GCSE PE REVISION
The Syllabus- the bare necessities
Healthy lifestyle is- a way of life that promotes good health- enough
sleep, exercise, fun, time to relax, healthy diet, no smoking/ alcohol/
drugs.
Health is- A COMPLETE STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL
& SOCIAL WELL-BEING
PHYSICAL= healthy body, not ill or injured
MENTAL= cope with stress, confident
SOCIAL= friends, support, enough food, clothes, shelter
Fitness is- THE ABILITY TO MEET THE DEMANDS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT- being able to do day to day things like shopping, going
to work, going to school without getting tired and still energy left for
other things.
Components (the parts) of HEALTH-(ME, MS, F, CV, BC)
 MUSCULAR ENDURANCE-muscles being able to move weight
over a long time without getting tired eg10,000m running/
stacking shelves all day
 MUSCULAR STRENGTH- muscles being able to lift heavy
weights. Eg rugby scrum/ lifting boxes STRENGTH is being able
to lift a maximum weight in one attempt.
 FLEXIBILITY- is the amount of movement at the joint eg
throwing a javelin- need flexible shoulder/ reaching to wash
windows
 CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE/ STAMINA-is having a
healthy heart, blood & lungs.
 BODY COMPOSITION-how the body is made up in muscle/ fat/
bone eg long bones = height- good for basketball/ high jump
Components (the parts) of FITNESS-(B, S, P, C, RT, A, T)
 BALANCE- being able to keep the body stable when moving or
still( eg dribbling or handstand)
 SPEED- being fast to do a task or cover a distance (eg running
reach a shot in tennis)
 POWER- mixture of speed and strength in action (eg throwing a
discus)
 CO-ORDINATION- being able to use 2 or 3 parts of the body
at a time( eg goalkeeper)
REACTION TIME- time it takes to react to a stimulus(eg
starting gun)
 AGILITY- being able to change direction quickly and still be in
control(eg avoiding a tackle in rugby)
 TIMING- the ability to perform the skill at the exact moment it
is needed
ALL of the above components work in different degrees for each
person as fitness needs for day to day living and for different sports
and at different levels (5 a side footballer compared to international
player)

CLUB PLAYER- enjoys competition, does it for fun, sport for
socialising, fair to good levels of health & fitness, some ability, not as
skilful under pressure, encouraged by school, parents may not have
played same sport, some facilities locally.
INTERNATIONAL PLAYER- ambitious, totally dedicated wants to be
the best, motivated to train hard, makes sacrifices, copes with stress,
high skill level & keeps skills under pressure, excellent levels of health
& fitness, ideal shape & size for the sport, encouraged by family,
school provided training/ competitions/ tradition, best facilities &
coaches, training full time, attracts sponsors, talent spotted
Diet- a balanced diet gives the body nourishment to maintain
physical health.
*Nutrition is the link between health and diet.
The right mixture of CARBOHYDRATES- bread, pasta & potatoes for
energy, MINERALS-milk has calcium in= strong bones, VITAMINS- eg
vitamin B in nuts, whole grain cereal, FAT- cheese for stored energy
when not enough carbohydrates in body, PROTEINS- meat, fish, eggsbuilds & repairs muscles, WATER regular fluid needed to replace lost
fluid when working- sweat, urine, breathing. Body is nearly half water!
FIBRE-cereal- helps food move efficiently down digestive tubes.
Dehydration- extreme lack of water in the body caused by exercising
in hot conditions & heavy sweating.
Special diets for sport Long distance events carbohydrate loading - eating lots of
food high in carbohydrates to build up energy levels ( proper
term is glycogen). Either big meal 4 hours before or light
meal 2 hours before. Regular water taken during & after
event, high energy food after & a sensible meal
 High protein diet- used by athletes & weightlifters or after
injury to help repair muscles. Used to help burn fat &
increase size of muscles. Problem—raises cholesterol &
kidney damage if done too long.
Dietary inbalances obesity- overweight due to too much food & not enough exercise
 anorexia-eating disorder caused by refusal to eat to maintain
body weight for height & age- bulimia-binge eating followed
quickly by vomiting to control weight.
SKELETON
Role of the skeleton- (P, P, S, S, M)
PROTECT (brain, heart), PRODUCE/ MAKE BLOOD (red & white cells
especially in large bones- femur), SUPPORTS the body & gives us
SHAPE, MOVEMENT the bones work with the muscles to help us to
move.
Main bones-clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, sternum, ribs,
pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula.
