Index
Abele v. Markel, 494
Abington School District v.
Schempp, 322, 324, 502, 503
Abortion, 17, 298-299, 397, 423-424,
494; definition of death and, 67; direct, 404-406; ethics of, 401-407;
euthanasia and, 176; funding of,
330-331, 439-441; infanticide and,
253-255; justifiable, 199-213; legalization of, 13, 52-53, 238-241,
303-305, 448-449; personhood
and, 2-3, 305-312; privacy and,
52-53, 96; public opinion on, 14;
U. S. Supreme Court and, 312-319;
welfare costs and, 7, 177-178
Abram, H. S., 496, 498
Ackhoff, R. L., 489
Actions: performances and, 390392; results and, 381-390; rules
-and, 348, 447-448
Aderman, D., 485
Aged, 250, 260, 277; cost of care for,
7-8; social security and, 9-11
Agent, appointment of, 107-109
Aid to Families with Dependent
Children, 247, 317
Algeria, 245
Allen, J. E.,484
American Bar Association, 82-83,
473
American Birth Control Conference,
first, 246
American Civil Liberties Union,
197, 487
American Ethical Union, 324, 325,
327, 502
American Humanist Association,
324-327, 502
American Medical Association, 6465, 471
American proposition, 20, 24, 27,
30, 34, 36, 39, 40, 46, 48, 52, 443,
444, 446, 447, 449, 451
American Veterinary Medical Association, 483
Ames, M. D., 493, 496
Analogy, use of in ethics, 337-338
Anderson, O. W., 464 , 466
Animals, euthanasia of, 224
Annas, G. J., 289, 467, 499
Application of President and Directors of Georgetown College, Inc.,
475
Argan, G. W., 478
Arkansas, 15, 102, 106-107, 128,
256, 281, 285
Augustine, St., 192
Baime, D. S., 499
Baker, J. A., 498
Bandman, E. and B., 482
Barkin, E., 478, 481
Barr, R. D., 502
Baughman, W. H., 476, 478, 479,
480, 481, 485
Beal V. Doe, 484, 501
Beck, L. W., 505
Bedau, H. A., 487
Beecher, H. K., 65, 471, 472
Behavior, action and, 390-392
Beneficence, killing and, 140
509
510
Index
Benoit, N. G., 469
Bentham, J., 347, 443
Beresford, H. R., 498
Bernard, J., 502
Bible: schools and, 320-327; war in,
398
Bickel, A., 504
Bill of Rights: see United States,
Constitution of. Bill of Rights
Binding, K., 243-244, 491
Biorck, G.,471
Bishops, duties of, 428-433
Black, H.,51
Black, P. McL., 473
Blacker, C. P., 246, 491
Blackmun, H. A., 316-318
Blake, J., 507
Blum, v., 481, 503
Board of Education v. Allen, 503
Bok, S. A., 141,478
Boyle, J. M., Jr., 490, 492, 497, 498,
505, 506, 507
Brack, H., 246
Brain: death of, 76-78; definition of
death and, 65-67,81-84
Brandt, R., 482
Brennan, W. J., 51, 316, 318, 327, 330
British Medical Association, 486
Brittain, J. A., 465
Brock, D. W., 505
Broderick, C. B., 502
Brody, B.,482, 487 , 490
Brown, D., 490
Brown, R. H., 481
Broy, A. B., 496
Bruha, J. C , 476, 478, 479, 480,
481, 485
Buckley, J. L., 500
Burger, W. E., 308, 318, 487
Burke, J. A., 466
Burt, R. A., 467
Busse, E. W., 465
Butler, R. N., 10
Byrn, R. M., 122-123, 474, 475, 476,
484, 490, 500, 501
Canterbury, Arbp. of, 146-147
Cantor, N. L., 470, 474 , 475 , 478
Capital punishment: see Death
penalty
Capron, A. M., 68-69, 81-82 , 471,
472, 473
Cardozo, B., 88
Care: medical and nursing distinguished, 263; morality of refusing,
417-422; presumptions for noncompetent, 269-272; proposed
statute, 289-298
Cassem, N. H., 485
Castes, quality of life and, 233235
Casuistry, 338
Cause, action and, 381-390
Character, choice and, 382-383
Charron, W. C , 69-70, 472
Childress, J. P., 496
Choice: actions and, 381-390; consequentiahsm and, 351-354; immoral, 366
Choper, J. H., 503
Citizens, duties of, 439-440
Civil religion, 327-328
Clark, J. M., 504
Clark, T. C , 50
Coercion: justifiable, 192-193; law
and, 26, 34, 44
Cole, S. S.,480, 481,482
Colen, B. D., 3, 464, 495
Colorado, 306
Coma: care required for patient in,
270; death and, 60, 62-63 , 65-67
Commensurability of goods, 349-361
Commitment, civil and suicide, 129131, 136-137
Common good: government and,
34-39; justice as, 39-44, 461463; liberty and, 163-168; liberty
and justice in, 44-50; life and,
459-461; war and, 398-399
Common law, 24 , 461; abortion in,
239; consent to treatment in, 8788; justified killing in, 184; necessity in, 208-213; suicide in,
