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Objectives
• Summarize the key developments in the
transportation revolution of the early 1800s.
• Analyze the rise of industry in the United
States in the early 1800s.
• Describe some of the leading inventions and
industrial developments in the early 1800s.
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Terms and People
• turnpike – toll roads chartered by some states,
named for the gate that guarded the entrance
• National Road – successful road made of
crushed stone that linked Maryland and the
Ohio River
• Erie Canal – waterway built to link Lake Erie
and New York City via the Hudson River
• Industrial Revolution – historic period that
changed how people worked and lived as
production shifted from manual labor to the use
of machines
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Terms and People (continued)
• Samuel Slater – English emigrant who built
America’s first water-powered textile mill in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793
• Francis Cabot Lowell – merchant who developed
an entire industrial system for all stages of
manufacturing cloth in the town of Lowell
• Lowell girls – young girls who worked in Lowell’s
mills and lived in strictly supervised boarding
houses
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Terms and People (continued)
• interchangeable parts – the use of identical
components that can replace each other, making a
machine less expensive to produce or repair
• Eli Whitney – inventor who introduced the use of
interchangeable parts in the United States
• Samuel F.B. Morse – inventor of the electrical
telegraph and Morse Code, a system of dots and
dashes used to send messages over metal wires
Industry and Transportation
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How did transportation developments
and industrialization affect the
nation’s economy?
New technology changed the way Americans
lived and worked.
The United States was set on a course of
industrialization.
Industry and Transportation
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The major settlements in the U.S.
originally developed along the rivers and
harbors of the Atlantic coast.
Water was the
most efficient
way to move
people and
goods.
Overland
transportation
was expensive
whether by cart,
wagon, sleigh,
stagecoach,
horse or oxen.
Industry and Transportation
Moving freight a
few dozen miles by
land cost as much
as shipping the
same items across
the ocean.
Section
1
States
chartered toll
roads called
turnpikes.
• Profits were supposed to be
used for road improvements
but most roads remained in
poor condition.
• Few turnpikes made a profit
or really improved the cost
or speed of transportation.
• An exception was the
National Road. This route
of crushed stone extended
from Maryland to the Ohio
River in 1818.
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Water travel was revolutionized
by the steamboat.
In 1807, the first practical steamboat,
the Clermont, began sailing from
New York City.
Steamboats shortened a
trip up the Mississippi from
New Orleans to Louisville
from months to mere days.
Industry and Transportation
Inventor Robert Fulton
and his Clermont
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Canals linked farms and cities.
In 1825, the 363-mile Erie Canal connected
Lake Erie to the Hudson River.
Shipping costs between
Buffalo and New York
City plummeted from
$100 to $4 per ton.
The resulting rise in
commerce pushed New
York City’s population
to 800,000 by 1860.
Now linked to markets in the East,
Midwest farmers experienced
tremendous growth.
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Introduction
of railroads
provided the
most dramatic
transportation
growth.
• The first railroads
started in Britain in the
1820s.
• The United States had
13 miles of track in
1830 and 31,000 miles
by 1860.
• A trip from Detroit to
New York City that took
28 days in 1800 took
just 2 days by train in
1857.
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Industry and Transportation
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In the 1700s, British factories began using
machines powered by steam or water to spin
thread or weave cloth. This was the start of the
Industrial Revolution.
Britain tried to prohibit the
export of industrial
technology.
In 1793, Samuel Slater, an
English emigrant, built a waterpowered mill from memory in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
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The Industrial Revolution soon
transformed the American economy.
Several mills used
the family system
that employed
parents and children
who lived in a
company-owned
village.
In 1813, Francis
Cabot Lowell
combined all of the
steps to manufacture
cloth in one location
in Waltham,
Massachusetts.
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In the 1820s, Lowell built his
own factory town of Lowell,
Massachusetts.
He employed young single
girls from area farms.
Lowell girls
lived in closely
supervised
boarding houses
with strict rules.
After several
years, most
married.
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Technology changed how people worked and lived.
Work was divided
into small tasks,
reducing the level
of skill or training
needed for many
jobs.
