Journal of Environmental Biology
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September 2008, 29(5) 747-752 (2008)
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Studies on phytoplankton diversity in response to abiotic factors in
Veeranam lake in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu
R. Senthilkumar and K. Sivakumar*
Department of Botany, Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, India
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(Received: September 01, 2006; Revised received: May 15, 2007; Accepted: June 05, 2007)
Abstract: The phytoplankton samples were collected from the Veeranam lake for a period of one year from March-2005 to February-2006. The physicochemical parameters of water such as air-temperature, water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids
were observed and their ranges were: 30.1-36.5oC, 29.0-34.4oC, 7.9-8.4, 1.2-2.5 mgl-1, 7.6-9.2 µS and 2.5-5.2 mgl-1. Totally 160 species of phytoplankton
belonging to different taxonomic groups were identified. Among these 74 species to belong to Bacillariophyceae, 43 species to Chlorophyceae, 38 species to
Cyanophyceae and 5 species to Euglenophyceae. The phytoplankton density was high (1705 cells l-1) during the summer season and low (760 cells l-1) during
the winter season. Bacillariophyceae formed the dominant group. Species diversity index (H’), species richness (SR) and species evenness (J’) were
calculated.
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Key words: Phytoplankton, Physico-chemical parameters, Veeranam lake
PDF of full length paper is available with author (*[email protected])
of Chidambaram taluk and southern half of Kattumannarkoil taluk in
the Cuddalore district. The lake is being used for multipurpose utility
such as irrigation, fish catching washing and bathing. This lake is
one of the major water resource supply to the Chennai metropolitan
city corporation. The lake covers on water spread 15 sq miles
(38.85 sq km) area of length 15 km from North-South, 5 km width
from East-West, minimum depth 5.43 m, water storing capacity
45.50, ft = 990 mct (0.99 TMC) (mean sea level), = 990 mct (0.99
TMC) with 34 sluices irrigated land area approximately 45,000 acres.
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Introduction
The Veeranam Lake is oldest and largest lake of Tamilnadu.
This is a very significant lake in south India, and nearly 45,000 acres
of agricultural land areas are irrigated by this lake and in addition
since-2004 the lake supplies the large quantity of water for Chennai
metropolitan city for drinking purpose. Phytoplankton forms the vital
source of energy as primary producers and serves as a direct
source of food to the other aquatic plants and animals. Assessment of
water quality by algal community used for of Harambaeredam and
Mossam rivers of Maharashtra were made by Nandan and Ahur
(2005). Systematic and ecological studies on Chlorophyceae of
North India and their relationship with water quality was made
(Dwivedi et al., 2005). Algal biodiversity in fresh water and related
physico-chemical factors were studied by Veereshakumar and
Hosmani (2006), which dealt substantially for the organic production
of waters ways. They will give information about the productivity of
the environment. In India, many such lakes and reservoirs have
been studied for the water quality and fisheries (Nautiyal et al.,
1988; Kartha and Rao, 1992; Pandey, 1993; Ravikumar et al.,
2006; Nurulalom and Zaman, 2006; Tiwari and Shukla, 2007; Tiwari
and Chauhan, 2006; Sridhar et al., 2006; Tas and Gonulol, 2007).
But still there are many such aquatic ecosystems that remains
unexplored. The Veeranam lake is one among them which has not
received due attention. Hence, the present work is an attempt to
study the influence of physico-chemical parameters of water on
phytoplankton population, species composition and community
organization.