Joint- where 2 or more bones meet
3 types of joints- immoveable (skull), slightly moveable (ribs joining
sternum) & freely moveable AKA SYNOVIAL JOINTS= movement
5 types of freely moveable/ synovial joint;
gliding= shoulder blade
hinge= knee
condyloid= wrist/ ankle
pivot= neck
ball& socket= hip/shoulder
5 types of movement at a joint
Adduction- moving parts of the body towards the centre eg butterfly
arms
Abduction- body parts moved away from the centre eg reaching to
serve in tennis
Flexion-closing the angle at a joint eg catching a ball and bringing it in
to the body/ preparing to kick a ball
Extension- increasing the angle at a joint eg actual kicking of the ball in
football
Rotation- Joint moves in a circle eg bowling in cricket
Ligament- strong slightly elastic cords attaching end of 1 bone to
another bone. Holds joints in place.
Cartilage- slippery surface at end of bones to allow movement in joint.
Also grisly cushions to act as shock absorbers eg knee & spine
Muscles- every movement in the body depends on muscles. They work
by shortening or contracting
3 types of muscle;
cardiac( heart),involuntary( intestines), voluntary( works when YOU
want & attached to bones)= movement
Muscles are made up of fast twitch fibres for speed( but can only work
for a short time) and slow twitch fibres for working over a long time.
Tendons- attach muscles to bones
Origin-where one end of the muscle is joined to the fixed bone eg bicep
at the top of the humerus
Insertion- where the other end of the muscle is attached to the
moving bone eg other end of the bicep attached to the radius
MUSCLES WORK IN PAIRS- bicep/ tricep
Agonist- muscle that shortens/ contracts- bicep when arm is bent
Antagonist- the other muscle is relaxing/ getting longer- tricep
Main muscles; trapezius, deltoid, pectorals, bicep, tricep, abdominals,
quadriceps, gastrocnemius, hamstrings, gluteus, latissimus dorsi
Muscle tone- muscles are always working a little to help you to be able
stand/ sit/ hold head up/ be ready to work they are always slightly
under pressure. They rest slightly when asleep.
Posture- the way the muscles hold the body when still or moving body
but not putting too much strain on muscles.
Good posture= bones in right place eg spine in line/ digestive system
can work properly/ breathing efficiently as lungs have room to fill up
Bad posture= rounded spine/back pain/ poor digestion/ injuries/fallen
arches
Blood- job is transport( move oxygen, waste & glucose to where
needed), keep body temperature stable & protect from infection(
white blood cells)
Blood vessels( TUBES)- Arteries- carry blood AWAY from the heart
to one end of a group of capillaries called arterioles. Capillaries are 1
cell thick to let waste, glycogen to pass through. The other end of the
arterioles joins into veins which take the blood back to the heart. This
process is the circulatory system
Pulse- where the heart beat can be felt strong at certain places in the
body. Measured in beats per minute. Pulse locations- wrist( radial), side
of throat( carotid)
Breathing system-air enters body by nose-trachea-bronchibronchioles- alveoli
Action of breathing IN- muscles between ribs( intercostal) contract &
pull rib cage up, chest expands, diaphragm contracts & pulls downwards,
lungs expand= air sucked in to lungs. OUT- intercostals relax, rib cage
lowers, chest is smaller, diaphragm relaxes & bulges upwards so chest
even smaller, lungs get compressed forcing the air out & up trachea.
Respiration-is when energy is released from food molecules for
physical activityAerobic respiration- glucose + oxygen= energy+ carbon dioxide+ water
ACTIVITIES WHEN MUSCLES ARE ALWAYS WORKING- x country
Anaerobic respiration- NO OXYGEN USED-glucose gives energy+
lactic acid- ACTIVITIES WHEN MUSCLES HAVE TO WORK FAST
Oxygen debt- this happens when the muscles have worked
anaerobically during hard exercise & produce lactic acid. After this
exercise the body works harder to breath deeper to replace the
oxygen used.
Training- specific exercises or programme to improve fitness/ skill/
techniques
Specificity- each exercise is specific to specific muscles for specific
activities in your sport
Progression-Gradual increase in how hard you train using target zone of
heart rates to tell if you are working at the right level. Target zone is
the correct % of your max heart rate- MHR. 220- age= MHR. To
improve your stamina your MHR should be 60-80%. Speed MHR should
be 80-95%
Overload- improving muscle strength by making the muscles work
harder than normal
Reversibility- hard work =strong muscles & skill. After injury you will
lose strength & skill 3 x faster than it took you to gain it. If you don’t
use it you lose it!