Factory owners
profited because
unskilled workers
were more
numerous and
could be paid
less.
Industry and Transportation
In some
industries,
owners profited
by dividing labor
even without
using new
machines.
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• Rather than a skilled artisan
making a single clock or
musket, workers made
individual components that
were later assembled.
Interchangeable
parts improved
efficiency.
• Eli Whitney produced
muskets with standardized
parts. A component from
one gun fit any other gun.
• Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
also used interchangeable
parts to build sewing
machines.
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In 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse
revolutionized communications with
his invention the electric telegraph.
• The telegraph sent electrical pulses
along metal wires.
• “Morse Code” used dots and dashes to
instantly send information for miles.
• By 1860, the United States had
50,000 miles of telegraph line.
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Agriculture remained America’s chief industry
but innovations made farms more productive.
New methods
More efficient ways to plant, tend, and
harvest crops and raise livestock.
New
inventions
John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus
McCormick’s mechanical reaper helped
double farm productivity by 1860.
New
farmland
More fertile farms in the Midwest raised
production..
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Objectives
• Analyze why industrialization took root in the
northern part of the United States.
• Describe the impact of industrialization on
northern life.
• Analyze the reasons that agriculture and
slavery became entrenched in the South.
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Terms and People
•
Tariff of 1816 – a tax on imports designed to
protect American industry
•
capital – money used to invest in factories or
other productive assets
•
labor union – a group of workers who unite to
seek better pay and working conditions
•
nativist – person opposed to immigrants and
immigration
•
cotton gin – machine invented by Eli Whitney in
1793 to quickly separate seeds from cotton fibers
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How did the North and the South differ
during the first half of the 1800s?
Industrialization occurred mainly in the
Northeast while cotton production deepened
the South’s dependence on slavery.
These two geographical regions developed in
different ways, creating a complicated
political environment.
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While Thomas Jefferson favored a nation of farmers,
Democratic Republican policies contributed to the
growth of American industry in the early 1800s.
• With the supply of British goods cut off, American
industry grew during the 1807 embargo and
War of 1812.
• The Tariff of 1816 protected
American industry.
• The tariff inflated prices. This
profited manufacturers but was
costly for farmers.
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In the early
19th century,
the North
embraced
industry.
• Factory owners had
access to money for
investment called
capital.
• Immigrants provided
inexpensive labor.
• Swiftly flowing rivers
provided cheap power.
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In the early 19th century, workers tried to
unite but were not very successful.
• The Workingmen’s Party failed in both state and
local elections in 1820.
• The Workingmen’s Party supported the right of
workers to form labor unions, organizations that
unite to improve pay and working conditions.
• Early labor unions focused primarily on helping
skilled tradesmen such as carpenters and printers.
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Early
attempts
to force
employers
to raise pay
through
strikes
seldom
succeeded.
• The Lowell girls were
forced to accept pay cuts
when their protests failed
in 1834 and 1836.
• Factory owners frequently
turned to sympathetic
judges for assistance.
• A New York court convicted
twenty tailors of conspiracy
for forming a union in
1835.
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The industrial revolution brought about
the emergence of a middle class.
• The middle class was made up of managers,
clerks, accountants, and retailers, who worked
in offices outside the home.
• The middle class was economically above
laborers but below business owners.
• They moved away from the crowded city, which
led to socially segregated neighborhoods.
• Middle class women began to stay at home.
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Immigration changed America’s urban
population beginning in the 1840s.
Most immigrants came to Northern cities.
Few went to the South.
Immigration grew from 600,000 per year in the
1830s to 2,800,000 per year in the 1850s.
Prior to 1840, most immigrants were English or
Scottish. After 1840, a larger percentage were
Irish or German.
The Irish arrived following a potato famine.
The Germans came due to a failed revolution,
famine, and depression.
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For the first time, many immigrants
were Catholic or Jewish.
Many Protestants distrusted the Catholic
Church and resented immigrants as
competitors for jobs.
Nativist politicians in the new Whig Party
exploited ethnic prejudices and campaigned
against immigration and immigrants.
