CMBUkTI10
sm<½n§KImI2³ TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul
nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
Chemical Bonding II: molecular geometry & orbital hybridization
esckþIepþIm
enAemeronTI9 eyIg)anBiPakSaGMBIsm<½n§EdlTak;TgeTAnwgRTwsþILWvis. emeronenHeyIg
nwgsikSaGMBIRTg;RTay b¤TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul. TMrg;FrNImaRtman\T§iBlsMxan;eTAelI
lkçN³rUb niglkçN³KImIrbs;m:UelKuldUcCacMNucrlay cMNucrMBuH nigkMritRbtikmμ. eyIgnwg
dwgfa eyIgGacTsSn_TayBIRTg;RTayrbs;m:UelKulCamYynwgPaBCak;lak;KYreGaykt;sMKal;
edayeRbIR)as;viFIgay²Ep¥keTAelITMrg;LWvis.
eTaHbICaRTwsþILWvisGMBIsm<½n§KImImanRbeyaCn_ niggayRsYlGnuvtþk¾edayEtvaminR)ab;
eyIgBIrrbob nigmUlehtuEdlsm<½n§ekIteLIgenaHeT. karyl;dwgRtwmRtUv)anmkBIemkanic
kg;Tic (quantum mechanic). dUecñH enAkñúgEpñkTI2énCMBUkenH eyIgnwgGnuvtþeTAelIemkanic
kg;Tic edIm,IsikSaGMBITMrg;FrNImaRt nigkMrit sßirPaBénm:UelKul
1 TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul
2 m:Um:g;DIb:Ul
3 RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;
4 GIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
5 GIuRb‘Ítkmμkñúgm:UelKulEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan; nigsm<½n§bICan;
6 RTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
7 rUbsNæanGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
8 Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal (delocalized)
1 TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul
TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul CatMerobvimaRtbIénGatUmkñúgm:UelKul. TMrg;FrNImaRtén
m:UelKulmYyman\T§iBleTAelIlkçN³rUb niglkçN³KImIrbs;vadUcCacMNucrlay cMNucrMBuH
dg;sIuet nigRbePTénRbtikmμEdlvaTTYlrg. CaTUeTARbEvgsm<½n§ nigmMusm<½n§RtUv)andwgeday
10-1
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
karBiesaF. eTaHbIya:gNamandMeNIrkargay² EdlGaceGayeyIgTsSn_TayedayeCaKC½y
KYreGaykt;sMKal;eTAelITMrg;FrNImaRtTaMgmUlénm:UelKul b¤GIuy:ug ebIsinCaeyIgdwgcMnYn
eGLicRtugEdlB½T§CMuvijGatUmmNÐlenAkñúgTMrg;LWvisrbs;va. mUldæanéndMeNIrkarenH KWCakar
snμtfa KUeGLicRtugkñúgRsTab;va:Lg;rbs;GatUmmancMraneTAnwgeGLicRtugva:Lg;déTeTot.
RsTab;eGLicRtugva:Lg; CaRsTab;eGLicRtugeRkAeKbMputrbs;GatUmmYy. vamaneGLicRtug
EdlCaTUeTATak;TgeTAnwgkarbegáItsm<½n§. kñúgsm<½n§kUva:Lg; maneGLicRtugmYyKU EdleKehA
fa eTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§ enaHKWmannaTIkñúgkardak;h‘unedayGatUmBIrrYmKña. ya:gNak¾eday
enAkñúgm:UelKulb:UlIGatUmEdlmansm<½n§BIr b¤eRcInrvagGatUmmNÐl nigGatUmEdlB½T§CMuvijenaH
cMranrvageGLicRtugenAkñúgKUsm<½n§epSg²KñabNþaleGayXøatq¶ay BIKñatamEtGaceTA)an.
TMrg;FrNImaRtEdlm:UelKulsnμtGaceRbIkar)an ¬eBlRtUv)ankMNt;edayTItaMgrbs;GatUm
TaMgGs;¦ eFIVeGaycMranTaMgenHmantMélGb,brma. rebobsikSaTMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul
EbbenHtUv)aneKehAfa viFancMranKUeGLicRtugRsTab;va:Lg; (VSEPR) BIeRBaHvaBnül;
BItMerobFrNImaRténKUeGLicRtugEdlB½T§CMuvijGatUmmNÐl cMeBaHcMraneGLicRtUsþaTicrvag
KUeGLicRtug.
viFanTUeTABIrEdlnaMeGayeyIgeRbIR)as;viFan VSEPR
ƒ kalNaniyayBIcMranKUeGLicRtugenaHsm<½n§BIrCan; nigsm<½n§bICan;GacRtUv)anKitdUcKña
eTAnwgsm<½n§mYyCan;Edr. kar)an;RbmaNenHl¥RbesIrcMeBaHeKalbMNgsikSaEpñk
brimaN. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday eyIgRtUvdwgfa PaBBitsm<½n§eRcInCan;KWFMCagsm<½n§
mYyCan;. mann½yfa edaysarEtvamansm<½n§BIr b¤bIrvagGatUm nigGatUm enaHdg;sIuet
eGLicRtugtaMgenAkñúglMhFMCag.
ƒ ebIsinm:UelKulmanTMrg;er:sUNg;BIr b¤eRcIn eyIgGacGnuvtþ viFan VSEPR eTAelITMrg;
NamYykñúgcMeNamTMrg;TaMgGs;. bnÞúkCak;lak;CaTUeTAminRtUv)anbgðajeT.
edayeRbIviFanenH eyIgGacTsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuy:ug)aneTAtam
meFüa)ay\tlMeGogmYy. kñúgeKalbMNgenH vaCakarsmRsbRtUvEckm:UelKulCaBIr
RbePTedayeyageTAelIfa etIGatUmmNÐlmanKUeTaleGLicRtug b¤Gt;.
10-2
CMBUkTI10
m:UelKulEdlGatUmmNÐlKμanKUeTaleGLicRtug
edIm,IPaBgayRsYl eyIgnwgBinitüemIlm:UelKulEdlmanFatuBIrb:ueNaÑH KW A nig B
Edl A CaGatUmmNÐl. m:UelKulenHrUbmnþTUeTA AB Edl x CacMnYnKt; 2, 3… ¬ebIsin x = 1
eyIg)anm:UelKulDIGatUm AB EdlCabnÞat;Rtg;mYy¦. tMélrbs; x PaKeRcInKWenAcenøaHBI 2
eTA 6.
taragTI1 bgðajBItMerobeGLicRtugEdlGacekItmancMnYnR)aMrebobrbs;KUeGLicRtug
EdlenACMuvijGatUmmNÐlA. CalT§pléncMraneTAvijeTAmkKUeGLicRtugsßitenAq¶ayBIKñatam
EdlGaceTA)an. cUrkt;sMKal;fa taragenHbgðajBItMerobénKUeGLicRtugEtminbgðajBITItaMg
GatUm EdlB½T§CMuvijGatUmmNÐlenaHeT. m:UelKulEdlGatUmmNÐlKμanKUeGLicRtugesrI
RtUveTAnwgtMerobmYykñúgcMeNamtMerobKUeGLicRtugTaMg5rebobenH. tMerobTaMgenaHmanrUbmnþ
TUeTAdUcCa AB AB AB AB nig AB .
AB ³ m:UelKulebrIlüÚmkør:U ¬BeCl ¦
TMrg;LWvisén BeCl kñúgPaBCa]sμ½nsresr
x
2
3
4
5
2
6
2
2
..
..
..
..
: Cl – Be – Cl :
edaysarEtKUsm<½n§RcanKñaeTAvijeTAmk EdleFIVeGayvasßitenAQmmuxKñaCabnÞat;Rtg;
edIm,IeGayvaXøatecjBIKñaya:gq¶aytamEtGaceTA)an. dUecñHmMu ClBeCl RtUv)aneKTsSn_Tay
faesμI180 ehIym:UelKulCabnÞat;Rtg; rw lIenEG‘ ¬emIltaragTI1¦ KMrUedatRKab;mUlCamYyeQI
(Ball and stick) rbs; BeCl KW
0
2
³ m:UelKul BF
brRTIPøúyGrY mansm<½n§kUva:Lg;bI b¤KUeTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§bI. kñúgkartMerobEdlman
sßirPaBx<s;bMput enaHsm<½n§TaMgbIrbs; BF RtUvXatecjCaRCugRtIekaNsm½gSCamYynwg B
EdlCap©iténRtIekaN.
AB3
3
10-3
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
..
:F:
B
..
:F
..
..
F:
..
taragTI 1³ tMerobcMKUeGLicRtugcMeBaHGatUmmNÐl (A) enAkñúgm:UelKul nigTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;m:UelKul
nigGIuy:ugmYycMnYnEdlGatUmmNÐlKμanKUeTVtaeGLicRtugesrI
cMnYnKUeGLicRtug tMerobcMnYnKUeGLicRtug TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul
]TahrN_
tamtaragTI 1 TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;BF CaTMrg;bøg;RtIekaN¬bøg;rab¦eRBaHGatUmxagcug
TaMgbIsßitenAelIRCugénRtIekaNsm½gSEdlCabøg;rab. dUcenHmMunImYy²én FBF KW 120 ehIy
GatUmTaMgbYnsßitenAelIbøg;rabEtmYy.
3
0
10-4
CMBUkTI10
AB4
³ m:UelKul CH
TMrg;LWvisrbs;emtan KW
4
H
H–C–H
H
edaysarmanbYnKUeTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§ TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;emtan (CH ) KWCaTMrg;
ctumux emIltaragTI1. TMrg;ctumuxmanbYnRCug ¬tambuBbV Tctu mann½yfa bYn¦ b¤muxbYnEdl
muxTaMgGs;CaRtIekaNsm½gS. enAkñúgm:UelKulctumuxmYyGatUmmNÐl ¬C kñúgkrNIenH¦KWsßit
enAcMp©iténctumux ehIyGatUmepSgeTotsßitenAxagRCug ehIymMusm<½n§TaMgGs;KW 109,5 .
4
o
AB5
³ m:UelKul pUsVrb:g;takørY (PCl ) ¬Ca]sμ½n¦
TMrg;LWvisénpUsVrb:g;takørY
5
..
..
: Cl :
: Cl
..
P
..
: Cl
..
..
Cl :
..
: Cl :
..
viFIEtmYyKt;edIm,IeFIVeGaykMlaMgcMranmantMélGb,rimakñúgcMeNameTVtasm<½n§TaMg 5 KW
RtUverobcMsm<½n§ PCl kñúgTMrg;b‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaN (Trigonal bipyramid) ¬emIltamtaragTI1¦.
B‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaNGacRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edayP¢ab;TMrg;ctumuxcMnYnBIreTAtameKalkarN_RtImux
¬eKalkarN_EdlmanragRtIekaN¦.
10-5
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
GatUmmNÐl ¬P kñúgkrNIenH¦ enAcMp©iténRtIekaNTaMgGs; edayGatUmEdlB½T§CMuvijvasßitenA
elIRCugTaMg 5 rbs;B‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaN. GatUmEdlCabøg;RtIekaNsßitenABIelI nigBIeRkamRtUv
)aneKeGayeQμaHfa TItaMgenAelIGkS½ (axial position) ehIyGatUmepSgBIenaHEdlenAbøg;RtI
muxRtUv)aneKeGayeQμaHfa TItaMgenAelIeGkVaT½r (equatorial position). mMurvagsm<½n§eGkVaT½r
nimYy²mantMél 120 . mMurvagsm<½n§Gk½S nigsm<½n§eGkVaT½rmantMél 90 . ehIymMurvagGk½S
TaMgBIrKW 180 .
AB ³ m:UelKul SF
TMrg;LWviséns<an;F½rGiucsaPøúyGrY ¬SF ¦ sresr
o
o
o
6
6
6
..
:F:
..
..
:F
F:
..
..
S
..
..
:F
F:
..
..
:F:
..
karerobcMd¾mansßirPaBbMputéneTVtasm<½n§TaMg 6rbs; SF KWRtUvbegIátTMrg;Gdæmux ¬tarag
TI1¦ GdæmuxCaTMrg;EdlmanmuxR)aMbI . GdæmuxmanRCugR)aMbI ¬buBVbTGdæ mann½yfa R)aMbI¦ va
GacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayP¢ab;BIra:mItEdlmanRCugTaMg4esμIKñacMnYnBIr. GatUmmNÐl ¬Skñúg
krNIenH¦ KWsßitenAcMp©iténeTVtaBIra:mItenaH ehIyGatUmEdlB½T§CMuvij KWsßitenAelIRCugTaMg
R)aMmYymMusm<½n§TaMgGs; KW 90 elIkElgEtmMumYyEdlbegáIteLIgedaysm<½n§rvagGatUmmNÐl
nigBIrGatUmEdlQmKña mMusm<½n§enaHmantMél 180 edaysm<½n§TaMgR)aMmYyKWesμI²Kñakñúg
m:UelKulGdæmux eyIgminGaceRbIEpñkGk½S nigeGkVaT½rdUckñúgm:UelKulB‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaNenaHeT.
o
o
10-6
CMBUkTI10
m:UelKulEdlGatUmmNÐlmanKUeTVtaeGLicRtugesrImYy b¤eRcIn
karkMNt;TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKulKWvasaMjúaMNas; ebIsinGatUmmNÐlmanTaMgeTVta
eGLicRtugesrI nigeTVtasm<½n§pgenaH. kñúgm:UelKulEbbenaH mankMlaMgcMranbIRbePTKWkMlaMg
cMranrvageTVtasm<½n§ nigeTVtasm<½n§kMlaMgcMranrvageTVtaeGLicRtugesrI nigeTVtaeGLicRtugesrI
kMlaMgcMranrvageTVtasm<½n§ nigeTVtaeGLicRtugesrI.
CaTUeTA edayeyageTAelIviFan VSEPR kMlaMgcMranKWfycuHtamlMdab;dUcxageRkam ÷
kMlaMgcMranrvag
KUeGLicRtugesrI
nigKUeGLicRtugesrI
kMlaMgcMranrvag
eTVtasm<½n§
>
nigeTVtaeGLicRtugesrI
>
kMlaMgcMranrvag
eTVtasm<½n§
nigeTVtasm<½n§
eGLicRtugkñúgsm<½n§RtUvRbRBwtþeLIgedaykMlaMgTMnajEdlbgáedayéNVy:Uénsm<½n§GatU
mTaMgBIr. eGLicRtugTaMgenHmanr)aycenøaHtUcCageTVtasm<½n§ enaHKWfavataMgenAkñúgcenøaH
lMhtUcCageTVtaeGLicRtugesrI EdlvaTak;TgeTAnwgGatUmNamYyEtb:ueNÑaH. edaysar
EteTVtaeGLicRtugesrIkñúgm:UelKulmYytaMgenAkñúgcenøaHlMhrFM dUecñHvamankMlaMgcMranFMCagBI
eTVtaesrI nigeTVtasm<½n§ EdlenAEk,r. edIm,IkMueGayRcLMcMnYneTVtasm<½n§ nigeTVta
eGLicRtugesrI eyIgkMNt;ykrUbmnþm:UelKulEdlmaneTVtaeGLicRtuesrIeday AB E Edl
ACaGatUmmNÐl B CaGatUmEdlB½T§CMuvij ehIy E CaeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIEdlmanenAelI A.
TaMg x nig y RtUv)aneKkMNt;eday x = 2, 3…nig y = 1, 2…. x nig y bBa¢ak;BIcMnYn
GatUmEdlB½T§CMuvij nigeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIelIGatUmmNÐltamerog. m:UelKulgaybMputCa
m:UelKulRTIGatUmEdlmaneTVtaeGLicRtug esrIenAelIGatUmmNÐl nigmanrUbmnþ AB E.
]TahrN_xageRkamenH bgðajkrNIPaKeRcInBIvtþmanéneTVtaesrIelIGatUmmNÐl
EdleFIVeGaymankarlM)akkñúgkarTsSn_TayBImMusm<½n§eGay)anCak;lak;Nas;.
x
2
10-7
y
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
³ m:UelKuls‘ulpYDIGuksIut (SO )
TMrg;LWvisénm:UelKuls<an;Fr½DIGuksIutsresr O = S − O
edaysarviFan VSEPR )anbgðajfa sm<½n§BIrCan; k¾dUcCasm<½n§mYyCan;EdrenaH
m:UelKul SO GacRtUv)aneKdwgfamanbIKUeGLicRtugenAelIGatUmmNÐ S. KUeGLicRtugTaMg
enaHCaeTVtasm<½n§cMnYnBIr nigeTVtaesrIcMnYnmYy. tamtaragTI1eyIgdwgfa tMerobrbs;KU
eGLicRtugTaMgbICaRtIekaNkñúgbøg;. edaysarEteGLicRtugmYyKUkñúgcMeNameGLicRtugTaMg
enaH CaKUeGLicRtugesrI dUcenHTMrg;FrNImanRtrbs; SO manragekag.
AB2E
2
..
..
..
..
..
2
2
edaykMlaMgcMraneTVtaeGLicRtugesrI eTAnwgkMlaMgTMnajeTVtasm<½n§rbs;vaxøaMgCag
kMlaMgcMraneTVtasm<½n§-eTVtasm<½n§ dUcenHsm<½n§rvag S nig O TaMgBIrmancMranexSayeFIVeGay
mMusm<½n§ O S O mantMéltUcCag 120 .
AB E³ m:UelKulGam:Uj:ak; (NH )
TMrg;m:UelKulGam:ujak; (NH )sresrtamLWvis KW
H– N – H
o
3
3
..
3
H
taragTI1 bgðajBItMerobKUeGLicRtugbYnCaTMrg;ctumuxb:uEnþedayvaman1KUeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIdUcecñHTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs; NH KWCaBIra:mItRtIekaN ¬eyIgehAdUcenHedaysarvadUc
BIra:mItEdlman N CakMBUl¦ eRBaHeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIRcaneTVtasm<½n§ya:gxøaMgeFIVeGay
KUsm<½n§ N - H TaMgbIRcanmkEk,rKña ehIymMusm<½n§ HNH mantMéltUcCag 109,5 EdlCa
mMurbs;ctumux ¬rUbTI 1¦.
3
0
..
N
H
H
H
³ m:UelKulTwk H O
TMrg;LWvisrbs;m:UelKulTwk (H O) sresr H − O − H
kartMerobbYnKUeGLicRtugkñúgm:UelKulTwk CaTMrg;ctumuxdUceTAGam:Uja:k;Edr b:uEnþeTaHbI
ya:gNa vamindUc NH eT edaysarEtm:UelKulTwkmanBIrKUeTVtaeGLicRtuesrIenAelIGatUm
mNÐl O ehIyeTVtaeGLicRtugesrITaMgenHenAq¶ayBIKña pÞúyeTAvijKUsm<½n§ O–H TaMgBIrTaj
AB2E2
2
..
2
..
3
10-8
CMBUkTI10
cUlKña ehIyeyIgGacTsSn_Tay)anBIKMlatkan;EtFMCagmMuctumuxkñúgm:UelKul
bgðajBI)anmMu HOH KW 104,5 . TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs; H O CaTMrg;ekag.
o
NH3
rUbTI1
2
H
H
rUbTI1³ (a)- EpñkEdlmanTMnak;TMngénKUsm<½n§ nigKUminsm<½n§kñúg CH NH H O (b)- mMusm<½n§ kñúg NH CH
H O cUrcMNaMfa bnÞat;cuc²bgðajBIGkS½sm<½n§enABIeRkaybøg;Rkdas bnÞat;ditxøaMgbgðajBIG½kSsm<½n§enABI
muxbøg;Rkdas ehIybnÞatqμartUcbgðajBIsm<½n§enAkñúgbøg;Rkdas.
4
3
2
3
4
2
m:UelKuls<an;F½retRtaPøúyGrY ¬SF ¦
TMrg;Lwvisrbs;m:UelKul SF sresr : F
AB4E :
4
..
4
..
F:
..
..
..
S
..
..
F:
:F
..
..
GatUms<an;F½r ( S ) man5KUeGLicRtugEdltMerobrbs;va tamtaragTI 1 KWCaRtImux
BIra:mItBIr. kñúgm:UelKul SF eTaHbICaKUeGLicRtugmYykñúgcMeNamKUeGLicRtugTaMgGs;Ca
eGLicRtugminsm<½n§k¾eday k¾m:UelKulenHRtUvmanTMrg;mYykñúgTMrg;FrNImaRtdUcxageRkamEdr.
4
F
:
S
(a)
F
F
F
F
F
(b)
10-9
F
S
..
F
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
enAkñúgrUb (a) eTVtaeGLicRtugesrIsßitenAelITItaMgeGkVaT½r ÉcMENkrUb (b) vasßitenA
elIGk½S. TItaMgGk½SmanbIKUCitvaEdlmMuénTItaMgTaMgbImantMél 90 ehIymYyeTotmMumantMél
180 . cMENkÉTItaMgenAelIeGkVaT½r vijmanBIrKUeGLicRtugenACitvaEdlmuMenaHmantMél 90
ehIyBIreTot mantMélelIs 120 . cMrankan;EttUc cMeBaH (a) tamBit (a) CaTMrg;Edl
RtUv)ansegáttamry³BiesaF. TMrg;enHCYnkalRtUv)aneKkMNt;CaTMrg;RtIekaN ¬b¤CaTMrg;kaer
b¤CaTMrg;kþarbnÞH¦. mMurvag GatUm FEdlsßitenaelIGk½SeTAnwg S man 173 ehIymMurvagGatUm
F EdlsßitelIeGkVaT½r nig S man 102 .
TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKulEdlGatUmmNÐleRcIn
eyIg)ansikSarYcehIyBITMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKulEdlmanGatUmmNÐlEtmYy. TMrg;
FrNImaRténm:UelKulEdlmanGatUmmNÐleRcInCagmYyKWBi)akNas;edIm,IkMNt;kñúgkrNI
enH. eyIgGacsikSaRtwmEtTMrg;EdlB½T§CMuvji GatUmmNÐlEtb:ueNÑaH. ]TahrN_ BinitüemIl
emtaNul CH OH TMrg;LWvisrbs;vaKW
o
o
o
o
o
o
3
H
..
