The Physics of
KEY
Arizona
University of Arizona, Tucson
California
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
California Polytechnic State University,
San Luis Obispo
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center,
Menlo Park
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, Riverside
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Cruz
Colorado
University of Colorado, Boulder
Connecticut
Fairfield University, Fairfield
Yale University, New Haven
Florida
Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne
Florida International University, Miami
Florida State University, Tallahassee
University of Florida, Gainesville
Illinois
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb
Northwestern University, Evanston
University of Chicago, Chicago
University of Illinois at Chicago
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ANGELS & DEMONS
ALICE
ATLAS
CMS
LHC
LHCb
LHCf
TOTEM
Puerto Rico
Indiana
Indiana University, Bloomington
Purdue University, West Lafayette
Purdue University Calumet, Hammond
University of Notre Dame, South Bend
Iowa
Iowa State University, Ames
University of Iowa, Iowa City
Kansas
Kansas State University, Manhattan
University of Kansas, Lawrence
Louisiana
Louisiana Tech University, Ruston
Maryland
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
University of Maryland, College Park
Massachusetts
Boston University, Boston
Brandeis University, Waltham
Harvard University, Cambridge
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge
Northeastern University, Boston
Tufts University, Medford
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Michigan
Michigan State University, East Lansing
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Wayne State University, Detroit
Minnesota
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis
Mississippi
University of Mississippi, Oxford
Nebraska
Creighton University, Omaha
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
New Jersey
Princeton University, Princeton
Rutgers State University of New Jersey,
Piscataway
New Mexico
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
New York
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton
Columbia University (Nevis Laboratory),
New York
Cornell University, Ithaca
New York University, New York
Rockefeller University, New York
State University of New York at Albany
State University of New York at Buffalo
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Syracuse University, Syracuse
University of Rochester, Rochester
Flip Tanedo
North Carolina
Duke University, Durham
Ohio
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
Ohio State University, Columbus
Ohio Supercomputer Center, Columbus
Oklahoma
Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City
University of Oklahoma, Norman
Oregon
University of Oregon, Eugene
Pennsylvania
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh
Penn State University, University Park
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh
Puerto Rico
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez
Rhode Island
Brown University, Providence
&
Don Teo
South Carolina
University of South Carolina, Columbia
Tennessee
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
Vanderbilt University, Nashville
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Texas
Rice University, Houston
Southern Methodist University, Dallas
Texas A&M University, College Station
Texas Tech University, Lubbock
University of Texas at Arlington
University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas at Dallas
Virginia
Hampton University, Hampton
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Washington
University of Washington, Seattle
Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin, Madison
PhD students in theoretical and experimental particle physics
Cornell Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics (LEPP)
Cornell
University
www.uslhc.us
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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The Story
•
•
The Illuminati? (Or is it?)
•
... and is used as a weapon
to threaten the Vatican
•
Robert Langdon and
Vittoria Vetra (CERN) save
the day
Antimatter is stolen from
the Large Hadron Collider
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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The Story
•
•
HEP: study the fundamental laws of nature
•
•
... but there’s still a lot we don’t know.
Standard Model: quantum theory that has
been remarkably successful...
Exciting developments in theoretical and
experimental work
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
3 /45
Trailer
Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
4 /45
Fact vs. Fiction
Prof. Csaba Csáki
Prof. Robert Langdon
Theoretical Particle Physicist
Cornell University
“Symbologist”
Harvard University
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
5 /45
Fact: CERN Exists
•
European Organization for Nuclear Research
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
• Large Hadron Collider
• 25 km circumference
• Actually five experiments:
ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM
• Founded in 1954: proto-EU
• 20 member states
• Mission: fundamental science
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
6 /45
Fact: CERN Exists
•
European Organization for Nuclear Research
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
• Large Hadron Collider
• 25 km circumference
• Actually five experiments:
ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM
• Founded in 1954: proto-EU
• 20 member states
• Mission: fundamental science
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
7 /45
Fact: CERN Exists
•
•
9,000 scientists (1,000 from US universities/labs)
World’s most powerful accelerator
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
8 /45
Similar fermilab
labs in the US
Cornell ESR:
positrons
• On campus we
•
collide electrons and
their antiparticles,
positrons
Takes about 10
minutes to fill the
machine with antiparticles
ell) and Chicago
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
11
9 /45
What kind of science?
•
•
•
•
•
Physics: probe fundamental interactions
Physics: photon physics, lasers
Chemistry: atomic-scale microscope
Medicine: cancer therapy
Spin-offs: microwaves, world-wide web
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
10 /45
Why colliders?
E = mc
•
•
2
The universe is made of light particles
In order to make massive particles, need to
convert lots of energy into matter.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
11 /45
Why colliders?
2
2 4
2 2
E =m c +p c
•
•
•
Mass is a kind of “potential energy”
Turn kinetic energy into potential energy
Speed of light is big... so a lot of kinetic
energy is required to make a little mass
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
12 /45
Why colliders?
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
13 /45
Energies at the LHC
•
•
•
Battleship cannons: 300 MJ
LHC beams at full energy: 700 MJ
LHC particle collision energy ~10-7 J
(kinetic energy of a dozen mosquitoes)
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
14 /45
Fiction: 99% speed of light
... it’s actually 99.999998% of the speed of light
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
15 /45
Fiction: lab coats
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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Real
physicists
lab coats: fiction
Theorist!
7
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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Real Control Room
Fermilab: No windows, no lab coats, lots of post-it notes
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
18 /45
Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
19 /45
Fact: Antimatter
plush particles from particlezoo.net
•
•
“Opposite” of matter
Annihilates with matter to produce energy
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
20 /45
What is antimatter?