In response, most Catholic and Jewish
immigrants joined the Democratic Party.
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Most immigrants
became urban
laborers, though
some set up
businesses or
moved to the
Midwest.
• The rapid influx of people
caused social, economic
and political strains in
cities.
• Various immigrant groups
and free Africans competed
for jobs and housing in
shabby neighborhoods.
• This competition led to
riots in Philadelphia in
1844 and in Baltimore
in 1854.
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The Founding Fathers had hoped that
slavery would gradually fade away.
Slavery continued.
Three developments
caused cotton
production to surge,
making slavery very
profitable in the
Deep South:
• The invention of
the cotton gin
• The expansion of
cotton production
westward
• A huge demand for
cotton due to
industrialization
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In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
By making it easier to separate the seeds from
the cotton fibers, the gin turned cotton from a
minor crop into the major export of the
American South.
Between 1793 and 1820,
cotton production rose from
5 million to 170 million
pounds a year.
Planters expanded or built
new cotton plantations
throughout the south.
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The new plantations filled a demand from factories
in the Northeast and Europe as “King Cotton” soon
accounted for half the value of all
U.S. exports.
Importation of slaves was abolished
in 1808, causing a huge increase
in the cost of a slave from $600 in
1802 to $1,800 in 1860.
The slave population grew from
1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million
in 1860.
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Dependence on “King Cotton” greatly
limited the economy of the South.
• Fluctuating prices led to bankruptcies
in bad years and high profits in others.
• Unlike the North, the South saw very
little urban growth. Few immigrants
were attracted to the South.
• The South failed to develop the
commercial towns common in
the Northeast and Midwest.
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As the North’s urban population grew, the
South lost political power, especially in the
House of Representatives.
Southerners feared that Northerners would
threaten their investment in slavery.
Little was done for poor whites. Illiteracy was
three times the rate in the North.
Southerners rationalized that slavery was a
positive that Christianized and helped Africans.
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• In 1860, only one in four
southern families owned
slaves.
While the South
defended slavery,
slaveholders
were actually a
small minority.
• Three fourths of the families
who did own slaves owned
fewer than ten.
• Only a small aristocracy of
3,000 wealthy planters
owned 100 or more slaves.
• The typical slaveholder lived
in a farmhouse and worked
beside his four or five slaves.
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If so few
benefited from
slavery, why
did Southerners
defend the
slave system?
• Most aspired to acquire slaves
and a plantation.
• Southern whites shared a
sense of racial superiority and
pride in their independence.
• Most believed that slaves were
better off than poor northern
factory workers.
• Most feared that freed blacks
would seek a bloody revenge.
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Jefferson, Madison, and Washington apologized for slavery
as a necessary evil. But by the 1850s, pro-slavery
Southerners defended slavery as a positive good.
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Objectives
• Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism
on domestic policy during the years following
the War of 1812.
• Describe the impact of nationalism on the
nation’s foreign policy.
• Summarize the struggle over the issue of
slavery as the nation grew.
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Terms and People
•
nationalism – a spirit of loyalty and devotion to
one’s country
•
Henry Clay – a leading advocate of economic
nationalism who proposed the American System
•
American System – Clay’s plan for federally
sponsored internal improvements and protective
tariffs to promote commerce and link all sections
of the U.S.
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State under
James Madison and son of President John Adams
•
Adams-Onís Treaty – treaty negotiated by John
Quincy Adams to purchase Florida from Spain
•
Monroe Doctrine – policy warning European
monarchies not to interfere with Latin American
republics in return for U.S. non-interference
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Missouri Compromise – 1820 compromise
balancing the admission of Missouri as a slave
state with the admission of Maine as a free
state and setting a line across the continent
dividing future free and slave states
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How did domestic and foreign
policies reflect the nationalism of
the times?
After the War of 1812, nationalism affected
economic and foreign policy and began to
create a sense of national identity.
Supreme Court rulings supported
nationalism by favoring federal power.
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Under President
James Monroe,
the Democratic
Republicans
enjoyed an
“era of good
feelings.”
The party backed
nationalistic economic
policies that used federal
power to assist business
and industry.
