA 2008
106
Dajin
B
YS1040 / Keunol
2003
M
20.7
NA
G
Y
W
Y
D
V&E
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2008
107
Seonyu
B
Suwon162 / YS548
2004
ML
29.6
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
37.5
17.9
54
RDA 2008
108
Sokang
B
Namhae / Camp
2004
ES
9.5
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
BS
37.1
20.1
53
RDA 2008
109
Nogchae
B
Pureun / Milyang44
2004
ES
9.1
G
G
G
W
Y
D
BS
NA
NA
41
RDA 2008
110
Geomjeongsaeol
B
Keunol / Geumjeongol
2004
L
31.1
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
43.1
19.7
45
Baek et al.
2005
111
Cheongja3
B
Suwon174 / Mokpo17
2004
L
32.1
S
Bl
G
P
Bl
D
CR
42
17.1
65
RDA 2008
2005
M
25.3
S
LG
Y
W
G
D
S&T
NA
NA
NA
Yun et al.
2006
101
112
Daemang2
B
Sinpaldal2 / Seokryangput
(Yusuzumit)
113
Wonhwang
B
Camp / Myeongjunamul
2005
S
10
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
36.7
20.1
45
RDA 2008
114
Jangki
B
Eunha / MS91088
2005
S
11.9
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
NA
NA
NA
Oh et al.
2006
115 Ilpumgeomjeong2
B
Milyang68 / Suwon178
2005
M
25
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
41.9
19.8
49
RDA 2008
116
Mirang
B
Keunol / Geumjeongol
2005
M
25.4
G
Bl
Y
W
Bl
D
V&E
43.5
17.4
45
Baek et al.
2006
117
Danmi2
B
Seokryangput(Yusuzumit) /
YS1274
2005
L
30.6
G
LG
Y
W
G
D
V&E
41.1
20
36
RDA 2008
118
Mansu
B
Suwon192 / Suwon196
2006
M
26.5
G
LG
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
37.7
19.1
64
RDA 2008
119
Hoban
B
GWS91 / Jinpum
2006
ML
29
S
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
39
18.5
66
RDA 2008
120
Jonam
B
Eunha / Jeonju-11
2006
NA
NA
NA
Y
Y
NA
NA
NA
BS
NA
NA
NA
Oh et al.
2007
121
Pungwon
B
SI93001 / Suwon164
2006
S
10.9
NA
Y
Y
NA
NA
D
BS
40.3
16.3
45
RDA 2008
122
Heugmi
B
Milyang78 / Milyang68
2006
M
24.8
G
Bl
G
P
NA
D
CR
45.2
17.2
55
RDA 2008
123
Socheong
B
Milyang78 / Peking
2006
SM
15.7
PS
Bl
G
W
Bl
D
S&T
41.8
15.6
62
Baek et al.
2000
124
Nokwon
B
Keunol / Hyangnam1
2006
L
30.6
G
LG
Y
W
Br
D
V&E
39.4
17.3
34
Ko et al.
2008
125
Nampung
B
Suwon190 / Bogwang
2007
SM
19.9
G
Y
Y
W
Br
D
S&T
36.8
17.4
58
Kim et al.
2010b
126
Daeyang
B
Suwon192 / SS91414
2007
M
25.2
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
36.6
16.9
59
Kim et al.
2010a
127
Wongwang
B
Danyeob (Essex) / MS91001
2007
S
10.9
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
37.3
17.1
60
Oh et al.
2009
128
Hoseo
B
Camp / Nattosan
2007
ES
7.4
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
40.3
14.7
58
RDA 2008
129
Sinhwa
B
Sowon * 4 / PI96983
2007
S
12.1
NA
Y
Y
NA
NA
D
BS
38.1
17.1
52
RDA 2008
130
Daeheug
B
Daehwang / Milyang79
2007
L
34.3
S
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
43.5
18.6
51
RDA 2008
131
Sangwon
B
Keunol / Oshimamidori
2007
NA
NA
NA
Y
Y
NA
Y
NA
V&E
44
14.8
45
RDA 2011
2007
L
33.6
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
38.3
17.1
67
Choi et al.