Tedium – Training can get boring. A variety of training methods can
help to avoid boredom.
Frequency- how often/Intensity- how hard/Time or Duration- how
long/ Type – which exercises are suitable for your chosen sport.
Sometimes referred to as F.I.T or F.I.D
Repetitions- an exercise repeated eg 30m sprint then 30m jog= 1
repetition
Sets- more than 1 repetition done eg10x = set
Aerobic fitness-a way the body uses energy over a long time using
oxygen so body is trained to work well-over a long time eg marathons
etc
Anaerobic fitness- a way the body uses energy but without oxygen in
sports where a short burst of speed or power is needed eg shot put,
100m etc. Only lasts for up to 45 seconds.
Muscular endurance- the muscles ability to keep working over a long
time without tiring- improve it by using light weight done lots of times/
reps. eg sit ups, press ups etc. TEST- sit up test
Strength is ability of a muscle to apply force & overcome resistance. 3
types –static eg pushing or pulling heavy object/ explosive- single
explosive movement eg shot put/ dynamic-repeated muscular
movements to move a load eg canoeing. Improve MS by using heavy load
few times- stationary or moving. TEST- vertical jump test
Flexibility is the range of movement around the joint. Exercises need
to be in warm ups to prevent injury. If flexible it will increase level of
performance – eg in hips= longer stride = faster sprint. Improve it with
static, active & passive stretches. Static stretches no movement &
stay in position for 8- 10 secs. Active stretches= slow moving ones you
gradually increase the stretch. Passive= a partner does the work eg
shoulders x over. TEST- sit & reach
TYPES OF TRAINING
Weightsusing weights
to increase
the strength
of muscles
Circuit-series
of exercises
for a certain
amount of time
Continuouswalk,
jog,cycle,
swim at
steady pace
no rest.
Fartlekchange of
speedwalk/jog/spri
nt
Advantages
Easy to
control load,
used to
increase
strength &
endurance
Do it anywhere.
Use to increase
strength &
endurance
Good for
aerobic
fitness, no
equipment
needed
Good for
sports that
need speed
changes
Disadvantages
Injury
moving heavy
loads, not for
U16s
Boring, need to
be determined
to keep going
Boring, does
not increase
sprint speed
Easy to miss
out hard
sections/
coach can’t
tell if you
are working
hard
Altitude-less
oxygen at
altitude so
body has to
work harder &
makes more
red blood cells
Return to sea
level means
body can
transport more
oxygen to
working
muscles
Extra RBCs
only last for
short time
Expensive
travelling
abroad
Warm weather training- used especially with athletes before major
competitions. Training takes place in countries with consistently high
temperatures as this helps keep the muscles warm. Training in wet &
varied climates effects training & performance.
The training year- can be divided in sections depending upon levels of
competition, rest, fitness work. Pre season (before competition/ playing
season starts mainly fitness work), Peak season (height of season/
competition light fitness & skill maintenance) closed season (rest &
recovery time,
.
IntervalFixed
pattern of
fast &
slow work
Can mix
aerobic &
anaerobic
Hard to
keep going
Fatigue- extreme tiredness & muscular exhaustion. Skill level & fitness
decreases eg lose control of ball cant keep with pace of the game.
Need rest & training programme set at the right level.
*Sex education deals with the physical, emotional and social aspects of
an individual’s development as a male or a female.
*Personal hygiene, focusing on personal cleanliness; avoidance of
disease and social considerations. Factors linked to PE include:
Washing regularly – especially after phyical activity, can help you aviod
minor ailments such as athlete’s foot.
Cleanliness – a clean kit which needs to be washed regularly.
Smoking- carbon monoxide s in cigarettes smoke causes body not to be
able to take in as much oxygen. Nicotine causes heart rate & blood
pressure to rise, tar collects in lungs so not efficient working
Alcohol- takes body 1 hour to recover from 1 unit. Affects coordination, balance, speech, hearing, dehydration, lowers glycogen levels
so muscles won’t work as well. Long term use = kidney & liver damage.