History and morphometric of Veeranam lake: The Veeranam
lake (Lat. 11o17’N); Long. 79o32’E) is situated in the Cuddalore
district of Tamil Nadu state, India (Fig. 1). It was formed by the Prince
Rajathithar son of Paranthaga Cholan during the 9th century and as
on date its age is 1038 years. The lake is located in the western half
Materials and Methods
Water samples were collected from Veeranam lake at monthly
intervals for a period of one year from March-2005 to February2006 for the analysis of air temperature, water temperature, pH,
salinity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total dissolved
solids. The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed by water
and soil analysis kit model 1160-E. Phytoplankton samples were
collected by towing a plankton net (mouth diameter 0.35 mm) made
up of bolting silk (no.30; mesh size 48 µ) for half an hour. The
samples were collected in black polythene bags and immediately
preserved with 4% formalin for quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Plankton counting was made by drop method. Some of the specimens
were fixed in 3% glutaroldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at (pH
6.8) for scanning electronmicroscopic studies. Specimens were then
dehydrated through a graded series of acetone 12-15 min interval
at 4oC upto 70% of acetone. Then dehydrated phytoplanktons treated
with critical point drier (CPD) were on a stub and the specimens
were coated they were examined with Joel JSM-56010 LV with
INSA-EDS, photomicrographs were taken selectively from the
computer screen (Hayet and Falk, 1980). Phytoplankton was
identified by consulting the workers of Desikachary (1959), Prescott
(1964), Anand (1998), Cox (1996). Species diversity index (H’)
was calculated using Shannon and Weiner’s (1949) and Pielous
Journal of Environmental Biology
September, 2008 748
R. Senthilkumar and K. Sivakumar
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Pondicherry
Bay of Bengal
Indian Ocean
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Arabian sea
India
Cuddalore district
Tamil Nadu
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(1966) formulae respectively. Species richness (SR) was calculated
as described by Simpson index (Simpson, 1949).
Sampling stations
of Veeranam lake
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Results and Discussion
Monthly variations in physico-chemical parameters of
Veeranam lake are depicted in Table 1. The seasonal variation of
productivity is related to variation in temperature and the photic
conditions. Similar findings were also reported by Sondergaard and
Sand Jensen (1979) and Spencer and King (1989). Temperature is
an important factor, which regulates the biogeochemical activities in
the aquatic environment. Maximum temperature was recorded during
May and June and minimum in September and October. The variation
in the water temperature in present investigation may be due to the
difference in sampling time and the effect of season (Jayaraman et
al., 2003; Tiwari et al., 2004). Water temperature influences aquatic
weed, algal blooms (Zafer, 1968) and surrounding air temperature
(Gupta and Sharma, 1993). All metabolic and physiological activity
and life processes such as feeding, reproduction, movements and
distribution of aquatic organisms are greatly influenced by water
temperature. The pH varied from 7.9 to 8.4 (alkaline range) with a
minimum in August and maximum in April. Wani and Subla (1990),
reported that the pH values above 8 in natural waters were
produced by photosynthetic rate that demands more CO2 than
quantities furnished by respiration and decomposition. pH is one of
the most important factors that serves as an index of the pollution.
The water body registered an alkaline pH with the values ranging
from 7.45 to 8.1 (Ranjan et al., 2007). pH value of majority of
lakes and reservoirs in India has been found between 6 to 9. The
higher range of pH indicates higher productivity of water (Khan
and Khan, 1985).
Salinity acts as major ecological factor controlling the
phytoplankton population of freshwater as well as brackish water
species, which appeared or disappeared depending upon the salinity
condition. The range of salinity during the present study was maximum
in summer season and minimum in monsoon period.