2011
2007
M
23.3
G
Y
Y
P
NA
D
S&T
38
19.1
59
KSVS
132
Daewang
B
GWS91 / Seokryangput
(Yusuzumit)
133
Gangil
B
Suwon191 / Suwon196
134
Cheonga
B
Sinpaldal2 / SS91809
2007
M
25.2
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
37.6
18.6
62
Ha et al.
2013
135
Daeha 1
B
Suwon192 / SS91414
2008
M
25.4
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
36
19.5
57
Baek et al.
2013a
136
Cheonsang
B
Suwon190 / Hwangkeum
2008
M
24.8
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
39.2
20.3
76
Kim et al.
2012
137
Shingang
B
Sowon * 4 / L29
2008
S
11
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
36.6
18.4
60
RDA 2011
138
Sohwang
B
Pungsannamul / HS759
2008
ES
8.5
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
BS
41.6
16.2
55
RDA 2011
139
Galchae
B
YS1287 / Jinju1
2008
ES
8.4
G
Br
Y
P
Br
D
BS
41.5
15.5
55
Oh et al.
2009b
140
Heugseong
B
Gnome 85 / Cheongja
2008
ML
29.2
PS
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
38.7
18.5
54
Han et al.
2010
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties ∙ 187
141
Jungmo3001
B
Jinju1 / PI96188
2008
NA
NA
NA
Bl
Y
NA
NA
NA
BS
NA
NA
NA
KSVS
142
Jungmo3002
B
Tawon / Jinju1
2008
NA
NA
NA
Bl
Y
NA
NA
NA
CR
NA
NA
NA
KSVS
2009
M
26.4
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
43
16.3
39
RDA 2011
143
Hanol
B
SS91408 / Hwaeomput
(Kegon)
144
Sohyeon
B
Wonheug / Cheongyeob 1 /
Joyang 1
2009
ES
8.8
NA
Bl
Y
NA
NA
D
BS
NA
NA
NA
RDA 2010
145
Geomjeong5
B
Sinpaldal2 / Geomjeong2
2009
M
23.2
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
S&T
42
17.8
60
Han et al.
2013
146
Soheuk
B
Milyang78 / Peking
2009
S
12.2
PS
Bl
G
W
Bl
D
S&T
38.8
18.9
56
RDA 2010
147
Cheongyeob
B
Ilpumgeomjeong / Daehwang 2009
L
35.8
G
Bl
Y
W
Bl
D
V&E
43.9
17.1
64
Han et al.
2012
148
Jungmo3003
B
Suwon191 / Milyang83
NA
NA
S
Y
Y
P
Br
D
S&T
NA
NA
NA
KSVS
B
Dongsan (Touzan) 121 /
Sprite87
2009
M
29.5
S
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
41.3
19.3
82
Yi et al.
2014
Uram
B
Suwon190 // Sinpaldal2 /
T243
2010
M
25.8
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
37.5
21.4
79
RDA 2010
151
Saedanbaek
B
MD87L / SS92414
2010
M
20.7
G
Y
Y
W
LBr
D
S&T
48.2
16.4
64
RDA 2011
152
Hwangkeumol
B
SS92414 / Hwaeomput
(Kegon)
2010
M
28.6
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
40.8
18.7
45
RDA 2012
153
Sowon2010
B
Sowon * 4 / L29
2010
S
11.7
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
37.6
18.4
76
RDA 2010
154
Joyang
B
Pungsannamul / Suwon187
2010
S
11.6
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
BS
41.7
19.5
51
Kim et al.
