2 STAR Kayaking Personal Proficiency Handbook
Singapore Canoe Federation Standards
 Theoretical and Technical skills in the 2 STAR Syllabus
 Step by Step Instructions with Pictures
 Tips & Tricks
 Warnings
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Page
Content
5
6
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Introduction to 2 STAR Kayaking
Kayaking Personal & Coaching Certification Pathway
7
The Singapore Canoe Federation 2 STAR Kayaking Syllabus
8
Kayaking Sites in Singapore
9
Module 1: Theory
1.8 Personal Equipment
1.8.1 Spray Skirt
10-11
1.8.2 Tow Lines
11-12
1.8.3 Dry Bags
12
1.9 Tides
1.9.1 Spring Tides
12-14
1.9.2 Neap Tides
14-15
1.10 Currents
1.10.1 Rise and Fall of Tides
15-16
1.10.2 Wind
16
1.11 Weather Hazards
1.11.1 Widespread Prolonged Haze
16-17
1.11.2 Thunderstorms and Lightning
18
1.11.3 Winds
18
1.12 Environmental Hazards
1.12.1 Hypothermia
18-20
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1.12.2 Hyperthermia
20-21
1.12.3 Sunburn
21
1.12.4 Eye Damage
21-22
1.12.5 Polluted Water
22
Module 2: Foundation Skills
2.9
Efficient Forward Paddling
23-24
2.10
Efficient Reverse Paddling
25-26
2.11 Efficient Forward Sweep Stroke
27
2.12 Efficient Reverse Sweep Stroke
28-29
2.13 Edge Control
30
2.14 Capsize and Wet Exit with Retention of Kayak, Paddle and Spray
Deck
31-33
Module 3: Advance Directional Skills
3.2
J - Draw with Directional Control
34-35
3.3
Classic – Draw with Directional Control
36-38
3.4
Sculling Draw
39-40
3.5
Low – Brace Turn with Edge Control
3.6
Stern Rudder
42-43
3.7
Bow Rudder
44-45
41
Module 4: Rescue Skills
4.2
X - Rescue
46-50
4.3
Kayak to Swimmer Rescue (Bow Carry)
51-52
4.4
Eskimo Bow Rescue
53-55
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Module 5: Support Skills
5.3
Low Support and Recovery
56-57
5.4
High Support and Recovery
58-60
Module 6: Expedition
6.1
Packing for a Kayak Expedition
61-63
6.2
Planning for an Kayak Expedition
63-68
69
Useful Web-links
The 1 to 3 STAR Kayaking Continuum
70-71
References
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Acknowledgement
We wish to personally thank the following people and organizations for their contributions
and support. This book would not have been possible without their constant guidance.
The Individuals we would like to thank: Addison Ong, Lim Jun Ping, Chu Yiu Tak, Jessica
Gwee, Abdul Shukor Ramli and Pamela Loh for the detailed evaluation they have given
upon reviewing the original draft; as well as the conversations that triggered our thoughts on
the handbook and other issues. The professional collaboration with them meant a great deal
to us.
The Organizations: Republic Polytechnic (RP), School of Sports, Health and Leisure (SHL),
Office of Student and Graduates Affair (OSG) for their gracious understanding in allowing us
to use the Kayaks and equipment, and the Swimming Pool in aiding us for the development
of our Handbook.
We are grateful to the Singapore Canoe Federation and People‟s Association WaterVenture for their utmost support and guidance along the way in the development of the
Handbook.
We would like to thank the other team developing the 1 STAR Handbook for their
cooperation and everyone else who have played a part in contributing to the Handbook.
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Introduction
The intention of this handbook is to act as a reference material for participants who
are participating in the 2 STAR Kayaking Course in Singapore. It consists of 2 STAR
theories and skills which fulfils the criteria of the Singapore Canoe Federation (SCF).
Most contents are accompanied by pictures and instructions are given in a step by
step explanation throughout the handbook.
The aim of this handbook is to provide the best practices that will enhance the
knowledge and skills of the user.
We hope you find this handbook useful as a reference material.
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Introduction to 2 STAR Kayaking
Kayaking Personal & Coaching Certification Pathway
5 STAR (RIVER)
5 STAR (SEA)
Level 5 Coach
(RIVER)
Level 5 Coach
(SEA)
4 STAR (RIVER)
4 STAR (SEA)
Level 4 Coach
(RIVER)
Level 4 Coach
(SEA)
3 STAR
Level 3 Coach
2 STAR
Level 2 Coach
1 STAR
Level 1 Coach
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The 2 STAR Syllabus
Aim: To develop the range of basic strokes and maneuvers for novices.
Environment:
Simple
Water
Pre-entry
requirement:
Trainer
Assessor:
Coastal Type
Craft:
of
Closed cockpit, single-seat
kayak with spray deck
One Star Award
/
Level 2 Coach or above
Oral Theory Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
Personal Equipment
Simple knowledge of tides and currents
Weather hazards
Environment hazards
Technical Skills
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Lifting and carrying kayaks
Launching and coming ashore
Demonstrate efficient forward and reverse paddling
Demonstrate forward and reverse sweep strokes
Demonstrate the ability to spin the kayak on the spot using alternate forward
and reverse sweeps
Demonstrate J draw and classic draw with directional control
Demonstrate stern rudder
Demonstrate basic use of edge control
Demonstrate basic low support and recovery
Demonstrate basic high support and recovery
Demonstrate low brace turns with understanding of edge control
Capsize and wet exit with retention of kayak and paddle
Demonstrate a X rescue as a rescuer and patient
Demonstrate a kayak to swimmer rescue (bow carry)
Demonstrate an Eskimo bow rescue as a patient
Demonstrate the beginnings of sculling draw strokes
Demonstrate the beginnings of bow rudder (blade placed between bow and
cockpit)
Journey Experience