H–C– O –H
..
H
GatUmmNÐlBIr ¬EdlminenAxagcug¦ kñúgemtaNulKW C nig O. eyIgGacniyayfa
eTVtasm<½n§TaMgbI CH nig CO CatMerobctumuxcMeBaHGatUm C ehIymMusm<½n§ HCH nig OCH
KWRbEhl 109 . GatUm O enATIenH dUcGatUm O kñúgm:UelKulTwkEdrEdlvamaneTVtamin
sm<½n§BIr nigeTVtasm<½n§BIr. cMENkÉ HOCénm:UelKul KWmanTMrg;ekag ehIymMu HOC KW
RbEhlesμI 105 ¬rUbTI 2¦.
o
o
rUbTI2 TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;
10-10
CH3OH
CMBUkTI10
tarag 2³ TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;m:UelKul nigGIuy:ugmYycMnYnEdlkñúgenaHGatUmmNÐlmaneTVtaeGLicRtug
esrImYy b¤eRcIn
fñak;
cMnYnKUeGLic
m:UelKul Rtgsrub
cMnYnKUsm<½n§
cMnYnKU
tMerobKU
minsm<½n§ eGLictug
10-11
TMrg;FrNImaRt ]TarhN_
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
eKalkarN_cMeBaHkarGnuvtþviFan
VSEPR
karsikSaGMBITMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKulkñúgBIrRbePTKW GatUmmNÐlman nigminmanKU
eGLicRtugesrIGaceGayeyIgkMNt;)annUvviFImYycMnYn cMeBaHkarGnuvtþviFan VSEPR eTAelI
RKb;RbePTTaMgGs;énm:UelKul³
ƒ sresrTMrg; LWvisénm:UelKuledayRKan;EtKiteTAdl;eTAdl;eTVtaeGLicRtugEdlB½T§
CMuvijGatUmmNÐlEtb:ueNÑaH ¬enaHCaGatUmEdlRtUvcgsm<½n§eTAelIGatUmelIsBImYy¦.
ƒ rab;cMnYnKUeGLicRtugEdlB½T§CMuvijGatUmmNÐl ¬KUsm<½n§nigeTVtaeGLicRtugesrI¦. RtUv
cat;Tuksm<½n§BIrCan; nigsm<½n§bICan;eGaydUceTAnwgsm<½n§mUyCan;Edr. edayeyagtam
taragTI1 eyIgRtUvTsSn_TayBItMerobTaMgGs;rbs;KUeGLicRtug.
ƒ eRbItaragTI 1 nigtaragTI 2 edIm,ITsSn_TayGMBITMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul.
ƒ kñúgkarTsSn_TayBImMusm<½n§ RtUvcaMfaeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIRcaneGLicRtugesrImYyeTot
rIk¾eTVtasm<½n§ xøaMgCageTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§RcaneTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§. cUrcgcaMfa
KμanviFIgay²edIm,I TsSn_TayBImMu sm<½n§eGay)anCak;lak;eT enAeBlEdlGatUm
mNÐlmaneTVtaeGLicRtugmYyb¤eRcIn enaHeT.
viFan VSEPR begáIteGaymankarTsSn_Tayd¾KYreGayeCOTukcitþ)anBITMrg;FrNImaRt
énkarERbRbYl rbs;TMrgm:UelKul. GñkKImIeRbI VSEPR jwkjab;eRBaHEtPaBgayRsYl rbs;va.
eTaHbICamankar)armÖ cMeBaHRTWsþIxøH² GMBIfaetI {cMranKUeGLicRtug} kMNt;ya:gRtwm
RtUvBITMrg;m:UelKul b¤Gt;EtkarsnμtenH BitCamanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkarTsSn_Tay ¬CaTUeTAKYr
eGayTukcitþ)an¦. eyIgnwgeRbIviFan VSEPR edIm,ITsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;mU:elKul
nigGIuy:ugb:UlIGatUmgay² mYycMnYnxageRkam³
]TahrN_TI1³ cUreRbIviFan VSEPR edIm,ITsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuy:ugxag
eRkam³
(a)-AsH3
(c)- AlCl 4−
(b)- OF2
cMelIy³ (a) TMrg;LWvisrbs; AsH KW
3
..
H – As – H
H
10-12
(d)- I 3−
(e)-C2H4
CMBUkTI10
m:UelKulenHmaneTVtasm<½n§bI ehIyeTVtaesrImYyEdlmansmasPaKpSMdUceTAnwg
Gam:Ujak;Edr. dUecñHTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs; AsH KWCaBIra:mIRtvimaRtbI dUceTAnwg NH
eyIgminGac TsSn_TaymMu HAsH )anRtwm RtUvenaHeT b:uEnþeyIgdwgfavaRtUvEttUcCag 109,5
BIeRBaHcMranén KUeGLicRtugsm<½n§edayeTVtaesrIenAelI As KWFMCagcMranrvageTVtasm<½n§.
: F − O− F :
(b) TMrg;LWvisrbs; OF KW
edaymaneTVtaesrIBIrenAelIGatUm O enaHm:UelKul OF RtUvEtmanTMrg;ekagdUc
eTAnwgTwk H O. eyIgGacniyayBImMu FOF KYEtmantMéltUcCag 109,5 eRBaHEtkMlaMgcMran
xøaMgCagrvageTVtaesrI nigeTVtasm<½n§.
(c) TMrg;LWvisrbs; AlCl KW
:C :
3
3
o
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
o
2
..
−
4
-
..
..
..
..
: Cl − Al − Cl :
: Cl :
..
edayGatUmmNÐl Al minmaneTVtaesrI ehIysm<½n§ Al – Cl TaMgbYnKWmanlMnwg
nwgKña GIuy:ug AlCl GacCaTMrg;ctumux ehIymMu ClAlCl TaMgGs;GacmantMél 109,5 .
⎡
⎤
(d) TMrg;LWvisrbs; I KW
⎢⎣: I − I − I :⎥⎦
GatUmmNÐl I maneTVtasm<½n§BIr ehIyeTVtaesrIbI. tamtaragTI2 eyIgyl;fa
eTVtaesrITaMgbI sßitenAkñúgbøg;RtIekaNsmgS ehIyGIuy:ug I CaTMrg;ExSRtg;.
(e) TMrg;LWvisrbs; H C KW
H
H
o
−
4
..
−
3
−
..
..
..
..
−
3
2
2
C=C
H
H
sm<½n§ C=C RtUv)aneKcat;TukdUcsm<½n§mYyCan;Edr. edaysarKμanvtþmaneTVta
eGLicRtugesrItMerobCMuvijGatUmkabUnnImYy² manTMrg;Cabøg;RtIekaNdUceTAnwg BF EdleyIg
sikSakalBImun. dUecñHkarTsSn_TayTukmMusm<½n§kñúg C H KWmantMél 120 .
3
2
H
o
2
H
C=C
H
120o
120o
H
Bnül;³ (a) GIuy:ug I KWCaTMrg;mYykñúgcMeNamTMrg;LWvisCaeRcInEdlmanmMusm<½n§rbs;va 180
GaceGayeyIg TsSn_Tay)anya:gRsYl eTaHbIGatUmmNÐlrbs;vamaeTVtaesrIk¾eday.
o
−
3
10-13
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
enAkñúg C H GatUmTaMg6sßitenAkñúgbøg;dUcKña. TMrg;FrNImaRtTaMgGs;Cabøg;rab
minRtUv)anTsSn_TayedayviFan VSEPR eT. b:uEnþeyIgnwgdwgBImUlehtuEdleFIVeGay
m:UelKulsßitenACabøg;rabenAeBleRkay. tamBit mMuTaMgGs;minesμInwg 120 eTedaysarEt
sm<½n§TaMgGs;minmanlMnwgnwgKña.
lMhat;Gnuvtþ³ cUreRbIviFan VSEPR edIm,ITsSn_TayBITMrg;FrNImaRtrbs; (a) SiBr
(b)
2
4
o
4
(b) CS2
(c) NO 3−
2 m:Um:g:DIb:Ul
enAkñúgEpñkTI 9-3 eyIg)andwgfaGIuRdUEsnPøúyGrYCam:UelKulkUva:Lg;Edlmansm<½n§
kUva:Lg;manrMkildg;sIueteGLicRtugBI H eTA F BIeRBaHGatUm F maneGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMg
CagGatUm H. rMkildg;sIueteGLicRtugRtUv)aneKkMNt;nimitþsBaØaCaRBYjEdlmankat;ExVgenA
BIelITMrg;LWvis edIm,IbBa¢ak;BITisedAénrMkil. ]TahrN_
..
H– F:
..
karEjkbnÞúkGacRtUv)antageday
δ + δ.. −
H– F:
..
Edl δ ¬Edlta¦sMKal;eGaybnÞúkedayEpñk. karpþac;énbnÞúkenHGacRtUv)anGHGag
enAkñúgEdnGKÁisnI ¬rUbTI 3¦. enAeBlEdnGKÁisnIdMeNIrkarm:UelKul HF edATisxagcugEdl
manbnÞúkGviC¢manrbs;vaEbreTArkbnÞHviC¢man ehIyxagcugEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢manEbreTArkbnÞH
GviC¢man. kartMerobrbs;m:UelKulenHGacRtUv)anrkeXIjedayBiesaF. rgVas;brimaNén
lkçN³b:UElrbs;sm<½n§KWCa m:Um:g;DIb:Ul ¬μ¦rbs;vaEdlKWCaplKuNénbnÞúk Q nigcMgayrvag
¬1¦
bnÞúk nigbnÞúk r³
μ =Q×r
edIm,IrkSaPaBNWt bnÞúkenAxagcugTaMgBIrrbsm:UelKulDIGatUmNWtRtUvEtmanTMhM
¬dMéldac;xat¦ b:unKñaehIymansBaØapÞúyKña. kñúgsmIkar ¬1¦ Q sMedAEteTAelITMhMén
bnÞúkEtb:ueNÑaH minsMedAelIsBaØarbs;vaeT dUecñHehIy)anCa μ EtgEtmantMélviC¢manCanic©.
10-14
CMBUkTI10
m:Um:gDIb:UlEtgEtbBa¢ak;CaxñatDIéb: ¬D¦EdlkMNt;eQμaH edayelak
bMElgKW 1D = 3,33 ¯ 10 C m
Edl C CaKULM ehIy m KWCaEm:Rt
Peter Debye 1
. Ékta
-30
rUbTI 3³ lMnaMRbRBwtþirbs;m:UelKulb:UEl (a) eBlKμanEdnGKÁisnIxageRkA
m:UelKulb:UElminRtUv)anb:H Bal;eTAelIEdnGKiÁsnIeT.
(b)
eBlEdlmanGKÁisnI.
m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanGatUmrbs;Fatuxus²Kña ¬dUcCa CO HCl nig NO¦manm:Um:g;
DIb:Ul ehIyRtUv)aneKehAfam:UelKulb:UEl. m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanGatUmrbs;FatudUc²Kña
¬dUcCa H O nig F ¦ Ca]TahrN_ m:UelKulminb:UEl BIeRBaHvaminmanm:Um:g;DIb:UleT.
cMeBaHm:UelKulEdlbegáIteLIgedayGatUmBIr b¤eRcInKWTaMglkçN³b:UElénsm<½n§ nigTMrg;
FrNImaRténm:UelKulkMNt;faetImanm:Um:g;DIb:UlEdrb¤Gt;. ebIeTaHbICamanvtþmansm<½n§b:UEl
k¾eday k¾minR)akdfam:UelKulnwgcaM)ac;RtUvEtmanm:Um:g;DIb:UlEdr. ]TahrN_ kabUnDIGuksIut
(CO ) Cam:UelKulRTIGatUm dUecñHTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;vamanTaMgTMrg;CabnÞat;Rtg; nigTMrg;ekag.
2
2
2
2
C
O
O=C=O
O
plm:Um:gDIb:Ul
m:UelKullIenEG‘r¬Kμanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul¦ m:UelKulekag¬manm:Um:g;DIb:Ul¦
sBaØaRBYjbgðajBIrMkildg;sIueteGLicRtugBIkabUn EdlmaneGLicRtUGviC¢manexSay
eTAGatUmGuksIuEsnEdlmaneGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMg.
enAkñúgkrNInImYy²m:Um:g;DIb:Ulrbs;
CaGñkKImIrUbCnCatiGaemrickaMgEdlmanedImkMenItCaCnCati
hULg; Kat;)anbegáItsBaØaN CaeRcInEdlCaCMnYydl;karsikSa TMrg;m:UelKul KImIb:UlIEm: karviPaKkaMrsμI X
ehIynigsUluysüúgeGLicRtUlIRt Kat;)anTTYlrgVan; EpñkKImIenAqñaM 1936.
1
Peter Joseph William Debye (1884-1966)
10-15
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
m:UelKulTaMgmUlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaym:Um:gsm<½n§BIr enaHKWm:Um:g;DIb:UlEdlxusKñakñúgsm<½n§
b:UEl C=O. m:Um:g;sm<½n§KWCaTMhMvicT½rEdlmann½yfa vamanTaMgTMhM (Magnitude) nigTisedA.
m:Um:g;DIb:UlEdlRtUvvas;)anKWesμIeTAnwgplbUkvicT½rénm:Um:g;sm<½n§. m:Um:g;sm<½n§BIrkñúg CO KWman
TMhMesμIKña. ebIvaedATispÞúyKñakñúgm:UelKul CO ExSRtg;plbUkrYm b¤plrYmm:Um:g;DIb:UlmantMél
sUnü. müa:gvijeTot ebIsinCam:UelKul CO ekag m:Um:g;sm<½n§TaMgBIrkan;EtmanPaBmaMrvag
KñaeLIg dUecñHm:UelKulmanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul. tamBiesaFn_)aneGaydwgfa kabUnDIGuksIutminman
m:Um:g;DIb:UleT dUecñHeyIgGac snñidæanfa m:UelKulkabUnDIGuksIutmanTMrg;CaExSRtg;. FmμCatién
TMrg;ExSRtg;rbs;kabUnDIGuksIutRtUv)anGHGag tamry³BiesaFepSg²eTot.
bnÞab;mk eyIgnwgBinitüemIlm:UelKul NH nig NF EdlbgðajkñúgrUbTI4. kñúgm:UelKul
TaMgBIrGatUmmNÐl N maneTVtaesrImYyEdldg;sIuetbnÞúkrbs;vaEtgEtekItBIGatUm N.
eyIg)andwgehIyfa N vaman eGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMgCag H ehIy F maneGLicRtUGviC¢man
xøaMgCag N cMeBaHehtuplenH rMkildg;sIueteGLicRtugkñúg NH KWeq<aHeTArk N dUecñHva
naMeGaymanm:Um:gDIb:Ulya:gFM. cMENkÉm:Um:g;sm<½n§ NF RtUv)ankMNt;TisecjBIGatUm N
Edlvabnßykarpþl;BIeTVtaesrIeTAeGaym:Um:gDIb:Ul dUecñHplbUkm:Um:g;DIb:Ulsrubkñúg NH
KWFMCagm:Um:g;DIb:Ulkñúg NF .
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
rUbTI 4³ m:Um:g;sm<½n§ nigplm:Um:g;DIb:Ulkñúg
NH3
nig NF
3
plm:Um:gDIb:Ul = 1,46D
plrYmm:Um:gDIb:Ul = 0,24D
10-16
CMBUkTI10
m:Um:g;DIb:UlGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IsMKal;rvagm:UelKulEdlmanrUbmnþdUcKña b:uEnþmanTMrg;
xusKña. dUcCam:UelKulxageRkamenHEdlvamanrUbmnþdUcKña (C H Cl ) mancMnYn nigRbePT
sm<½n§dUcKña b:uEnþTMrg;m:UelKulxusKña.
2
2
2
plrYmm:Um:gDIb:Ul
sIus-DIkør:UeGTIELn µ = 1,89D
Rtg;-DIkør:UeGTIELn µ = 0
edaysIus-DIkørYeGTIELn Cam:UelKulb:UEl b:uEnþRtg;-DIkørYeGTIELnKWminEmneTTMrg;TaMg
BIrenHGacRtUvbgðajBIPaBxusKñaedayrgVas;m:Umg: ;DIb:Ul. elIsBIenH eyIgnwgeXIjenACMBUk
bnÞab;eTotenHBIPaBmaMrbs;kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKulEdlkMNt;faetIm:UelKulmanm:Um:g;DIm:Ul b¤Gt;.
taragTI3 rayBIm:Um:g;DIb:Ulrbs;m:UelKulb:UElmYycMnYn.
]TahrN_TI2 bgðajBIrebobEdleyIgGacTsSn_Tay)anfaetIm:UelKulmanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul
Edrb¤Gt; ebIsinCaeyIgdwgBITMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;va.
taragTI 3³ m:Um:g;DIb:Ulrbs;m:UelKulb:UElmYycMnYn
m:UelKul TMrg;FrNImaRt m:Um:g;DIb:Ul
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
H2O
H2S
NH3
SO2
TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg;
TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg;
TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg;
TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg;
TMrg;ekag
TMrg;ekag
TMrg;BIra:mIt
TMrg;ekag
1,92
1,08
0,78
0,38
1,87
1,10
1,46
1,60
]TahrN_TI2³ cUrTsSn_TayfaetIm:UelKulxageRkammanm:Um:g;DIm:UlEdrb¤eT.
(a) IBr
(b) BF ¬RtIekaNsmg½Skñúgbøg;¦
(c) CH Cl ¬ctumux¦
3
2
10-17
2
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
cMelIy³ eday IBr ¬GIuy:UdRbUmY¦Cam:UelKulDIGatUm vamanTMrg;FrNImaRtCaExSRtg;RbUmman
eGLicRtUGviC¢man xøaMgCagGIuy:Ud dUecñH IBr b:UElEdlRbUmmanbnÞúkGviC¢manenAxagcug
I – Br
dUecñHm:UelKulenHmanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul
(b)- edayPøúyGmaneGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMgCagbr
enaHsm<½n§ B – F nImYy²kñúg BF
¬brRTIPøúGrY¦KWb:UEl ehIy manm:Um:g;sm<½n§bIesμI²Kña. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edayPaBsIuemRTIén
TMrg;rabRtImuxmann½yfa m:Um:g;sm<½n§bIBitCaRtUv)anlubecalKña.
3
F
B
F
F
ehtuenH BF minmanm:Um:g;DIb:UleT vaCam:UelKulminb:UEl.
(c)- TMrg;LWvisrbs; CH Cl ¬DIkørY:emTIlELn¦KW³
Cl
3
2
2
H–C–H
Cl
m:UelKulenHRsEdogeTAnwg CH EdrEdlkñúgm:UelKulenaHmanTMrg;ctumux EteTaHbIya:gNa
sm<½n§TaMgGs; mindUcKñaebHbiTenaHeT edaysarvamanmMusm<½n§bIxusKñaKW HCH HCCl nig
ClCCl dUcenHmMusm<½n§TaMgenHtUc nigminesμIeTAnwg
109,5 eT. edaykørmaneGLicRtU
GviC¢manxøaMgCakabUnEdlkabUnmaneGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMgCagGuIRdUEsn dUcenHm:Um:g;sm<½n§Gac
ykCakar)an ehIym:UelKulmanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul. dUecñH CH Cl Cam:UelKulb:UEl
plrYmm:Um:gDIb:Ul
4
o
2
lMhat;Gnuvtþ³ etIm:UelKul AlCl manm:Um:g;DIb:UlEdrb¤eT ?
3
10-18
2
CMBUkTI10
KImIGnuvtþn_³
LmIRkUev:v ³ karGnuvtþn_³énm:Um:g;DIb:Ul
kñúgémÖqñaMcugeRkayLmIRkUev:v (microwave oven) )ankøayCasmÖar³eRbIR)as;enARKb;TI
kEnøg. bec©kviTüamIRkUev:v)anCYyeyIgedIm,I[Gaharrlay nigcMGinkan;Etrh½sCagsmÖar³
samBaØepSgeTot. etImIRkUev:vGaccMGinGahar)anrh½sbMputy:agdUcemþc?
kñúgemeronmun Gñk)anEsVgyl;famIRkUev:vCaTMrg;mYyénkaMrsμIeGLicRtUm:aejTic (electromagnetic radiation). mIRkUev:vRtUv)anbegáItedaym:aejRtugmYy (magnetron) Edl
RtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 eBlEdlbec©kviTüar:ada (radar technology)
RtUv)ankMBugGPivDÆn¾. m:aejRtug (magnetron) CasuILaMgRbehagmYyRtuv)aneRsabedayem
EdkmanRTg;RTaydUcRkckesH. kñúgmNÐlénsIuLaMgCaeGLicRtutkatUt EdlPñasénsIuLaMg
edIrtYnaTICaGaNUt. eBlRtUvkMedA eGLicRtUtkatUtbeBa©jeGLicRtugCaeRcIneFIVdMeNIreTA
GaNUt. Ednm:aejTicCMrujeGLicRtugCaeRcIneFIVclnakñúgpøÚvvgVg;mYy. clnaénPaKl¥itEdl
manbnÞúkenHbegáItnUvmIRkUev:vEdlRtUv)anEktMrUvcMeBaHeRbkg;;mYy 2.45 GHz (2.45 x 10
sMrab;karcMGin. pøÚvrlk "waveguide" dwknaMmIRkUev:veTAkñúgftcMGin. søabkgðargVilqøúHbBa©aMg
nUvmIRkUev:veTARKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énL.
skmμPaBcMGinkñúgLmIRkUev:vmYyTTYl)anBIGnþrkmμrvagsmasPaKpSMEdlGKÁisnIénkaM
rsμICamYym:UelKulb:UElr-CaBiessm:UelKulTwk-EdlmanenAkñúgGahar. mU:elKulTaMgGs;
rgVilenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;. RbsinebIeRbkg;;énkaMrsμI nigeRbkg;;rgVilm:UelKulKWesμIKña
ehIyfamBlGacRtUv)anbBa¢ÚnBImIRkUev:veTAkan;m:UelKulb:UElr. CalT§pl m:UelKulnwgrgVil
10-19
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
kanEtelOn. eRbkg; 2.45 GHz KWvamansmRsbCaBiesssMrab;karbegáInfamBlrgVilénm:elKulTwk. karb:HTgÁicBIm:UelKulTwkEdlrgVli y:agelOn)aneFIV[m:UelKulGaharenACMuvij
eLIgekþA.
mulehtuEdlLmIRkUev:vGaccMGinGahar)anrh7sEbbenH KWfakaMrsμIKWminRtUv)anRsUb
edaym:UelKulminb:UElrenaHeT ehIydUecñHvaGacQaneTAdl;EpñkepSg²eToténGaharkñúgry³
eBldUcKña. ¬GaRs½yelIvtþmanrbs;m:UelKulTwk mIRkUev:vGacRCabcUleTAEpñkkñúgénGahar)an
y:ageRCA¦. kñúgLFmμta kMedAGacman\T§iBleTAEpñkkNþalénGahar Etb:ueNÑaHeday
karcmøgkMedA¬EdlCakarbBa¢ÚnkMedABIm:UelKulxül;kMedAeTAkan;m:UelKulEdl RtCak;kñúgGahar
kñúgEbbRsTab;edayRsTab; EdlCadMeNIrkarmYy yWtNas;.