Journal of Environmental Biology
September, 2008 Fig. 1: Location map of Veeranam lake
The maximum electrical conductivity was observed in
January and minimum in May. A sudden rise in conductivity in water
during monsoon and post monsoon season indicates addition of
some pollutants (Trivedy and Goel, 1984). High value EC designates
pollution status of the lake (Kadam, 1990). The maximum dissolved
oxygen was recorded in November (monsoon period) and minimum
in June (summer). Dissolved oxygen is governed by the
Phytoplankton biodiversity in lake
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Table - 1: Physio-chemical parameters of Veeranam lake during March 2005 to February 2006
Summer
Parameters
Air-T ( C)
Water-T (oC)
pH
Salinity (gl-1)
DO (mgl-1)
EC (µS)
TDS (mgl-1)
Monsoon
Post-monsoon
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
32.1
32.1
8.3
2.3
3.53
7.8
4.0
34.2
32.2
8.4
2.4
3.45
7.8
4.1
36.3
34.3
8.2
2.5
4.01
7.6
5.0
36.5
34.4
8.2
1.7
2.62
8.5
5.2
35.1
33.1
8.2
1.2
3.41
8.5
4.5
34.3
33.1
7.9
1.2
3.47
9.1
4.5
31.0
29.0
8.0
1.2
4.15
8.2
3.5
32.1
29.0
8.1
1.2
4.20
8.5
3.0
32.1
30.1
8.0
1.3
4.34
9.0
3.0
30.1
29.0
8.3
1.3
4.15
9.0
2.8
31.5
30.0
8.4
1.5
4.10
9.2
2.5
32.3
30.3
8.3
1.6
4.07
9.1
2.6
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o
Pre-monsoon
All the parameters are in triplicate values - DO = Dissolved oxygen, EC = Electrical conductivity, TDS = Total dissolved solids
2000
1.6
[a ]
[b ]
1.5
1600
1.4
1200
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1.3
800
1.2
400
1.1
1
0
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mar
Jan Feb
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan Feb
Diversity
Density
0.8
1
[ c ]
[d ]
0.8
0.6
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0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Richness
Nov
Dec
Jan Feb
Apr
Fig. 2: Monthly variations in phytoplankton
photosynthetic activity and aeration rate (Gautam, 1993). It appears
that the distribution of dissolved oxygen in the reservoir water is
governed by a balance between input from the atmosphere, rainfall
and photosynthesis and losses by the chemical and biotic oxidations.
The values of total dissolved solids in water varied from a minimum
of 2.5 mgl-1 (January-2006) to a maximum of 5.2 mgl-1 (June). The
highest average value for total dissolved solid might be due to
accumulation of the anthropogenic activity which hampered the quality
of water.
A total of 160 species of phytoplankton were represented by
diverse groups Bacillariophyceae (74), Chlorophyceae (43),
Cyanophyceae (38) and Euglenophyceae (5). The percentage
composition showed marked variation with Bacillariophyceae
On
Mar
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Evenness
occupying dominant position of 46.25%. Some species of
phytoplankton were observed by scanning electronmicroscopy (Fig. 3)
such as (a) and (b) Oscillatoria sancta (higher magnification), (c)
and (d) Syndra ulna (upper view), (e) Pinnularia microstauron, f.
Nitzschia palea, (g) Stauroneis sp and (h) Cyclotella meneginiyana
and population density ranged between 760 and 1705 cellsl -1
(Fig. 2a) with maximum production in summer. Species such as
Chlamydomonas globosa, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Pediastrum
simplex and Closterium acerosum occurred in all the seasons.
During summer season Euglena spirogyra and Phacus acuminatus
were observed abundantly.
Species diversity of the area ranged between 1.14 and
1.52 (Fig. 2b). The maximum diversity was during post-monsoon
Journal of Environmental Biology
September, 2008 750
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R. Senthilkumar and K. Sivakumar
Fig. 3: Some phytoplankton species as seen under electron microscope
a = Oscillatoria sancta (Kuetz.) Gom
b = Oscillatoria sancta (Luetz.) Gom (higher magnification)
c = Syndra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr.
d = Syndra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. (upper view)
Journal of Environmental Biology
September, 2008 e = Pinnularia microstauron (Ehr.) Cl.
f = Nitzschia palea (Kuetz.) W. Sm
g = Stauroneis sp
h = Cyclotella meneginiyana (Kuetzing)
Phytoplankton biodiversity in lake
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Table - 2: List of recorded phytoplankton species at Veeranam lake