At least one journey of 6 km
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Kayaking Site in Singapore (As of July 2012)
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Module 1: Theory
1.8 Personal Equipment
1.8.1 Spray skirts
Spray skirts are used by kayakers in most conditions to prevent water from entering
the boat. There are different types of spray skirts suitable for different types of
kayaking as well as different sizes to cater to different individuals. Here is one way
you can put on the spray skirt:
1. Step into the spray skirt and pull it
up until your waist.
Ensure that the elastic band of the
spray skirt lines up with your hip.
*Alternatively, based on personal
preferences, spray skirt can be
worn top-down via pulling over the
shoulder.
2. Sit into the kayak in a comfortable
position, adjust the foot rest, thigh
brace and back rest properly.
3. Lean back, reach behind and hook
the back of the spray skirt to the
cockpit coaming.
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4. After the back of the spray skirt is
in place, attempt to maneuver the
side of the spray skirt so that it
grabs the cockpit coaming.
5. Lean and reach forward to hook
the front of the spray skirt to the
cockpit coaming.
6. Ensure that the spray skirt is
tightly attached to the cockpit
coaming.
*And that the loop is not tucked
underneath the cockpit coaming.
1.8.2 Tow lines
Tow Lines are essential items of a safety-kit for a sea-kayaker. Its uses are:

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Towing a paddler when he is tired and in need of rest
Supporting a paddler in getting back to shore
For an injured or ill paddler who needs help to get to safety immediately
There are several types of tow lines out in the market such as waist belt or boat
mounted tow. The more commonly used ones in Singapore would be the waist belt
tow lines. A waist belt tow line comes in a quick release belt which allows efficient
release of the belt from the body under unforeseen circumstances. Based on the
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users‟ need, the length of rope may vary from 2 meters to 10 meters. A carabineer is
attached at one end of the towline to enable easy clipping.
1.8.3 Dry bags
Dry bags are essential in order to keep belongings waterproofed. The material used
can withstand years of abrasion, UV exposure, temperature extremes and possible
exposure to fuels and chemicals. Good dry bags are almost tested to be 100% leak
proof. However, with the use of these dry bags, it is still advisable to water proof your
belongings twice by placing them into a ziplock bag before putting them into the dry
bag.
It is available in all shapes and sizes. Most commonly used sizes are 5, 10, 15 and
20 Litres.
1.9 Tides
Kayaks are great tools for transport across great distances of water and definitely an
enjoyable recreational activity with your family and friends because you get to
explore places you never imagined you could! However, Kayaks are affected by
various factors such as Wind, Tides and Currents which can make Kayaking a notso-enjoyable activity for the avid kayakers!
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The Earth‟s oceans contains vast amount of seawater, Tides are the cyclic rise and
fall of sea levels that is caused by the gravitational forces exerted by the celestial
bodies; The sun and The Moon.
As the Moon is revolving around the Earth, it will not be in the same position as it
was an hour ago. One revolution of the Moon takes about 27 days and therefore
adds an approximate 50 minutes to the Tidal Cycle. One Tidal Cycle would therefore
last for an approximate of 24 hours and 50 minutes.
The geometric relationship (orientation) between the Earth, Sun and the Moon
affects tides. It causes two distinct phenomenon of High and Low tides, the Spring
Tide and Neap Tide. As we now understand that Tides are the vertical motion of
water, let us take a deeper look at Spring Tide and Neap Tide.
Spring Tide and Neap Tide
The Spring and Neap Tide occurs twice a month when the moon falls into the
relative position(s) that causes such phenomenon. The result of the different
positions causes slight differences in heights of water in the world.
1.9.1 Spring Tide
Spring Tide occurs when Moon falls into the relative position whereby the Moon,
Earth and Sun are all in line resulting in the strongest pull of gravity along the axis.
As such, the combined exertion of the gravitational pull by The Moon and Sun is at
its strongest and thus Spring Tide occurs. We will experience the HIGHEST High
Tides and LOWEST Low Tides in the period of time.
Refer to the pictures below:
Red lines denote the gravitational pull by the celestial bodies.
New Moon:
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Full Moon:
1.9.2 Neap Tide
Neap Tide occurs when Moon falls into the relative position whereby The Moon,
Earth and Sun form a perpendicular relationship resulting in the pull of gravity not
being on the axis. As such, the combined exertion of the gravitational pull by The
Moon and Sun is at its weakest and thus Neap Tide occurs. We will experience the
LOWEST High Tides and HIGHEST Low Tides in the period of time.
Refer to the pictures below:
Red lines denote the gravitational pull by the celestial bodies.
First-Quarter:
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Third-Quarter:
1.10 Currents
Sea Currents describes the motion of water in the sea and refers to the horizontal
movement of water in the sea (as compared to vertical movement in Tides).
There are several factors that can cause Sea Currents to exist:
1. Rise and Fall of Tides
2. Wind
1.10.1 Rise and Fall of Tides (Current that affect Singapore‟s
water most)
Due to the gravitational forces exerted by The Moon and Sun, Tides creates currents
due to the water flow moving from a certain region to another thus causing the
phenomenon of horizontal movement water flow known as “Tidal Currents”.
Tidal Currents happens when the Tide is switching between High & Low and vice
versa, thus resulting in a different direction of water flow every time the Tide
switches. As such, Tidal Currents do not have much effect in the Oceans as that is
where the major deposits of water are.
When the Tide is rising (Low  High), the current flow is directed to and shore and is
known as Flood Current. When the Tide is receding (High  Low), the current flow
is directed back to the sea and is known as Ebb Current.
Tidal Currents are the easiest to predict the positions of The Moon, Earth and Sun
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changes at a rate that is known and therefore making Tidal Currents easier to
predict.
1.10.2 Wind
Winds are caused when air is flowing from regions of high pressure to low pressure
and its direction is affected by Earth‟s Rotation. As winds move over regions of
water, it creates waves.
Waves are controlled by three factors: Wind Speed (in knots), Wind Duration (time
that wind blows) and Fetch (Distance that wind blows).
The Wave Height and Strength is controlled by the three factors and it is only when
all three factors are present i.e. Strong Winds blowing over a Long Duration on a Far
Fetch, therefore large waves will appear and therefore causing what is known as
Surface Currents.
1.11 Weather Hazards
Singapore‟s weather guide:
Monsoon
Season
Northeast
Monsoon
(December to
March)
Prevailing Winds
Features

Rapid development of
afternoon and early evening
showers.

Monsoon surges cause
widespread continuous
moderate to heavy rain, at
times with 7-10 m/s winds in
the first half of season.

Windy and relatively dry
towards the season.

Severe thunderstorms occur in
the afternoon and early
evening.
Northerly to north-easterly
winds
6 to 8 m/s
Inter-monsoon
Light and variable
(April to May)
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Southwest
Monsoon
(June to
September)
Shower/thunderstorms activity
occurs between predawn and
midday. “Sumatra” squalls* are
common.

Smoke haze is common during
periods of widespread dry
weather.
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Occasional wind gust of 12-22
m/s.
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Intense thunderstorm activity
last < 30 minutes.