•
•
Charge-Parity conjugation
•
•
All fundamental particles have anti-partners
Right-handed, +charged particle converted
into a left-handed, - charged particle
Can even produce anti-atoms (1995 in
CERN)... but can only store for a few sec.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
21 /45
Since the 1930s...
• 1933: Dirac proposes positron
• Anderson discovers soon after
• Required for theoretical
consistency of quantum theory
• Major role in chemistry
• Now used routinely in
medicine (PET scans)
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
Physical Review 43, 1034 (1933)
22 /45
Producing
antimatter
Cornell
ESR:
positrons
+
On
campus
we
Cornell: produce positrons,
e
•
fact: CERN exists
•
• Collide e and e to produce D
+
mesons
-
•
collide electrons and
their antiparticles,
positrons
Takes about 10
minutes to fill the
machine with antiparticles
• 10 min to fill ring with e+
• Tevatron: 1.6 trillion
antiprotons in 8 hours
fermilab
11
• 1 million collisions makes only
20 antiprotons (low efficiency)
• fact: CERN exists.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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Producing antimatter
Nature can produce antimatter, too.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
24 /45
Producing antimatter
Potassium-40 (40K)
• 100 ppm of natural potassium
• ! ~ billion years
• 40K " 40Ca + e- + #e (89%)
• 40K + e- " 40Ar + #e (11%)
• 40K " 40Ar + e+ + #e (10-5%)
People contain 40K!
You produce antimatter.
Contains e+
every 75 min
http://tertiarysource.net/ts.cgi/anti-banana
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
25 /45
Early universe
Big bang produces equal amounts of matter
and antimatter. Why do we only see matter?
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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Early universe
Assume there’s some small asymmetry from
initial conditions or dynamics.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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Early universe
•
•
Matter-antimatter annihilation
CMB: the remnants of a cosmic annihilation
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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Cosmic Microwave
Background
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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What’s the matter with
antimatter?
•
Why is the universe made of matter but
not antimatter? (“CP violation”)
•
If the universe started with equal amounts
of matter and antimatter, how did it
generate a matter-antimatter asymmetry?
•
Can some particles be their own antiparticles? (maybe neutrinos?)
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
30 /45
Fiction: a gram of antimatter
Glowing?
Um... that’s
really bad.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
31 /45
Fiction: a gram of antimatter
•
•
•
•
Movie: 1/4 g of antimatter ~ 5 kT TNT
(Hiroshima: 15 kT TNT)
1/
4
g ~ 1023 antiprotons
1.6 trillion P+ in 8 hrs
100 million years
Movie: produced this in 3 seconds
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
32 /45
•
•
© CERN
Fiction: a gram of antimatter
No way to store anti-matter
LHC is a proton collider...
no antimatter stored
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
33 /45
Is it useful?
•
•
•
•
Sci-fi: powers the starship Enterprise
... but not feasible in the near-term
Chemistry: $-decay
Medicine: basis of PET scans
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
34 /45
Fact: the ‘God’ particle
•
Its real name is the
Higgs boson
•
Gives [most] other
particles their mass
electroweak symmetry breaking
•
Exception: atomic nucleus;
mass comes from gluons
•
Not yet discovered... could
it be that there is an
alternative mechanism?
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
35 /45
The Higgs Boson
Suppose particles are like a famous scientist.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
36 /45
The Higgs Boson
The particle is slowed down by a crowd of
people (Higgs bosons) that want to chat
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
37 /45
The Higgs Boson
The Higgs gives itself mass: imagine a rumor
that a famous scientist is coming soon.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
38 /45
Fiction: bio-entanglement physics
! Biology
! Entanglement
! Biophysics
! Entanglement physics
" Bio-entanglement physics
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
39 /45
Real LHC Physics
•
Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: what gives
particles mass? Higgs, or something exotic?
•
Are there new sources of CP violation
(matter/antimatter asymmetry)?
•
•
‘Hot and dense’ physics (“heavy ion”)
New physics scenarios... extra dimensions?
Supersymmetry?
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
40 /45
Fiction: ‘Illuminati’
•
There is no secret research at CERN or in
any of the US collider facilities
•
•
•
All research is transparent
Visitors welcome, please do take pictures
No military research at HEP labs
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
41 /45
Micro Black Holes
“The Large Hadron Collider might
make dragons that might eat us up.”
-Prof. Nima Arkani-Hamed
New York Times, 29 March 2008
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
42 /45
Micro Black Holes
•
•
•
LHC black holes? Maybe
•
Really cool physics, though...
... suggestive of extra dimensions
... such black holes would evaporate quickly
Planetary threat? Certainly not*
High energy cosmic rays bombard the
atmosphere with much higher energies than
the LHC; Earth is still around
* This is a problem in science communication.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
43 /45
Summary
Past CERN experiments...
•
•
•
1976 (Ting)
1984 (Rubbia, Van der Meer)
LHC: looking
forward to
the sequel!
1992 (Charpak)
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
44 /45
Further reading
•
The Newtonian Legacy, Nick Evans.
•
Insultingly Stupid Movie Physics, Tom Rogers.
•
The Physics of Star Trek, Lawrence Krauss.
•
US LHC Blogs (blogs.uslhc.us)
Quantum Diaries (quantumdiaries.org)
“Learn about the frontiers of particle physics within a
fast-paced crime adventure.” [Available free online]
Also see website. Movie with the worst physics? The Core.
This is the book that made FT want to be a physicist.
Blogging about life as a particle physicist.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
45 /45