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36 C. tumidum Gay
37 Cosmarium botrytis Menegh
38 C. subcostatum Nordst
39 C. depressum (Naeg.) Lund
Order: Zygnematales
40 Spirogyra varians
41 Netrium digitus (Ehr.) Itz & Rothe
42 Staurastrum hexaserum (Ehr.) Wittr.
43 Euastrum insulare (Wittr.) Roy
Cynophyceae
Order: Chroococcales
1 Microcystis flos-aquae (Wittr.) Kirchner
2 Aphanocapsa litroralis Hansgirg
3 A. banaresensis Bharadwaja
4 A. pulchra (Kuetz.) Rabenh
5 A. grevillei (Hass.) Rabenh
6 Chroococcus disperses (V. Keissler) Lemm.
7 C. tenax (Kirchn) Hieron
8 C. prescottii Drouet & Daily
9 C. turgidus (Kuetz.) Naeg.
10 Gloeocapsa magma (Breb.) Kuetz.
11 G. nigrescens Naeg.
12 Synechocystis aqualis Saun
13 S. crassa Woromich
14 Polycystis aeruginosa Naeg
15 P. incerta
16 Synechococcus aeruginosus Naeg.
17 Merismopedia elegans G.M. Smith
18 M. glauca (Ehr.) Naeg.
19 Tetrapedia reinschiana
20 Coeolophaerium dubium Grun
21 Gomphosohaeria aponina (Kuetz.)
22 Marssoniella elegans Lemm.
Order: Hamaesiphonales
23 Mixosarcina amethystine J.J. Copeland
24 Stichosiphon regularis Geitler.
Order: Oscillatoriales
25 Spirulina major (Kütz) Gomont
26 S. meneghiniana Zanard ex Gomont
27 S. princeps West. et West
28 S. subsalsa Oerst. ex Gom.
29 Oscillatoria subbrevis Schmidle F. Crassa
30 O. curviceps Ag. ex Gomont
31 O. chlorina Kuetz. ex Gomont
32 Arthrospira platensis (Nordst)
33 A. jenneri Stizenb. et Gomont
Order: Nostocales
34 Anabaena spiroides Klebahn
35 A. circinalis Robenhorst ex Born et Flah.
36 A. constricta
37 Nostoc pruniforme Ag.
38 N. carneum Ag. ex Born et. Flah
Euglenophyceae
1 Euglena spirogyra Ehr.
2 E. viridis Ehr.
3 Phacus acuminatus Stokes
4 P. longicauda Ehr.
5 P. pleuronectes Dujardin
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57 C. alpina Grun
58 C. turgida (Greg) Cleve
59 C. cymbiformis Kuetz.
60 C. tumida (Breb.)
61 Nitzschia vitrea Norman
62 N. plana Wm. Sm.
63 N. amphibia Grun
64 N. palea (Kuetz.)
65 N. palaceae (Kuetz.)
66 Nitzschia brebissonii W. Smith
67 Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kuetz.) Rabh.
68 Neidium iridis (Ehr.) Pfitzer
69 Tabellaria fenestrata
70 Melosira granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs
71 Stauroneis parvula var. Prominula Grun
72 Surirella elegans Ehr.
73 Eunotia pectinalis (Kuetz.) Rabenh.
74 E. monodon Ehr.
Chlorophyceae
Order: Volvvocales
1 Chlamydomonas globosa Snow.
2 C. fasciata
3 C. reinhardi (Dang)
4 C. polypyrenoideum Presc.
5 Pendorina morum Bory
6 Eudorina elegans Ehr.
7 Haematococcus lacustris (Girod.) Rostaf.
8 Palmella miniata Lieb.
9 Tetraspora lubrica (Roth) Ag.
10 Chlorosarcina consociate (Klebs) G.M. Smith
Order: Chlorococcales
11 Coleochaete suluta (Breb.) Pringsheim
12 Chlorococcum humicola (Naeg.) Rabenh
13 Coelastrum microporum Naeg.
14 Chlorella ellipsoidea Gerneck.
15 C. protothecoids
16 C. vulgaris Beyernick
17 C. pyrenoidosa Chick
18 Westella botryoides (W. West)
19 Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs
20 Selenastrum gracile Reinsch
21 S. biraianum Reinsch
22 Tetraedron trigonum (Naeg.) Hansg
23 Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb.