GnþrkmμrvagsmasPaKpSMEdlGKÁisnIénmIRkUev:v nigm:UelKulb:UElr. (a) b:UlGviC¢manénDIb:UlRsbtam
karsayénrlk ¬tMbn;viC¢man¦ nigrgiVlkñúgTisedARsbnwgRTnicnaLika. (b) bnÞab;BI m:UelKul)anrgiVl
eTATItaMgfμIkaMrsμI)aneFIVclnapgEdrRsbtamvdþbnÞab;rbs;va b:UlviC¢manénDIb:UlnwgeFIVclnaeTAkñúgtMbn;
GviC¢manénrlkxN³Edlb:UlGviC¢mannwgrujeLIgelI. dUecñHm:UelKulnwgrgIvl)anrh½s. GnþrkmμEbb
nwgminGacekIteLIgcMeBaHm:UelKulminb:UElrenaHeT.
10-20
CMBUkTI10
cMnucxageRkamCaeRcInKWTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIrkarénLmIRkUev:v. eRKOgEkv Pyrex nig)øa
sÞicminmannUvm:UelKulb:UElr ehIydUecñHvaminGacrg\T§iBledaykaMrsμImIRkUev:venaHeT. ¬sÞIr:UhVm nigRbePT)øasÞicxøH² minGaceRbIkñúgmIRkUev:venaHeT BIeRBaHvarlayeday sarkMedAGahar.
eTaHbICay:agNa elah³sMrab;x©b;Gahar nigRkdasGaluymIj:ÚmCHRtLb; mIRkUev:v
edayehtuenHvapþl;nUvkarRtLb;nUvfamBlRKb;RKan;eTARbdab;beBa©jmIRkUev:v EdlGac[
mIRkUev:vxUc.
edaysarEtmIRkUev:vGacbegáItcrnþGKÁisnIkñúgelah³skmμPaBenHGacbgánUv
páaePøIgrvagvtßúEdldak;Gaharnig)atb¤CBa¢aMgL. cugbBa©b;eTaHbICam:UelKulTwkkñúgTwkkk
KWRtUvCab;mYykEnøg ehIydUecñHvaminminGacrgVileyIgkMedAGaharkñúgLmIRkUev:v. mUlehtuKWfa
enAsItuNðPaBbnÞb; RsTab;esþIgénTwkbegáIteLIgelIépÞGaharEdlkk ehIym:UelKulcl½tkñúg
RsTab;esþIgenHGacRsUbkaMrsμIedIm,Icab;epþImdMeNIrkarrlay.
***********************
3 RTwsþIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;
viFI VSEPR EdlEp¥kPaKeRcIneTAelITMrg;LWvis pþl;viFIgayRsYlsMrab;karTsSn_Tay
TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul. b:uEnþeyIg)andwgkalBIeBlmunehIyfa RTwsþILWvisénsm<½n§KImI
min)anBnül;c,as;fa etIehtuGIV)an Casm<½n§KImImanenaHeT. TMnak;TMngénkarbegáItsm<½n§
kUva::Lg; nigKUeGLicRtugKWCadMNak;kalmannTisedARtwmRtUvmYy b:uEnþvaminTan;)anBnül;
eGay)anRKb;RKan;enaHeT. ]TahrN_ RTwsþILWvisBiB’NnaGMBIsm<½n§mYyCan;rvagGatUm H kñúg
H ehIyrvagGatUm F kñúg F kñúgviFIBiessdUcKña enaHCakarpÁÚeGLicRtugBIr. b:uEnþm:UelKul
TaMgBIrenHenAEtmanfamBlsm<½n§ nigRbEvgsm<½n§xusKñaya:gxøaMg (436,4kJ/mol ehIy 74pm
cMeBaH H nig 150,6kJ/mol ehIy 142pm cMeBaH F ). famBlsm<½n§ nigRbEvgsm<½n§TaMgenH
minGacBnül;tamRTwsþILWvis)aneT. cMeBaHkarBnül;EdlmanlkçN³sμúKsμajBIkarbegáIt
sm<½n§KImI eyIgRtUvsikSaeTAelIemkanickg;Tic tamBitemkanickg;TicsikSaBIsm<½n§KImIk¾Ca
meFüa)aymYysMrab;karyl;dwgBITMrg; FrNImaRténm:UelKulpgEdr.
\lUvenH RTwsþIemkanickg;TicBIrRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IBiBN’naBIkarbegáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg; nig
TMrg;eGLicRtugénm:UelKul. RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg; (VB) snμtfaeGLicRtugm:UelKulsßitenAkñúg
Grb‘Ítal;GatUménGatUmnimYy². vaGaceGayeyIgcaM)anBIrUbPaBénGatUmnimYy²EdlcUlrYm
kñúgkarbegáItsm<½n§. RTwsþITIBIrRtUv)aneKehAfa RTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul (MO) EdlsnμteTAelI
2
2
2
2
10-21
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
karbegáItsm<½n§énGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBIGrb‘Ítal;GatUm. KμanRTwsþINamYyBnül;ya:gc,as;eTA
elIRKb;lkçN³énkarbegáItsm<½n§ b:uEnþRTwsþInImYy²CaCMnYydl;karyl;dwgrbs;eyIgBIlkçN³
m:UelKulEdl)ansegátCaeRcIn.
eyIgcab;epþImBiPakSaGMBIRTWsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;edayBinitükarbegáItm:UelKul H BIGatUm H
BIr. RTWsþILWvisBnül;BIsm<½n§ H–H enAkñúgRbePTénKUeGLicRtugBIrelIGatUm H. enAkñúg
RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg; sm<½n§kUva:Lg; H–H RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykarRKbdNþb;énGrb‘Ítal; 1s cMnYn
BIrkñúgGatUm H. karRKbdNþb;enHcg;niyayfa Grb‘Ítal;cMnYnBIrdak;h‘unenAtMbn;dUcKña
kñúglMh. etImanGIVekIteLIgcMeBaHGatUm H BIr eBlEdlvaxiteTACitKña nigbegáItsm<½n§.
mundMbUg eBlEdlGatUmTaMgBIrsßitenAq¶ayBIKñaminmanGnþrkmμeT. eyIgdwgfa famBl
b:Utg;EsülénRbB½n§enH ¬mann½yfa GatUm H TaMgBIr¦KWsUnü. eBlEdlGatUmTaMgenHxitCitKña
eGLicRtugRtUv)anTajedayéNVy:Urbs;GatUmerog²xøÜn. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaHeGLicRtugRcan
KñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyéNVy:Uk¾dUcKñaEdr. xN³EdlGatUmenAEtXøatecjBIKñaenaHkMlaMgTMnaj
xøaMgCagkMlaMgcMran dUecñHfamBlb:Utg;EsülénRbB½n§enHfycuH ¬mann½yfa vamantMél
GviC¢man¦ eBlEdlGatUmxitCitKña ¬rUbTI5¦.
2
rUbTI5³ bMErbMrYlfamBlb:Utg;Esülrbs;GatUmBIr H CamYynigbMErbMrYlkñúgcMgayénkarXøatecjBIKña.
enAcMNucfamBlb:Utg; EsülGb,brima m:UelKul H sißtenAkñúglkçxNçsßirPaBbMput ehIyRbEvgsm<½n§KW
2
74pm
TMenarenHbnþrhUtdl;famBlb:Utg;EsüleTAdl;tMélGb,brma. enAcMNucenHeBl
EdlRbB½n§manfamBlb:Utg;Esülkan;EtTab vak¾kan;EtmansßirPaBbMputEdr. lkçx½NçenHRtUv
10-22
CMBUkTI10
KñaeTAnwgkarRKbdNþb;énGrb‘Ítal 1s nigkarbegáItm:UelKul H EdlmansßirPaB. RbsinebI
cMgayrvagéNVy:Ukan;EtxøIeTAfamBlb:Utg;EsülekIneLIgya:grh½s ehIycugbBa©b;køayCaviC¢
manedaysarcMraneGLicRtug-eGLicRtug nigéNVy:U-éNVy:U. eyagtamc,ab;rkSafamBl
enAeBlEdlfamBlb:Utg;EsülfycuHvaRtUvEtbeBa©jfamBldUcCakñúgkarbegáItm:UelKul H .
BiesaFbgðajfa enAeBlbegáItedIm,Ipþac;sm<½n§ H–H famBlRtUv)anpþl;eTAeGay m:UelKul.
dUecñH RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;pþl;karBiB’Nnakan;Etc,as;BIkarbegáItsm<½n§KImICagRTwsþILWvis.
tamRTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;Ecgfa m:UelKulEdlmansßirPaBmYykekItBIGMeBIrbs;GatUmeBlEdl
famBlb:Utg;Esülrbs;RbB½n§fycuHrhUteTAdl;tMélGb,brima. cMENkRTWsþILWvisminKitBI
bMErbMrYlfamBlkñúgkarbegáItsm<½n§KImIeT.
bBaØtiþénkarRKbdNþb;Grb‘Ítal;GatUmEdlRKbdNþb; Gnuvtþ)anl¥dUceTAnwgm:UelKul
DIGatUmdéTeTotEdrminRtwmEtGatUm H eT. dUecñH m:UelKul F EdlmansßirPaBmYyekIt
eLIgeBlEdlGrb‘Ítal; 2p ¬EdlmaneGLicRtugminsm<½n§¦ kñúgGatUm F TaMgBIrRKbdNþb;
edIm,IbegáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg;. RsedogKñaenHEdr karbegáItm:UelKul HF GacRtUv)anBnül;
tamkarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; 1s kñúg H CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2p kñúg F. kñúgkrNInImYy² RTwsþI
VB Bnül;BIbMErbMrYlkñúgfamBlb:Utg;Esül enAeBlEdlCacMgayrvagGatUmEdlmanGMeBI
nwgKñaERbRbYl. BIeRBaHGrb‘Ítal;EdlcUlrYmmindUcKñaRKb;krNIenaH eyIgGacyl;)anfa ehtuGIV
)anCafamBlsm<½n§RbEvgsm<½n§kñúgH HF nig F GacxusKña. dUceyIg)andwgehIyfa RTwsþI
LWviscat;TukRKb;sm<½n§kUva:Lg;TaMgGs;dUcKña edaymin)anBnül;BIPaBxusKñakñúgcMeNamsm<½n§
kUva:Lg;eT.
4 GIuRb‘ÍtkmμEnGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
bBaØtiþénkarRKbdNþb;Grb‘Ítal;GatUm (atomic orbital overlap) KYrGnuvtþpgEdreTAelI
m:UelKulb:UlIGatUm. eTaHbIya:gNa eRKagsm<½n§EdlRtwmRtUvbMputRtUvEteqøIytbeTAnwgTMrg;
FrNImaRténm:UelKul. eyIgnwgBiPakSaGMBI]TahrN_bIrbs; VB énkarcgsm<½n§kñúgm:UelKul
b:UlIGatUm.
GIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp
cUrBinitüemIlm:UelKul CH . edayepþatEteTAelIeGLicRtugva:Lg; eyIgGacbgðaj
düaRkam ¬KMnUs¦ tagGrb‘Ítal;rbs; C dUcteTA³
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
10-23
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
↑↓
↑
2s
↑
2p
edaysarGatUmkabUnmanBIeGLicRtugminKU ¬EdlmYy²enAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 2p ¦ vaGac
begáItsm<½n§CamYyGIuRdUEsn)anRtwmEtBIrb:ueNÑaH kñúgPaBRKwHrbs;va. eTaHbICa CH RtUv)aneK
sÁal;EtvaminmansßirPaBeT. edIm,IBnül;)anBIsm<½n§ C –H TaMgbYnkñúgemtan eyIgGac
BüayamtMeLIg ¬mann½yfa epJacfamBl¦ eGLicRtugmYyBIGrb‘Ítal; 2s eTAGrb‘Ítal; 2p.
2
↑
↑
2s
↑
↑
2p
eBlenHmaneGLicRtugminKUcMnYnbYnenAelI C EdlGacbegáIt)ansm<½n§ C – H
cMnYnbYn. eTaHCay:agNa TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;vaminRtwmRtUveT eRBaHmMusm<½n§TaMgbIrrbs; HCH
RtUvmantMél 90 ¬cUrcaMfa Grb‘Ítal; 2p TaMgbIenAelIkabUnkat;EkgKña¦ EtmMu HCH TaMgGs;
EbrCaman 109,5 eTAvij.
o
o
rUbTI 6³ karbegáItGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ítkmμ
sp3
edIm,IBnül;BIsm<½n§enAkñúgemtan RTwsþI VB RtUv)aneRbICasmμtikmμGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít Edl
kñúgenaHGrb‘Ítal; GatUmRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeBlEdlGrb‘Ítal;minsmmUlBIr b¤eRcInénGatUm
EtmYycUlpSMKñedIm,IbegáItsm<½n§va:Lg;. GIuRb‘ÍtkmμμCaBaküsMedAeTAelIbnSMGrb‘Ítal;GatUmkñúg
GatUmmYy ¬CaTUeTACaGatUmmNÐl¦ edIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít. eyIgGacbegáItGrb‘Ítal;
GIuRb‘ÍtbYncMeBaHkabUnedaybnSMGrb‘Ítal; 2s mYynig 2p bI.
↑
↑
↑
↑
Grb‘Ítal; sp
3
10-24
CMBUkTI10
edaysarEtGrb‘Ítal;fμIRtUv)anbegáItBIGrb‘Ítal; s mYy nigGrb‘Ítal; p bI vaRtUv)an
eKehAfa Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp . rUbTI6bgðajBITMrg; nigTisedArbs;Grb‘Ítal; sp . Grb‘Ítal;
GIuRb‘ÍtTaMgbYnenH RtUv)anedAeq<aHeTARCugTaMgbYnénctumux.
rUbTI7 bgðajBIkarkekIténsm<½n§kUva:Lg;bYnrvagGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp rbs;kabUn nigGrb‘Ítal; 1s
rbs;GIuRdUEsn kñúg CH . dUecñH CH manTMrg;ctumux ehIymMu HCH TaMgGs;KW 109,5 .
cUrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHbICafamBl EdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,InaMeTAdl;GuIRbIdkmμk¾eday k¾karpþl;
famBlenHvaTUTat;KñaCamYyfamBlEdlbeBa©j edIm,IbegáItsm<½n§ C–H. ¬karbegáItsm<½n§KWCa
dMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedA¦.
3
3
3
4
o
4
rUbTI 7 ³karbegáItsm<½n§bYnrvagG½rb‘Í
tal;GuIRb‘ÍtkabUn sp3 CamYyGrb‘Ítal;
1s rbs;GIuRdUEsn kñúg CH
4.
lkçN³RsedogKñaxageRkam manRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkaryl;dwgGMBIGIuRb‘Ítkmμ. ]TahrN_
eyIgmanEkvebEs‘mYyEdldak;sUluysüúgBN’Rkhm ehIyEkvebEs‘bIeTotmansUluysüúg
BN’exovEdlEkvnImYy² manmaD 50mL. sUluysüúgRkhmRtUvKñaeTAnwgGrb‘Ítal; 2s mYy
sUluysüúgBN’exov tageGayGrb‘Ítal; 2p bI ehIymaDEdlesμI²KñaTaMgbYn tageGay
Grb‘Ítal;epSg²KñaTaMgbYn. edaykarlaysUluysüúgbBa©ÚlKña eyIgTTYl)ansUluysüúg
BN’sVay 200mL EdlGacEckCabYnEpñk 50mL ¬mann½yfa dMeNIrkarGIuRb‘ÍtkmμbegáIt
Grb‘Ítal; sp cMnYnbYn¦. dUcKñaeTAnwgBN’sVayEdr vaRtUv)anbegáItBIbnSMB’NRkhm nig
B’NexovénsUluysüúgedIm dUecñHGrb‘Ítal; sp manlkçN³TaMgGrb‘Ítal; s nig p.
]TahrN_mYyepSgeTotBIGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp KWGam:Uj:ak; (NH ). taragTI1 bgðajfatMerob
éneGLicRtugTaMgbYnCaTMrg;ctumux dUecñHsm<½n§EdlekItkñúg NH GacRtUv)anBnül;edaysnμt
eGay N dUceTAnwg C kñúg CH EdlCaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp . r)ayeGLicRtugenAPaBRKwHrbs; N KW
1s 2s 2p dUcenHKMnUstagGrb‘Ítal; sp rbs; N KW
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
2
2
3
3
↑
↑
↑
↑↓
Grb‘Ítal; sp
3
10-25
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
bIkñúgcMeNamGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtTaMgbYn begáIt)ansm<½n§kUva:Lg; N – H ehIyGrb‘Ítal;
GIuRb‘ÍtTIbYn CaeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIelIGasUt ¬rUbTI 8¦. cMranrvageGLicRtugesrICamYy
eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;sm<½n§bnßymMusm<½n§ HNH BI 109,5 eTA 107,5 .
o
o
rUbTI8; GatUm N kñúg NH KWGIuRb‘Ít sp .
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp bIbegáItsm<½n§CamYyGatUm H.
GIuRb‘ÍtTI4sißtenACaeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIrbs;GasUt.
3
3
3
vacaM)ac;Nas;RtUvyl;BITMnak;TMngrvagGIuRb‘ÍtkmμCamYyviFan VSEPR. eyIgeRbI
GIuRb‘ÍtkmμedIm,IBN’naGMBIeRKagsm<½n§EtenAeBlEdltMerobKUeGLicRtug GacRtUv)anTsSn_Tay
edayeRbI VSEPR b:ueNÑaH. ebIsinviFan VSEPR TsSn_TayBItMerobctumuxrbs;KUeGLicRtug
bnÞab;eyIgsnμtfa Grb‘Ítal; 1s mYy nigGrb‘Ítal; p bI RtUv)aneFIVGIuRb‘ÍtedIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal; sp
bYn . xageRkamenH Ca]TahrN_BIRbePTepSgeToténGIuRb‘Ítkmμ.
3
GIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp
m:UelKuleblüÚmkørY KWRtUv)anTayfaCabnÞat;Rtg;tam
rbs;eGLicRtugva:Lg; kñúg Be KW³
. KMnUstagGrb‘Ítal;
VSEPR
↑↓
2s
2p
eyIgdwgfakñúgPaBRKwHrbs;va Be minbegáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg;CamYy Cl eT BIeRBaH
eGLicRtugrbs;vaenACaKUkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 2s. dUecñHeyIggakeTAemIlGIuRbIkmμcMeBaHkarBnül;BI
lkçN³sm<½n§rbs; Be. dMbUgeyIgRtUvtMeLIgeGLicRtugmYykñúgGrb‘Ítal; 2s eTAeGayGrb‘Ítal;
2p EdllT§pldUcxageRkam³
↑
2s
↑
2p
eBlenHmanGrb‘Ítal; Be BIrsMrab;karbegáItsm<½n§ KW 2s nig 2p. eTaHya:gNa
ebIsinCaGatUm Cl BIrRtUv pSMCamYy Be kñúgPaBepJacenH enaHGatUm Cl mYydak;h‘uneGLicRtug
10-26
CMBUkTI10
mYy ehIyGatUm Cl mYyepSgeTot dak;h‘uneGLicRtug 2p mYy edaybegáItsm<½n§ BeCl
minsmmUlBIr. lkçN³enHvapÞúyBIPaBCak;lak; tamBiesaF. Cak;Esþg kñúgm:UelKul BeCl
sm<½n§ BeCl TaMgBIrKWdUcKñaebHbiTRKb;lkçN³TaMgGs;. dUecñH Grb‘Ítal; 2s nig 2p RtUvEtbnSMKña
b¤k¾eFIVGIuRb‘ÍtkmμnwgKña edIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp smmUlBIr.
2s
2
↑
↑
Grb‘Ítal; sp
Grb‘Ítal; 2p TMenr
rUbTI 9³ karbegáItGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp
rUbTI9 bgðajBITMrg; nigTisedArbs;Grb‘Ítal; 2p. Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtTaMgBIrenHsßitenA
elIbnÞat;EtmYyKWGk½S x dUecñHmMurvagvaTaMgBIrKW 180 Edlsm<½n§ BeCl nImYy²KWRtUvbegáIt
edaykarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; spén Be nigGrb‘Ítal; 3pén Cl ehIyCalT§plm:UelKul
BeCl manTMrg;FrNImaRtCabnÞat;Rtg; ¬rUbTI 10¦.
o
2
rUbTI10³TMrg;FrNImaRtCabnÞat;Rtg;rbs; BeCl RtUv)anBnül; edaykarsnμtfa Be KWRtUv)aneFIVGIuRb‘Ítkmμ.
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp cMnYnBIrRKbdNþb;CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 3p rbs;køredIm,IbegáIt )anCasm<½n§kUva:Lg;BIr.