2014
155
Jungmo3006
B
Hwangkeum * 4 / V94-5152
2010
M
24.9
NA
NA
Y
NA
NA
NA
S&T
NA
NA
95
GBIC
156
Jungmo3007
B
Taekwang * 4 / V94-5152
2010
M
24.9
NA
NA
Y
NA
NA
NA
S&T
NA
NA
85
GBIC
157
Jungmo3004
B
Iksan21 / Milyang98
2010
L
NA
S
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
NA
NA
NA
KSVS
158
Jungmo3005
B
Cheongja / Geomjeong3
2010
L
NA
G
G
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
NA
NA
NA
KSVS
159
Wonheug
B
YS1286B / Jinju1
2010
ES
8.8
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
BS
42.6
15
57
KSVS
160
Neulchan
B
SS91501-9-1-1 / SS96205
2011
M
21.7
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
38.7
22.1
61
NICS
161
Chamol
B
Sinpaldal2 / Keunol
2011
M
27.7
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
43.7
19.3
44
NICS
162
jungmo3008ho
B
Hwangkeum / SS01408
2012
L
36.5
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
42
18.2
70
NICS
163
jungmo3009ho
B
Milyang121 / Daemang
2012
ML
29.3
G
Bl
G
W
NA
D
CR
40.4
17.1
86
NICS
164
Jinpung
B
Daepung / SS01211
2012
M
23
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
40.1
19.6
61
NICS
165
Haepum
B
Bosug / Suwon214
2012
S
10.4
G
Y
Y
W
LBr
D
BS
38.4
14.2
61
NICS
149
150
Manpoong
2009
166
Saegeum
B
Daepung /
SS98207-3SSD-168
2013
ML
25.4
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
38.8
17.3
79
NICS
167
Seonpung
B
Suwon224 / YS1325-3S-2
2013
L
25.9
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
39.8
18
67
NICS
2013
SM
18.9
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
36.9
20.1
64
NICS
168
Jangol
B
SI993773 (Janghak5) /
Suwon192
169
jungmo3010ho
B
SI993788 / SI0001 (Ziong
pin95-6173)
2013
SM
17.1
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
37.7
19.4
77
NICS
2013
EL
66.4
G
Bl
Y
P
Bl
D
CR
40.5
16.8
80
NICS
NICS
170
Jungmo3011ho
B
Cheongja3 / Danpaheukdu
(Tanba Kuro)
171
Cheongmiin
B
Cheongja / Daemang
2013
L
34.3
G
G
G
W
Bl
D
CR
41.3
16.5
67
172
Taeseon
B
Shingi / Taekwang
2013
M
22.2
G
Y
Y
P
Y
D
S&T
38
18.5
68
NICS
173
Daechan
B
Suwon224 / YS1325
2014
L
24.5
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
39.5
16.8
68
KSVS
174
Daepung2
B
Daepung / SS98207
2014
M
20.9
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
39.3
19.7
54
NICS
175
Duruol
B
Hwaeomput (Kegon) /
Suwon191
2014
L
27.7
G
Y
Y
W
LBr
D
S&T
40.5
18
59
NICS
176
Miso
B
Daemang / Jinpum 2
2014
L
28.2
G
Y
Y
W
Y
D
S&T
40.8
17.1
77
NICS
177
Socheongja
B
Suwon214 / YCL4
2014
S
12
G
Bl
G
W
Bl
D
CR
43.3
16.1
89
NICS
178
Haewon
B
Bosug / Somyeong
2014
ES
8.1
G
Y
Y
P
LBr
D
BS
39.8
16.8
55
NICS
z)
L: Landrace, I: Introduced, B: Bred
y)
EL: Extra Large, L: large, ML: Medium to large, M: Medium, SM: Small to medium, S: Small, ES: Extra small, NA: Not available
x)
G: Globular, O: Oval, S: Spheroid, PS: Prolate Spheroid, NA: Not availabl
w)
Y: Yellow, Bl: Black, Br: Brown, G: Green, LY: Light yellow, LG: Light green, NA: Not available
v)
Y: Yellow, G: Green
u)
P: Purple, W: White, NA: Not available
t)
W: White, Y: Yellow, Br: Brown, G: Gray, T: Taupe, Bl: Black, DBr: Deep brown, LBr: Light brown, LY: Light Yellow, NA: Not available
s)
D: Determinate, ID: Indeterminate, SD: Semi-determinate, NA: Not available
r)
S&T: Soy sauce & Tofu, BS: Bean sprout, V&E: Vegetable & early maturity, CR: Cooking with rice
q)