Body typing/ Somatotyping- 3 ways of classifying body build by
amount of fat, muscle & bone
Endomorph—wide hips, pear shaped, lots of fat on body- rugby player
Ectomorph- narrow shoulders, abdomen, chest & hips, thin arms & legs,
v little muscle or fat- long distance runner
Mesomorph- wedge shaped, broad shoulders, narrow hips, muscular
body, little body fat- games player
Individual differences/factors that affect performance
AGE/ DISABILITY/ GENDER/ CULTURE/ PHYSIQUE/
ENVIRONMENT/ TRAINING/ RISK & CHALLENGE/ ACTIVITY
LEVELS
Age- Physical maturity & suitability depending upon age eg 300m not
400 till 16yrs old, understanding what the body can & cannot do during
development. The effects of age on body- peak fitness in 20’s ( drops
steadily after), muscles weaken, bones get lighter, joints stiffen, less
flexible= poor technique, body fat increases= tire quicker, metabolic
rate falls, arteries less elastic= reduced blood flow to muscles , amount
of slow twitch muscle fibres increases= lose speed, . EXERCISE can
slow this process down
Disabilty-how physical, mental, temporary or permanent disability
effect participation & performance.
Gender-how body build, metabolism & hormones (especially females &
periods)
Culture-in some cultures, usually females, are not encouraged to
participate in sport often due to religion.
Physique-body type (somatotype) has a direct influence on
performance in sport
Environment- the weather, pollution( cities), altitude, access to
facilities & terrain(eg country)
Training-having enough time & money to be able to train
Risk & Challenge-controlling & awareness of risks in activities to be
able to participate in different environments safely
Activity levels-the effects & needs of different demands from
different activities
Psychological factors
tension/ stress- getting worked up and nervous will effect performance
boredom- causes lack of concentration, poor performance, no focus.
Training needs to be interesting, competition challenging at the right
level
motivation- the driving force that makes you decide what to do, what
to aim for, personal pride, will to win.
Intrinsic motivation- you enjoy the sport regardless of rewards or
extrinsic motivation- prize money, awards, crowd pleasing,
scholarships- but these might add extra pressure. For most
sportspeople motivation is intrinsic & extrinsic.
Personality- the set of characteristics that make you. Your personality
effects the choice of sport that you do. 2 types- INTROVERTS-( shy,
quiet, calm, thoughtful)- prefer individual sports, perform intricate
skills, don’t like contact sports eg, archery. EXTROVERTS- Lively,
sociable, outgoing, chatty)- like contact sports, get bored easily,
impatient, , like lots of action eg rugby
direct aggression- applying force directly against an opponent eg rugby
indirect aggression- no physical contact but aim for opponents when
striking a ball eg tennis
Feedback- the response a performer needs to know how well they did.
2 types of feedback- intrinsic- performer can tell themselves if the
movements are right (internal senses) eg performing a handstand &
extrinsic- the sight & sound of you performing eg hitting a ball in
tennis
Science/ IT & Technological factors-changes in equipment- wooden
rackets now titanium, clothing- cotton now cool max, footwear plimsolls
now leather/kangaroo/ synthetic , facilities- roofs on sports venues,
safety- landing mats in gym now landing in foam pits , coaching aidsscrum machines in rugby, timing- electronic with times to 100th sec ,
camera- photo finish, underwater photography, instant replay, Cyclops/
Hawk eye/ goal line technology. ICT used for recording results &
performance analysing soft & hardware.
Health & Safety – ensuring that people play safe & keep to the rules
for each activity. All competitors need to know the rules for each sport
to make everyone safe.
Correct guidance when performing skills eg practices taught with
progression from easy to full action like somersaults.
Lifting & carrying technique- heavy objects carried close to body,
lifted & lowered by bending the knees & keeping the back straight &
head up.
All clothing- correct for sport & allow movement( no flapping about),
footwear- correct for activity( ref checks for studs in football),
facilities- pitch inspection & wet floors, rubbish, glass etc, equipmentcorrect safety equipment used eg gum shields, helmets shin pads etc ,
lifting- knees bent, back straight when lifting, rules- fair competition
age groups/ size of competitors,
First aid
Sprain- ligament at the joint gets torn eg ankle. Treat as a fracture=
hospital
Strain- tear in the muscles. Treat= RICE
Fractures- break or crack in bone. Treatment= don’t move, 999 &
hospital
Dislocation- bone is pulled out of position at a joint. Treatment= don’t
move, 999, hospital
RICE- rest, ice, compress (crepe bandage), elevate (lift to reduce blood
flow to stop swelling)
Concussion- caused by a blow to the head, unconscious short time or
hours, dizzy, sick. Treatment= hospital,
Hypothermia- body core is below 35deg. Body can’t function.