California, 15, 81, 102-105, 135, 158
122
Campbell, A. G. M., 288, 467, 493, Compatibilism, 353
494, 496, 497
Condrau, C , 485
Index
Confessors, duties of, 428-433
Conley, R. W.,465
Conn, R. A., 467
Connecticut, 50-51, 315, 316
Connery, J., 486, 507
Conscience: cooperation and, 426;
formation of, 430-433
Conscientious objection, 44-45,
163-164, 319, 331-334
Consciousness, death and, 69-76
Consent: euthanasia and, 149-150;
homicide and, 142-143; liberty
and, 163-168; substitute, 175-176,
289-298
Consent of the governed: common
good and, 36; justice and, 25-34;
legitimacy and, 304;' normative
element in, 39-40
Consent to treatment: need for, 8790; presumed, 90-92; standards
for a statute concerning, 100-102
Consequences, acts and, 381-390
Consequentiahsm, 299-300, 303,
319, 337,346-361,365,369, 379,
388, 397, 398, 429, 444, 447, 448,
456-457; helping and, 425
Contraception, 177; abortion and,
312; legality of, 50-52
Converse, R., 471
Conway, D. J., 471
Cooke, R. E., 4%
Cooperation, ethics of, 422-429
Corbett, K. A., 495, 499
Cork and Orrery, Earl of, 158
Costanzo, J. P., 481
Counselors, duties of, 428-433
Courts: decisions concerning care
by, 277-281, 283-289; 294-297;
definition of death and, 64-65; euthanasia and, 162
Cox, A., 470
Cox, S. R., 107, 475
Crane, D., 494, 496, 498
Craniotomy, 202
Creighton, H., 497
Cremin, L. A., 503
Criteria for euthanasia, 229-233
Crofts, T. H., Jr., 474
Cronin, J. D.,473
Curran, W. J., 288, 499
511
Daube, D.,476, 507
Davidson, H. A., 477
Dawidowicz, L., 491
Dawson, Lord, 146
Deadly deeds, killing and, 393-394
Death: defined, 76-78; definition of,
59-85
Death penalty, 197-199, 232, 298299, 400-401
Death with dignity, 7, 15, 87, 118,
151, 165, 174-175, 179, 183, 225,
244, 269
Declaration of Independence, 26, 29,
33, 34, 36, 40, 46
Defective children, 232-233, 251256, 383, 415. See Down's syndrome; Spina bifida
Definition of death, 59-85; Congress
and, 84-85; existing statutes, 8084; proposed statute, 78-80; stipulative, 68-71; theoretical, factual,
and operational distinguished, 63
De Lange, D. A., 493, 498
Delgado, R., 178,476, 479, 485
Deliberation, action and, 381-390
Dellapenna, J. W., 470, 490
DeMere, McC.,82, 473
Dependency, public, 7-8
Derzon, R. A., 178, 189, 246, 464,
465 , 485
Destro, R. A., 470, 473, 490, 500
Determinism, consequentiahsm and,
351-354
Deterrent strategy, 11-13, 23, 397,
400
Devins, G. M., 472, 473
Devlin, Lord, 470
Dewey, J., 325-327, 503
Diamond, R. T.,472, 473
Diamond, S., 497
Dignity, defined, 179-182
Disaster medicine, 227-229
Discrimination: abortion and, 309;
killing and, 247-250
Dissent, theological, 429-433
Divine command theory, 343-344
Dixon, R. G., Jr., 470
Dobihal, E. P., 485
Doe V. Bolton: see Roe v. Wade
Doe V. Bridgeton Hosp. Assn., 484
512
Index
Doe V. Charleston Area Medical
Epstein, R. A., 470
Center, 484
Equal protection of the laws, 43-44,
Doe V. Ramp ton, 484
112, 148, 247-250, 303-304, 311,
Donavan, R. E., 499
337, 413, 469, 488, 503; abortion
Dooley, Diane, 496
and, 207, 241, 305-312; euthanasia
Double effect, 389-390; abortion
and, ^29-238; killing and, 216-217
Equality: justice and, 40-42, 457and, 404-407
458; political, 26-27
Douglas, W. O., 50, 51, 330
Downing, A. B., 466, 478 , 480, 481 Establishment of religion, 37-38,
Down's syndrome (mongolism), 16166, 230, 302, 305, 330-336, 503;
education and, 320-331
17, 187, 219, 233, 238, 253, 256,
Ethical Culture Societies, 324
260, 262, 272, 489
Ethics, law and: see Morality, law
Dualism, 70-71, 375-379, 402
and
Dubrey, R. J., 485
Dudley and Stephens, 208-212
Eugenics, 246-247
Due process of law, 43, 288
Euthanasia: defined, 86-87, 139Duff, R. S., 289, 467, 493, 494, 496,
140; morality of, 412-414; nonvoluntary by omission, 251-263; non497
voluntary, economics and, 184Dunphy, J. E., 493, 498
191; suicide as, 138; voluntary, arDuties, moral, 370-371
gument against, 153-168; volunDworkin, R. B., 68, 74 , 472
tary, argument for, 144-149; volDyck, A., 172-173, 482