GBIC: RDA-Genebank Information Center, KSVS: Korea Seed & Variety Service, NICS: National Institute of Crop Science, RDA 2008: Bibliography of soybean varieties (in
Korean), RDA 2010: 2010 Commentary of major field crops (in Korea), RDA 2011: 2011 Commentary of major field crops II (in Korea), RDA 2012: 2012 Commentary of field
crops (in Korean)
*NA: Not available
188 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
Integration and reconstruction of soybean pedigree
Starting from ‘Jangdanbaekmok’ the first cultivar
registered in 1913 till now, we attempted to reconstruct a
fully integrated pedigree including all the 178 varieties
currently recorded in Korea. Thereby, it has ended up with
a total of four pedigrees (Fig. 2). Of 178 registered cultivars,
10 varieties (5.6%) could not be integrated into any
pedigrees because they lacked information on which they
were employed as elite parental lines to cross. They include
‘Chungbukbaek’ (1948), ‘Iksan’ (1948), ‘Haman’ (1960),
‘Keumgangsorip’ (1960), ‘Buseok’ (1948), ‘Heugcheongkong’
(1999), ‘Galmikong’ (1999), which were derived from
Korean landraces, and introduced accessions, such as
‘Shelby’ (1967), ‘Eundaedu’ (1970), ‘Hwasongputkong’
(1993). Of 168 varieties included in the pedigree network,
136 varieties (76.4%) and 32 varieties were involved in one
or two pedigrees, respectively.
As seen in the Pedigree I (Fig. 2A), ‘Kwangkyo’,
‘Hwangkeumkong’, ‘Paldalkong’ and ‘Sinpaldalkong 2’
(Kim et al. 1994) served as central crossing parents, which
is the largest among four pedigrees and resulted from the
integration of three previously reported pedigrees (Jong et
al. 2006), Cluster 7 (‘Kwangkyo’ group), Cluster 8
(‘Hwangkeumkong’ group), Cluster 9 (‘Paldal’ group).
This pedigree contains 85 hybridization-bred varieties, 49
breeding lines, 7 landraces and 24 introduced varieties
(Fig. 2A). Nodal breeding points of this pedigree start with
‘Jangdanbaekmok’ (the first landrace-derived cultivar),
‘Kwangkyo’ (the first hybridization bred variety) and three
Japan-introduced accessions such as ‘Yukwoo3’, ‘Baekmokjangyeob’, ‘Dongpuk-tae’.
‘Kwangkyo’ was intensively employed as parental line
Fig. 2. Reconstructed pedigrees of Korean soybean varieties. The pedigrees consist of a total of 168 registered Korean
soybean cultivars. Some of registered cultivars originated from landraces after selection processes for line
purification. Information implicated in shape, line and color, is denoted in the figure legends. A. Pedigree I. This
pedigree contains a total of 174 nodes, which is composed of 24 introduced lines, 49 breeding lines, 7 landraces
and 84 hybridization-bred varieties. In this pedigree, ‘Kwangkyo’, ‘Hwangkeum’, ‘Paldal’ and ‘Sinpaldal2’ are the
major crossing parents.
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties ∙ 189
Fig. 2. Continuously. B. Pedigree II. It is consists of 122 nodes, containing 26 introduced lines, 33 breeding lines, 1
landrace and 61 bred varieties. Central crossing parents involve ‘Jangyeob’, ‘Baegun’, ‘Kwnagkyo’, ‘Keunol’. C.
Pedigree III. This pedigree is composed of 90 nodes, which contains 15 introduced lines, 23 breeding lines, 2
landraces and 47 improved varieties. Three parents, ‘Pangsa’, ‘Eunha’ and ‘Danyeob’, played the most central
roles in hybridization-based breeding.
