Use each of the following terms
sentence.
l.
in a separate
matter
2. neutron
7. ion
t4. Two or more elements whose atoms
15. The outermost electrons in an atom's
electron cloud are called
a. ions.
b. isotoPes.
c. valence electrons.
d. neutrons.
16. A molecule of water, or HrO, has one
atom of
c. helium.
a. hydrogen.
d. osmium.
b. oxygen.
9. Color and hardness are examples of a
substance's
a. physical ProPerties'
b. chemical ProPerties.
c. atomic structure.
d. molecular ProPerties.
10. Subatomic par[icles in atoms that do not
carry an eleitric charge are called
c. nuclei.
a. neutrons.
d. ions.
b. protons.
11. Atoms of the same element that differ in
mass are
a. ions.
b. neutrons.
c. isotopes.
d. molecules.
12, Acombination of letters and numbers
that indicates which elements make up
compound is a
a. coefficient.
b. reactant.
c. chemical bond.
d. chemical formula'
Chapter
4
Earth Chemistry
are
chemically bonded form a(n)
c. nucleus.
a. mixture.
d. compound.
b. ion.
For each pair of terms, explain how the
meanings of the terms differ.
4. atom andmolecule
5, element and comPound
6, proton and electron
7. compound andmixture
8. covalent bond and ionic bond
94
13. The type of chemical bond that forms
between oppositely charged ions is a(n)
a. covalent bond.
b. mixture.
c. ionic bond.
d. solution.
17. How do chemical properties differ from
physical proPerties?
18. Define the term element.
19. Name three basic subatomic particles'
20. In terms of valence electrons, what is the
difference between metallic elements and
nonmetallic elements?
21. Which type of bonding includes the sharing
of electrons?
a
22. Using the periodic table to help,you to understand the following chemical formulas,
list the name and number of atoms of each
element in each comPound: NaCl, H2O2,
Fe3Oa, and SiOr.
23. What sets an atom of one element apart
from the atoms of all other elements?
Applying ldeas Is a diatomic molecule more
tiEiy to be held together by a covalent
bond or by an ionic bond? Explain your
answer.
lnferences Calcium chloride is an
Iaking-ompound.
Carbon dioxide is a covaionic
lent comp-ound. Which of these compounds
forms as a result of the transfer of electrons
from one atom to another? Explain your
2nswer.
Analyzing Relationships What happens to the
chemical properties of a substance when it
becomes part of a mixture? Explain your
answer.
. Glassifylng lnformation Oxygen combines
with hydiogen to form water. Is this process
due to the physical or chemical properties
of oxygen and hYdrogen?
Use the
32. Organizing Data Choose one of the eight
most common elements in Eartht crust,
and write a brief report on the elementt
atomic structure, its chemical properties,
and its economic imPortance.
33. Communicating Main ldeas Write a brief essay
that describei how an element's chemical
properties determine what other elements
i.e1ik"ly to bond with that element.
34. Making Comparisons Write a brief essay that
describes the differences between atoms,
elements, ions, and isotoPes.
The table below shows the average atomic
masses and the atomic numbers of five
elements. Use this table to answer the
questions that follow.
following terms to create a concept
map: chemical property, element, atom,
eleitron, protoi, neutron, atomic number,
mass number, isotoPe, comqound, and
chemical bond.
Making Calculations How many neutrons
does i potassium atom have if its atomic
numbei is 19 and its mass number is 39?
compound
carbon
one
when
formaldehyde forms
one oxygen
and
atom, two hydrogen atoms,
atom bond. Write a chemical formula for
formaldehyde.
Using Formulas The covalent
Balancing Equations Zinc rnetal, Zn, will
react with hydrochloric acid, HCI, to
gas, H2-, an.d zinc.
produce
-chloride,hydrogen
ZnClr. Write and balance the
chemical equation for this reaction.
35.
If an atom of magnesium has 12 neutrons,
what is its mass number?
36. Estimate the average number of neutrons
in an atom of tungiten and in an atom of
silicon.
37. Which element has the largest difference
between the number of protons and the
number of neutrons in the nucleus of one
of its atoms? ExPIain Your answer'
Chapter
4
Review 95