untary, nonvoluntary and, 171Dying: death and, 67-68, 144; deci176; voluntary, opposed interests,
sions on care and, 286; defined,
149-153
266-267, 293; dignity while, 182183
Euthanasia Educational Fund, 14,
466
Euthanasia Society of America, 14,
15, 185
Earley v. DiCenso, 503
Everson v. Board of Education, 502
Ebra, G., 466
Extraordinary means, 257, 418; deEckstein, H. B.,465, 497
fined, 105-107
Economics: argument for euthanasia
based on, 184-191; care for noncompetent and, 253-255; euthanasia and, 225-227
Fairness, justice as, 39-44
Education, liberty and, 166
Family: aid available to, 258;
Egoism, 367
changes in, 6; decisions on care
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 469
by, 277-281; dignity and, 183; reElder, C. A., 502
sponsibilities of, 23
Electroencephalogram, 2, 63-64, 66, Farberow, N. L., 475, 477, 507
72, 82
Fattah, E. A., 487
Ely, J. H., 53-54, 304, 469, 492, 500 Federalist Papers, 36
Feldstein, M., 465
Embryotomy, 404-405
Feliciano, F. P., 487
End, means and, 388
Enforcement of morals, 57-58
Ferholt, J. B., 498
Ferrers, Earl, 159
Engel, R., 485
Fifth Amendment: see United
Engel V. Vitale, 322, 502
Engelhardt, H. T., Jr., 220, 223-224, States, Constitution of. Fifth
Amendment
489, 496
Epilepsy, 186
Finn, J., 484, 501
Index
First Amendment: see United
States, Constitution of. First
Amendment
Fletcher, G. P., 479, 492
Fletcher, John, 494
Fletcher, Joseph, 16-17, 70-71, 172,
174, 187, 219-220, 223, 230, 232,
245, 373-376, 443, 467, 472, 478,
481, 482, 485, 489, 494, 505
Flew, A., 479
Florida, 7, 135, 178, 186
Foot, P., 478
Force, suicide and, 127-130
Force-feeding, 130-131
Ford, F. R.,489
Forkosch, M. D., 476
Fourteenth Amendment: see United
States, Constitution of. Fourteenth Amendment
Foye, L. V., Jr., 480
Frankena, W. K., 505
Freedom of religion; see Religion,
freedom of; United States, Constitution of. First Amendment
Freeman, J. M., 16, 483, 493, 496,
497 , 498
Fried, C , 497
Friedmann, W., 487
Fuller, L. L., 467
Fundamental rights, 50-55
Furman v. Georgia, 487
513
Gosse, R., 475
Gould, F. J., 476, 478, 479, 480, 481,
485
Government: consent to, 25-34; legitimacy of, 423-424; resistance
to, 439-440
Gray, V. L.,481
Great Britain: Parliament, 15, 146147; suicide, 133-135
Greater good, ethics and the, 346361
Greenberg, D. F., 129, 476, 477
Grisez, G., 466, 468, 472, 486, 489,
490, 491, 500, 505, 506, 507
Griswold v. Connecticut, 50-54, 469
Guardians, 286, 296
Gurney, E. J., 478
Gustafson, J. M., 467, 492, 496
Guthrie, P. G., 501
Hackett, T. P., 485
Hales V. Petit, 476
Hall, J., 492
Hamilton, A., 36-37, 468, 490
Harbin, R. E., 496
Hare, R. M., 355
Harlan, J. M., 51
Harris poll, 14
Hart, H. L. A., 469, 470
Hart V. Brown, 483
Harvard Medical School Committee
on Definition of Death, 65-66, 72,
Gallup poll, 14
74, 78, 81, 471, 472
Gardner, G. G., 485
Hastings, T. L., 481
Gardner, R. F. R., 485
Hatcher, G., 465, 493, 497
Garland, M. J., 489, 491, 495, 496
Hauerwas, S., 498
Gaylin, W., 2-3, 62-63, 70, 75, 464, Havelock, R. G., 502
471
Havinghurst, R. J., 464 , 466
Gleitman v. Cosgrove, 489
Hayden, P. W., 496
God, morality and, 343-344, 367-368 Health, as abortion indication, 204Gold, B.,464, 465
205
Goldberg, A., 51, 54
Health care: common good and, 35;
Golden rule, 41, 43, 46, 98, 370, 407,
costs, 5, 263-265; dignity and,
426, 427, 434, 436, 457
182-183; euthanasia and, 165
"Good" defined, 362-363
Hedonism, 347
Goods: basic human, 359-361, 384- Hegland, K. F., 474
390; incommensurability of, 349- Heifetz, M. D., 474
361; life as one of, 372-380; mo- Hellegers, A. E., 474
rality and,361-368
Helms, J., 500
514
Helping: ethics of, 422-429; in suicide, 131-135
Hemodialysis, 256, 258-259, 264,
419
Henderson, V., 497
Henkin, L., 53, 54, 469, 476, 500
Heymann, P. B., 494, 497, 498
Hill, B. B., Jr., 478, 479, 480, 481,
482, 483
Himmelfarb, G., 469
Hinton, J.,479, 485
Hiroshima, 245
Hirsch, H. L., 499
Hitchcock, J., 491
Hobbes, T., 346
Hobbins, W. B., 496
Hoche, A., 243-244, 491
Hodgson V. Lawson, 501
Hoffman, R., 482
Holder, A. R., 474, 497
Holmes case: see United States v.