190 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
Fig. 2. Continuously. D. Pedigree IV. This one is an orphan pedigree that could not be connected to any other major
pedigrees. The pedigree contains 6 introduced line, 12 breeding line, 3 landraces and 11 bred varieties.
to breed other useful progenitors such as ‘Hwangkeumkong’
(1980), ‘Milyangkong’ (1983), ‘Baegunkong’ (1984),
‘Saealkong’ (Shin et al. 1985), ‘Dankyeongkong’ (1986),
‘Jangkyongkong’ (1988). Of ‘Kwangkyo’-derived progeny,
‘Hwangkeumkong’ and ‘Paldalkong’ were recognized by
their superior traits and frequently used as parental line. For
one example, ‘Hwangkeumkong’ was developed by using
USA-introduced ‘Clark63’ as the parental line and another
introduced line ‘Baekmokjangyeob’ (SMV-resistant) as
maternal line, and thereby resulted in a combined trait of
SMV resistance as well as large seed size (RDA 2012a) .
Likewise, ‘Hwangkeum’ was employed as crossing
parents to develop following varieties; ‘Muhankong’ (1988),
‘Geomjeongkong 1’ (1993), ‘Kwangankong’ (1993),
‘Alchankong’ (Kim et al. 1997), ‘Seonheukkong’ (1998),
‘Jinyulkong’ (Yun et al. 2000), ‘Hojang’ (2002), ‘Cheonsang’
(Kim et al. 2012). ‘Paldalkong’ was bred using USAintroduced ‘Elf’ and a ‘Kwangkyo’-derived breeding line
‘SS74185’. ‘Paldal’ is highly tolerant not only to the
lodging but also to major biotic stresses with small-tomedium seed size (RDA 2008a), and was employed to
develop following varieties; ‘Sinpaldalkong’ (1991),
‘Sinpaldalkong 2’ (1992), ‘Dajangkong’ (Shin et al. 1997),
‘Tawonkong’ (Kim et al. 1996), ‘Ilmikong’ (Shin et al.
1998), ‘Saeolkong’ (Baek et al. 1998), ‘Geomjeong4’
(2001).
‘Sinpaldalkong 2’, which occupies a significant part of
the Pedigree I and is strongly resistant to soybean mosaic
viruses, was developed by employing ‘Togyu’ as maternal
line and ‘Paldal’-derived breeding line ‘SS79186’ as
paternal line. It bears medium-sized seeds and is known as
tolerant or resistant to many diseases such as soybean
mosaic virus, purpura, downy mildew and necrosis.
Thereafter, ‘Sinpaldal2’ was used as breeding parent to
develop following varieties; ‘Daepung’ (Park et al. 2005),
‘Shingi’ (2003), ‘Cheongdu1’ (Yun et al. 2005a), ‘Daemang
#2’ (Yun et al. 2006), ‘Cheonga’ (Ha et al. 2013), ‘Geomjeong5’ (Han et al. 2013), ‘Uram’ (2010), ‘Chamol’ (2011).
One of ‘Sinpaldal2’-derived progeny ‘Daepung’ was bred
using ‘Baegun’ as maternal line and its yield was 305
Kg/10a, which was 20% higher compared to ‘Taekwangkong’.
‘Daepung’ was further improved towards higher yield, and
resulted in ‘Daepung2ho’, which is currently a cultivar of
the highest yield (345 Kg/10a) in Korea. This cultivar is
also tolerant to lodging, fire blight and seed shattering.
‘Uram’ is another high yield cultivar (327 Kg/10a), and has
merits of suitability to mechanized farming and fire blight
resistance (RDA 2011).
Pedigree II (Fig. 2B) shows that ‘Baegunkong’,
‘Jangyeobkong’ and ‘Keunolkong’ take central positions
as basic parental lines, which comprises three pre-existing
clusters 3 (‘Dongpuk-tae’ group), 5 (‘Jangyeob’ group)
and 7 (‘Kwangkyo’ group) (Jong et al. 2000). This
pedigree harbors 61 hybridization-bred varieties, 33
breeding lines, 1 landrace and 26 introduced varieties.