2
GIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp
eyIgnwgsikSam:UelKulBF ¬brRTIPøúyGrY¦edaydwgfavamanTMrg;FrNImaRtkñúgbøg; eday
eyageTAelIviFan VSEPR. edayBinitüelIEteGLicRtugva:Lg; KMnUstagGrb‘Ítal;rbs; B KW
2
3
↑↓
↑
2s
2p
dMbUgeyIgdMeLIgeGLicRtug 2s eTAeGayGrb‘Ítal; 2p TMenr
↑
2s
↑
↑
2p
edaybnSMGrb‘Ítal; 2s CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2p cMnYnBIr enaHbegáIt)anGrb‘Ítal; sp
2
10-27
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
↑
↑
↑
Grb‘Ítal; sp
Grb‘Ítal; 2p TMenr
bITaMgenHsßitenAelIbøg;EtmYy ehIymMurvagGrb‘Ítal;BIrkñúgcMeNamBYkvaKW
2
Grb‘Ítal; sp
120 ¬rUbTI11¦.
2
o
rUbTI 11³ karbegáItGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp
2
sm<½n§ BF nImYy²RtUv)anbegáItedaykarRKbdNþb;énGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp rbs;RbUm
CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2pénPøúyGr ¬rUbTI12¦. m:UelKul BF KWCabøg;CamYymMu FBF TaMgGs;esμI
120 . lT§plenHGnuelameTAtamkaryl;eXIjedayBiesaF ehIyk¾eTAtamkarTsSn_Tay
rbs;viFan VSEPR pgEdr
2
3
o
rUbTI12³ Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp rbs;brRKb
dNþb;CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;PøúyG. m:UelKul
BF CaTMrg;bøg; ehIymMu FBF TaMgGs;KW 120
2
o
3
GñkGackt;sMKal;BITMnak;TMngcaM)ac;rvagGIuRb‘ÍtkmμCamYyc,ab;Gdæta. edayminKitfa
vaCaRbePTénGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGIVeT GatUmmYyEdlcab;epþImCamYyGrb‘Ítal; s mYy nigGrb‘Ítal; p bI
RtUvEtmanGrb‘Ítal;bYn EdlvaRKb;RKan;edIm,Idak;eGLicRtugR)aMbIkñúgsmasFatumYy. cMeBaH
FatukñúgxYbTI2éntaragxYb eGLicRtugR)aMbIKWCacMnYnGtibrmaEdlGatUmmYykñúgcMeNamFatu
TaMgenHGacdak;)ankñúgRsTab;va:Lg;rbs;va. ehtuplenH ehIyEdlc,ab;GdætaCaTUeTARtUv)an
eKarBcMeBaHFatuenAkñúgxYbTI2.
10-28
CMBUkTI10
lkçN³enHKWxusKñacMeBaHGatUménFatuxYbTI3. ebIsinCaeyIgeRbIEtGrb‘Ítal; 3s nig 3p
rbs;GatUmedIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ítkñgú m:UelKulmYy
enaHeTIbeKarBtamc,ab;Gdæta.
eTaHbIya:gNa kñúgm:UelKulxøH GatUmEtmYyGaceRbIGrb‘Ítal; 3d mYy b¤eRcInbEnßmeTAelI
Grb‘Ítal; 3s nig 3p edIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít. kñúgkrNI enH c,ab;GdætaminRtUv)aneKarBeT.
eyIgnwgeXIj]TahrN_mYyénkarcUlrYmrbs;Grb‘Ítal; 3d kñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ.
edIm,IsegçbkarBiPakSarbs;eyIgBIGIuRb‘Ítkmμ eyIgkt;sMKal;fa
- bBaØtiGIuRb‘ÍtkmμKWminRtUv)anGnuvtþeTcMeBaHGatUmesrI. vaCaKMrURTwsþIEdlRtUveRbIedIm,I
Bnül;BIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;Etb:ueNÑaH.
- GIuRb‘ÍtkmμKWCabnSM ya:gehacNas;BIGrb‘Ítal;GatUmminsmmUlBIr ]TahrN_ Grb‘Ítal;
s nig p dUecñH Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtminEmnCaGrb‘Ítal;GatUmsuT§enaHeT. Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít
nigGatUmsuT§manTMrg;xusKña ya:gxøaMg.
- cMnYnGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtEdlRtUv)anbegáIt KWesμIeTAnwgcMnYnGrb‘Ítal;GatUmsuT§EdlcUlrYm
kñúgdMeNIrkarGIuRb‘ÍtkmμenaH.
- GIuRb‘ÍtkmμRtUvkarfamBl. eTaHbIya:gNa RbB½n§beBa©jfamBlenHeTAvijkñúgeBlkar
begáItsm<½n§.
- sm<½n§kUva:Lg;kñúgm:UelKul nigGIuy:ugDIGatUmRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykarRKbdNþb;rbs;
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít b¤k¾Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtCamYyGrb‘Ítal;minGIuRb‘ÍtmYy. dUecñH viFIbegáIt
sm<½n§GIuRb‘Ítkmμ vaenAEtRtUvRKbdNþb;edayRTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;dEdl. eGLicRtugenAkñúg
m:UelKUlKWRtUv)ansnμtfa taMgenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ítrbs;GatUmepSg²Kña.
dMNak;kalTaMgenaHmandUcxageRkam³
1- KUsTMrg;LWvisénm:UelKul
2- TsSn_TayBItMerobTaMgmUlrbs;KUeGLicRtug ¬TaMgKUsm<½n§ nigKUminsm<½n§¦ eday
eRbI viFan VSEPR .
3- snμtGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;GatUmmNÐl edaypÁÚpÁgkartMerobrbs;KUeGLicRtugCamYy
KUeGLicRtugrbs;Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít ¬emIltaragTI4¦.
10-29
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
taragTI4³ Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtsMxan;² nigTMrg;rbs;va
Grb‘Ítal;GatUmsuT§ GIuRb‘ÍtkmμGa
rbs;GatUmmNÐl tUmmNÐl
cMnYnGrb‘Íta
l;GIuRb‘Ít
10-30
TMrg;Grb‘Ítal;
GIuRb‘Ít
]TahrN_
CMBUkTI10
dMeNIrkarGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
munnwgeyIgBiPakSaGMBIGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;Grb‘Ítal; d cUrkMNt;eGayc,as;BIGIVEdleyIg
caM)ac;RtUvdwgedIm,IGnuvtþGIuRb‘ÍtkmμeTAelIkarcgsm<½n§CaTUeTAkñúgm:UelKulb:UlIGatUm. CakarBit
RTwsþIGIuRb‘ÍtkmμRKbdNþb;eTAelIRTwsþILIvis nigviFan VSEPR. edIm,IkMNt;BIPaBGIuRb‘Ítkmμ
smRsbeTAeGayGatUmmNÐlkñúgm:UelKul eyIgRtUv yl;dwgxøH²GMBIFrNImaRtrbs;m:UelKul.
]TahrN_TI3³ cUrkMNt;PaBGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;GatUmmNÐl ¬KUsbnÞat;BIeRkam¦ kñúgm:UelKul
xageRkamenH
a- HgCl2
b- AlI3
c- PF3
cUrBIBN’naGMBIdMeNIrkarGIuRb‘Ítkmμ nigkMNt;TMrg;FrNImaRtkñúgkrNInImYy².
cMelIy³ (a) r)ayeGLicRtugenAPaBRKwHrbs; Hg KW [Xe] 6s 4f 5d dUecñHGatUm
maneGLicRtugva:Lg;BIr ¬eGLicRtugenA 6s ¦. TMrg;LWvisrbs; HgCl KW
2
14
10
Hg
2
..
..
..
..
: Cl − Hg − Cl :
KμaneTVtaeGLicRtugesrIenAelIGatUm Hg eT dUecñHtMerobrbs;KUeTVtaeGLicRtugTaMgBIr
CabnÞat;Rtg; ¬emIltaragTI1¦. BItarag 4 eyIgGacsnñidæanfa Hg CaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp BIeRBaH
vamanTMrg;FrNImaRténGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtcMnYnBIr. dMeNIrkarGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGacRtUv)anKiteTAdl;
lMnaMRbRBwtþdUcxageRkam. dMbUg eyIgRtUvKUsdüaRkam enAPaBRKwHrbs; Hg
↑↓
f
6s
6p
edaypþl;eGLicRtugmYyenA 6s eGayeTA Grb‘Ítal; 6p eyIg)anKW
↑
↑
6s
6p
Grb‘Ítal; 6s
nig 6p pSMKñaedIm,IbegáIt)anCaGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp
↑ ↑
Grb‘Ítal;
sp
Grb‘Ítal; 6p TMenr
10-31
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
sm<½n§ Hg – Cl TaMgBIrKWRtUvbegáIteLIgedaykarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp rbs;
Hg CamYyG½rBI tal; 3p rbs;GatUm Cl dUecñH HgCl Cam:UelKulelIbnÞat;Rtg;.
(b)- r)ayeGLicRtugrbs; Al KW [Ne]3s 3p dUecñH Al maneGLicRtugva:Lg;bI. TMrg; LWvisrbs;
..
:I :
AlI KW
2
2
1
3
..
: I –Al
..
:I :
..
manbIKUeGLicRtugsm<½n§ nigminmaneTVtaeGLicRtugesrIenAelIGatUm Al eT. tam
taragTI1 eyIgeXIjfa TMrg;énKUeGLicRtugTaMgbIKWCaRtImuxkñúgbøg; ehIytamtaragTI4 eyIg
snñidæan Al RtUvEtCaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp kñúg AlI KMnUstagGrb‘Ítal;enAPaBRKwHrbs;GatUm Al KW
2
↑↓
3
↑
3s
3p
edaykartMeLIgeGLicRtug 3s cMnYnmYyeTAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 3p eyIgTTYl)andUcxageRkam
↑
↑
↑
3s
3p
Grb‘Ítal; 3s nig 3p pSMKñabegáIt)anGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp
2
↑
↑
↑
Grb‘Ítal; sp
Grb‘Ítal; 3p TMenr
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp RKbdNþb;CamYyGrb‘Ítal;5prbs; I edIm,IbegáItCasm<½n§kUva:Lg; Al-I
cMnYnbI. dUcenH eyIgTsSn_Tayfa m:UelKul AlI CaRtImuxelIbøg; ehIymMuTaMgGs;KW 120 .
c- r)ayeGLicRtugrbs; P KW [Ne]3s 3p dUecñHGatUm P manR)aMeGLicRtugva:Lg;. TMrg;
LWvisrbs; PF KW
2
2
3
2
o
3
3
..
F– P –F
F
manbIKUeGLicRtugsm<½n§ nigmaneTVtaesrImYyenAelIGatUm P. tamtaragTI1
eyIgeXIjfa tMerob TaMgGs;rbs;KUeGLicRtugTaMgbYnKWCaTMrg;ctumux ehIytamtaragTI4
eyIgsnñidæanfa P RtUvEtCaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp KMnUstagGrb‘Ítal;rbs;GatUm P KW
3
10-32
CMBUkTI10
↑
↑↓
3s
↑
↑
3p
edaykarpSMKñarbs;Grb‘Ítal; 3s nig 3p eyIgTTYl)anGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp cMnYnbYn
3
↑
↑
↑
↑↓
Grb‘Ítal; sp
dUckñúgkrNI NH Edr Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtmYykñúgcMeNamGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp KWRtUv)an
eRbIedIm,IpSMCamYyeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIelIGatUm P. Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp bIepSgeTotbegáIt
sm<½n§kUva:Lg; P – F CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2p rbs; F. eyIgTsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;
m:UelKulBIra:mItRtIekaN mMu FPF KYrEtmantMéltUcCag 109,5 .
lMhat;Gnuvtþ³ cUrkMNt;PaBGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;GatUmEdlKUsbnÞat;BIeRkamkñúgsmasFatuxag
eRkamenH (a) SiBr
nig
(b) BCl
GIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal; s , p nig d
eyIg)andwgfa
RTwsþIGIuRb‘ÍtkmμBnül;ya:gc,as;BIkarcgsm<½n§EdlTak;TgeTAnwg
Grb‘Ítal; s nig p . eTaHbIya:gNa cMeBaHFatuenAkñúgxYbTI3 nigeRkayxYbTI3 eyIgminGac
Bnül;BITMrg;FrNImaRtm:UelKuledaykarsnμtfa manEtGrb‘Ítal; s nig p b:ueNÑaHeT EdleFIV
GIuRb‘ÍtkmμenaH. ]TahrN_ edIm,Iyl;BIkarbegáItm:UelKulCamYynwgTMrg;FrNImaRtb‘ÍBIra:mIt
RtImux nigGdæmux eyIgRtUvrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgGrb‘Ítal; d kñúgbBaØtiþGIuRb‘ÍtEdr.
cUrBinitüemIlm:UelKul SF Ca]TahrN_mYy. kñúgEpñkTI1 eyIg)andwgfam:UelKulenH
manTMrg;Gdæmux EdlCatMerobén6KUeGLicRtug. taragTI4 bgðajfa GatUm S CaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp d
kñúg SF . r)ayeGLicRtugenAPaBRKwHrbs; S KW [Ne]3s 3p
3
3
3
3
o
4
3
6
3 2
2
6
↑↓
↑↓
3s
↑
4
↑
3p
3d
edaysar kMrit 3d manfamBlCitxøaMgeFobeTAnwg kMrit 3s nig 3p eyIgGactMeLIg
eGLicRtug 3s nig 3p eTAeGayGrb‘Ítal; 3d cMnYnBIr.
↑
3s
↑
↑
↑
↑
3p
↑
3d
10-33
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
edaybnSMGrb‘Ítal; 3s mYy 3p BIr nig 3d bI begáIt)anGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp d R)aMmYy³
3 2
↑
↑
↑
↑
↑
↑
Grb‘Ítal; sp d
Grb‘Ítal; 3d TMenr
sm<½n§ S–FRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍténGatUm S CamYy
Grb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;GatUm F. edayman12eGLicRtugenACMuvijGatUm S dUecñHvamineKarB
tamc,ab;GdætaeT. kareRbIGrb‘Ítal; d bEnßmeTAelIGrb‘Ítal; s nig p edIm,IbegáItPaBelIs
BIc,ab;Gdæta KWelIskñúgRsTab;va:Lg;. FatukñúgxYbTI2 mindUcFatukñúgxYbTI3 edaysarvaminman
kMritfamBl 2d eT dUecñHvaminEdlmanelIskñúgRsTab;va:Lg;rbs;vaeT ehtuenH GatUménFatu
xYbTI2 minEdlmanB½T§CMuvijva eRcInCagR)aMbIeT enAkñúgsmasFaturbs;va.
]TahrN_TI4 Tak;TgeTAnwgkarelIseGLicRtugkñúgRsTab;va:Lg;rbs;FatukñúgxYbTI3
]TahrN_TI 4³ cUrBiPakSaBIPaBGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;pUsV½renAkñúgpUsVr½bg:taRbUmY (PBr )
..
cMelIy³ TMrg;LWvisrbs; PBr KW
:
Br
:
..
3 2
5
5
: Br
..
..
: Br
..
..
Br :
..
P
: Br :
..
taragTI1 bBa¢ak;fatMerobénKUeGLicRtugDIBIra:mItRtIekaN. tamtaragTI4 eyIgyl;fa
enHCaTMrg;Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp d TaMgR)aM. dUecñH P RtUvEtCa sp d EdlrgGIuRb‘Ítkmμkñúg PBr
enAPaBRKWHr)ayeGLicRtugrbs; P KW [Ne]3s 3p . edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIdMeNIrGIuRb‘Ítkmμ
eyIgcab;epþImCamYyKMnUstagGrb‘Ítal; rbs; P
3
3
2
↑↓
↑
3s
↑
5
3
↑
3p
3d
kartMeLIgeGLicRtugkñúg 3s eGayeTAGrb‘Ítal; 3d eyIgTTYl)andUcxageRkam
↑
↑
3s
↑
↑
↑
3p
3d
edaybnSMGrb‘Ítal; 3s mYy 3p bI nig 3d mYy begáIt)anGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp d cMnYnR)aM
3
↑
↑
↑
↑
↑
Grb‘Ítal; 3d TMenr
Grb‘Ítal; sp d
3
10-34
CMBUkTI10
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtTaMgenHRKbdNþb;CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 4p rbs; Br edIm,IbegáItCasm<½n§
kUva:Lg; P – Br . edayminmaneTVtaeGLicRtugesrIenAelIGatUm P TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs; PBr
CaDIBIra:mItRtIekaN.
lMhat;Gnuvtþ³ cUrBIPakSaGMBIPaBGIuRb‘Ítkmμ rbs; S kñúg SeF .
5
6
rYbTI13³ GIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp rbs;GatUmkabUn. Grb‘Ítal; 2s
PaBRKwH
RtUv)anpSMCamYyEtBIrGrb‘Ítal; 2p edIm,IbegáIt)an
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít 2p EdlmanlMnwgbI dMeNIrkarenHenAsl; karepJaceGLicRtu
eGLicRtugmYyenAelIGrb‘Ítal;minGIuRb‘Ít KWGrb‘Ítal; 2p
PaBGIuRb‘Ít sp
2
z
3
5 GIuRb‘Ítkmμkñúgm:UelKulEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan; nigbICan;
bBaØtþiGIuRb‘ÍtkmμmanRbeyaCn_pgEdrcMeBaHm:UelKulEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan; nigbICan;.
cUrBinitüemIlm:UelKuleGTIELn C H Ca]TahrN_. tam]TahrN_TI1 eyIgeXIjfa C H
mansm<½n§kabUn-kabUn nigmanTMrg;FrNImaRtkñgú bøg;. TaMgTMrg;FrNImaRt nigTaMgsm<½n§Gac
RtUv)anyl;c,as; ebIsineyIgsnμtfa GatUmkabUnnImYy²CaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp . rUbTI13 bgðajBI
KMnUstagéndMeNIrkarGIuRb‘ÍtkmμenH. eyIgsnμtfa manEtGrb‘Ítal; 2p nig 2p
eTEdlpSMCamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2s nigmanEtGrb‘Ítal; 2p eTEdlminERbRbYl. rUbTI14 bgðajfa
Grb‘Ítal; 2p EkgeTAnwgbøg;énGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít. eBlenH etIeyIgyl;EbbNacMeBaH
sm<½n§GatUmkabUn ? dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI15 GatUmkabUnnImYy²eRbIGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp cMnYnbI
edIm,IbegáItsm<½n§cMnYnBIrCamYyGrb‘Ítal; 1s rbs;GatUmGIuRdUEsnBIr nigsm<½n§mYyCamYy
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp rbs;GatUmkabUnEdlenACitva. elIsBIenH eTAeTot Grb‘Ítal; 2p min
GIuRb‘ÍtcMnYnBIrrbs;GatUmkabUn begáItsm<½n§mYyeTotedaykarRKbdNþb;BIcMehog ¬rUbTI15¦.
2
4
2
4
2
x
y
y
z
2
2
z
rUbTI14³ GatUmkabUnnImYy²enAkñúgm:UelKul C H
manGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp cMnYnbI nigGrb‘Ítal;mInGIuRb‘Ít
2p mYyEdlEkgeTAnwgbøg;énGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít.
2
2
z
10-35
2
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
mansm<½n§kUva:Lg;BIrRbePTxusKñakñúg C H . sm<½n§cMnYnbIEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday
GatUmkabUn ¬rUbTI15(a)¦TaMgGs;Casm<½n§sIucma: ¬sm<½n§ σ¦ sm<½n§kUva:Lg; EdlRtUvbegáIteLIg
edaykarRKbdNþb;Grb‘Ítal; Epñkxagcug-Epñkxagcug Edldg;sIueteGLicRtugkrenAkñúgéNVy:U
énGatUm sm<½n§. RbePTTI2RtUv)aneKehAfa sm<½n§BI ¬sm<½n§ π ¦ EdlRtUv)ankMNt;Casm<½n§
kUva:Lg;EdlRtUvbegáIteLIgedayGrb‘Ítal;RKbdNþb;Grb‘Ítal;BIcMehog Edldg;sIueteGLicRtugkrenAEpñkxagelI nigxageRkambøg;rbs;éNVy:UénGatUmsm<½n§. GatUmkabUncMnYnBIr
begáIwtsm<½n§BI mYy ¬sm<½n§ π ¦ dUcEdlbgðajkñúgrUbTI15 (b). karbegáItsm<½n§BI ¬sm<½n§ π ¦
enHehIyEdleFIVeGayeGTIELnmanTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;vaCabøg;. rUbTI15 (c) bgðajBI
karedATisénsm<½n§sIuma: nig sm<½n§BI ¬sm<½n§ π ¦. rUbTI16 CaviFImYyeToténkaremIleXIj
m:UelKul C H EdlsßitelIbøg;nigkarbegáItsm<½n§BI. eTaHbICaeyIgCaFmμtatagsm<½n§BIrCan;
kabUn-kabUn (C=C) ¬dUckñúgTMrg; LWvis¦k¾eday EtCacaM)ac;RtUvcaMfa sm<½n§TaMgBIrCaRbePT
xusKña KwmYyCasm<½n§ sIucma: ehIymYy eTotCasm<½n§BI ¬sm<½n§ π ¦.
2
2
4
4
rUbTI15³sm<½n§enAkñúgeGTIELn (C H ) (a)- enAEpñkxagelI rbs;sm<½n§sIucma: rvagGatUmkabUn
Epñk cMehogbgðajBIrebobGrb‘Ítal; 2p
nigrvagGatUmkabUn
nigGatUmGIuRdUEsn. (b)cMnYnBIrenAelIGatUmkabUnBIrEdlRKbdNþb;KñaedIm,IbegáIwtsm<½n§BImYy ¬sm<½n§ π ¦. (c)- Gnþrkmμ (a) nig
(b)naMeTAdl;karbegáItsm<½n§BI nigsm<½n§sIucma:kñúgeGTIELn. cUrcMNaM fasm<½n§BIsßitenAxagelI nigxageRkam
bøg;énm:UelKul.
2
4
z
10-36
CMBUkTI10
rUbTI16³karBinitüemIlmYyeToténkarbegáItsm<½n§BIkñúgm:UelKul (C H ).cUrcMNaMfa GatUmTaMgR)aMmYyenAelI
bøg;EtmYy. Grb‘Ítal; 2p RKbdNþb;KñabNþalm:UelKulsßitenAelIbøg;EtmYy.