Holmes
Holtz, S., 494, 497, 498
Homicide, 142-143, 176; abortion
and, 237-239, 307; by omission,
16, 252-255; justifiable, 184-213;
purpose of law of, 216; suicide
and, 131-135
Hooker, D., 500
Horan, D. J., 467, 490, 492, 500
Horder, Lord, 146-147
Hospices, 182-183
Hospitals, ethics of, 421, 437-439
Howe, L. W., 501
Hudson, W. D., 505
Hughes, C. E., 503
Hughes, G., 507
Humanist Manifesto, 325
Hume, D. M., 2
Hyland, W. F., 499
Idaho, 102, 104-105
Illinois, 321
Immorality, 366
Impeachment, 333
In re Guardianship of Pescinski,
483
In re Karen Quinlan: see Matter of
Quinlan
In re Richardson, 483
Index
In re Yetter, 475
Infanticide, 494; abortion and, 253255
Infants, defective, 4, 16-17, 174,
184-191, 253-258; care required
for, 272-273
Insane, cost of care for, 8
Institutionalized persons, 188-191,
226, 233
Intelligence quotient, 8, 17, 232,
234
Intuitionism, 339, 340, 343, 345'
Isaacson, L. B., 499
Jackson, R. H., 322-324
Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 474
Jay, J., 468, 490
Jefferson, T., 28, 40
Jehovah's Witnesses, 92-94, 97,
101, 151, 170, 268
Jennett, B., 495, 497
Jensen, D., 473
John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital
V. Heston, 475
Jonas, H., 71, 472
Jones, D. G., 503
Jonsen, A. R., 218, 219, 221, 489,
491, 495, 496
Jowitt, Viscount, 156
Jurisprudence, ethics and, 442-463
Justice: care for the noncompetent
and, 251-297; common good and,
34-44; consent of the governed
and, 25-34; consequentiahsm and,
348-349; court decisions infringing, 298-305; law and, 46-50; liberty and, 44-50; moral basis of
law in, 442-463
Kamisar, Y., 142, 154, 160-161,
168-170, 171, 172, 242-243,245,
469, 478 , 479, 480, 481, 482, 485,
486, 490, 491
Kansas, 80-81
Kant, I., 220, 224, 344-345
Kaplan, R. P., 482
Kasley, V. W., 485
Kass, L. R., 67-68, 81-82, 471, 472,
473, 497, 498
Index
Katzenhach v. Morgan, 473
Kauper, P. G., 504
Kelsey, B., 493, 494
Kennedy, F., 185,486
Kennedy, I. M c C , 473
Killing: attitudes toward, 11-13; by
omission, 16; defined in strict
sense, 390-392; euthanasia, existing law on, 142-146; justifiable,
20, 184-213; letting die and, 144145, 226, 414-417; morality of,
393-394; necessity and, 208-213;
omissions as moral, 417-422
Kilroy, E. J., 495
King, R. A., 490
Kirchheimer, O., 492
Kirkendall, L. A., 502
Kirschenbaum, H., 501
Kluge, E.-H. W.,506
Koenig, R., 485
Koessler, M., 491
Kohl, M., 140-141, 160-161, 165,
167, 172-174, 187, 218, 222-223,
225, 242, 244-245, 339, 443, 478,
479, 481, 482, 483, 486, 488, 489,
491
Kramer, M., 465
Kubler-Ross, E., 480, 485
Kutner, L., 14, 107, 466, 471, 472,
474, 475, 480, 481
Kutza, E.,464, 465
LaFave, W. R., 476, 477, 487, 488
Lamerton, R., 221, 485, 486, 489
Lange, P., 495, 498
Language, moral, 356-358
LaRue, L. H., 489
Laurence, K. M., 495
Law: ethics and, 336-337; morality
and, 358, 394, 442-463
Lawler, R., 505
Leadem, E. J., 495
Lee, P. R.,496
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 329, 503
Lennox, W. G., 486, 491
Leonard, C. V., 475, 477
Lesser evil, ethics and, 346-361
Letting die, killing and, 144-145,
226, 414-417
Levine, M. D.,498
515
Levisohn, A. A., 479, 481
Lewis, J. L., 249-250, 491, 492
Libby, R. W., 502
Liberty: common good and, 34-39;
court decisions threatening, 298305; education and, 320-331; essence and value of, 453-458; just
law and, 46-50; justice and, 4450; morality and, 55-58; not a
right, 125; patient's protected,
109-120; privacy and, 50-55; to
stand aloof and voluntary euthanasia, 163-168; utilitarianism and,
443-449; violated by U. S. Supreme Court, 313-331
Libow, L. S., 497
Life: defined, 76-77; good of, 359361; right to, 156, 174, 189, 194,
201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 232, 237,
245, 249-250, 306, 310-311, 317;
right to, and bodily intangibility,
120; right to, and suicide, 122125, 137; sanctity of, 11-13, 146,
161, 174 , 255 , 300, 303 , 337 , 368,
372-380, 412-413 , 459-461; sanctity of, and common good, 48-50
Lincoln, A., 45