Treatment- shelter, warm dry clothes, warm drink, get help
Cuts- skin damage, bleeds. Treatment=, clean with water, bandage
(deep cuts= hospital treatment)
Schools-promote participation in sport by; National curriculum set by
government, compulsory PE lessons for all, running award schemes (eg
bronze, silver, gold in athletics), sports leaders, examinations offered (
BTEC/ GCSE / AS and A2), chance to perform in sport, referee,
organise activities, coach, choreograph, leader extracurricular- sport
offered not during lesson time( weekends, before & after school)- its
extra & other sports offered, staff run teams & coaching in sports,
organise trips eg school camp & ski trip.
Roles in school- PLAYER/ PERFORMER/ REFEREE/ ORGANISER/
LEADER/ COACH/ OFFICIAL
National curriculum groups
Group 1 – outwitting opponents (games)
Group 2 – replication of actions / sequences (gymnastics)
Group 3 – exploring and communicating ideas / concepts (Dance)
Group 4 – performing at maximum levels / speed / height (Athletics)
Group 5 – overcome challenges of adventurous nature (outdoor
activities/ life- saving)
Group 6 – exercise for health and well- being (aerobics / circuits)
Activities in schools- this will depend on staff experience (staff may
have no training in certain sports eg lacrosse), facilities (some city
schools have no fields so in this case the schools will use local facilities
local sports centres etc), staff do not have to run extra clubs &
activities- will only happen if valued by the pupils, school & staff keen
to do so, but due to exams in PE & national curriculum not as many clubs
etc now.
Cross- curricular links- this is when different subjects create work
with other subjects eg dance & music/ performing arts/ or science &
HRF/ Diet & sport.
Local clubs- links between local sports clubs & schools is important &
benefit’s school( providing coaches & chance to continue with sport to
high level & continue once left school) & club( recruit new talent &
members in to the club( eg cricket & rugby)
Careers (vocational) opportunities:
*Sports performers: professional, amateur and semi- professional.
*PE teacher
*Coach
*Trainer
*Physiotherapist
*Sports management
*Personal trainer
National Healthy Schools Programme
Long term initiative designed to make a difference to the health and
achievement of children and young people; this is closely linked to PE.
The intention is that young people will be able to make informed health
and life choices. The programme is based on whole school approach to
physical and emotional well- being and is focus on four core themes.
1) Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
2) Healthy eating
3) Physical activity
4) Emotional health and well- being.
This initiative allocates 2 hours of structured high quality PE activity
per week either in lessons or as part of extra- curricular activities.
Pastoral support systems are in place in schools & are confidential.
All schools have rewards & behaviour policies & also provision for
vulnerable individuals/ groups.
School catering has to conform to the government’s healthy schools
guidelines, including packed lunches.
Role models- someone you look up to/ admire/ want to be like. Top class
sports people can encourage the attitudes & behaviour of the fansgood & bad. Can also influence fashion on & off pitch & the numbers of
participants in sport- making sport more popular eg Cycling Chris Hoy.
Women in sport- women take part in sport less than men due totraditional attitudes( looking after family/ not getting sweaty, place in
some cultures is in the home), lack of time & energy( most women work
AND bring up a family with household jobs to do), lack of money- if not
working don’t have the money to participate or to pay for babysitters,
transport- if a car is not available getting anywhere on public transport
is difficult( also most activities are usually at nightdangerous/scared), shortage of role models- not many high paid high
profile women at same level as men, attitudes- many men & women think
that being fit, determined, competitive is not feminine, poor media
coverage of women’s sport. Gradually more opportunities for women in
sports jobs, managing, coaching, refereeing, TV presenting, sport
reporting. Women’s Sport Foundation set up 1984 to promote all
aspects of women’s sport.
Sport & trends- sports that become popular / in fashion or those that
become less popular- due to media/ role models eg squash is in declinemany sports centres have changed the use of these into other areas eg
Dolphin centre now soft play area. Sports in fashion- tennis in the
summer- Wimbledon.
Organisations that provide increased opportunities in participation
are;National Governing bodies- NGB’s. The official organising bodies in
charge of each sport locally, nationally, globally- eg FIFA- FA- County
associations. Other NGB’s- LTA- lawn tennis association, ASA- amateur
swimming association.
Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy- uses elite sports role models to inspire
participation & mentor young people in sport.
National Coaching foundation- NCF- set up to improve coaching in all
sports at all levels- level 1 to international. Also runs National coaching
centres around the UK
Youth Sports Trust- YST- leading organisation in UK for training
voluntary leaders in sports activities( sports leaders qualifications).