This focus on business was
a change from the
government’s earlier
support of agriculture and
a weak federal
government.
With so little political
fighting, some believed
that political parties might
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Henry Clay campaigned for a nationalistic
economic policy called the American System,
which included:
• high tariffs to protect industrial
growth.
• road and canal construction,
called internal improvements,
to link the different sections of
the nation.
Clay believed the different regions
could work together for the prosperity
of the entire nation.
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Clay wanted reestablishment of a national bank
to control the nation’s money supply and banking.
The First National Bank’s charter expired in 1811.
Private and state banks were printing their own
money, causing widespread uncertainty in value.
Clay argued that control over the nation’s money
supply and banking would restore confidence.
As a result, Congress established the Second
Bank of the United States in 1816.
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The Supreme
Court continued
to strengthen
federal power
under Chief
Justice John
Marshall
Marshall first applied
Federalist principles
when he supported
Judicial Review in
Marbury v. Madison.
In Dartmouth College v.
Woodward and Fletcher
v. Peck Marshall limited
the power of state
governments to interfere
with business contracts.
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In • The state of Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland
tried to tax a branch of
(1819)
the Second National
Bank.
Marshall asserted
the superiority of • Marshall ruled that the
federal law over state
power to tax is the
laws.
power to destroy and a
state can’t use taxes to
destroy a bank created
by Congress.
• The ruling broadly
defined commerce and
the power of Congress
to control it.
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An interconnected national economy
resulted in cycles of “boom or bust.”
During busts farmers often blamed
the banks for their difficulties.
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An “American
Renaissance”
in art and
literature
reflected the
nationalism
of the era.
• Authors like James
Fenimore Cooper
(The Leatherstocking
Tales) created a
genre of frontier
adventure stories.
• Painters celebrated
America’s beauty in
the landscapes of the
Hudson River School.
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Paintings like Jasper Cropsey’s 1859 Autumn on the
Hudson celebrated the beauty of the wild American
land.
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American
nationalism
was also
reflected in
the Monroe
Doctrine.
• President Monroe feared France
or Spain might retake newly
independent republics in Latin
America.
• Monroe warned European
monarchies they had no
business
in the Americas and promised
the United States would not
involve itself in Europe.
• In 1823 the United States was
incapable of enforcing the
Monroe Doctrine, but in time it
became a cornerstone of
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United States policy toward Florida
reflected nationalism.
In 1818, Andrew Jackson invaded
Florida to fight the Seminole Indians
who harbored runaway slaves.
Madison’s Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams concluded the
Adams-Onís Treaty by which the
United States purchased Florida from
Spain.
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Despite nationalistic feelings, sectional
differences remained strong.
• In 1819, Missouri sought admission as a slaveowning state.
• Acceptance would upset the balance between
free and slave-owning states in the U.S.
Senate.
• A northern proposal to ban slavery as the price
of Missouri’s admission caused debate.
• The slavery debate worried many. Thomas
Jefferson likened it to a “fire-bell in the night.”
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Henry Clay
averted a
crisis with
the Missouri
Compromise
of 1820.
• Maine and Missouri
became states
together—one free,
the other slave.
• A line was drawn
across the
territories; any new
state south of
Missouri’s southern
border would be
Still, Southerners were worried.
blamed
slave, They
anything
free.
the 1822 Denmark Vessey north
plot on
the Missouri
debate.
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Section 4
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Objectives
• Analyze the movement toward greater
democracy and its impact.
• Describe the personal and political qualities
of Andrew Jackson.
• Summarize the causes and effects of the
removal of Native Americans in the early 1800s.
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Terms and People
•
caucus - a meeting of party members for the
purpose of choosing a candidate.
•
Andrew Jackson – popular war hero elected
president as a Democrat in 1828
•
Martin Van Buren – Jackson’s campaign manager
who ran the first modern election campaign in 1828
•
Jacksonian Democracy – a movement toward
greater popular democracy and recognition of the
common people as symbolized by Andrew Jackson
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Terms and People (continued)
•
spoils system – practice of giving government jobs
to loyal party supporters
•
Indian Removal Act – 1830 Act forcing the
relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes from the
southeast to present day Oklahoma
•
Trail of Tears – forced march to Oklahoma in the
winter of 1838, during which 4,000 Cherokees died
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What changes did Andrew Jackson
represent in American political life?