Litman, R. E.,477, 507
Living will, 14, 104, 106, 107, 110,
178, 189, 251
Locke, J., 468
Loewy, A. H., 470
Lorber, J., 493, 494, 496, 497, 498
Louisell, D. W., 471, 479, 500
Lovett, R. M., 325
Lucas, J. R., 468, 470
Lyons, D., 505
McCollum V. Board of Education,
321,323,502
McCormick, R. A., 219, 222, 256,
260, 474, 489, 495, 496, 497
Macdonald, S. B., 478 , 481
McDougal, M. S., 487
McGraw, O., 481
McKegney, F. P., 495, 498
Maclaren, E. A., 485
McShane, Y., 134-135
Madison, L, 36-37, 468, 490
Maguire, D. C , 482, 487, 498
516
Index
Maker v. Roe, 484, 501
Mai Lai, 245
"Malice" defined, 142
Mall, D., 481
Malpractice, 90-92, 95, 99, 159, 262,
263, 295, 299; patient consent and,
113-114
Mangel, C.,474
Mann, N. M.,498
Mannes, M., 482
Mansson, H. H., 464
Marcel, G., 472, 506
March of Dimes, 440-441, 507
Marks, F. R., 491, 494, 497, 499
Marmor, T. R., 464, 465, 466
Marshall, T., 316-318, 487
Marshner, S. M., 481
Martyrdom, suicide and, 410-411
Martyrs, 372-373
Marx, K., 346
Massachusetts, 52; Supreme Judicial
Court of, 175 , 256, 275-277 , 288289
Matter of Quinlan, 15, 17-18, 8 3 84, 97-98, 100, 175, 256, 262, 273,
281, 283-288, 464, 471, 473, 474,
475, 483, 495, 497, 499
Meaningful life, abortion and, 306309
Means: action and, 390; end and,
388
Medicaid, 5, 8, 10, 177-178, 315,
465
Medical care, defined, 263, 292
Medical care: costs of, 263-265; in
disasters, 227-229, 257-258; morality of refusing, 417-422; of noncompetent persons, 251-297; physicians duty to clarify standards
for, 99-100; refusal of, 298-299
Medicare, 5, 8, 10, 11, 178
Meningomyelocele: see Spina bifida
cystica
Mentally retarded persons, 7-8, 1617, 185-189, 232-234, 246, 252255, 215-211 \i killing of, 244
Mercy killing: as nonvoluntary euthanasia, 140; defined 8 6 ; examples of, \1\-\12\g law
on, 142-146 ; morality of, 412-413
Michigan, 8 1 -8 2 , 142-143
MiU, J. S.,3 4 7, 443 , 469
Millard C. K., 479, 48 0 , 481
Miller, M. B.,494, 498
Milunsky, A., 467
Minnesota, 308
Missouri, 3 0 7 -3 0 8
MitcheU, B., 470
Model Penal Code, 128, 132, 13 4 136, 477
Modes of responsibility, 3 6 8 - 3 7 1
Moore, M. M., 478 , 479, 48 0 , 481
Morality: common good and, 48 - 50 ;
imposition of by U. S. Supreme
Court, 3 1 3 - 3 1 9; law and, 18 - 21,
25, 55-58 , 121, 3 0 - 3 0 1 , 3 6 - 3 7 ,
394 , 442-46 3 ; principles of, 3 6 380
More, T., 372, 38
Morgan, C. T., 490
Morgan, R. E., 504
Morison, R. S., 6 7 -6 8 , 472
Morris, A. A., 159, 477, 478 , 479,
48 0 , 48 1 ,48 2 , 491
Morris, B. M., 481
Morrison, E. S., 502
Mother, life of and abortion, 197203
Mott, E., 134-135
Murder, 312, 40 1 ; euthanasia as,
142-143 ; suicide and, 125-126
Murray, J. C , 468
Natanson v. Kline, 474
National Institute on Aging, 10
Natural death, 87, 91-92, 119, 298;
statutes on, 102-107
Natural law, 46-47
Nazi Germany, 11, 170, 242-243,
245-247, 250, 304, 425
Neale, R. E.,485
Necessity, killing and, 208-213, 227,
401-407
Neglect: care for noncompetent and,
277-281; statutes concerning,
293-294
Negligence, kiUing by, 16, 252-255
Neugarten, B. L., 464, 466
Nevada, 102, 104-105
Index
New Jersey, Supreme Court of, 1,
17-18, 83, 92, 97-99, 175, 256,
262, 274, 283-288
New Mexico, 15, 102, 106-107, 281,
282-283, 285
New York, 127-128, 135, 177
New York City, 315
New York Civil Liberties Union, 177
Newborns, defective, abortion and,
241
Ninth Amendment: see United
States, Constitution of. Ninth
Amendment
Noncombatant immunity, 191-194,
399-400
Noncompetence, as criterion for
care, 259-263
Noncompetent persons: decisions
for, 277-281; statutes concerning
care for, 289-297
Noonan, J. T., Jr., 484, 487, 500, 501
North Carolina, 83, 102, 105-106
Notestein, F. W., 492
Nowak, J. E., 504
Noxon, J., 140
Nozick, R.,468, 505
Nuclear deterrent, 397, 400
Nurses, ethics of, 419^420, 426-429,
435-437
Nursing care, defined, 263, 292
517
Parents, decisions by, 277-281
Paris, J. J., 474, 475
Parry-Jones, W. LI., 477
Patton, D. E., 484, 501
Paulson, G. W.,497
Paxson, C. L., Jr., 493