‘Baegun’ was developed using ‘Kwangkyo’ as maternal
line and the USA-introduced ‘Dt1-long receme’ as paternal
line, and has following characteristic traits; resistance to
mosaic viruses, susceptibility to necrosis viruses and cyst
nematodes, tolerance against lodging with medium height
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties ∙ 191
of 70 cm on average. ‘Taekwangkong’ (1991), ‘Myeongjunamulkong’ (1995), ‘Daepung’ (2002) and ‘Shingi’
(2003) were developed using this cultivar as parental line.
Of these, ‘Taekwangkong’ is known to have resistance
against causal insect agents of mummification, brown spot
and leaf spot, and can also tolerate soybean mosaic virus
and microbe-derived brown spot (RDA 2012b). ‘Jangyeobkong’ was bred by crossing Japan-introduced ‘Miyagi
Sirome’ with ‘SS7023’ derived from between ‘Kwangdu’
and ‘Baekmokjangyeob’. The height of this variety is
approximately 50 cm with medium-to-large seed sizes.
‘Jangyeobkong’ has contributed to developing following
varieties; ‘Deokyu’ (1983), ‘Mallikong’ (1990), ‘Myeongjunamulkong’ (1995), ‘Hojang’ (2002), ‘Daemang’ (Kim
et al. 2005), ‘Daeyang’ (Kim et al. 2010a), ‘Daeha’ (Baek
et al. 2013a). ‘Keunolkong’ was originated by selecting
pure lines collected in ‘Chilgok Kyungbuk’ in 1986, which
bears large seeds with high yield. It belongs to short stem
type with 37 cm average height and is very strong against
the lodging. This variety was reported to have resistance to
mosaic/necrosis viruses, downy mildew and anthracnose
(RDA 2008b). Following varieties, which were bred using
‘Keunolkong’ as crossing parent, are involved; ‘Saeolkong’ 1998), ‘Daehwangkong’ (Baek et al. 2001a),
‘Seonnogkong’ (2000). ‘Daol’ (2002), ‘Dajin’ (Oh et al.
2004), ‘Geomjeongsaeol’ (Baek et al. 2005), ‘Mirang’
(Baek et al. 2006), ‘Nokwon’ (Ko et al. 2008), ‘Sangwon’
(2007), ‘Chamol’ (2011).
Pedigree III was constructed by extending previous
cluster 4 (‘Pangsa’ group) and cluster 6 (‘Danyeobkong’,
Hill group) (Jong et al. 2000). This pedigree is composed of
47 crossing/mutation-bred varieties, 23 breeding lines, 2
landraces and 15 introduced varieties, in which ‘Danyeobkong’, ‘Pangsakong’ (Hong et al. 1985) and ‘Eunhakong’
take major parts as the parental lines (Fig. 2C). ‘Pangsakong’ is the first mutation-derived variety developed by
treating the USA-introduced ‘CB27’ with gamma ray. This
variety has a suitable property for bean sprout due to its
uniformly small seed size. ‘Pangsa’ possesses a high
necrosis resistance, whereas it shows a medium level
resistance to the soybean mosaic viruses. ‘Danyeobkong’
was actually introduced from the USA in the name of
‘Essex’, which was developed using salinity-tolerant
variety ‘Lee’ as the maternal line, and registered as Korean
cultivar in 1978 (Table 1). Like ‘Pangsakong’, ‘Danyeobkong’
belongs to small seed type, resists necrosis/mosaic viruses,
and is strong against the lodging with stable yield patterns.
‘Eunha’ (1986), ‘Namhaekong’ (Shin et al. 1989), ‘Iksannamul’
(1995) and ‘Wongwang’ (Oh et al. 2009) have derived
from ‘Danyeobkong’ using as crossing parent. Of these,
‘Eunhakong’ was developed by employing the USAintroduced ‘D69-7816’ as maternal line with an aim to
make a new sprout cultivar. This cultivar has suitable
features, i.e., small seeded with high yield, for the bean
sprout, and is known to show resistance to necrosis, root
rot, downy mildew and purpura, whereas it is weak to
mosaic viruses. Owing to these qualities, ‘Eunha’ has
frequently been employed to develop other useful varieties
such as ‘Alchankong’ (1996), ‘Somyeongkong’ (1998),
‘Sowonkong’ (Park et al. 2000), ‘Anpyeong’ (Yun et al.