24 S. dimorphus (Turp.) Kuetz.
25 S. bijiuga (Reinsch)
26 S. armatus (Chodat) Smith
27 Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh
28 P. biradiatum Presc.
29 P. simplex Meyen
30 P. tetras (Ehr.) Ralfs
31 P. duplex Meyen
Order: Cladophorales
32 Cladophora crispate (Roth) Kuetzing
33 C. glomerata (L.) Kuetz.
Order: Conjucales
34 Closterium acerosum (Schrank) Ehr.
35 C. purvulum Nageli
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Bacillariophyceae
Order: Centrales
1 Cyclotella meneghiniana Kuetzing
2 C. stelligera c.l.u. Grun
3 Sceletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve
4 Chaetoceros orientalis Schiller
5 Thalassiosira marginata Sp. Nov.
Order: Pennales
6 Fragillaria brevistriata Grun
7 F. ratonensis Grun
8 F. intermedia Grun
9 Synedra ulna (Nitz)
10 Mastogloia exigua Lewis
11 M. dolosa Venkataraman
12 M. brauni Grun
13 M. smithii Thwaites
14 M. apiculata Wm. Sm.
15 Achnanthes hauckiana Grun
16 A. inflata Kuetz.
17 Cocconeis placentula Cleve
18 Diploneis subovalis Cleve
19 D. ovalis (Hilse)
20 D. interrupta (Kuetz.)
21 Anomoeneis sphoerophora (Kuetz.)
22 A. serians (Breb.) Celve
23 Stauroneis anceps Ehr.
24 Navicula cuspidate Kuetz.
25 N. peregrina Kuetz.
26 N. lacustris Greg
27 N. cincta Kuetz.
28 N. rostellata Kuetz.
29 N. laterostrata Hust
30 N. radiosa Kuetz.
31 N. pycmae Kuetz.
32 N. rectangularis Kuetz.
33 N. acicularis Kuetz.
34 N. capitatoradiata Kuetz.
35 N. mutica Kuetz.
36 N. hasta Pant.
37 Pinnularia gibba Ehr.
39 P. acrosphoeria Breb.
40 P. interrupta W. Smith
41 P. braunii (Grun)
42 P. viridis (Nitzsch) Ehr.
43 Amphora coffoeformis Ag.
44 A. ovalis Kuetz.
45 Gomphonema intricatum (Kuetz.)
46 G. lanceolatum Ehr.
47 G. parvulum (Kuetz.)
48 G. vibrio Ehr. C.G. Augur Ehr.
49 G. herculeana (Ehr.) Cleve
50 G. acuminatum Ehrench
51 Calonies silicula (Ehr.) Cleve
52 Actinella punctata Lewis
53 Frustulia rhomboids (Ehr.) De Toni
54 Pleurosigma delicatulum W. Smith
55 P. salinarum Grun
56 Cymbella naviculiformis Auersward
Journal of Environmental Biology
September, 2008 752
R. Senthilkumar and K. Sivakumar
The population condition was stable during the months of
April and May. The density slowly declined during June and premonsoon period and the lowest value was observed during the
month of December-2005. In the present study, the phytoplankton
production was coinciding with the optimum water depth of 1 m. This
is an agreement with the earlier works of Sukumaran and Das
(2001) in some freshwater reservoir of Karnataka.
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From the present investigation it could be noted that the
phytoplankton population of the reservoir is closely related with
seasonal variations in hydrography. The composition, distribution,
richness and diversity of the phytoplankton remained similar to that of
other major Indian reservoirs.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the University Grants
Commission providing financial support (Grant F.No.30-148/
2004) and Authorities of Annamalai University, Annamalainagar
for providing all facilities and encouragement to carry out the
research work.
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season and minimum diversity was observed in pre-monsoon
season. The ranges of species richness and evenness were:
0.45-0.60 and 0.57-0.76 respectively (Fig. 2c, 2d). The population
density trend showed gradual increase during post-monsoon and
summer season and attained the peak during the month of April2005 which was due to nutrient richness and the moderate
temperature (Sukunan, 1980).