Pearl, R., 491
Pennsylvania, %, 128, 315, 316, 329
People V. Roberts, 478
Performances, acts and, 390-392
Perry, M. J., 470
Person, bodiliness of, 71
Personhood: abortion and, 303-305;
amendment to settle, 309-312;
Constitution and, 305-312; criteria
for, 234-238; death and, 64; denial
of, 2-3, 219-224; of unborn, 238241, 402; species membership as
criterion for, 236-238
Persons: life and, 372-380; morality
and, 361-368
Pfeffer, L., 313-318, 321, 484, 501,
502
Pfeiffer, E., 465
Phibbs, R. H., 489, 495, 496
Physicians: consent of patients and,
88-89; decisions on care by, 277283; definition of death and, 7980; duty of to clarify standards,
99-100; ethics of, 417-422; limits
of judgment of, 89-90; nurses
and, 435-437; refusal of treatment
and, 95-96; suicide and, 138
Obligation, moral, 368-371
Omission, killing by, 16, 144, 215,
Pilpel, H. F., 177 , 484, 501, 506
252-255, 267-268
Pipes, R., 466
Omissions: acts and, 381-390; ethics Pius XII, Pope, 65, 256, 418, 495, 507
of, 414-417
Planned Parenthood Federation of
Ordinary means, 257, 418
America, 177, 316, 403 , 424, 484
Oregon, 102, 104
Planned Parenthood of Central MisOstheimer, J. M. and N. C , 466
souri V. Danforth, 307-308, 484,
Outka, G., 498
501
Pleasure, 361
Plum, F., 495, 497
Pacifism, 396, 399
Podhoretz, N.,491
Packer, H., 469
Poelker v. Doe, 484, 501
Pain: dignity and, 181; mercy killing Ponsonby, Lord, 147
Post-Christian culture, 12-13, 180
and, 145-146, 147, 151
Potter, C. F., 325
Pakter, J., 484
Powell, L. F., 318, 487
Palliative care, 112, 183, 262, 268,
Powledge, T., 507
270, 272, 297
518
Index
Presumptions: for noncompetent pa- Reasonable participant, defined, 41
tients, 1(^9-111\f death, 6 8 - 6 9
Refusal of treatment, reasons for,
Price, M. U., 502
266-269
Privacy, right of, 50 - 55, 96 - 99, 111,
Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, 487
126, 175, 262, 276, 28 4 -28 5 , 290,
Rehnquist, W., 308
313
Reiph, W.,494
Privileges or immunities, 44, 469
Reilly, P., 507
Prohibition, 167
Relativism, 340
Pro-life movement, task of, 21-23
Religion: education and freedom of,
Protestantism, 3 2 0 - 3 2 2
320-331; establishment of, 331Psychological determinism, 353
336; freedom of, 37-38, 92-94,
Public interest: killing in the, 18 4 117, 166, 230, 301-303 , 456, 470;
213 , 225-229; medical care and,
humanism as a, 301-303; morality
93 , 26 4 -26 5 . See Common good
and,367-368
Public opinion polls, 14-15
Relman, A. S., 288-289, 499
Public schools, 320-326
Respirators, 1-3, 59-62, 65-67
Public welfare: abortion and, 312Responsibility, moral, 368-371
319; euthanasia and, 177-178
Results, actions and, 381-390
Punishment, killing as, 197-199
Retarded, mentally: see Mentally rePursuit of happiness, 28, 34-35, 42
tarded persons
Retirement, insecurity of, 9-11
Rex V. Bourne, 487
Quality of life, 13, 255, 260, 295Rhode Island, 329
296, 300, 303-305, 320; as justifi- Rice, N.,474
cation for killing, 218-224; ethics Richey, R. E., 503
and, 412-414; injustice of criteria Rickham, P. P., 493
based on, 229-238; not criterion
Riga, P. J., 474, 475
of personhood, 236-238
Right of privacy: see Privacy, right of
Quinlan case: see Matter of Quinlan Right to die, 21, 83, 87, 91-92, 96Quinlan, J., 1-2, 17, 84, 92, 97-98,
97, 111, 114, 119-120, 126, 173,
274, 284, 286
176, 281, 290, 298; statutes conQuinlan, K. A., 1-2, 60, 83-84, 92,
cerning, 14-15, 102-107
97-98, 100, 175,255,256,261,
Rights: fundamental, 53-55; liberties
262, 270, 273, 274, 283, 284-286
distinguished from, 57; unalienable, 29, 46-47
Ritt, L. G.,466
Rabin, R. L., 500
Robards, M. P., 493, 496
Rachels, J., 16, 416, 467, 478, 483,
Roberts, F. C , 142-143
490, 507
Roberts, H., 478, 480, 481
Raciti, R. M., 495, 499
Robertson, J. A., 221, 467, 483, 488,
Raglan, Lord, 182
489, 490, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496,
Raitt, G. E., Jr., 475
498 , 499
Ramsey, P., 62, 179, 256, 302, 405, Robinson, M., 484
406, 471, 472, 482, 485, 495, 496, Robinson v. DiCenso, 503