2
4
z
m:UelKulGaesTIELn (C H ) mansm<½n§bICan;kabUn-kabUn. edaym:UelKulCabøg;
eyIgGacBnül;TMrg; Cak;EsþgfamBlsm<½n§énsm<½n§BI nigsuicma:rvagkabUn-kabUn KWRbEhl
270kJ/mol nig 350kJ/mol tamerog.
m:UelKulGaesTIELn (C H ) mansm<½n§bICan;rvagkabUn-kabUn.edaysarmU:elKul
enHCabnÞat;Rtg; eyIgGacBnül;BITMrg;FrNImaRt nigsm<½n§rbs;vaedaysnμtfa GatUmkabUn
nImYy²KWCaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp edaybnSMGrb‘Ítal; 2s CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2p rUbTI17. rUbTI18
bgðajfa Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp cMnYnBIrénGatUmkabUnnImYy²begáItsm<½n§sIucma:mYyCamYy
Grb‘Ítal; 1s rbs;GIuRdUEsn ehIysm<½n§suIcma:mYyepSgeTotCamYyGatUmkabUndéTeTot.
elIsBIenHeTot sm<½n§BIcMnYnBIr RtUv)anbegáItedaykarRKb dNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal;minGIuRb‘Ít 2p
nig 2p enAEpñkcMehog. dUecñH sm<½n§ C ≡ C KWRtUvbegáIteLIgedaysm<½n§sIuma:mYy nig
sm<½n§BIcMnYBIr.
2
2
2
2
x
y
z
rUbTI17³ GIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp rbs;GatUmkabUn. Grb‘Ítal;
PaBRKwH
2s RtUv)anbnSMEtCamYy Grb‘Ítal; 2p mYy edIm,IbegáIt
Grb‘Ítal;EdlrgGIuRb‘ÍtcMnYnBIr. dMeNIrkarenHmansl;
eGLicRtugmYykñúgGrb‘Ítal; 2p EdlminrgGIuRb‘ÍtcMnYn karepJaceGLicRtug
BIr ehIyCaFmμta CaGrb‘Ítal; 2p nigGrb‘Ítal; 2p .
PaBGIuRb‘Ít sp
y
z
10-37
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
rUbTI18³ sm<½n§kñúgGaesTIELn C H (a)- enAEpñkxagelIbgðajBIkarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; sp rvagGatUm
kabUn nigkarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; sp CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 1s rbs;GatUmkabUn nigGIuRdUEsn. GatUmTaMgGs;
RtUvsßitenAelIbnÞat;Rtg;mYydUecñHGaesTIELnCam:UelKulbnÞat;Rtg;. (b)- EpñkcMehogbgðajBIkarRKbdNþb;
énGrb‘Ítal; 2p cMnYnBIr nigGrb‘Ítal; 2p cMnYnBIrrbs;GatUmkabUnBIrEdlbegáItsm<½n§BIcMnYnBIr. (c)- karbegáIt
sm<½n§sIucma: nigsm<½n§BI CalT§plénGnþrkmμkñúg (a) nig (b)
2
y
2
z
viFIxageRkamenH CYyeyIgTsSn_TayBIGIuRb‘Ítkmμénm:UelKulEdlmansm<½n§eRcInCan;
dUcCa³ ebIsinGatUm mNÐlbegáItsm<½n§BIrCan; vargGIuRbIkmμCa sp . ebIsinvabegáItBIsm<½n§BIr
Can;cMnYnBIr b¤sm<½n§bICan;vargGIuRb‘ÍtkmμCa sp. cUrcMNaMk,ÜnenHGnuvtþ)anEteTAelIGatUmrbs;
FatuenAkñúgxYbTI2b:ueNÑaH. GatUménxYbTI3 nigGatUmenAeRkayxYbTI3EdlbegáItBhusm<½n§
bgðajlkçN³sμúKsμaj ehIynwgminRtUv)anBiPakSaenAeBlenHeT.
]TahrN_TI5³ cUrBIPakSaGMBIsm<½n§kñúgm:UelKulp½rma:l;edGIudEdlTMrg;LWvisrbs;vaKW
2
H
..
edaysnμtfa GatUm O KW sp rgGuIRbItkmμ.
2
C = O
..
H
cMelIy³ eyIgsMKal;fa GatUm C ¬kñúgxYbTI2¦ mansm<½n§BIrCan; dUecñHvaKW sp EdlrgGIuRb‘Ít
KMnUstagrbs;GatUm O KW
2
↑
↑↓
↑↓
↑
sp2
2pz
Grb‘Ítal; sp BIrrbs;GatUmkabUnbegáItsm<½n§sIucma:CamYyGatUmGIuRdUEsn ehIy
Grb‘Ítal; sp TIbIbegáItsm<½n§sIucma:CamYyGrb‘Ítal; sp rbs;GatUm O . Grb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;
GatUmkabUnRKbdNþb;CamYyGrb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;GatUm O edIm,IbegáIteTACasm<½n§BI. eTVtamin
sm<½n§cMnYnBIrenAelIGatUm O KWRtUv)anCMnYskñúgGrb‘Ítal; sp EdlenAsl; ¬rUbTI19¦.
2
2
2
z
z
2
10-38
CMBUkTI10
rUbTI19³ sm<½n§kñúgm:UelKulp½rma:l;edGIut. sm<½n§sIucma:mYyKWRtUv)anbegáItedaykarRKbdNþb;rbs;
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp rbs;GatUm C ehIynigGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp rbs;GuksIuEsn sm<½n§BIKWRtUvbegáIteday
karRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;GatUmkabUn nigGuk sIuEsn eTVtaesrIcMnYnBIr enAelIGuksIuEsn
KWRtUvCMnYsedayBIrGrb‘Ítal; sp epSgeTotrbs;GatUmGuksIuEsn.
2
2
z
2
lMhat;Gnuvtþ³ cUrBiPakSaBIsm<½n§kñúgm:UelKul HCN edaysnμtfa N KWCaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp .
6 RTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg; KWCaRTwsþImYykñúgcMeNameKalkarN_emkanickg;TicTaMgBIrEdlBnül;
BIsm<½n§kñúgm:UelKul. RTwsþIenHBnül;TaMgkMritsßirPaBrbs;sm<½n§kUva:Lg;cMeBaHkarRKbdNþb;
Grb‘Ítal;GatUm. edayeRbIbBaØtiþGIuRb‘Ítkmμ RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;GacBnül;BITMrg;FrNImaRt
m:UelKulEdlRtUvTsSn_TaytamviFan VSEPR. eTaHya:gNa karsnμtEdlfaeGLicRtugkñúg
m:UelKulmYytaMgenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;GatUménGatUmepSg²Kña GacRKan; EtCakarRbmaNTukb:ueNÑaH
edaysareGLicRtugsm<½n§nImYy²kñúgm:UelKulRtUvEtsßitenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;enaH ehIyEdlCa
lkçN³m:UelKulTaMgmUl.
kñúgkrNIxøH RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;minGacBnül;eGay)anc,as;las;cMeBaHlkçN³m:UelKul
..
..
O =O
EdlRtUvsegáteT. sUmBinitüemIlm:UelKulGuksIuEsnTMrg;LWvisrbs;vaKW
edayeyageTAtamkarB’NnaenH eGLicRtugTaMgGs;enAkñúg O sßitenAKU² dUecñH
GuksIuEsnKYrEtCaDIma:ej:Tic. b:uEnþtamBiesaF)anbBa¢ak;fa m:UelKulGuksIuEsnmaneGLicRtug
minsm<½n§BIr ¬rUbTI20¦. karyl;eXIjenHminTan;RKb;RKan;kñgú RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;eT karsikSamYy
EdlsmRsbkñúgkarsikSaRsavRCavcMeBaHdMeNIrkarbMErbMrYlsm<½n§EdlBnül;BIlkçN³rbs; O
nigGatUmepSgeTotEdlmincaM)ac; TsSn_TaytamRTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;.
..
..
2
2
10-39
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
rUbTI20³ sUluysüúgTwkGuksIuEsncab;
CamYyb:UlemEdkBIeRBaHm:UelKul O Ca
)a:ra:ma:ej:Tic.
2
lkçN³ma:ej:Tic niglkçN³epSg²eTotrbs;m:UelKulCUnkalRtUv)anBnül;ya:gc,as; tam
eKalkarN_emkanicdéTeTotEdlmaneQμaHfaRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul ( OM ). RTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKulB’NnaGMBIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;cMeBaHGrb‘Ítal;mUelKulEdlekIteLIgBIGnþrGMeBIrbs;Grb‘Ítal;
GatUménGatUmsm<½n§ ehIyEdlTak;Tgnwgm:UelKulTaMgmUl. lkçN³xusKñarvagGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKul nigGrb‘Ítal;GatUm KWfaGrb‘Ítal;GatUmTak;TgRtwmEtCamYyGatUmmYyb:ueNÑaH.
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§ nigGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§
eyagtamRTwsþI OM karRKbdNþb;énGrb‘Ítal; 1s rbs;GatUmGIuRdUEsnBIrnaMeGayman
karbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBIrEdr³ mYyCaGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
sm<½n§ nigmYyeTotCaG½rBItalm:UelKulbdism<½n§. Grb‘Ítal;
m:UelKulsm<½n§ KWmanfamBlTab ehIymansßirPaBCag
Grb‘Ítal; GatUmEdlvaRtUv)anbegáIt. Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdi
sm<½n§ KWmanfamBlx<s;Cag nigmansßirPaBTabCag
Grb‘Ítal;GatUmEdlvaRtUv)anbegáIteT. Baküfa {sm<½n§} nig
{bdism<½n§} sMedAeTAelI eGLicRtugtaMgkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
sm<½n§EdlnaMeGaysm<½n§kUva:Lg;mansßirPaB nigeGLicRtug
taMgenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuminsm<½n§EdlnaMeGaysm<½n§Kμansßir
PaB.
kñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§ dg;sIueteGLicRtugKWFMCag
eKrvagéNVy:Urbs;GatUmsm<½n§. cMENkÉkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulGg;TIsm<½n§ dg;sIueteGLicRtugfycuHdl;sUnürvagéNVy:U
10-40
CMBUkTI10
rbs;GatUmsm<½n§. eyIgGacyl;BIPaBxusKñaenH ebIsineyIgrMlwkeTAdl;eGLicRtugkñúg
Grb‘Ítal;manlkçN³rlk. lkçN³EtmYyedIm,IeGaymanrlkrbs;RbePTKImIdUcKñaKWvaeFVI
GnþrGMeBItamrebobmYyEdlrlkekIteLIgmankarbegáInGMPøITut b¤karbnßyGMPøITut. kñúgkrNI
muneyIgeGayeQμaHfa karbegáInGnþrkmμbnSMrlkBIr b¤bIehIykñúg krNIbnÞab;enH vaCakarbnßy
bnSMrlk BIr b¤bI.
karbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§RtUvKñaeTAnwgkarbegáInbnSMrlkBIr b¤bI ¬begáInGMPøITut
KWdUcCabegáIn
dg;sIuet eGLicRtug rvagéNVy:UTaMgBIr¦. karbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
bdism<½n§RtUvKñaeTAnwgkarbnßybnSMrlkBIr b¤bI ¬karbnßy GMPøITut KWdUceTAnwgkarbnßy dg;sIuet
eGLicRtugrvagéNVy:UTaMgBIr¦. karbegáIn nigbnßyGnþrGMeBIrvagGrb‘Ítal; 1s cMnYnBIrkñúg
m:UelKul H enaHnaMeGaymankarbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§sIucma: ¬ σ ¦ ehIynig
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul bdism<½n§sIucma: ¬ σ 1∗s ¦.
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§sIucma:
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§sIucma:
1s
2
σ 1s
σ 1∗s
EdlRtUvbegáItBIGrb‘Ítal; 1s
EdlRtUvbegáItBIGrb‘Ítal; 1s
EdlsBaØapáaybBa¢ak;BIrGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§.
enAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIucma: ¬sm<½n§ b¤bdism<½n§¦ dg;sIueteGLicRtugRtUv)anRbmUl
krrvagéNVy:UTaMgBIrrbs;GatUmsm<½n§. eGLicRtugBIrenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIucma: begáIt
sm<½n§sIucma: ¬emIlrUbTI5¦. cUrcaMfa sm<½n§kUva:Lg;1Can; ¬dUcCa H – H b¤ H – F ¦vasm<½n§
sIucma:.
rUbTI22 bgðajBIKMnUstagkMritfamBlm:UelKulenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul mann½yfa
kMritfamBleFob énGrb‘ÍtalbegáItkñúgm:UelKul H RBmTaMgkarbegáIt nigbNþac;Gnþrkmμrvag
Grb‘Ítal; 1s TaMgBIr. cUrcMNaMfa enAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§ manfñag;rvagéNVy:UEdl
bBa¢ak;tMéldg;sIueteGLicRtugesμIsUnü.
éNVy:URcanKñaeTAvijeTAmkedaybnÞúkviC¢man.
eGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§famBlx<s; ¬mansßirPaBTab¦ CageGLicRtug
mankñúgGatUmesrI. müa:gvijeTot Grb‘Ítal;mU:elKulsm<½n§manfamBlTab ¬mansßirPaBx<s;¦
CageGLicRtugmanenAkñúgGatUmesrI.
2
10-41
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
rUbTI22³ (a) kMritfamBlGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§ nigbdism<½n§. cUrcMNaMfa eGLicRtugcMnYnBIrenAkñúg
Grb‘Ítal;RtUvEtmans<inpÞúyKñatameKalkarN_e)a:lI ehIyfamBlx<s;rbs;Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulenaHeGLicRtug
KμansßirPaBkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuleT. (b)-karbegáIt nigbNþac;GnþrkmμrvagGrb‘Ítal; 1s rbs;GatUmGIuRdUEsn
begáIt)anGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§ nigbdism<½n§.
eTaHbIeyIg)aneRbIm:UelKulGIuRdUEsn edIm,IbgðajBIkarbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul k¾eday
bBaØtiþenHGacykeTA eRbIcMeBaHGatUmepSg²eTotpgEdr. kñúgm:UelKul H eyIgBinitüEt
GnþrkmμrvagGrb‘Ítal; 1s. cMENkm:UelKul EdlsaMjaMeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIl Grb‘Ítal;
GatUmepSgeTotpgEdr. ya:gNak¾edaycMeBaHGrb‘Ítal; s TaMgGsdMeNIrkardUc²KñacMeBaH
Grb‘Ítal; 1s. dUecñHGnþrkmμrvag Grb‘Ítal; 2s nig 3s BIrRtUv)anyl;tamKMnUstagkMritfa
mBlGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul nigkarbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul sm<½n§ nigbdism<½n§kñúgrUbTI 22.
cMeBaHGrb‘Ítal; p dMeNIrkarKWmanPaBsμúKsμaj BIeRBaHvaGaceFIVGnþrkmμCamYyKña
tamviFIBIrepSg²Kña. ]TahrN_ Grb‘Ítal; 2p cMnYnBIrGacxitCitKñaEpñkxagcug-Epñkxagcug
edIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§sIucma: nigbdism<½n§sIucma: dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI23 (a).
Grb‘Ítal; p cMnYnBIrGacRKbdNþb; edIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal; m:UelKulsm<½n§BI (pi) nigbdism<½n§BI
rUbTI 23 (b).
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§BI
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§BI
2
π2p
π 2∗ p
begáIt)anBIGrb‘Ítal; 2p
10-42
begáIt)anBIGrb‘Ítal; 2p
CMBUkTI10
enAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBI (pi) ¬sm<½n§ b¤bdism<½n§ ¦dg;sIueteGLicRtugRtUv)ansßitenA
xagelI nigxageRkambnÞat;EdlP¢ab;edayéNVy:UTaMgBIrrbs;GatUmsm<½n§. eGLicRtugcMnYnBIr
kñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBIbegáItsm<½n§BImYy ¬emIlrUbTI5¦. sm<½n§BIrCan;RtUv)anbegáItsm<½n§sIucma:
mYy nigsm<½n§BImYy sm<½n§bICan;RtUv)anbegáItedaysm<½n§sIucma:mYy nigsm<½n§BIcMnYnBIr.
rUbTI23³ kMlaMgGnþrkmμrvagGrb‘Ítal; p smmUlBIr nigGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdlRtUvKña. (a)- enAeBlGrb‘Ítal; p
RKbdNþb;KñaenAEpñkxagcug-Epñkxagcug enaHGrb‘Ítal;sm<½n§sIucma: nigbdism<½n§sIucma:ekIteLIg. (b)- enAeBl
Grb‘Ítal; p RKbdNþb;nenAEpñkcMehogenaHsm<½n§BI nigGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§BIkekIteLIg. CaFmμtaGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKulsm<½n§sIuma: KWmansßirPaBCagGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§BI edayGnþrkmμenAEpñkcMehognaMeGayman
karRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; p tUcCagGnþrkmμ Epñkxagcug. eyIgsnμtfa Grb‘Ítal; 2p cUlrYmkñúgkarbegáIt
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIuma:. Grb‘Ítal; 2p nig 2p GacmanGMeBInwgKña edIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul π .
rUbenHbgðajfa (b) bgðajGnþrkmμrvagGrb‘Ítal; 2p Grb‘Ítal; 2p
y
z
y
z
7 rUbsNæanGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
edIm,Iyl;BIlkçN³énm:UelKul eyIgRtUvEtdwgfaetIeGLicRtugBRgayEbbNa kñúg
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul. dMeNIrkaredIm,IkMNt;r)ayeGLicRtugrbs;m:UelKulmYyKWvaRsedogeTAnwg
dMeNIrkarmYyEdleyIgeRbI edIm,IkMNt;r)ayeGLicRtugrbs;GatUmEdr ¬emIl EpñkTI 7 > 8¦.
10-43
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
viFIRtYtBinitür)ayeGLicRtugm:UelKul nigkMritsßirPaB
edIm,Isresrr)ayeGLicRtugrbs;m:UelKulmYy dMbUgeyIgRtUverobcMGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
tamlMdab;famBlekIneLIg bnÞab;mkeyIgGaceRbIeKalkarN_ENnaMxageRkamedIm,IbMeBj
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulCamYyeGLicRtug. viFIenHCYyeyIgeGayyl;pgEdrGMBIkMritsßirPaBén
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul.
ƒ cMnYnGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdlbegáIt)an Canic©kalesμIeTAnwgcMnYnGrb‘Ítal;GatUmEdlcUl
pSM.
ƒ Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§kan;EtmansßirPaB Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§EdlRtUvKñakan;
EtGsßirPaB.
ƒ karbMeBjGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulRbRBwtþieTABIfamBlTabeTAx<s;.
kñúgm:UelKulEdlman
sßirPaB cMnYneGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§EtgEteRcInCagcMnYneGLicRtugkñúg
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§ BIeRBaHdMbUgeyIgbMeBjeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
sm<½n§EdlmanfamBlTabCag.
ƒ dUcKñaeTAnwgGrb‘Ítal;GatUmEdr Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulnImYy² Gacdak;eGLicRtugBIrEdl
s<InpÞúyKña edayeyageTAtameKalkarN_rbs;elak e)a:lI (Pauli).
ƒ enAeBlEdleGLicRtugRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdlmanfamBldUc²Kña
tMerobEdlmansßirPaBbMput KWRtUvTsSn_TaytamviFanhu‘n (Hund’s rule) Edlfa
eGLicRtugEdlbBa©ÚlkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulTaMgenHCas<InRsb.
ƒ cMnYneGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulKWesμIeTAnwgplbUksrubéneGLicRtugenAelI
GatUmsm<½n§.
m:UelKulGIuRdUEsn nigeGlüÚm
eyIgnwgsikSaGMBIm:UelKulEdlRtUvbegáItedayGatUménFatukñúgxYbTI2. b:uEnþCadMbUg
eyIgRtUvENnaMBIrebobTsSn_TaykMritsßirPaBeFobénRbePTgay² H H He He eday
eRbIdüaRkamkMritfamBlEdlbgðajkñúgrUbTI 24. Grb‘Ítal; σ nig σ GaceGayeGLicRtug
taMgenAGb,brimabYneGLicRtug. cMnYnsrubrbs;eGLicRtugekInBIrmYycMeBaH He eTAdl;bYn
cMeBaH He . eKalkarN_e)a:lI (Pauli) kMNt;fa Grb‘Ítal;GatUmnImYy²GaceGayeGLicRtug
2
1s
+
2
2
+
∗
1s
2
2
10-44
+
2
CMBUkTI10
taMgenA)anya:geRcInBIreGLicRtugEdlCas<InpÞúyKña. eyIgepþatEteTAelIr)ayeGLicRtug
enAPaBRKwHEtb:ueNÑaHkñúg krNIenH.
edIm,IvakMNt;kMritsßirPaBrbs;RbePTKImITaMgenH eyIgKNnalMdab;sm<½n§rbs;vaEdlRtUv
kMNt;dUcxageRkam³
lMdab;sm<½n§
=
1
2
cMnYneGLicRtugkñúg MO sm<½n§ – cMnYneGLicRtugkñúg MO bdism<n½ § ¬2¦
lMdab;sm<½n§bBa¢ak;BIkMlaMgsm<½n§. ]TahrN_ ebIsinCamaneGLicRtugBIrkñúgGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKulsm<½n§ nigKμanenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§ enaHlMdab;sm<½n§esμInwg 1 Edl
mann½yfa mansm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYy ehIym:UelKulenaHmansßirPaB. cUrcMNaMfa lMdab;sm<½n§Gac
CaRbPaK b:uEnþlMdab;esμIsUnü ¬b¤mantMélGviC¢man¦ mann½yfa sm<½n§KμansßirPaBehIym:UelKul
k¾minGacmanEdr.
lMdab;sm<½n§GacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kareRbobeFobbrimaNEtb:ueNÑaH.
