European Land Holdings on the Eve of
the French and Indian War (1754-1763)
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754
English Settlements: 13 Diverse Colonies
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754
“the British are coming…”
Key Concept 2.1:
Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns,
influenced by different imperial goals, cultures and the varied North
American environment where they settled, and they competed with each
other and American Indians for resources.
text chapter 2: “the planting of English
America” (1500-1733)
turning point
DEFEAT OF SPANISH ARMADA
1588
Spain overextends itself; leaving it and parts of its
empire in New World vulnerable
Recognition of England’s investment in a
powerful naval.
Beginning of the end; a slow decline of Spanish
empire
Which empire (culture) would dominate continent?
ENGLAND ON THE EVE OF AN EMPIRE
GROWING NATIONALISM AND UNITY
Defeat of Spanish Armada: formal peace 1604
Elizabeth I ascends to throne (1558); popular monarch
Protestant Queen: unifies religion in England after King Henry VII’s break from
Catholic Church and Protestant Reformation
Golden Age of English Literature
self-confidence, adventure, curiosity of the unknown
Developing capitalistic national economy; use of early corporations: joint stock companies
Growing perceived “overpopulation”
INVESTORS WANT PROFIT$
Empire Building in North America
ENGLAND: PLANTING THE SEEDLINGS FOR A NEWNEVER-BEFORE-SEEN NATION
ROANOKE ISLAND
(1585) Sir Walter Raleigh leads military excursion to scope
N Carolina for settlement.
(1587) First families arrive
(1590) returning supply ship finds Roanoke deserted.
one of American history’s great mysteries.
JAMESTOWN, VA
(1606) James I issues charter to (joint stock company) Virginia Company to settle in new world.
! charter: granted all the protection and rights under English rule
“Have We Found the Lost Colony?”
ENGLAND BEGINS PLANTING THE SEEDS
A Difficult Start
Disease (malaria), unpotable water, food shortages, poor leadership
gold over survival
While stealing food, Cpt Smith kidnapped by Powhatan Indians;
saved” by Pocahontas.
(Winter, 1608) released, Smith returns to fort: 38/104 settlers alive,
and more arriving. Powhatan send food: a tenuous relationship.
Cpt Smith elected president; enforces hard work ethics.
The Starving Time
(1609-1610)
“Work or starve”
Captain John Smith
1580-1630
Leadership void, food shortage, cannibalism, lack of supplies, problems
persist….and more settlers.
Virginia Company bankrupt; King James revokes charter, Virginia a royal colony
– under leadership of King.
King Nicotine
John Rolfe returns to develop a cash cow for the mother-land
TOBACCO: The “Bewitching Weed”
Tobacco…
requires a lot land.
a lot of labor.
depletes land quickly.
Need for a lot of land and labor
Indentured servants and families encouraged to cross
the Atlantic…and
John Rolfe
1585-1622
! (1619) Dutch privateer ship White Lion lands in Jamestown with “20 and odd negroes”
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Produces a new line of devote church reformers
John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
Establishes predestination: only the all-knowing God
knew who would be saved.
Not knowing your fate, people sought signs of conversion
– an intense personal experience with God.
The “elect” expected to live sanctified lives
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ENGLAND
Puritan “Separatists”
The most radical, devout wanted a clean break from the (Anglican) Church of England.
Some leave for Holland for religious freedom and avoid persecution
..some of these, along with “Strangers” risk settling near Jamestown Colony…
..but end up in Plymouth Massachussets
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ENGLAND
Plymouth Colony (1620)
Early Hardships: behind schedule, Mayflower arrives in November.
Pilgrims-Wampanoag Treaty April, 1621; friendly
relations, strong leadership leads to successful
settlement
Gov. William Bradford
Massasoit
Wampanoag Chietan
Cpt. Miles Standish
WEST INDIES: The Way Station to Mainland America
England secures claims to
some Caribbean islands.
Slavery
become an
important
source of
labor on sugar
plantations
sugar plantations
the “ATLANTIC ECONOMY”
The start of the TRIANGULAR TRADE pattern
!