In 1824, a new political party emerged,
signaling a shift in American culture. The
nation’s concept of democracy was changing.
The era became known for one towering and
controversial figure: Andrew Jackson.
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Four candidates ran for President in 1824.
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of
Massachusetts was the most experienced.
• A congressional caucus of Democratic Republicans
favored Georgian William Crawford.
• War hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee and
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky were seen as
Adams’ greatest competition.
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Jackson received the most
popular votes, but no
candidate won a majority
in the electoral college.
In the House of
Representatives,
Adams was selected
after Clay threw his
support behind Adams.
When
Adams
named Clay to be
Secretary of State,
Jackson angrily
called it a “corrupt
bargain” and started
preparing early to
defeat Adams
in 1828.
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Andrew
Jackson
won the
Presidency
in 1828.
Jackson symbolized the rise
of new democratic ideals
uniting city workers, western
settlers, and southern
farmers against privileged
“aristocrats.”
This combination came to
be known as “Jacksonian
Democracy.”
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Jackson’s
followers
called
themselves
“Democrats.”
• Under Martin Van Buren his
campaign was the first to be
run in a disciplined and
professional fashion.
• Opponents were replaced in
government jobs by
supporters, using what critics
called “the spoils system.”
• Jackson promised a weak
federal government but was
ruthless against anyone who
challenged his decisions.
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As the “People’s President,”
Jackson symbolized America’s
“get ahead” and “self-made” image.
Born poor in a log cabin, Jackson was orphaned
as a boy and wounded in the Revolutionary War.
As an adult, he ventured west, earned a fortune
as a lawyer and planter, and fame as an Indian
fighter, and he was the hero of the Battle of New
Orleans.
His inauguration was attended by a rowdy
crowd of common people.
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Most states became more democratic
in the Jacksonian era.
By 1836, every
Increasingly,
state except
popular elections
South Carolina
replaced
selected
caucuses for
electors for the
selecting state
President based
and local
on popular
officials.
vote.
New state
constitutions
dropped
property
qualifications
for voting.
Participation in elections among white males rose from
less than 30% in the 1800s to nearly 80% in 1840.
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New state constitutions
expanded democracy by
including non-property
owning workers.
Non-whites and women
were still restricted.
• Loopholes that had
allowed woman
property holders to
vote in New Jersey
were closed.
• Free Blacks lost the
right to vote in most
states even if they
owned property.
• Native Americans
were not considered
citizens and were not
permitted to vote.
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Conflict arose between
Native Americans and whites
In the Southeast, the “five civilized tribes”
adopted White American culture.
They ran newspapers, schools and churches and
elected officials under republican constitutions.
Settlers wanted Native land. Many believed
Indians to be inferior.
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Jackson
supported
Southerners
and
Westerners
over Native
Americans.
• With Jackson’s urging,
Congress passed the
Indian Removal Act of
1830.
• In 1832, Chief Justice
Marshall ruled that the
seizure of native lands
was unconstitutional.
• Jackson defied the ruling.
“Justice Marshall has
made his decision, now
let him enforce it.”
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The five
civilized tribes
were removed
from their
lands in the
East and sent
to “Indian
Territory” in
Oklahoma.
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In 1838, federal
troops made
16,000
Cherokee move
from the
Southeast to
Oklahoma.
At least 4,000
people died
on the
Trail of Tears.
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Section 5
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Objectives
• Evaluate the significance of the debate
over tariffs and the idea of nullification.
• Summarize the key events of the conflict
over the second Bank of the United States
in the 1830s.
• Analyze the political environment in the
United States after Andrew Jackson.