Manages national school sports competitions
Sport England- Government agency providing funding & facilities. It
awards funding from the national lottery & government, help in planning
new facilities (our new sports facilities here), research, responsible for
elite success (national teams), promote sport from grass roots to
increase participation.
Darlington Borough Council- is our local authority provider for sport.
Provides coaches, facilities, clubs, play schemes, activities for all user
groups (OAPs, mother & toddlers etc) & gives concessions( reduced
fees) for targeted groups eg teenagers.
Social groupings- the following groups affect participation in sport
positively & negatively.
Parents- what they think, experiences they have had will influence what
they pass on to their own children- good experience= enthusiastic
support for doing sport, will help with transport/ coaching, pay fees,
clothing, equipment, negative= no help/ support
Peers- this is people of similar age- eg teenagers, same class/ year can
have a huge influence in sport (called peer pressure). If the peer group
is involved in sport others are encouraged to follow the group.
Gender- males & females are encouraged to take part in sport. However
some activities & clubs are single sex due to lack of facilities/ coaches/
rules of the game due to safety because of size of & strength.
Exceptions- mixed tennis, show jumping
Recreation time- time to relax & do something active/ healthy.
Leisure time- this is your free time when you chose what you do. What
you do depends on culture, traditions, friends, money available. More
leisure time now than before due to; more unemployment, early
retirement, shorter working week/ flexi- time/ technological
advances( computers), machines doing jobs humans used to do, labour
saving devices- hoovers/ dishwashers / washing machines, better
health care & standard of living= we live longer so more active elderly
people about. Big growth in leisure industry- private & public sports
centres/ gyms/ clubs
Life- long sport- an activity that is carried on through- out life.
Facilities- the number of indoor & outdoor facilities depends on;
location-(if near forest= orienteering, ropes course), funding ( from
government, lottery, sponsor), access- poor road/ rail links= poor
numbers using accessing facilities), expected use & demand- aim will be
to get as many people as possible using the facility if public or private,
environmental- national parks areas of outstanding natural beauty
Major international events- usually arranged by international governing
bodies eg FIFA or IOC (International Olympics Committee). Host- is
the country or town/ city holding the event.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Players/ supporters meet & make
Countries try to show superioritynew friends
USA/ China/ Russia
Unites people of different races,
Expensive- poor countries can’t
religions, cultures
afford it
Gives top athletes chance to
Sponsorship is needed- even rich
perform- encourages excellence
countries can’t afford it. Makes
sports more commercial
Spreads interest in sport around
Security risks- terrorists/
the world= more people will play
hooligans
sport
Prestige & tourism
Financial losses
Boosts facilities, transport, local
Strain – on phones, transport
business( hotels, shops)
system
Profit- ticket sales, merchandise,
TV rights
Centres of Excellence- run by national governing bodies (NGB’s) to run
training programmes for elite competitors, those on talent programmes
& beginners. Provides top class coaching & facilities. Found at Crystal
Palace- athletics & swimming, Manchester Velodrome- cycling, Bisham
Abbey- tennis, Lilleshall- football , gymnastics & sports injury clinic,
Holme Pierrepont- water sports, Plas y Brenin- outdoor sport- climbing,
canoeing.
Sponsorship- when business gives support for an event, team or person.
The business gets publicity- its name/ logo is displayed on kit,
programmes, hoardings etc
Major event sponsor- Flora London marathon. National team sponsorNationwide England football team
Advantages for the sponsor- link with sport good for company image,
tax deductable, TV events mean more advertising in millions of homes,
best seats at competitions/ luxury & executive boxes
Disadvantages for the sponsor- risky, team might be unsuccessful so
wasted money, hooligans may disrupt, player/ team may behave in a way
the sponsor doesn’t like swearing etc
Advantages for the sport- events that are expensive to run can be
organised or funding available for whole sport eg football league also
helps athletes who can’t afford expensive training/ facilities
Disadvantages for the sport- the deal only lasts for a certain amount
of time, not guaranteed, sponsor may have an unhealthy image eg Mc
Donalds, sponsors control the timing of events( traditionally football
kick off was 3pm Sat afternoon), Sponsors only want high profile,
successful teams, change of kit to suit sponsor eg cricket 1 day games
& coloured kit.
Advantages for the performer- pays for coaching, training, equipment,
facilities, travel to overseas training camps, accommodation, physio etc
Disadvantages for the performer- deal not for life, Will expect you to
wear, market the product whether playing or not eg Nike to play sport
in & socially, may have to do appearance duties
Dates/ times/ clothing of events now done to suit sponsors, TV rights.