13 Distinctly Different British Colonies
Eng colonists bring to Am a tradition of independence and representative govt.
Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia Royal Colony
Tobacco economy
1660’s low tobacco prices from overproduction
tobacco farmer – London
merchant trade wars.
Maryland
Proprietary Colony - under individual ownership
(Lord Baltimore) by king.
settlement for fellow Catholics
To avoid Catholic/Protestant conflict – MD’s
representative assembly passes…
ACT OF TOLERATION (1649)
guaranteeing toleration of all CHRISTIANS
Labor Shortages
Chesapeake Cols grew slowly: unhealthy climate
disease
Am Ind attacks
Indentured Servants: under absolute rule of master
Headright System: 50 acres of land to immigrant or
plantation owner who paid for immigrant’s passage.
Slavery: 1619 to VA; treated similar as Indent Servs
Early colonists too poor to buy slaves imported into W. Indies
1660’s VA passes laws discriminating against blacks (Bac Rebell)
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Royal Governor Berkeley adopts policies favoring
large planters; dictatorial powers.
Antagonizes backwoods farmers of Virginia’s
western frontier – no protection from Am Inds.
Land becoming scarce; Ind Servs not given their
“freedom dues.”
Nathaniel Bacon leads rebellion: raises vol army raids and massacres Ind villages;
burns Jamestown settlement.
Lasting Problems:
1. Sharp class difference between large wealthy
planters – landless or poor farmers.
2. Colonial resistance to royal control.
Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
1. First large-scale political rebellion
Writes “Declaration” of grievances” (July, 1676)
2. Social rebellion: “eastern elites” v. backwoods farmers
3. Catalyst for change: use of indentured servants to slavery.
Southern (Plantation) Colonies
S Carolina (1663)
Starts with strong W. Indies trade bond; good harbor.
1700’s rice plantations worked by slaves similar to W. Indies sugar plantations.
SQUATTERS (without land rights) move in from Virginia and New England
(1696) Barbados Slave Code adopted
N. Carolina (1663)
poorer transportation and fewer good harbors
Fewer large plantations; less reliance on slaves.
Reputation for democratic views; autonomy of British control
BLOODY EUROPEAN – AM INDIAN RELATIONS
(1711-1713) Tuscarora War
(1715-1716) Yamasee Indians; devastating most costal tribes;
BUT interior tribes remain strong.
Georgia (1733)
Founded (1733) as a buffer to protect itself from Spanish and Am Indian
Invasions; proprietary colony
Launched by philanthropists: to serve as a haven for debtors
James Oglethorpe, first settlement of Savannah
Strict regulations: no slavery, no drinking rum….
Slow Growing….
turning point
Becomes a royal colony: duplicates
plantation S Carolina plantation system
Mayflower Compact
the first, very rudiment Constitution – a “We the People” agreement
New England Colonies
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)
Lead by Winthrop with royal charter, 15,000+
leave in 1630s to found Boston during English Civil
War: Great Migration
“City on a Hill” sermon: importance of Puritan settlement
Establish elected assembly: voting rights limited
to male members of the Puritan Church.
a “biblebelt’ across N Eng
John Winthrop
1630’s Puritan Great Migration
Map 3.1b p45
CONFLICT WITHIN THE PURITAN RANKS
Respected Puritan Minister, arriving in Boston (1631)
Taught person’s conscience is beyond control of civil or
church authority
Banished from Mass Bay Colony, founds Providence
Colony (Rhode Island)
Respected right of Am Inds; paid for use of land
Catholics, Quakers, Jews worshiped freely
Roger Williams
1603-1683
CONFLICT WITHIN THE PURITAN RANKS
Anne Hutchinson questioned Puritan authorities
Taught antinomianism faith alone is necessary for
salvation
Placed on trial for sedition: banished; she and
followers founded Portsmouth Colony
1644, Roger Williams granted charter from
Parliament joining colonies creating Rhode Island
Tolerated diverse beliefs – a refuge for many “the sewer” to the Puritans
Anne Hutchinson
1591-1643
CONFLICT WITHIN THE PURITAN RANKS
1660s: one generation of Puritans later, fewer members were having
conversions.