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Terms and People
• Tariff of Abominations – name that opponents
from the agricultural south gave to the high
protective tariff of 1828
• John C. Calhoun – vice president who resigned
to lead South Carolina’s fight over nullification in
the Senate
• nullification – concept that a state could void a
federal law that it deemed unconstitutional
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Terms and People (continued)
• Whig – member of a political party formed in the
1830s, favored a strong federal government,
protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal
improvements
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What major political issues emerged
during the 1830s?
Conflicts and crises during Jackson’s
presidency led to formation of a rival
political party called the Whigs.
In spite of this, Jackson’s handpicked
successor Martin Van Buren won in 1836
but lost to the Whigs in 1840.
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Tariffs were a
continuing
source of
dispute
between the
industrial North
(favored) and
agricultural
South
(opposed).
• In 1828, Congress passed a
high protective tariff.
• The goal was to promote
industry, but the tariff raised
the prices farmers had to pay
for goods.
• Southerners called it the Tariff
of Abominations.
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In 1832, South Carolina voted to nullify the
tariff. It threatened to secede from the Union
if force was used to collect the import tax.
• Vice President John C. Calhoun expected
Jackson to reject the tariff. Instead, Jackson
only modified it slightly.
• Calhoun resigned as Vice President in protest
to lead the nullification battle in the Senate.
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Resolution of the Nullification Crisis of 1833
Jackson, a
Democrat,
normally
supported
southern
states, but
he strongly
rejected this
challenge to
his authority
and to the
Union.
Economic
nationalists
like Daniel
Webster
rejected the
concept of
nullification.
Congress passed
a
Force Bill
authorizing
troops to enforce
collection.
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In a
compromise,
Congress
lowered the
tariff. The
issues of
nullification
and secession
were left
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Despite his opposition to nullification,
Jackson generally supported the
agricultural South.
• His ideal was an agrarian republic where all white
men owned farms and enjoyed rough equality.
• Industrialization and the growing class of wage
earning factory workers made his ideal unrealistic.
• The expanding gap between rich factory owners
and poor workers became troubling to many
Americans.
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The Second National Bank divided Americans.
Jacksonian Democrats
• felt the National Bank
symbolized
“money power.”
Business Leaders
• believed the new business
economy encouraged
corruption.
• opposed policies they felt
•
believed the National
Bank was necessary to
maintain a stable
supply of currency.
enriched business at the
expense of farmers and
workers.
In 1832, Congress voted to renew the Bank’s charter.
Jackson vetoed the charter renewal.
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Presidential vetoes were rare. Bank supporters
denounced Jackson as a power-hungry tyrant and
formed a new political party, the Whigs.
The Whigs were led by Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts and Henry Clay of Kentucky.
Whigs favored a strong federal government, broad
interpretation of the Constitution, protective tariffs,
internal improvements, and moral reform.
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Andrew Jackson,
while stressing
democracy for the
common man, was
seen as a tyrant
by those who
crossed him.
They referred to
him mockingly as
“King Andrew.”
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• Martin Van Buren of New
York, Jackson’s handpicked successor, won
the election of 1836.
Jackson’s
economic
policies led
to disaster
for the next
president.
• With no federal banks,
state banks flooded the
market with currency,
causing extreme
inflation.
• The government stopped
accepting paper money
for land purchases,
leading to a sudden drop
in land values.
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The resulting Panic of 1837 became the worst
depression the nation had yet experienced.
• Inflation
caused by the state banks
hurt common people.
• The
drop in land values led to
bankruptcies. Many planters and
farmers
lostoftheir
land.
• A third
urban
workers lost their jobs
and wages dropped by 30%.
The Panic hurt Van Buren
and the Democratic Party.
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In 1840, the Whigs nominated
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.
• Harrison was portrayed as a simple farmer, born
in a log cabin, while Van Buren was painted as an
ineffective, corrupt aristocrat.
• The slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
reminded voters of Harrison’s
military record.
Harrison’s victorious 1840 campaign
focused on symbols like his log cabin
background, seen in this flag.
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One month after his inauguration,
President Harrison died of pneumonia.
Vice President John Tyler assumed
the Presidency and, to the dismay of
the Whigs, rejected their policies.
Tyler vetoed legislation to
restore the National Bank
and to enact Clay’s
American System.
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