]TahrN_ Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§suIcma:EdlmaneGLicRtugBIr nigGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
sm<½n§BIEdlmaneGLicRtugBIr KYrEtmanlMdab;sm<½n§esμInwgmYy. elIsBIenHeTAeTot sm<½n§
TaMgBIrenHvaRtUvEtxusBIkMlaMgsm<½n§ ¬RbEvgsm<½n§¦ edaysarEtPaBxusKñakñúgKMlaténkarRKb
dNþb;énGrb‘Ítal; GatUm.
rUbTI24³ kMritfamBlénGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKulsm<½n§ nigbdism<½n§kñúg H H
He
nig He . kñúgm:UelKulTaMg
Gs;enHGrb‘Ítal; m:UelKulRtUv)an
begáItBIGMeBIrbs;Grb‘Ítal; 1s cMnYnBIr
+
2
+
2
2
2
eBlenHeyIg)andwgehIyedIm,IeFIVkarTsSn_TayGMBIkMritsßirPaBrbs; H H He
nig He ¬emIl rYbTI 24¦. GIuy:ugm:UelKul H maneGLicRtugEtmYyeTkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ .
edaysm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyman eGLicRtugBIr dUcenH Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§ H manEtBak;
kNþalsm<½n§mYyEtb:ueNÑaH b¤k¾lMdab;sm<½n§ ½. dUecñH eyIgGacTsSn_Tayfa m:UelKul H
GacCaRbePTEdlmansßirPaB. r)ayeGLicRtugrbs; H sresr (σ ) .
+
2
2
+
2
2
2
+
1s
2
+
2+
2
10-45
+
1
1s
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
m:UelKul H manBIreGLicRtugEdlTaMgBIrenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ . dUceyIg)andwg
ehIyfaeGLicRtugBIresμIeTAnwgsm<½n§eBjmYy dUecñHm:UelKul H manlMdab;sm<½n§mYy b¤k¾sm<½n§
kUva:Lg;eBjmYy. sNæanr)ay eGLicRtugrbs; H KW (σ ) .
cMeBaHGIuy:ugm:UelKul He eyIgdak;eGLicRtugBIrdMbUgkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ ehIy
eGLicRtugTIbIkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ . edayGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§kMBugEtmins‘ubl¥ vaeFIV
eGay He sßirPaBTabCag H . GsßirPaBEdlbNþalmkBIeGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ
KWRtUv)anmanlMnwgedayeGLicRtugmYy kñúgcMeNameGLicRtugTaMgGs;kñúg σ . dUcenHlMdab;
sm<½n§KW ½(2 – 1 ) = ½ ehIykMritsßirPaBTaMgRsugrbs; He KWRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwg
kMritsßirPaBrbs;m:UelKul H Edr. r)ayeGLicRtugrbs; He KW (σ ) (σ ) .
kñúgm:UelKul He RtUvmanBIreGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ nigBIreGLicRtugenAkñúg
Grb‘Ítal; σ dUecñHm:UelKul He RtUvmanlMdab;sm<½n§sUnü nigKμansßirPaB. sNæanr)ay
eGLicRtugrbs; He KW (σ ) (σ ) .
edIm,Isegçb eyIgGacerob]TahrN_rbs;eyIgtamlMdab;sßirPaBfycuHdUcxageRkam³
2
1s
2
2
2
2
1s
+
1s
∗
1s
2
+
∗
1s
2
1s
2
2
+
2
+
+
2
2
1s
∗ 1
1s
1s
∗
1s
2
2
2
1s
∗
1s
2
H2 > H2+ , He2+ > He2
eyIgdwgfa m:UelKulGIuRdUEsn KWCaRbePTmansßirPaBmYy. viFIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulgay²
rbs;eyIgTsSn_Tayfa H nig He mankMritsßirPaBKYrsmpgEdr edaym:UelKulTaMgBIrman
lMdab;sm<½n§ ½. tamBit kMritsßirPaBrbs;va RtUv)anbBa¢ak;edayBiesaFEdlbgðajfa H
KWmansßirPaBCag He edayvamaneGLicRtugEtmYyenAkñgú GIuy:ugm:UelKulGIuRdUEsn dUecñH
vaKμancMranrvageGLicRtug nigeGLicRtugeT. müa:geTot H mancMranéNVy:UexSayCag He .
tamkarTsSn_Tayrbs;eyIgGMBI He KWfavaminmansßirPaBeT b:uEnþkñúgqñaM 1993 ]sμ½n He
RtUv)aneKrkeXIjfaman. m:UelKulenHminsUvmankMritsßirPaBeT ehIyvaGacmanEtenAeRkam
lkçx½NÐBiessEdleKbegáIteLIgEtb:ueNÑaH.
m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanéNVy:UdUcKñarbs;FatuenAkñúgxYbTIBIr
eBlenHeyIgRtUvsikSaBIr)ayeGLicRtugenAPaBRKWHrbs;m:UelKulkñúgxYbTIBIr.
eyIgnwgBinitüemIlEtelIkrNIgay²
EdlenaHCam:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanéNVy:UdUcKña
b¤m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanGatUménFatu EtmYyb:ueNÑaH.
2
+
2
+
2
2
+
+
2
2
+
2
+
2
10-46
CMBUkTI10
rUbTI25bgðajBIKMnUstagkMritfamBlGrb‘Ítal;mU:elKulrbs;FatudMbUgénxYbTIBIrKWLi .
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulenHRtUvbegáIteLIgedaykarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; 1s nig 2s. eyIgnwgeRbI
KMnUstagenH edIm,ICaRKwHcMeBaHm:UelKulDIGatUmTaMgGs;.
2
rUbTI25³ KMnUstagkMrit famBl
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulrbs;m:UelKul Li
eGLicRtugR)aMmYykñúg Li ¬sNæan
GLicRtugrbs; Li KW 1s 2s ¦ KWkñúg
Grb‘Ítal; σ / σ nig σ eday
eGLicRtugBIrnImYy²kñúg σ nig σ
¬kñúg
¦Kμanbdism<½n§. müa:g
eTotsm<½n§kUva:Lg;1Can;kñúg Li RtUv)an
begáIteLIg
edayeGLicRtugBIrkñúg
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§ σ
2
2
1s
∗
1s
1
2s
1s
∗
1s
He2
2s
vamankarlM)akbnþicenAeBlkarcgsm<½n§Tak;TgeTAnwgGrb‘Ítal; p pgEdrenaH.
Grb‘Ítal; p TaMgBIrGacbegáItTaMgsm<½n§sIucma: (sigma) nigsm<½n§BI (pi). edaymanGrb‘Ítal; p
cMnYnbIcMeBaHGatUmnImYy²rbs;FatukñúgxYbTIBIrenaH eyIgGacdwgfaGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIucma:mYy
vamankarlM)akbnþic enAeBlkarcgsm<½n§Tak;TgeTAnwgGrb‘Ítal; p pgEdrenaH. Grb‘Ítal; p
TaMgBIrGacbegáItTaMgsm<½n§sIucma: (sigma) nigsm<½n§BI (pi). edaymanGrb‘Ítal; p
cMnYnbIcMeBaHGatUmnImYy²rbs;FatukñúgxYbTIBIrenaH eyIgGacdwgfaGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIucma:mYy
nigGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBI (pi) cMnYnBIr nwg ekIteLIgBIGnþrGMeBIr)ankar. Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIucma:
KWRtUvbegáIteLIgedaykarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; 2p tamGkS½GnþréNVy:UEdlenaHCaGkS½r x.
Grb‘Ítal; 2p nig 2p KWCabnÞat;kat;TTwgRtg;eTArkGkS½ x ehIyvanwgRKbdNþb;edIm,IbegáIt
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBI (pi) cMnYnBIr. Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulenH RtUv)aneKeGayeQμaH fa Grb‘Ítal;
σ
/ π nig π EdlsnÞsSn_ (subscript) bBa¢ak;BIGrb‘Ítal;GatUmtaMgenAkñúgkarbegáIt
x
y
2p x
2py
z
2 pz
10-47
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul. dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI23 karRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; p cMnYnBIrEdlCaTUeTA
FMCagenAkñúg Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul σ nigkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul π dUecñHeyIgGaceCOCak;fa vaman
famBlTabCagBImun. ya:gNak¾ famBlGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulCak;EsþgekIneLIgdUcxageRkam³
σ 1s < σ 1∗s < σ 2 s < σ 2∗s < π 2 p
y
= π 2 p z < σ 2 p x < π 2∗ p y = π 2∗ p z < σ 2∗ p x
karRtlb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; σ / π ehIynwg π GacRtUv)anBnül;ya:gman
σ manTMenarRbmUl
RbsiT§PaBmkBIeGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ , σ , σ
krrvagéNVy:UBIr. edayGrb‘Ítal; σ manTMrg;FrNImaRtRsedogeTAnwgGrb‘Ítal; σ Edl
eGLicRtugrbs;vaRbmUlkrenAkEnøgEtmYy. dUecñHeGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ nwgbgðaj
eGayeXIjfamancMranFMBIeGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;EdlbMeBj σ , σ CagcMranTaMgenH
kñúgGrb‘Ítal; π , π .
cUrcMNaMfa cMranrvageGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ nigkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ fycuHBIeqVgeTA
sþaMkñúgxYbTI2. CalT§plGrb‘Ítal; σ manfamBlx<s;CagkñúgGrb‘Ítal; π , π rbs;
, π
B , C nig N EtmanfamBlexSayCagkñúgGrb‘Ítal; π
cMeBaH O nig F .
2p x
2 pz
2py
∗
1s
1s
2s
,
∗
2s
s
2 px
2 px
s
2 py
2 pz
2 px
s
2 py
2 px
2
2
B
∗
s
2
2 py
2
2 pz
2 pz
2
rUbTI26³ KMnUstagkMritfamBlrbs;Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulCaTUeTAcMeBaHm:UelKulDIGatUm Edlman
éNVy:UdUcKñakñúgxYbTI2 man Li , Be , B , C nig N edIm,IgayRsYlGrb‘Ítal; σ , σ RtUv)an
KWmanfamBlx<s;CagTaMgkñúgGrb‘Ítal;
lb;ecal. cUrcMNaMfa kñúgm:UelKulenHGrb‘Ítal; σ
π , π . enH mann½yfa eGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ
KWman sßirPaBeexSayCageGLicRtugkñúg
π ,π
ehIyPaBEbøkKñaenHbNþalmkBIGnþrGMeBIEdlxusKñarvageGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; σ enA
EpñkmçagehIyGrb‘Ítal; π , π enAmçag tamm:UelKulkñúgGrb‘Ítal;EdlmanfamBlexSay. cMeBaH O
nig F Grb‘Ítal; famBlexSayCagGrb‘Ítal; π , π .
2
2
2
2
2
1s
2s
2 px
2 py
2 pz
2 py
2 pz
2 px
2 px
2 py
2
2
2 pz
2 py
2 pz
10-48
CMBUkTI10
tambBaØtiþenH nigrUbTI26 EdlbgðajBIlMdab;famBlekIncMeBaHGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul 2p
eyIgGacsresrr)ayeGLicRtug nigTsSn_TaylkçN³ma:ej:Tic niglMdab;sm<½n§rbs;m:UelKul
DIGatUmEdlmanéNVy:U dUcKñakñúgxYbTI2.
m:UelKullIcUm (Li )
r)ayeGLicRtugrbs; Li KW 1s 2s dUecñH Li maneGLicRtugsrubR)aMmYy.
tamrYbTI25 eGLicRtugTaMgenHRtUv)anCMnYskñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul σ , σ nig σ .
eGLicRtugrbs; σ , σ min)anCYykñúgkarbegáItsm<½n§kúñg Li dUecñHr)ayeGLicRtug
énGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulKW (σ ) (σ ) (σ ) . edaymaneGLicRtugBIrkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
sm<½n§ nigKμaneGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;bdism<½n§ enaHlMdab;sm<½n§KW 1 ¬smIkar2¦. eyIgGac
snñidæanfa m:UelKul Li KWmansßirPaB ehIyedayvaKμans<IneGLicRtugesrI enaHvaGacCa
DIGatUm. tamBitm:UelKulDIGatUm Li RtUv)aneKdwgfamanenAkñúgpascMhay.
m:UelKulkabUn (C )
GatUmkabUnmanr)ayeGLicRtug 1s 2s 2p dUecñHman12eGLicRtugenAkñúgm:UelKul
kabUn (C ). eyagtamsm<½n§rbs; Li eyIgdak;eGLicRtugkabUnbYnbEnßmcUlkñúgGrb‘Ítal;
π nig π . dUecñH C manr)ayeGLicRtug³
2
2
1
2
∗
1s
1s
∗
1s
1s
2s
2
2
1s
∗
1s
2
2
2s
2
2
2
2
2
2 py
2
2
2
2
2 pz
(σ 1s ) 2 (σ 1∗s ) 2 (σ 2 s ) 2 (σ 2∗s ) 2 (π 2 p y ) 2 (π 2 p z ) 2
lMdab;sm<½n§rbs;vaKW 2 ehIym:UelKulvaKμaneGLicRtugesrIeT. dUcKñaEdr m:UelKul
DIGatUm C RtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgPaBcMhay. cUrcMNaMfa sm<½n§BIrCan;kñúg C KWsm<½n§BI (pi)
TaMgBIredaysareGLicRtugTaMgbYnenaHenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBIcMnYnBIr.
kñúgm:UelKul
déTeTotCaeRcIn sm<½n§BIrCan;KWRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaysm<½n§sIucma:mYy nigsm<½n§BImYy.
m:UelKulGuksIuEsn (O )
dUceyIg)andwgehIyfa RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;minkMNt;cMeBaHlkçN³ma:ej:Ticrbs;m:UelKul
GuksIuEsneT. edIm,IbgðajeGLicRtugminsm<½n§BIrenAelIGuksIuEsn eyIgcMa)ac;RtUvKUrTMrg;
er:sUNg;.
2
2
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
O = O ⇒ ⋅ O − O⋅
10-49
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
TMrg;enHmanBIrcMnucEdlminTan;RtwmRtUv. TI1 vabBa¢ak;BIvtþmanrbs;sm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYy
Can; b:uEnþtamBitBiesaFbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;famansm<½n§BIrCan;mYykñúgm:UelKulenH. TI2 vadak;
eGLicRtugva:Lg;R)aMBIrCMuvijGatUmGuksIuEsnnImYy²EdlvaxusBIc,ab;Gdæta.
r)ayeGLicRtugenAPaBRKwHrbs; O KW 1s 2s 2p dUecñHman16eGLicRtug enAkñúg O .
edayeRbIlMdab;famBlekIneLIgrbs;Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdl)anBiPakSaxagelI
eyIgsresrsNæanr)ay eGLicRtugenAPaBRKwHGatUm O KW
2
2
2
2
2
(σ 1s ) 2 (σ 1∗s ) 2 (σ 2 s ) 2 (σ 2∗s ) 2 (π 2 p y ) 2 (σ 2 p x ) 2 (π 2 p z ) 2 (π 2∗ py ) 1 (π 2∗ p z ) 1
edayeyageTAtamc,ab;h‘un ( Hund’s law) eGLicRtugBIrcugeRkayRtUvbMeBj
kñúgGrb‘Ítal; π , π CasI<nRsb. edayminKitBIGrb‘Ítal; σ , σ ¬plsMrYlelIkar
begáItsm<½n§KWsUnü¦ enaHeyIgKNnalMdab;sm<½n§rbs; O edayeRbIsmIkar 2.
lMdab;sm<½n§ = 12 ( 6 − 2 ) = 2
dUecñHm:UelKul O manlMdab;sm<½n§2EdlCa)a:ra:ma:ej:Tic tamkarTsSn_TayEdl
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarsegáttamBiesaF. taraTI5 segçbBIlkçN³TUeTArbs;m:UelKulDIGatUm
EdlmansßirPaBkúñgxYbTIBIr. ]TahrN_TI6 bgðajBIviFIEdlRTwsþI MO GacCYyeyIg
TsSn_TaylkçN³rbs;GatUmGIuy:ug.
∗
2 py
∗
2 pz
1s
2s
2
2
taragTI5³ m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanéNVy:UdUcKña rbs;FatukñúgxYbTI2
]TahrN_TI6³ GIuy:ug N GacRtUv)anbegáIt)anBIkarbMEbkm:UelKul
eGLicRtugy:agelOn. cUrTsSn_TayBIlkçN³xageRkamenH rbs; N
2
+
2
10-50
+
N2
tamkarbenÞr
CMBUkTI10
k- r)ayeGLicRtug
x- lMdab;sm<½n§
K- lkçN³ma:ej:Tic
X- RbEvgsm<½n§eFobeTAnwgRbEvgsm<½n§rbs; N ¬vaEvg b¤xøWCag?¦
2
cMelIiy³
k- eday
eGLicRtugrbs;vaKW
maneGLicRtugticCag
N2+
¬emIltaragTI5¦enaHsNæanr)ay
N2
(σ 1s ) 2 (σ 1∗s ) 2 (σ 2 s ) 2 (σ 2∗s ) 2 (π 2 p y ) 2 (π 2 p z ) 2 (σ 2 p x )1
x- lMdab;sm<½n§rbs; N RtUv)anrkeXIjedayeRbIsmIkarTI2
lMdab;sm<½n§ = 12 ( 9 − 4 ) = 2,5
K- N maneGLicRtugmYyminsm<½n§ dUecñHvaCa)a:ra:ma:ej:Tic
X- edayeGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul vara:b;rgkñúgkarbegáItsm<½n§edaykar
dak;h‘unrbs;GatUmrYmKña dUecñH N GacexSayCag ehIymanRbEvgsm<½n§EvgCag N
¬tamBitRbEvgsm<½n§rbs; N + KW 112pm ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg 110pm cMeBaH N ¦
lMhat;Gnuvtþ etIRbePTmYyNamanRbEvgsm<½n§EvgCageK F b¤ F ?
8 Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal
BImuneyIg)anBiPakSaEtBIsm<½n§KImIcMeBaHKUeGLicRtugEtb:ueNÑaH.
eTaHbIya:gNa
lkçN³m:UelKulminGacRtUvBnül;)anCak;lak;tamTMrg;mYyenaHeT. kñúgkrNIm:UelKul O Edl
)ansikSarYcmkehIyenaH eyIg)anedaHRsaybBaðedayeRbIbBaØtiþer:sUNg;. kñúgEpñkenHeyIgnwg
BüayamedaHRsaybBaðatamviFImYyeTot edayGnuvtþtameKalkarN_Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul. kñúg
Epñkmun eyIgeRbIbg;Esn nigGIuy:ugkabUNat Ca]TahrN_. cUrcMNaMfa kñúgkarBiPakSaGMBI
karbegáItsm<½n§rbs;m:UelKul b¤GIuy:ugb:UlIGatUm vaCakargaydMbUgRtUvkMNt;PaBGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;
GatUmEdlcUlrYm ¬eKalkarN_sm<½n§va:Lg;¦ nigbnÞab;mk tamkarbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
EdlsmRsb.
m:UelKulbg;Esn
bg;Esn (C H ) Cam:UelKulGIucsamuxenAelIbøg;EdlmanGatUmkabUntaMgenAelIRCug
TaMgR)aMmYy. sm<½n§GatUmkabUnTaMgGs;KWmanRbEvg nigkMlaMgsm<½n§kabUn-kabUnesμIKña ehIydUc
2
+
+
2
2
+
2
2
2
2
2
-
3
6
6
10-51
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
KñaEdrcMeBaHsm<½n§kabUn-GIuRdUEsnTaMgGs; ehIymMu HCC TaMgGs;KW 120 . dUecñH GatUm
kabUnnimYy²KWGIuRb‘Ít sp Edlva begáItBIsm<½n§siucma:bI CamYynwgGatUmkabUnCab;BIr nigGatUm
GIuRdUEsnmYy ¬rUbTI27¦ kartMerobenHsl;Grb‘Ítal;minGIuRb‘Ít 2p elIGatUmkabUnnimYy²
EkgeTAnwgbøg;rbs;m:UelKulbg;Esn b¤vg;bg;Esn. karerobrab;enHRsedogeTAnwgsNæanr)ay
eGLicRtugrbs;eGTIELn (C H ) Edl)ansikSarYcehIy. kñúgkrNIenHmanGrb‘Ítal;minGIuRb‘Ít
2p cMnYnR)aMmYykñúgtMerobExSsIuc.
o
2
z
2
4
z
rUbTI27³ eRKagsm<½n§sIucma: kñúgm:UelKulbg;Esn GatUm
kabUnnImYy² KWRtUv)aneFIVGIuRb‘ÍtCa sp ehIybegáItsm<½n§
sIucma:CamYyGatUmkabUnenA Cit²KñaBIr ehIysm<½n§sIucma:
déTeTotCamYyGatUmGIuRdUEsn
2
edaysarTMrg; nigdMeNATisrbs;vaRsedogKña enaHGrb‘Ítal; 2p nImYy²RKbdNþb;
eTAnwgGrb‘Ítal;BIreTotCamYyGatUmkabUnEdlnAEk,rva. edayeyageTAtamk,ÜnEdl)an
kMNt;enAcMNucTI7GnþrGMeBIrbs;Grb‘Ítal; 2p TaMgR)aMmYynaMeGaymankarbegáIt)anGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKulBI (pi) cMnYnR)aMmYyEdlmanGrb‘Ítal;sm<½n§bI nigbdism<½n§bI. dUecñHm:UelKulbg;Esn
enAPaBRKwHman 6eGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§BIcMnYnbI ehIyeGLicRtugBIrenA
CamYy KUs<InkñúgGrb‘Ítal;nImYy² ¬rUbTI28¦.
z
z
rUbTI28³ (a) Grb‘Ítal; 2p cMnYn6 enAelIGatUmkabUn kñúgbg;Esn (b) Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldalRtUv)an
begáItedaykar RKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; (2p ). Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldalmansm<½n§BI (pi) EdlsIuemRTI
nwgKñaenAxagelIbøg; nigxageRkambøg;rbs;vg;bg;EsntamBitGrb‘Ítal; 2pz TaMgenHGacpSMKñatam 6 rebob
xus²KñaedIm,IbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§bI ehIyGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§bI TMrg;enHmansßirPaB
xøaMgNas;.
z
z
10-52
CMBUkTI10
mindUcGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§BIkñúgeGTIELneT Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§BITaMgGs;kñúg
bg;EsnbegáItGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldalEdlvamin)ankMNt;EtrvagGatUmsm<½n§BIrEdlenACab;KñaeT
b:uEnþCak;EsþgvaBRgayenAelIGatUmbI b¤elIsBIbI. dUecñHeGLicRtugEdlsßitenAkñúg Grb‘Ítal;
TaMgenH manclnaedayesrICMuvijvg;bg;Esn. cMeBaHehtuplenHehIyEdlTMrg;rbs;bg;Esn
RtUv)anbgðajdUcxageRkam³
kñúgTMrg;ExSbiTbBa¢k;fa sm<½n§BI (pi) rvagGatUmkabUn-kabUn minkMNt;faCarbs;
GatUmNamYyeT EtvabBa¢ak;fadg;sIueteGLicRtug pi RtUv)anpþl;esμIKñaeTAeGaym:UelKul
bg;EsnTaMgmUl. GatUmkabUn nigGIuRdUEsn minRtUv)anbgðajkñúgKMnUstaggayenH.
eBlenH eyIgGacGHGagfasm<½n§kabUn-kabUnnImYy²kñúgbg;Esnmansm<½n§sIucma:mYy
nigsm<½n§BImYyEpñk. lMdab;sm<½n§rvagGatUmkabUnEdlenACitKña KWmantMélrvag 1 nig 2.
dUecñHRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul pþl;CMerIsmYYyeTAnwgeKalkarN_er:sUNg;EdleyageTAtamRTwsþI
sm<½n§va:Lg;. TMrg;er:sUNg;Enbg;Esn)anbegðInenATMB½r 9-30 .