498, 500, 507
Roe V. Wade, 52-53, 199, 303-305,
306-309, 313, 315, 333, 403, 469,
Randall, J. H., Jr., 325
470, 484, 488, 490, 491, 492, 494,
Rape, abortion following, 205-207
500, 506; decision criticized, 238Rationalization, 431-432
241
Rawls, J., 234-236, 237, 468, 469,
Rosen, G., 476
490, 505
Index
Rosenbloom, L., 493
Ross, D. M., 464, 485
Rudikoff, S.,485
Rule, act and, 348, 451-452
Rule of law, 30
RusseU, O. R., 481, 482
Ryder, C. F., 464, 485
519
Sex Information and Education
Council of the United States, 502
Sharp, T. H., Jr., 474
Shaw, A., 289, 467, 492, 494, 499
Shea, M. S.,480, 481,482
Sherbert v. Verner, 504
Shnefdman, E. S., 475, 477, 507
Shurtleff, D. B., 496
Shut, L., 493 , 496
Sabine, G., 468
Silverman, D., 472
Sackett, W. W., 7-8, 159-160, 172, Silving, H., 477, 478, 480, 485
178, 186-187, 228, 246, 465, 480, Simon, S. B., 501
482, 485, 486
Sin, immoral action and, 367-368
Sadomasochism, 169-170
Slater, E., 465, 467, 482, 493, 495,
Saikewicz, J., 175, 275-276, 288-289
497
Saikewicz case: see Superintendent Slaughter-House Cases, 469
of Belchertown State School v.
Slippery-slope argument, 172-174
Saikewicz
Smart, J. D., 503
St. Christopher's Hospice, 182
Smith, D. H.,492, 497, 498
St. John-Stevas, N., 476, 477
Smith, E. D., 493, 496
St. Louis, 315-318
Smith, G. K., 493 , 496
Sanctity of life: see Life, sanctity of Smyth, J. A., 108, 475
Sanders, J., 478, 485
Social Security, 9-10
Sanger, M., 246, 491
Society for the Right to Die, 15, 478
Saunders, C , 182, 485
Society, state and, 461
Scandal, 432
Socrates, 372, 373, 383
Scher, E. M., 478, 480, 485
Soft determinism, 353
Schloendorffw. Society ofN. Y.
Sollitto, S., 507
Hosp., 474
Species, human and personhood,
Schowalter, J. E., 498
236-238
Schulman, K. A., 502
Spina bifida cystica, 4, 16, 218, 221,
Schulman, R. E., 476, 477
253-255, 258, 259-261, 263, 272,
Schulz, R.,485
273
Schwarz, A., 504
Stanley v. Georgia, 469
Scott, A. W., Jr., 476, 477, 487, 488 State action: abortion and, 315-319;
Seagoe, M. V.,489
voluntary euthanasia and, 163-168
Secular humanism, 166, 170, 299State V. Ausplund, 486
303, 305, 313, 319, 320, 324, 327, State V. Wishner, 504
329, 331-332
Steele, W. W., Jr., 478, 479, 480,
Self-defense, killing in, 194-197,
481, 482, 483
394-396
Steinbacker, J., 481
Self-determination, action as, 382Stem, M. D.,484, 501
384
Stevens, H. A., 467
Self-realization, morality and, 361- Stewart, P., 51, 318
368
Stewart, R. S., 485
Sendor, B. B.,494
Stoicism, dignity in, 181
Stone, J., 487
Serota, Baroness, 159
Stotsky, B. A., 465
Service personnel, responsibilities
Strabolgi, Lord, 159
of, 433-435
Stratmann, F., 487
Sex education, 320, 328
520
Index
Strawson, P. F., 472, 506
Strong, F. R., 470
Strunk v. Strunk, 483
Subjectivism, 340-345, 432
Substitute consent, 17-18, 97-98,
141, 175-176, 222, 287 , 289-298
Suicide, 17, 298, 372-373; against
public policy, 125-127; as selfeuthanasia, 121; assisted, 131134; assisting, 143; attempted,
127-131; care for noncompetent
persons and, 261; euthanasia and,
141, 160; law concerning, 122125; liberty and, 121-138; morality of, 407-412; proposed statute
on, 136-138; refusal of treatment
and, 94-95, 120, 266-269; statutes
on criticized, 134-136
Suicide Act of 1961, 133
Sullivan, M. T., 108, 475
Superintendent of Belchertown State
School V. Saikewicz, 275, 288,
289, 483, 495, 498, 499
Sussman, A., 499
Svigir, M., 484
Swan, G. S., 484
Switzerland, 136
Taeuber, C., 465
Taxes, ethics of paying, 439-440
Technology, medical, 265
Teel, K.,499
Teleological ethics, 345, 359, 361,
363-364, 388
TenBrock, J., 469, 488
Tennessee, 82
Terminal condition, defined, 105107
Terminally iU, defined, 266-267, 282
Terrill, L. A., 485
Texas, 102-104
Thomas Aquinas, St., 192-193, 345,
396, 487, 505, 506
Thomas, G. G., 493
Thomson, J. J., 205-207, 338, 487
Tolerance, 340-342
ToUefsen, O., 505, 506
Tooley, M., 220, 223-224, 416, 489,
507
Tooley, W. H., 489, 495, 496