Getting sponsorship at grass roots level is difficult- usually local
businesses/ family friends etc help with kit.
Acceptable sponsors- ones that promote a healthy, positive &
wholesome image eg Flora London Marathon
Unacceptable sponsors- ones that promote bad health eg alcohol/
tobacco companies
Media is all the ways you can get information about sport- TV/
books/internet/ The Press/ radio
These types of media will help to inform players & the public about
sport by commentaries, different types of programmes- informative,
educational, documentaries, entertainment, live coverage of games
& sports. The people who work in media control what you read/ see/
hear- directors/ editors. They decide what to put in & take out of
articles, reports, broadcasts. They decide whether they want to
educate you, give you the facts, entertain you, deliberately
sensationalise, express appoint of view (approve/ disapprove). Schools
make use of coaching DVD’s as skills can be viewed & can play over &
over also use educational programmes- documentaries.
Positive effects of media- better informed public, encourages more
participants & supporters, attract sponsors, sports personalities
become positive role models.
Negative effects of media- too much of certain sports eg football,
not balanced coverage, over sensationalise events, people watch on TV
rather than attend events, times & dates of events chanced to suit
TV/ satellite, changes in the length of season- football matches
traditionally finished after FA cup- no summer games, re start in
September., changes in rules eg tie- break in tennis changed to suit TV
viewing.
Etiquette- unwritten code of behaviour-eg shake hands, 3 cheers, kick
the ball out of play.
Behaviour of spectators-help players/ team by cheering them onhelps players become more determined, support financially by paying to
see them play, but merchandise. Spectators who behave badly are
called hooligans – common in football. They throw items & are verbally
abusive often fuelled by alcohol. CCTV used, fans kept apart. Police
help to stop this behaviour with crowd control & a strong police
presence at fixtures- the clubs have to pay for this.
Behaviour of players- provide excitement & enjoyment for the
spectators. Player’s behaviour in some sports when playing is different.
A level of aggression/ physical contact towards other players in rugby
is common & seen as normal. In other sports like gym or swimming it is
rare. Violence which is not within the rules/ expectations is dealt with
by the referees, clubs & governing body of the sport
Heysel- 1985 European cup final Heysel stadium, Brussels. Liverpool
fans rushed at Juventus fans. A wall collapsed killing 39 Juventus fans.
English football clubs were banned from European competitions for 5
years
Hillsborough( Sheffield)- 1989 FA cup semi- finals. Large crowd of
Liverpool fans were outside the ground before kick- off. Police opened
large gate to let them in. In the rush for the terraces fans were
trapped against the perimeter fence- 96 fans crushed to death
Taylor report- name of the enquiry after Hillsborough. Stated that all
perimeter fencing to be removed, all- seater stadiums, no terraces.
Clubs were forced into spending thousands on stadium safety FA
helped with funding.
Political & financial issues in major international sport-the
government thinks sport is important. There is a minister for sportpromoting sport here & abroad. He or she is the link between
government & NGB’s helping to finance sport via grants, taxes & the
Lottery. In many countries sport is a priority eg former East Germany,
Russia- potential champions are selected at an early age, attend special
government run training centres- no choice- duty to the communist
country! The performance of sport was raised so they excelled in world
competitions- superiority etc
BUT- if countries start to disagree with issues (human rights,
terrorists, race- apartheid). Sport is used as a way of showing the
opinions of the governments by boycotting events (not going). With the
large media around events like Olympics political activists use this to
demonstrate their opinions.
Examples-1936 Berlin, Hitler used games to show off Nazi power &
supremacy. Black American Jesse Owen won 4 gold medals when crowd
stood to salute him Hitler left the stadium.
1972- Munich- Palestinian terrorists broke into the Olympic village took
9 Israeli athletes hostage & killed 2. Police rescue attempt failed- all
athletes killed, 1 policeman & 5 terrorists.
1976- Montreal. Government money ran out- stadium not finished for
opening ceremony. Canada has only just paid off debts
1980-Moscow - Russia invaded Afghanistan in 1979. In protest West
Germany, Kenya, Japan, USA & Canada boycotted the games.
1884, Los Angeles- 1st games totally funded by sponsorship & sale of TV
rights. Profit made=$235 million. Boycotted by Russia (for alleged poor
safety) but seen as pay back for USA not attending Moscow
1992, Barcelona- South Africa competes after gap of 30years apartheid
2004, Athens- Greek government struggles with funding, rumours that
many facilities after the games left to ruins
Financial issues play important part in large sports events- stadium
costs, Olympic villages, transport issues. Sponsorship & media/ TV
rights is a vital part of major sports events now.