GIuy:ugkabUNat CO
smasFatuExSbiT dUcCabg;EsnminEmnCasmasFatuEtmYyKt;eT EdlmanGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKuldal enaH. cUrBinitüemIlkarbegáItsm<½n§kñúgGIuy:ugkabUNat ¬CO ¦. viFan VSEPR
TsSn_Tayfa GIuy:ukabUNatmanTMrg;FrNImaRtRtImuxenAkñúgbøg;dUcKñaeTAnwg BF Edr TMrg;bøg;
rbs;GIuy:ugkabUNat GacRtUv)an Bnül;tamkarsnμtfa GatUmkabUnCaGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp . GatUm
C begáItsm<½n§sIucma:CamYyGatUm O bI. dUecñH Grb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;kabUnEdlmineFIV
GIuRb‘ÍtkmμGacRKbdNþb;eTAnwgGrb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;GatUmkabUnTaMgbI ¬rUbTI 29¦. CalT§pl
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldalBRgayBaseBjéNVy:UTaMgbYn tamrebobmYyEdldg;sIueteGLicRtug
¬lMdab;sm<½n§¦ kñúgsm<½n§kabUn-GuksIuEsnTaMgGs;KWdUcKña. dUecñHRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulpþl;kar
Bnül;EdlGacTTYlyk)anBIlkçN³rbs;GIuy:ugkabUNat ebIeRbobeFobCamYyTMrg;er:sUNg;
rbs;GIuy:ugenHEdl)ansikSarYcehIy.
23
3
2-
3
2
z
z
10-53
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
rUbTI29³ karkekItsm<½n§kñúgGIuy:ugkabUNat GatUmkabUnbegáIt)ansm<½n§sIucma:bICamYyGatUmGuksIuEsn.
elIsBIenHeTot Grb‘Ítal; 2p rbs;kabUn nigGuksIuEsnRKbdNþb;edIm,IbegáIt)anCaGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKuldal.
z
eyIgKYrsMKal;fam:UelKulEdlmanGrb‘Ítal;mUe: lKuldal KWCaTUeTAmansßirPaBCag
m:UelKulEdlmanGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdlBRgayEtelIGatUmBIr. dUcCam:UelKulbg;EsnEdl
manGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal KWmanskmμPaBKImIexSayCag ¬sßirPaBCag¦m:UelKul Edlman
sm<½n§ C=C {mindal} dUcCam:UelKuleGTIELn.
smIkarKnøwH
- μ = Q × r m:Um:gDIb:UlcMeBaHbnÞúk (Q) nigcMgayKMlatrvagbnÞúkTaMgBIr (r) ¬1¦
- lMdab;sm<½n§ = 12 cMnYneGLicRtugkñúg MOsm<½n§ – cMnYneGLicRtugkñúg MOminsm<½n§ ¬2¦
segçbBIehtukarN_ nigbBaØtiþ
1. viFan VSEPR eRbIsMrab;kMNt;TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;m:UelKul KWEp¥keTAelIkarsnμt Edlfa
KUeGLicRtugénRsTab;eGLicRtugva:Lg;RcanKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigmanTMenarenAXøatq¶ayBIKña
tamEdlGacXøateTA)an.
2. edayeyageTAtamviFan VSEPR TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul GacRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYnKU
eGLicRtugcgsm<½n§ nigKUeGLicRtugesrI. KUeGLicRtugesrIenHRcanKUeGLicRtugmYyeTot
xøaMgCagcMranrbs;KUeGLicRtugcgsm<½n§ CaehtueFIVeGaymMusm<½nmanPaBminRbRktIeTAtam
TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;va.
10-54
CMBUkTI10
m:Um:gDIb:Ul CargVas;énKMlatbnÞúkkñúgm:UelKul EdlGatUmbgám:UelKulmaneGLicRtUGviC¢man
xusKña. m:Um:g;DIb:Ulrbs;m:UelKul KWCalT§plénm:Um:g;sm<½n§TaMgGs; EdlmanvtþmanenAkñúg
m:UelKulenaH. Bt’manGMBITMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul GacRtUvTTYl)anBIrgVas;m:Um:g;DIb:Ul.
4. manrebobBnül;BIry:agtamemkanickg;TiccMeBaHkarkekItsm<½n§kUva:Lg; KWRTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;
nigRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul. kñúgRTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg; Grb‘Ítal;GatUmEdlrgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ RtUv)an
begáItBIbnSM nigtMerobeLIgvijrbs;Grb‘Ítal;GatUmdUcKña. Grb‘Ítal;EdlrgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ KWman
famBl nigdg;sIueteGLicRtugesμI²Kña nigcMnYnGrb‘Ítal;EdlrgGIuRbIkmμ KWesμInwgcMnYnGrb‘Ítal;GatUmedImEdlcUlpSMKña.
5. karbegáInRsTab;eGLicRtugva:Lg; GacRtUv)anBnül;tamkarsnμtGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;Grb‘Ítal; s
Grb‘Ítal; p nigGrb‘Ítal; d.
6. kñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtTaMgBIrsßitenAelIbnÞat;Rtg;mYy. kñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtTaMgbI KWsßitenAelIRCugénRtIekaN. kñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtTaMg
bYn KWsßitenAelIRCugrbs;ctumuxniy½t. kñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp d Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtTaMgR)aM KWsßit
enAelIRCugrbs;b‘ͬeTV¦BIra:mItRtIekaNniy½t. kñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp d Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít
TaMgR)aMmYy KWsßitenAelIRCugrbs;Gdæmuxniy½t.
7. kñúgGatUmEdlrgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp ¬]TahrN_GatUmkabUn¦ Grb‘Ítal; p EdlminrgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ
GacbegáItsm<½n§BI (π) CamYyGrb‘Ítal; p epSgeTot. sm<½n§BIrCan;rvagkabUn-kabUn
mansm<½n§sIucma:mYy (σ) nigsm<½n§BI (π) mYy. kñúgGatUmkabUnEdlrgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp Grb‘Ítal;
p cMnYnBIrEdlminrgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ GacbegáIt)ansm<½n§BI (π) cMnYnBIrCamYyGrb‘Ítal; p
cMnYnBIrrbs;GatUmepSgeTot. sm<½n§bICan;rvagkabUn-kabUn mansm<½n§sIucma: (σ) mYy nig
sm<½n§BI (π) cMnYnBIr.
8. RTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
erobrab;BIkarcgsm<n½ §tamkarbnSM nigkartMerobeLIgvijrbs;
Grb‘Ítal;GatUmbegáIt)anCaGrb‘Ítal;EdlCarbs;m:UelKulTaMgmUl.
9. Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdlcgsm<½n§ begáIndg;sIueteGLicRtugrvagéNVy:U nigéNVy:U ehIyvaman
famBlTabCagfamBlrbs;Grb‘Ítal;GatUmnImYy²rbs;vaEdlcUlpSM. Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
minsm<½n§ mantMbn;dg;sIueteGLicRtugrvagéNVy:U nigéNVyU:esμIsUnü ehIymankMritfamBl
x<s;CagfamBlrbs;Grb‘Ítal;GatUm nImYy²rbs;vaEdlcUlpSM.
3.
2
3
3
3 2
2
10-55
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
eyIgsresrr)ayeGLicRtugrbs;Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul k¾dUcCakarsresrr)ayeGLicRtug
rbs;Grb‘Ítal;GatUmEdr KWRtUvbMeBjeGLicRtugtamlMdab;kMenInkMritfamBl. cMnYnGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul Canic©kalesμInwgcMnYnGrb‘Ítal;GatUmEdlcUlpSM. tameKalkarN_;)a:vlI
(Pauli) nigc,ab;h‘un (Hund) kMNt;BIkarbMeBjeGLicRtugrbs;Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul.
11. m:UelKulmYymansßirPaB RbsinebIcMnYneGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdlcgsm<½n§mancMnYn
eRcInCagcMnYneGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulEdlmincgsm<½n§.
12. Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal ¬EdlmanTItaMgminkMNt;¦ EdleGLicRtugesrImanclnaCMuvij
m:UelKulTaMgmUl b¤RkumGatUmTaMgmUl RtUv)anbegáItedayeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; p rbs;
GatUmEdlenACitva. Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal KWmanTMrg;qøas;KñanwgTMrg;er:sUNg; EdlBnül;
BI;lkçN³m:UelKulEdlRtUvsegát.
10.
BaküKnøwH
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§
lMdab;sm<½n§
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal
m:Um:g;DIb:Ul (μ)
m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanéNVy:UdUcKña
Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít
GIuRb‘Ítkmμ
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
m:UelKulminb:UEl
sm<½n§BI ¬π¦
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBI (pi)
m:UelKulb:UEl
sm<½n§sIucma: ¬σ¦
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIucma
Antibonding molecular orbital
10-40
Bond order
10-45
Bonding molecular orbital
10-40
Delocalised molecular orbital
10-53
Dipole moment (μ)
10-14
Homo-nuclear diatomic molecule
10-46
Hybrid orbital
10-24
Hybridisation
10-24
Molecular orbital
10-40
Non-polar molecule
10-15
Pi bond (π)
10-36
Pi molecular orbital
10-43
Polar molecule
10-15
Sigma bond (σ bond)
10-36
Sigma molecular orbital
10-41
10-56
CMBUkTI10
RsTab;va:Lg;
viFancMranKUeGLicRtugRsTab;va:Lg;
Valence shell
10-2
Valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) model
10-2
sMnYr niglMhat;
TMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKul
sMnYrrMlwk
1. etITMrg;FrNImaRténm:UelKulRtUvkMNt;eLIgtamrebobNa ? ehtuGIV)anCakarsikSaBITMrg;
FrNImaRtsMxan; ?
2. cUrKUsTMrg;eRKagmU:elKulRTIGatUmEdlenAelIbøg;rab mU:elKulbøg;rabRtImux EdlmanbYn
GatUmm:UelKulctumux mU:elKulTMrg;B‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaN nigm:UelKulTMrg;Gdæmux RBmTaMgeGaymMu
sm<½n§kñúgkrNInImYy²pg.
3. etImanGatUmb:unμancgsm<½n§pÞal;eTAnwgGatUmmNÐlkñúg m:UelKulctumux m:UelKulRtImuxén
DIBIra:mIt nigm:UelKulGdæmux ?
4. cUrBiPakSaBIlkçN³RKwHrbs; viFan VSEPR. cUrBnül;ehtuGIV)anCaTMhMéncMranfycuH
kñúglMdab;xageRkamenH³
eTVtaeGLicRtugminsm<½n§-eTVtaeGLicRtugminsm<½n§ > eTVtaeGLicRtugminsm<½n§-eTVta
eGLicRtugsm<½n§ > eTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§-eTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§.
5. kñúgtMerobénB‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaN etIehtuGIV)anCaeTVtaeGLicRtugminsm<½n§sißtkñúgTItaMgeGkVaT½r
(equatorial position) manlkçN³l¥RbesICag TItaMgelIGk½S (axial position) ?
6. TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs; CH
GacsßitenAelIbøg;ragkaerCamYyGatUm H cMnYnbYnsßit
enAelIRCugTaMgbYnrbs;kaer ehIyGatUm C sßitenAcMp©iténkaerenaH. cUrKUsTMrg;FrNImaRtenH
ehIyeRbobeFobkMritsßirPaBrbs;va CamYymU:elKulctumux CH .
lMhat;
7. cUrTsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;RbePTm:UelKulxageRkamenH edayeRbIviFI VSEPR
4
4
8.
9.
(a)- PCl4
(b)- CHCl3
(c)- SiH4
(a)- AlCl3
(b)- ZnCl2
(c)- ZnCl42-
cUrTsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;RbePTm:UelKulxageRkamenH
cUrTsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;m:UelKulxageRkamenHedayeRbIviFI VSEPR
10-57
(d) TeCl4
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
¬tMerobénGatUmKW NNO¦
(c)- SCN ¬tMerobénGatUmKW SCN¦
10. cUrTsSn_TayTMrg;FrNImaRténGIuy:ugxageRkamenH
(a)- HgBr2
(b)-N2O
-
(a)- NH 2−
(b)- NH 4+
(c)- CO 32 −
(d)- ICI 2−
(f)- AlH 4+
(g)- SnCl 5−
(h)- H 3 O +
(i)- BeF42 −
(e)- ICI 4−
cUrBIPakSaTMrg;FrNImaRtnImYy²EdlBT½§CMuvijGatUmmNÐlTaMgbIkñúgm:UelKul CH COOH.
12. RbePTm:UelKulxageRkamenH etIm:UelKulNaCaTMrg;ctumux ?
11.
3
(a)- SiCl4
(b)-SeF4
(c)- XeF4
(d)- CI4
(e)- CdCl42-
m:Um:g;DIb:Ul
sMnYrrMlwk
13. cUrkMNt;niymn½ym:Um:g;DIb:Ul. etIGIVCaxñat nignimitþsBaØarbs;m:Um:g;DIb:Ul ?
14. etIGVICaTMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g;DIb:Ul nigm:Umg
: ;sm<½n§? etIvamanlkçN³EbbNacMeBaHm:UelKul
EdlGacmanm:Um:g;sm<½n§Etm:UelKulenaHminmanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul ¬minb:UEl¦ ?
15. cUrBnül;ehtuGIV)anCaGatUmmYyminGacmanm:Um:g;DIb:UlCaGcié®nþ.
16. sm<½n§enAkñúgm:UelKulebrIlüÚmGIuRdY (BeH ) KWb:UElEtm:UelKulenHenAEtmanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul
sUnü. cUrBnül;.
lMhat;
17. eyagtamtaragTI3 cUrtMerobm:UelKulxageRkamenH tamlMdab;m:Um:g;DIb:UlekIn H O H S
H Te H Se.
18. m:Um:g;DIb:Ulrbs;GIuRdUEsnGaLÚEsnYfycuHBI HF eTA HI ¬emIltaragTI3¦. cUrBnül;
BITMenarenH.
19. cUrtMerobm:UelKulxageRkamenHtamlMdab;m:Um:g;DIb:UlekIn H O
CBr
HS
HF
NH
CO .
20. etIm:UelKul OCS manm:Um:g;DIb:Ulx<s; b¤TabCag m:UelKul CS ?
21. etIm:UlelKulxageRkamenH mYyNamanm:Um:g;DIb:Ulx<s;Cag ?
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
Br
H
Br
Br
H
C=C
H
Br
C=C
10-58
H
2
CMBUkTI10
22.
cUrtMerobsmasFatuxageRkamenHtamlMdab;m:Um:g;DIb:UlekIn
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(a)
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(b)
(c)
(d)
RTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;
sMnYrrMlwk
23. etIGIVeTACaRTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg; ? etIvaxusBIbBaØtiþLWvisénsm<½n§KImIya:gdUcemþc ?
24. cUreRbIRTwsþIsm<½n§va:Lg;edIm,IBnül;BIsm<½n§kñúg Cl nig HCl. cUrbgðajfa etIm:UelKul
vaRKbdNþb;EbbNa eBlEdlsm<½n§mYyRtUv)anekIteLIg.
25. cUrKUsExSekagfamBlb:Utg;EsülénkarbegáItsm<½n§kñúgm:UelKul F .
2
2
GIuRb‘Ítkmμ
sMnYrrMlwk
26.
dUcemþcEdlehAfaGIuRb‘ÍtkmμénGrb‘Ítal;GatUm? ehtuGIV)anCaGatUmesrIminGacman
PaBGIuRb‘Ítkmμ?
27. etIGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtxusBIGrb‘Ítal;GatUmsuT§ya:gdUcemþc? etIGrb‘Ítal; 2p cMnYnBIrénGatUm
GaceFIVGIuRb‘Ítkmμ eGayCaGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtcMnYnBIrEdrb¤eT ?
28. etImMurvagGIuRb‘ÍtkmμTaMgBIrxageRkamEdlsißtelIGatUmdUcKñaesμInwgb:unμan ?
(a)- Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp nig sp
(b)- Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp nig sp
(c)- Grb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ít sp nig sp
29. etIeyIgGacsMKal;EbbNarvagsm<½n§sIucma: nigsm<½n§BI (pi) ?
2
3
2
3
10-59
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
etIKUGrb‘Ítal;GatUménéNVy:UCab;KñaxageRkamenHNaxøH GacRKbdNþb;edIm,IbegáItsm<½n§
sIucma:? etINaxøHGacRKbdNþb;edIm,IbegáItsm<½n§BI (pi) ? etINaxøHminGacRKbdNþb;
¬Kμansm<½n§¦? cUrBinitüemIlGk½S x edIm,IkMNt;Gk½SGnþréNVy:UEdlenaHCabnÞatEdlP¢ab;
éNVy:Urbs;GatUmBIr.
(a)- 1s nig 1s
(b)- 1s nig 2p
(c)- 2p
nig2p
(d)- 3p nig 3p
(e)- 2p nig 2p
(f)- 1s nig 2s
lMhat;
31. cUrBiB’NnaBIeRKagsm<½n§rbs;m:UelKul AsH cMeBaHGIuRb‘Ítkmμ .
32. etI Si manPaBGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGIV kñúg SiH nigkñúg H Si – SiH ?
33. cUrBiB’NnaBIbMErbMrYlkñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ ¬ebIman¦ rbs;GatUm Al kñúgRbtikmμxageRkam³
30.
x
y
y
x
y
x
x
3
4
AlCl3 + Cl-
3
3
AlCl4-
cUrBinitüemIlRbtikmμ
BF
+
NH
F B–NH
cUrBiB’NnabMErbMrYlkñúgGIuRb‘Ítkmμ rbs;GatUm B nig NEdlCalT§plénRbtikmμenH.
35. etIGIVeTACaGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtEdlRtUveRbIedayGatUmGasUtrbs;RbePTxageRkamenH ?
34.
3
3
(a)- NH3
36.
(b)-H2N – NH2
3
etIGIVCaGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘Ítrbs;GatUmkabUn kñúgm:UelKulxageRkam³
3
(c)- NO3-
(a)- H3C – CH3
(b)- H3C – CH=CH2
(c)- CH3 – C ≡ C – CH2OH
(d)- CH3CH=O
(e)- CH3COOH
37.
cUrkMNt;fa etIGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtGIV EdlRtUv)aneRbIedayGatUmkabUnkñúgRbePTxag eRkamenH
(a)- CO
(b)-CO2
(c)-CN-
etIGatUmmNÐl N manGrb‘Ítal;GIuRb‘ÍtGIV kñúgGIuy:ug GasIud (azide) N ?
¬tMerobrbs;GatUmKW NNN¦
39. m:UelKulGaELn H C=C=CH CabnÞat; ¬GatUm C TaMgbIsßitenAelIbnÞat;Rtg;¦.
etIGatUmkabUn manPaBGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGIV? cUrKUKMnUstagedIm,IbgðajBIkarbegáItsm<½n§sIucma: nig
sm<½n§BI (pi) kñúgm:UelKulGaELn.
40. cUrBiB’NnaGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;pUsV½r kñúg PF .
41. etIsm<½n§BI nigsm<½n§sIucma:b:unμanEdlmankñúgm:UelKulxageRkamenH
3-
38.
2
2
5
H
H
Cl
10-60
H
CMBUkTI10
Cl – C – Cl
H
(a)
42.
H3C – C =C – C ≡ C – H
C=C
H
H
H
(b)
(c)
etIsm<½n§BI nigsm<½n§sIucma:b:unμanEdlmankñúgm:UelKul etRtasüaNUeGTIELn ?
N ≡C
N≡C
C≡N
C=C
C≡N
RTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul
sMnYrrMlwk
43. dUcemþcEdlehAfaRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul ? etIvaxusBIRTwsþIva:Lg;ya:gdUcemþc ?
44. cUreGayniymn½yénBaküxageRkamenH
- Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsm<½n§
- Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulbdism<½n§
- Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBI (pi)
- Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulsIucma:
45. cUrKUsTMrg;rbs;Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulxageRkamenH
σ /σ / π
π etIfamBl
rbs;vaeRbobeFobtamrebobNa ?
46. cUrBnül;PaBsMxan;énlMdab;sm<½n§. etIGrb‘Ítal;sm<½n§GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IeRbobeFob
brimaNénkMlaMgsm<½n§)anEdrb¤eT ?
lMhat;
47. cUrBnül;tamGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBIbMErbMrYlcMgayGnþréNUy:U H–H EdlekIteLIgeBlEdl
m:UelKul H RtUv)aneFIVGIuy:ugkmμCaelIkdMbUgeGayeTACa H ehIybnÞab;mkeToteGayCa
H .