2005b), ‘Dachae’ (Shin et al. 2003), ‘Jangki’ (Oh et al.
2006), and ‘Jonam’ (Oh et al. 2007).
Pedigree IV is a kind of orphan ones, because most
varieties lack information available for breeding pathways
(Fig. 2D). Actually it consist of three small pedigrees
containing 6 introduced variety, 11 Korea-bred varieties,
12 breeding lines and 3 landraces. Except for ‘Jungmo3004’
and ‘jungmo2010ho’, other major varieties in the pedigree
including ‘Ilpumgeomjeong2’ (2005), ‘Heugmi’ (2006),
‘Socheong’ (Baek et al. 2000) and ‘Soheuk’ (2009) are all
black-seeded and developed in relatively recent years with
favorable traits. For example, ‘Ilpumgeomjeong2’ has a
varietal property of medium-to-large seed, short stem,
stress tolerance with high yield, and its average height is 49
cm, which offers a desirable strength against the lodging,
high moisture content/rainfall and drought. This cultivar is
also popular for cooking-with-rice due to its color and
sweetness (RDA 2006). ‘Socheong’ and ‘Soheuk’ were
bred using ‘Milyang78’, which derived from collected
black soybean landrace, as the maternal line and ‘Peking’
(small seeded and lodging-resistant) as paternal line.
‘Socheong’ is 62 cm in its height, bears relatively more
pods, and is very strong against the lodging. ‘Soheuk’ is a
black seeded variety with green cotyledon, and was
developed to replace a popular landrace ‘Jwinunikong’.
This variety has been further improved, compared to
192 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2015 (September) 3(3):179~196
pre-existing small-seeded black soybean varieties, for
higher absorption rate of moisture, and for larger pod
numbers per hill (Baek et al. 2013b).
CONCLUSION
Pedigree for crops is truly essential to effectively manage
breeding programs, and may provide breeders with pivotal
information for selection of parental lines and design of
crossing strategies. In this review, we intended not only to
integrate all available information on currently registered
Korean soybean varieties, but also to reconstruct an entire
breadth of their pedigree. Such an attempt has resulted in a
total of four pedigrees (Fig. 2), which is a lot more extended
compared to the latest pedigree analyses (Jong et al. 2006).
Out of 178 soybean varieties officially recorded at the
GBIC and the KSVS, a total of 168 (94.4%) cultivars could
be connected within the context of pedigrees. These
pedigrees were reconstructed almost purely based on
publically available information accessible to literatures
and public databases.
Soybean has long been cultivated for major source of
protein and oil in the human history. In more recent years,
it is becoming more important as a source of well-being for
mankind in terms of medicinal use as well as food.
Additionally its unique biological property of symbiotic
nitrogen fixation is beneficial to enrich the soil, thereby
protecting environment and enabling sustainable agricultural
practice. Another benefit of soybean on human health has
been widely explored during the last two decades (Ali
2010). Thanks to its wide range of beneficial aspects, it is
likely that the cultivation and breeding of soybean will be
increasingly promoted in the future.
In recent years, we are facing a transition stage in
breeding technologies, from conventional (phenotype-first)
breeding to genomics-driven (genomic information-based
design) molecular breeding. Genome-wide understanding
and its application to breeding are being significantly
facilitated by cutting edge NGS technologies in conjunction
with high throughput bioinformatic analyses. Such situation
may lead to opening of a new phase of molecular breeding
in the near future, so called ‘breeding-by-design’. In
parallel with technological advancement, well-organized
crop resources and information will become more and
more important. In summary, as crop pedigree is one of the
most important information for breeding, we anticipate that
the pedigree rebuilt in this study will play a constructive
role in breeding a diverse array of new soybean varieties
with desirable traits when it is synergized with new
findings and knowledge driven by ever advancing
technologies and ‘omics’-based bioinformatic tools.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by a grant from the NextGeneration BioGreen21 Program (PJ011182), Rural
Development Administration and partly by a grant from the
KRIBB Research Initiative Program, Republic of Korea.
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