Amateurs- don’t get paid to play sport- leisure activity. Usually have to
pay to play.
Professionals- play full time- it’s their job. Get paid to play. Financial
bonus/ rewards for success.
Terms come from the class system amateur meant you were a
gentleman who could afford to play sport for leisure, professionals
were lower classes who earned money from sport eg like from a bet.
1866 Amateur athletics club set up by gentlemen- working class not
allowed in because manual labour made them stronger than the
gentlemen. In 1880 the club changed its name to Amateur Athletics
Association & changed amateur to mean someone who received no
financial reward so the working classes could now join.
Open sports- competitions where amateurs & professionals play
together eg Golf British Open. Usually big prize money. Due to better
facilities & more leisure time amateurs can commit themselves to sport
more so better fitness & skill level so an more equal competition. Rules
on the earnings of amateurs have changed, so money won in open
competitions is ok. Other loopholes for amateurs to obtain moneyscholarships( training at sports colleges etc with top coaches), trust
funds- prize & appearance money put in fund for training/ living costs,
jobs- PT instructors in the Army- train full time & get paid.
Local provision for sport- our local providers are Darlington Borough
Council & with Sports Development team who have officers who link
with clubs, teams, schools & coaches. Sports development team
organise holiday clubs, competitions, coaching in sports. Some of our
local facilities are public use facilities eg Dolphin centre others are
private centres, clubs eg Bannatynes, Blackwell golf club. To go to local
centres anyone can use them & costs are subsidised by local authority,
to go to the private centres you have to pay to be a member & pay
usually for 6 – 12 months. Expensive if you don’t use the facility.
Sport Clubs-provide facilities, organise competitions, promote the
sport, encourage new members. Voluntary organisations
Club officials- all sports clubs will have a similar structure. Made up of
a committee of;
 Members- pay a fee to join & elect the members on the
committee
 Chair- person- top official- represents the club & runs the
meetings
 Vice Chair- takes over if Chair is absent
 Secretary- arranges meetings, keeps minutes (notes), and keeps
everyone informed about what is happening.
 Treasurer- looks after club’s finances & bank account- match
fees, affiliation to NGB, fundraising.
 Fixtures secretary- arranges all matches & events.
 Coach- links with schools to promote sport & get new members
Role of Sport England- get more people involved in sport, provide more
facilities, raise level of national achievements in sport- medals for team
GB etc. Gets its money from Government through taxes (Department
for of Culture, Media & Sport -DCMS) & from the Lottery. Lottery
money goes to bids made by groups, individuals for developing sport.
HQ is London & has 9 regional offices around the country. Links with
local authorities, public & private sector, NGB’s.
UKSport- looks after national teams & top class performers, provides
top class medical, scientific & coaching facilities, warm weather
training & international competition programmes.
National Lottery for every £1 spent 28p goes into the Lottery good
causes fund. You have to apply for funding.
Awards for all funding- can give grants from £300- £10.000 for sport
& community use projects.
Competitions
Knockouts – one team plays another, the winner goes through to next
round and the looser drops out of the competition. Advantages: quick
and easy to organise. Can allow high numbers, as half drop out each
round. Disadvantage: if you lose you only get to play one game.
Leagues – involves all teams or competitors playing against each other,
often twice over a period of time or ‘season’. Advantages: can cater for
a large entry with several leagues. Ensures everyone has the same
number of games. All arrangements can be made in advance.
Disadvantages: it goes one for a very long time. You can end up with
fixture congestion towards the end of the season.
Ladders – set number of players or teams on a list or ‘ladder’ and you
can challenge people above you to games and then you take the higher
place if you win. Advantages: well suited to sports such as squash,
badminton or tennis. Very simple to run and administer. Disadvantage:
progress can be slow and only really suitable for a fairly small entry.
Round Robin – Everyone plays everyone in the competition.
Advantage: You will play everyone and get the same amount of games.
Disadvantages: Can take a long time to complete. Not ideal for large
numbers.
Combination Events – These combine elements of some competitions.
Qualifying competitions may be played in leagues and winners proceed
to a knock out stage. Advantages: as many games as you like can be
played. Teams may get more than one chance to qualify and it allows for
high numbers to be involved. Disadvantage: It can take a long time to
complete and there may be ‘meaningless’ games where teams have
already qualified.
NOW LEARN ALL OF THIS!