48. karkekIt H BIGatUm H cMnYnBIrKWCadMeNIrkarRtUvkarfamBl. tamsßiti vabgðajfaman
bMErbMrYlticCa 100% EdlGatUm H mYykñúgcMeNamTaMgBIrrgRbtikmμ. eRkABIBinitüBIfamBl
etIGñkyl;ya:gNacMeBaHkarsegátenH edayEp¥keTAelIs<IneGLicRtugkñúgGatUm H TaMgBIr ?
∗
1s
1s
+
2
2
2
2+
2
10-61
1s ,
¹
1s
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
cUrKUsdüaRkamkMritfamBlGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul cMeBaHRbePTKImIxageRkamenH³ He HHe
He
nigeRbobeFobkMritsßirPaBeFobrbs;va cMeBaHlMdab;sm<½n§ ¬edaydwgfa HHe Ca
m:UelKulDIGatUmEdlmanbIeGLicRtug ¦.
50. cUrtMerobRbePTKImIxageRkamenHtamlMdab;kMritsßirPaBekIn³ Li , Li
, Li .
cUreGayehtupl cMeBaHCMerIsrbs;GñkkñúgdüaRkamkMritfamBlGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul.
51. cUreRbIRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul edIm,IBnül;fa etIehtuGIV)anCam:UelKul Be minman.
52. etImYyNaénRbePTTaMgenH B b¤ B mansm<½n§EvgCageK? cUrBnül;tamRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;
m:UelKul.
53. GaesTIELn (C H ) manTMenar)at;RbUtugcMnYnBIr (H ) ehIybegáIt)anCaGIuy:ugkabY (C )
Edlman vtþmanenAkñúgsmasFatuGIuy:ug CaC dUcCa MgC . cUrBiB’NnaBIeRKagsm<½n§enAkñúg
(C ) tamRTwsþI Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKul. cUreRbobeFoblMdab;sm<½n§kñúg (C ) CamYylMdab;
sm<½n§kñúg C .
54. cUreRbobeFob kareRbIRTwsþILWvis nigRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulénm:UelKulGuksIuEsn.
55. cUrBnül;fa etIehtuGIV)anCalMdab;sm<½n§rbs; N FMCag N EtlMdab;sm<½n§rbs; O tUcCag
O .
56. cUreRbobeFobkMritsßirPaBeFobrbs;RbePTxageRkamenH ehIybBa¢ak;BIlkçN³ma:ej:Tic
rbs;vapg ¬EdlCaDIma:ej:Tic nig )a:ra:ma:ej:Tic ¦ O , O , O - ¬GIuy:ugs‘ubEBGuksIut¦
O ¬GIuy:ugEBGuksIut¦.
57. cUreRbIRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuledIm,IeRbobeFobkMritsßirPaBeFobrbs; F ehIy F .
58. sm<½n§mYyCan;Canic©kalswgEtCasm<½n§sIucma: ehIysm<½n§BIrCan;CaTUeTAeRcInEtbegáIteLIg
edaysm<½n§siucma: nigsm<½n§BI. mankrNIelIkElgtictYcNas;cMeBaHk,ÜnenH. cUrbgðaj C nig
B CakrNIelIkElgenH.
49.
2
2
+
+
2
2
2
-
2
2
B
2
2
+
+
2
2
2
2
2-
2
2-
22
2
+
2
2
2
+
2
2
2
2
+
2
2-
2
2
+
2
2
B
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal
sMnYrrMlwk
etIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldalxusBIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulrbs; H , C H ya:gdUc emþc? etIGñk
yl;ya:gNacMeBaHlkçx½NÐ Gb,rima ¬dUcCacMnYnGatUm nigRbePTGrb‘Ítal;¦ kñúgkarbegáIt
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal ?
59.
2
10-62
2
4
CMBUkTI10
enAkñúgemeronmun eyIgeXIjfa bBaØtier:sUNg;caM)ac;kñúgkaredaHRsaycMeBaHsmasFatu
dUcCabg;Esn nigGIuy:ugkabUNat? etIRTwsþIGrb‘Ítalm:UelKuledaHRsayCamYyRbePTKImI
enHya:gdUcemþc ?
lMhat;
61. TaMgeGTIELn nigbg;Esnmansm<½n§ C=C . GMeBIrbs;eGTIELnskmμCagbg;Esn.
]TahrN_ eGTIELnmanGMeBIskmμCamYym:UelKUlRbUm cMENkÉbg;EsnminmanRbtikmμCamYy
m:UelKulenHeT. cUrBnül;BIlkçN³xusKñaenH.
62. cUrBnül;ehtuGIV)anCanimitþsBaØaenAxageqVg RtwmRtUvkñúgkartageGaym:UelKulbg;Esn
CagnimitþsBaØaenAxagsþaM.
60.
63.
etIm:UelKulmYyNamanGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldalCaeK? cUrBnül.
;
b‘ÍepnIl
Nab;pþaELn
cMNaM ³ mU:elKulbg;EsnBIrkñúgb‘ÍepnIlGacvil)an.
64. nIRTIlpøúyGrY FNO
manlkçN³KImIskmμ. GatUmGuksIuEsn nigPøúyGRtUv)an
cgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmGasUt.
k- cUrsrsrTMrg;LWvisrbs; FNO
x- cUrbBa¢ak;BIGIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;GatUmGasUt
K-cUrBiB’Nnakarcgsm<½n§tamRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKul. etIkEnøgNaEdlGñkKitfa
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldalekIteLIg ?
65. cUrBiB’NnaBIkarcgsm<½n§kñúgGIuy:ugnIRtat NO tamRTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal.
66. etIGatUm O mNÐlmanPaBGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGIVkñúg O ? cUrBiB’NnaBIkarcgsm<½n§kñúg O tamRTwsþI
Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKuldal.
2
2
3
-
3
10-63
3
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
etIsmasFatumYyNaKWmanTMrg;ctumuxniy½t ? (a) SiBr , (b) NF
67.
4
-
BF4 (f) AlCl4
+
4
, (c) SF4, (d) BeCl42- (e)
-
KUsnUvTMrg;LIvIssmasFatu)artRbUmY. etIsmasFatuenHCabnÞat;Rtg; b¤ekag?
etIGñkGacbegáItTMrg;FrNI maRtrbs;vay:agdUcemþc ?
69. KUsrUbm:Um:g;sm½<n§ nigm:Um:g;DIb:UlsMrab;m:UelKuldUcxageRkam ³ H O, PCl , XeF , PCl , SF
70. eTaHbICakabUn nigsIulIkUnsßitenAkñúgRkum 4A Edlsm½<n§ Si=Si tictYc)ansÁal;.
cUrBnül;nUvPaBminesßrPaBénsm½<n§BIrCan;rvagsIulIkUnnigsIulIkUn. ¬tMruy³eRbobeFobkaMGatUm
C nig Si enAkñúgrUb 8.5. etImanRbsiT§PaB GIVEdlTMhk
M an;EtFMmanelIkarbegáItsm½<n§ pi ¦.
71. cUrTsSn¾TaynUvTMrg;FrNImaRtén SCl nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGatUms<an;F½r.
72. Gg;TImunIb:g;taPøúyGrY SbF manRbtikmμCamYy XeF nig XeF edIm,IbegáItsmasFatuGIuy:ug
XeF SbF nig XeF SbF . cUrerobrab;nUvTMrg;FrNImaRténkacug nigGaj:úgkñúgsmasFatu
TaMgBIrenH.
73. KUsnUvTMrg;LWvIs nigpþl;nUvBt’manepSgeTotEdl)anesñIsMrab;mU:elKuldUcxageRkam ³ (a)
BF mansNæan³ bøg;rab nigminbøg;rab (b) ClO mansNæan³ bøg;rab nigminbøg;rab (c) H O
bgðajnUvTisedA énm:Um:g;DIb:Ul (d) OF m:UelKulb:UElr b¤minb:UElr (e) NO )a:n;sμannUvmMusm<½n§
ONO .
74. cUrTsSTayn¾nUvmMusm<½n§sMrab;m:UelKuldUcxageRkam ³ (a) BeCl , (b) BCl , (c) CCl , (d)
CH Cl , (e) Hg Cl , ¬karerobcMGatUm ³ ClHgHgCl ¦ , (f) SnCl , (g) H O , (i) SnH .
75. cUreRbobeFobedaysegçbrvag VSEPR nig viFIGIuRb‘ÍtkmμeTAelIkarsikSaBITMrg;FrNImaRt.
76. cUrerobrab;nUvlkçN³GIuRb‘Ítkmμrbs;GasIunickñúgm:UelKul AsF .
77. KUsnUvTMrg;LWvIsnigpþl;nUvBt’manepSg²eTotEdl)anesñIeLIgsMrab;m:UelKuldUcxageRkam ³
(a) SO m:UelKulb:UElr b¤minb:UElr (b) PF m:UelKulb:UElr b¤minb:UElr (c) F SiH
bgðajnUvTisedAm:Um:g;DIb:Ul (d) SiH - manTMrg;bøg;rab b¤ BIramIdal; (pyramidal) ? (e) Br CH
m:UelKulb:UElr b¤minb:UElr.
78. etIm:UelKulNaxøHCam:UelKullIenEG‘r ? ICI , IF , OF , SnI , CdBr .
79. KUsnUvTMrg;LWvIsGIuy:ug BeCl . cUrTsSTayn¾nUvTMrg;FrNImaRt nigBiBrN’nanUvlkçN³
GIuRb‘ÍtkmμGatUm Be .
68.
2
3
4
5
6
2
5
3
+
+
5
6
4
6
6
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
4
5
3
3
3
3
2
2
4
2-
10-64
+
2
2
2
2
2
CMBUkTI10
80.
m:UelKul N F GacmannUvTMrg;BIr ³
2 2
F
N
N
F
F
N
F
N
etIGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGatUm N kñúgm:UelKulCaGIV ?
(b) etITMrg;mYyNamanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul?
81. sIukøÚRbU)a:n (C H ) manTMrg;RtImMuEdlGatUm C mYy)ancgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUm H cMnYnBIr
nigGatUm C BIr epSgeTotenARCugnimYy². Kuy)an C H (cubane) manTMrg;lkçN³CaKUbEdl
GatUm C mYy)ancgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUm H mYynigGatUm C bIenARCugnimYy². (a) KUsnUvTMrg;
LWvIsm:UelKulTaMgenH (b) eRbobeFobmMu CCC kñúgm:UelKulTaMgenHCamYyvaTaMgenH)an
TsSTayn¾sMrab;GatUm C manGIuRb’Ítkmμ sp . (c) etIGñksgÇwm fam:UelKulTaMgenH
gayRsYlkñúgkarbegáIt?
82. smasFatu 1,2 DIkør:UeGtan (C H Cl ) Cam:UelKulminb:UElr xNHEdl cis-DIkør:UeGTIELn
(C H Cl ) mannUvm:Um:g;DIb:Ul.
(a)
3
6
8
8
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
Cl
Cl
C
C
H
Cl
Cl
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
cis-dichloroethylene
1,2-dichloroethane
mUlehtusMrab;PaBepSgKñaKWfaRkumCaeRcInTaMgenaH)ancgP¢ab;edaysm<½n§mYyCan;Gace
FIVkarrgViledaymaneKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmk b:uEnþminkarrgVilekIteLIgeBlsm<½n§BIrCan;P¢ab;eTA
nwgRkumTaMgenH. elImUldæanRKwH énkarBicarNakarcgsm<½n§ Bnül;nUvmUlehtuEdlrgVilGac
ekIteLIgkñúg 1,2 dichloroethane b:uEnþminmankñúg cis-dichloroethylene .
83. etIm:UelKulxageRkammanm:Um:g;DIb:UlEdrb¤eT ?
Cl
H
C
H
C
C
Cl
¬tMruy ³ emIlcMelIysMnYr 39 ¦
10-65
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
]sμ½npÞHkBa©k; (greenhouse gas ) Edlbgá[ekIteLIgkMedAEpndI manm:Um:g;DIb:Ul b¤Gac
RtUv)anBt; (bent) b¤ eFIV[rmYl (distorted) eTAkñúgTMrg;CaeRcInEdlmanm:Um:g;DIb:Ul. etI]sμ½n
mYyNaCa]sμ½npÞHkBa©k; ? N , O , O , CO , CO , NO , N O , CH , CFCl .
85. mMusm<½n§ SO KWvasßitEk,rmMu 120 eTaHbICavamanKUrEtÉgmYyelI S . cUrBnül; .
86. 3 -azido-3 -deoxythymidine EdleKsÁal;faCa AZT CaRbePTfñaMmYyEdl)aneRbIedIm,I
Büa)alCMgW AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) . etIGIuRb‘ÍtkmμénGatUm C nig N
kñúgm:UelKulenHCaGIV ?
84.
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
o
2
’
3
’
O
C
H
HO
O
O
CH2
C
C
C
CH3
H
N
C
C
H
N
H
H
C
C
N
H
H
N
N
m:UelKuldUcxageRkam (AX Y ) TaMgGs;manTMrg;FrNImaRtGuktaGIuRdal (octahedral) .
cUrcat;CaRkum nUvm:UelKulEdlsmmUlKñaeTAvijeTAmk ³
87.
4
Y
Y
X
X
X
Y
X
A
Y
X
(a)
(b)
X
(c)
10-66
A
X
Y
Y
X
A
X
X
X
Y
X
A
X
X
2
Y
X
X
(d)
CMBUkTI10
smasFatukabUnetRtakørY (CCl ) nigsIulIkUnetRtakørY (SiCl ) manTMrg;FrNImaRt
nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμRbhak;RbEhlKña. EteTaHbICay:agNa CCl minmanRbtikmμCamYyTwk b:uEnþ
SiCl manRbtikmμCamYyTwk. cUrBnül;nUvPaBxusKñakñúgkMritskmμPaBKImIrbs;va (chemical
reactivities). ¬tMruy ³ CMhanTImYyénRbtikmμRtUv)aneKeCOfa CakarbEnßmm:UelKulTwkeTAelI
GatUm Si kñúg SiCl ¦ .
89. cUrsresrnUvrUbsNæan (configuration) eGLicRtugenAPaBedImrbs; Br . etIm:UelKul
rbs;vaCadüam:aej Tic (diamagnetic) b¤ )a:rama:ejTic (paramagnetic) .
90. etIlkçN³GIuRb‘ÍtkmμGatUm C nig N kñúgm:UelKulenHCaGIV ?
88.
4
4
4
4
4
2
NH2
C
H
O
N
C
C
C
N
H
H
edayeRbIRTwRsþIG½rb‘Ítal;m:UelKuledIm,IBnül;PaBxusKñarvagfamBlsm<½n§rvag F nig F ¬sUmemIlsMnYr TI 108 kñúgCMBYkTI9¦.
92. eyageTAelIskmμPaBTak;TgKImI cUreqøIysMnYrCaeRcIndUcxageRkam ³ (a) RbsinebIGñk
cg;cMGinsac;eKa nigsac;ecom etIGñkKYrEteRbI L microwave b¤ LFmμta ? (b) r:ada (radar)
CameFüa)aymYyénkarrkTItaMgvtßúmYyedaykarvas;eBlevlasMrab;rlkbeB©ajBIvtßúmYy ehIy
RtLb;mkb:Hr:adavijénmIRkUev:vmYyBIvtßúenaHRtLb;eTARbPBnigTisedABIvaRtLb;eTA. etIr:ada
dMeNIrkarEdrb¤eTRbsinebI GuksIuEsn GasUt nigkabUn-DIGuksIut Cam:UelKulb:UElr ? (c)
kñúgkareFIVetsþr:adaCaeRcIndMbUgenAb:usþiGg;eKøskñúgsRgÁamelakTI 2 lT§plCaeRcIn KWminR)akd
RbCa eTaHbICaminmanbBaðaEpñk]bkrN¾. ehtuGIV ? ¬tMruy ³ GakasFatuCajwkjab;cuHG½BV
kñúgtMbn;enaH¦.
93. TMrg;FrNImaRtCaeRcIn)anBiPaKSaenAkñúgCMBUkenH xøÜnvapÞal;TaMgGs;)anpþl;nUvkarbMPøWRsYl
RtwmRtUvcMeBaHmMusm<½n§. krNIelIkElgKW etRtaGIuRdUn (tetrahedron) edaysarEtmMusm<½n§rbs;va
manPaBBi)akedIm,IBinitüemIl. KiteTAelIm:UelKul CCl EdlmanTMrg;FrNImaRtetRtaGIuRdal
91.
2
4
10-67
2
sm<½n§KImI2³ FrNImaRténm:UelKul nigGIuRb‘ÍtkmμGrb‘Ítal;GatUm
nigCam:UelKulminb:UElr. edaykareFIV[esμIKñanUvm:Um:g;sm½<n§énsm<½n§ C-Cl cMeBaH
m:Um:g;sm<½n§EdlTTYl)anénsm<½n§ C-Cl bIepSgeTotkñúg TisedAepSgKña cUrbgðajfa mMusm<½n§
TaMgGs;esμIKña KW 109,5 .
94. eyageTAelItarag 9>4 cUrBnül;nUvmUlehtuEdlfamBlbMEbksm<½n§ Cl FMCag F . ¬tMruy
³ RbEvg sm<½n§ F 142 pm nig Cl 199 pm .
95. cUreRbIRTwRsþIG½rb‘Ítal;m:UelKuledIm,IBnül;karcgsm½<n§kñúgGIuy:ugGasYr azide ion (N ) .
(tetrahedral)
o
2
2
2
2
3
cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_
1. (a) TMrg;ctumux (b) TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg; (c) TMrg;bøg;RtIekaN 2. eT 3. (a) sp (b) sp 4.
sp d 5. GatUmkabUnRtav)anGIuRb‘Ítkmμ sp. sm<½n§sIucma: ¬σ¦ ekIteLIgrvagGatUmkabUn
nigGiuRdUEsn rw GasUt. sm<½n§BI ¬π¦ BIr ekIteLIgrvagGatUmGasUtnigGrb‘Ítal p Br
rbs;GatUmkabUn EdlminRtav)anGIuRb‘Ítkmμ. eTVtaeGLicRtugesrIrbs;GatUmGasUt sßitenAkñúg
Grb‘Ítal sp. 6. F
cMelIy
8. (a) TMrg;bøg;RtIekaN (b) TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg; (c) TMrg;ctumux 10. (a) TMrg;ctumux (b) ragekag (c)
TMrg;bøg;RtIekaN (d) TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg; (e) bøg;kaer (f) TMrg;ctumux (g) b‘ÍBIra:mItRtIekaN (h)
BIra:mItRtIekaN (i) TMrg;ctumux 12. SiCl , CI , CdCl 18. kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢man
fycuHBI F eTA I 20. x<s;Cag 22. (b) = (d) < (c) < (d) 32. sp 34. B: sp eTA sp , N: enA
3
2
3 2
2-
4
4
4
2-
3
2
3
sp3 36. (a) sp3 (b) sp3 , sp2 , sp2 (c) sp3 sp sp sp3 (d) sp3 sp2 (e) sp3 sp2 38. sp 40.
sp3d 42. 9
sm<½n§BI nig 9 sm<½n§sIucma:
50. Li2- = Li2+ < Li2
)a:ra:ma:ejTic
eGLicRtugs<InRtUv)anrYmeTVtakñúgGatUmGuIRdUEsn
54. RTwsþIGrb‘Ítal;m:UelKulfa m:UelKulGuksIuEsn KwCa
O < O
58. B2 mansm<½n§BI / C2 manBIrsm<½n§BI
48.
52. B2+
B
56. O22- < O2- <
2
2
+
..
F
l
..
..
..
..
..
F
l
..
..
+
..
eRBaHrgVg;mUlGacbgðajsm<½n§dal 64. (a) O = N − O : ↔ : O− N = O (b) sp
(c) N cgsm<½n§sIucma: CamYyF nig O . Grb‘Ítal;m:UelKulBI dalenAelIGatUm N nig O .
66. sp 68. TMrg;bnÞat;Rtg; 70. TMhMFMrbs;GatUm Si eGayGnþrkmμenAEpñkcMehogEdlnaM
eGaymankarRKbdNþb;rbs;Grb‘Ítal; pi tictUc. dUecñHsm<½n§ pi minsUvekIteLIgeT. 72.
62.
2
10-68
-
-
2
CMBUkTI10
TMrg; T XeF : TMrg;BIra:mItkaer SbF : TMrg;Gdæmux 74. (a) 180 (b) 120 (c)
109,5 (d) RbEhl 109,5 (e) 180 (f) RbEhl 120 (g) RbEhl 109,5 (h) 109,5
76. sp d 78. ICI nig CdBr 80. (a) sp (b) m:UelKulxagsþaM 82. sm<½n§ pi kñúg cisdichloroethylene mineGaykarrgVilekIteLIg. 84. O CO , CO N O , CH CFCl
86. GatUm C TaMgGs; Edl)ancgP¢ab;edaysm<½n§mYyCan; KW sp ; GatUm C Edl)an
cgP¢ab;edaysm<½n§BIrCan; KW sp ; GatUm N Edl)ancgP¢ab;edaysm<½n§mYyCan;KW sp3 ; GatUm N
Edl)ancgP¢ab;edaysm<½n§BIr Can; mYy KW sp2 ; GatUm N Edl)ancgP¢ab;edaysm<½n§BIr Can;
BIr KW sp 88. GatUm Si man Grb‘Ítal 3d. dUecñHTwkGacbUkCamYy
vaedaykarelIskñúgRsTab;va:Lg;. 90. C: sp2 ; N: GatUm N Edl)ancgP¢ab;eday
sm<½n§BIrCan;KW sp2 GatUmepSgKW sp3 92. (a) eRbILFmμta (b) eT. m:UelKulb:UElrGac
RsUbrlkmIRkUev:v)an. (c) m:UelKulTwkkñúgG½BVGacRsUbrlkmIRkUev:v)an. 94. TMhMtYcrbs;
GatUm F eFVIeGayRbEvnsm<½n§xøICag nigRcanedayeTVtaeGLicRtugesrI.
XeF3+:
5
o
+
6
o
3
-
o
o
2
2
o
o
o
o
2
3,
2,
3
2
10-69
2
4,
3,