To maintain church membership, more liberal clergy offer halfway
covenant: partial church membership
Short-term: creates schism within/among Puritan
churches
Long Term: Greater, more diverse participation
CONNECTICUT
Rev Thomas Hooker, unhappy with Mass Bay authorities, led followers to
fertile Connecticut River Valley; founded Hartford Colony (1636)
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
A representative govt
A legislature elected by
popular vote
A governor chosen by
the legislature
! Royal Charter (1665) granted with limited
degree of self-govt
NEW NETHERLAND
1600s: A DUTCH GOLDEN AGE
earned independence from Spain
Expands commercial and naval power to become leading
colonial power: Dutch India Company
Henry Hudson explores upper east coast, Hudson River
Near the No. 7 train in Flushing, Queens—one of New York City’s most diverse neighborhoods—sits an unassuming house that can rightfully be
called...
The Cradle Of Our Religious Freedom
By Gerri Hirshey
Published: April 17, 2005
To lovers of freedom throughout history, there have been few sounds as ominous as the tramp of military boots followed by a knock on the door.
More than 300 years ago, in 1662, there was such a banging on a one-room farm home in the town of Vlissingen (currently Flushing, Queens) in
the early Dutch colony of New Amsterdam that is now New York City.
That September afternoon, John Bowne, a 34-year-old English settler, opened the door with his sickly infant daughter in his arms. His wife,
Hannah, pregnant and ill, rested within. With armed men, Sheriff Resolve Waldron arrested Bowne on orders from the colony’s governor, Peter
Stuyvesant. The charge was aiding and abetting an “abomination” known as Quakerism. Bowne, whose wife had converted to Quakerism, allowed
a local group to worship in his home. When he refused to pay a fine or renounce the Quakers, he was locked in a dungeon with bread-and-water
rations, then deported to Amsterdam, Holland.
Bowne endured a 19-month separation from his young family and the near-ruin of his estate. When he finally had a hearing before the officers of
the Dutch West India Company in Amsterdam, Bowne invoked a 1657 declaration of religious freedom signed by fellow settlers, called The
Flushing Remonstrance. It is now considered a precursor to America’s Bill of Rights—and one of the original documents of American democracy. It
declared that a law guaranteeing “love, peace and liberty” should be extended to all residents, including “to Jews, Turks and Egyptians.” Bowne
made his case and was sent home. Stuyvesant was ordered to halt his harassment of religious minorities.
“The preservation of this house is critical to understanding who we are as a people,” insists Barbaralee Diamonstein-Spielvogel, chairperson of the
Historic Landmarks Preservation Center. “A structure is only as significant as the people who inhabited it,” she says. “And this is one of the most
exceptional families this country has produced.”
Bowne’s descendants include four New York City mayors, six U.S. Presidents and early abolitionists. (In fact, the house is believed to have been a
stop on the Underground Railroad for escaping slaves.) The family also was distinguished in business. Robert Bowne (1744-1818) founded the
oldest public company in the nation, the printing concern Bowne & Co., which is still in operation today.
The Middle Colonies
(1623): New Amsterdam, purchasing Manhattan Island, a
company town run by and for Dutch West India Company
Investors had little enthusiasm for democratic practices
colony developed a strong aristocracy; building
patroonships (feudal estates)
!1664: ENGLISH SEIZES NEW NETHERLAND FROM DUTCH
a key harbor and Hudson River
Eng control entire east coast
Aristocratic atmosphere
discourages European immigrants
QUAKERS: RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS
Dissenters; refused to pay taxes to established Church of England
DEEP CONVICTIONS:
against strife and warfare
refused military service
for passive resistance
simple, devoted, democratic people, for religious and civic freedom
PENN’S HOLY EXPERIMENT
(1660) Flees English persecution; looks to new world to
experiment with liberal ideas and make money
Amicable Am Ind relations; liberal land policy attracts immigrants
Proprietary Colony:
Representative assembly elected by landowners
WILLIAM PENN
no tax supported state church
pro social reform
freedom of religion
anti slavery
restricted use of death penalty