Torcaso v. Watkins, 301, 324, 500
Transplant surgery, 59-62
Treatment: cessation of and death,
60; discontinuance and euthanasia, 141, 144-145; liberty of competent to refuse, 87-121; limits of
liberty to refuse, 92-96; morality
of refusing, 417-422; of noncompetent, 251-297; reasons for refusing, 266-269; statute to protect
liberty to refuse, 109-120. See
Health care
Triage, 227-229, 257-258
Tribe, L. H., 470
Trowell, H., 480, 483
Trubo, R., 187, 225, 486, 490, 491
Truitt, R. B., 481
Tucker, B. O., 2
Tucker v. Lower, 471
Tupin, J. P., 480
Tussman, J., 469, 488
Twycross, R. G., 486
Unborn: Constitution and, 305-312;
personhood of, 238-241, 402
Underwood, J. L., 504
Uniform Anatomical Gift Acts, 62, 83
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
11, 12, 397
United Kingdom, 199
United Nations Organization, 193
United States Bureau of the Census,
464, 465
United States Congress, 21, 84-85,
247, 304-305
United States Constitution, 27, 34,
36, 37, 44, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 8485, 96, 110, 126, 227, 250, 300,
304-305; amendments to, 305313, 331-336; article 1 of, 490;
BiU of Rights, 36-37, 50-51, 54;
Fifth Amendment to, 309, 469;
First Amendment to, 20, 37, 38,
45, 52, 53, 230, 257, 300, 321-322,
326, 329, 332, 456; Fourteenth
Amendment to, 21, 44, 51, 52, 53,
54, 84-85, 110, 126, 241, 247, 305,
307,309-311, 321, 469; Ninth
Index
Amendment to, 37, 44, 51, 52, 53,
54, 55, 110, 126. See Due process
of law; Equal protection of the
laws; Establishment of religion;
Fundamental rights; Privacy;
Privileges or immunities; Religion;
United States Supreme Court
United States Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, 178, 483, 502
United States House of Representatives, 465
United States Senate, Special Committee on Aging, 7, 159, 178, 186,
465, 466, 480, 485, 486
United States Supreme Court, 16,
17, 20, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 85, 93,
96, 176, 177, 217, 229, 249, 255,
301, 303-305, 313-319, 334, 403,
447; abortion and the, 14, 22, 199,
239-241, 247-248, 305, 309; education and the, 320-330; privacy
and the, 126. See justices and
leading cases by name
United States v. George, 475
United States v. Holmes, 208-212,
487
United States v. Mcintosh, 503
United States v. Seeger, 301, 500
United States v. Vuitch, 314
United Way Appeal, 424, 440-441,
507
Universalizability principle: see
Golden rule
University of Virginia Medical
Center, 16
Utilitarianism, 48, 172, 177, 246,
300, 301, 303, 443; critique of,
346-361
Values clarification, 320, 328-329
Van Gorkum, J. W.,466
Van Till, H. A. H., 471, 472, 473
Vatican II, 470
Vaughan, N. L.,477, 481
Veatch, R. M., 71-76, 77, 108-109,
379, 464, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475,
493, 498, 499
Vegetables, 18, 260
Veterinary euthanasia, 224
521
Viability, defined, 306-307
Vidal V. Girard's Executors, 503
Viederman, M.,498
Viera, N.,470
Vietnam, 245, 397
Vodiga, B., 160, 481
Voluntariness, defined, 139-140
Voluntary active euthanasia, defined, 139-140
WaUis, W. A., 465
Walton, R., 481
War, 11-12; conscience and, 163164; killing in, 191-194; 396-400
Warnock, G. J., 505
Warren, E., 51
Washington, 128
Wasmuth, C. E., Jr., 470, 471
Wedge argument, 172-174
Welfare costs, 6-7, 23, 184-191,
462-463
Welsh V. United States, 301, 500
Wertenbaker, L. T., 480
Wertham, F., 243, 491
White, B., 51, 308, 330
Williams, B. A. O., 498, 506
Williams, G., 18, 127, 129-130, 136,
146-147, 157-158, 160-162, 172,
174, 187, 215-216, 218, 221, 225,
243, 303, 443, 467, 476, 477, 479,
480, 481, 482, 486, 488, 489, 490,
491
Williams, R. H., 187 , 246 , 486
Williams v. Board of Education, 502
Wilshaw, C , 479
Wilson, J. B., 478, 485
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 504
Witherspoon, J. P., 490, 494, 501
Wittgenstein, L., 411, 507
Workers, responsibilities of, 433-435
World view, freedom of, 331-334
World War II, 245
Yale-New Haven Hospital, 16
Yondorf, B., 483
Zygmaniak, L., 140-141