Scattered thunderstorms, at
times severe, occur in the
afternoon and early evening.
6 to 8 m/s
Inter-monsoon
(October to
November)

Southerly to south-westerly
winds
Light and variable, interacting
with land and sea breezes
DID YOU KNOW?
Singapore has the second highest rate of lightning strikes in the world? That is the
hazard of living so near the equator.
1.11.1 Widespread Prolonged Haze
Episodes of widespread prolonged haze usually over Singapore and the region
occur during the latter part of the southwest monsoon season, particularly following a
period of dry weather and persistent southeasterly/southwesterly winds. During a
bad haze episode, visibility of four kilometres or less have been observed. Haze can
seriously affect a paddler‟s ability to safely travel on the water as it is eerie and
disorienting. Paddlers easily feel completely stripped of any sense of direction.
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1.11.2 Thunderstorms and Lightning
Although paddling in rain is a pleasant experience, lightning is very dangerous for
anyone on the water. Bobbing on the surface of the water or sitting in his/her kayak,
paddler can easily become the highest point for quite a distance in any direction thus
making him/her a natural lightning rod.
1.11.3 Winds
Without warning, winds can come up and make the handling of kayak more difficult.
Waves are caused by winds and boat traffics, which is another serious hazard.
Note to all kayakers:
Before planning on any expeditions, it is important to check the weather forecast of
the day to prevent any weather hazards.
Kayakers can access the National Environmental Agency‟s services:
For latest weather information, Dial-A-Weather at 6542-7788.
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Nowcast weather (next 3 hours forecast)
Further outlook (forecast for next 12 hours)
Haze/PSI information
Detected lightning areas
Detected rain areas
Wind and tide information
Flood and sesimic information
3-day and fortnightly weather outlook
1.12 Environmental Hazards
1.12.1 Hypothermia
It is a condition brought about by a lowering of the body‟s core temperature. This is
serious because it can ultimately result in death.
Through the rapid lowering of the core temperature caused by immersion in cold
water, a person will be unable to generate heat to counteract the effects of cold due
to exhaustion.
A constant 37 degree Celsius is needed for humans to maintain the vital organs of
the body.
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Critical thing about hypothermia:
Even in the early stage at its mildest form, a person‟s judgment can be drastically
affected.
So if paddler is feeling very cold, remedial action should be taken, or getting of the
sea before dangerous mistakes are made.
Signs and Symptoms of Hypothermia
It is important to look out for the signs and symptoms whenever we are paddling in
cold conditions. The temperatures below indicate the core temperature which the
signs and symptoms will normally occur. The normal temperature for a human is 37
˚C.
Early warning:
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(35˚C)
Feeling cold and tired
Numbness of hands or feet
Blue lips
Intermittent shivering
Serious:
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Continuous shivering
Unusual, uncharacteristic behavior
Physical and mental lethargy
Slurring of speech
Violent outbursts of unexpected energy
Lack of muscular coordination
Failure of abnormality of vision
Deep hypothermia:
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Shivering stops, lowered conscious level
Limbs stiffen up
Victim drifts into deep unconsciousness
Pulse irregular
Unconscious, coma, death
(34˚C)
(33˚C)
(32˚C)
(31˚C)
(29˚C)
(24˚C)
Prevention:
The emphasis should be very much on prevention because if paddlers protect
themselves, the chances of hypothermia occurring will be very low.
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 Careful scouting, thorough assessment of the risks involved and skilful
paddling will allow the paddlers to avoid taking long swims.
 Paddlers should eat well before and during an expedition. Complex
carbohydrates such as bread, rice and pasta provides energy in a form that is
made available to the body at a steady rate and over several hours.
 Suitable clothing for the conditions and type of paddling should be worn.
 “Buddy” up and keep an eye on each other for the early signs of hypothermia
as it is often unnoticed.
 Paddlers should be prepared to shorten or abort the trip is the paddlers are
showing signs of getting too cold.
1.12.2 Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is caused by the body overheating and can be divided into two distinct
stages.
Heat exhaustion: When the body over-heats and loses too much water and salt
through perspiring, it is a struggle to maintain a normal temperature.
*Although heat exhaustion is not a serious condition, it will progress to heat stroke if
the paddler is not removed from any source of heat.
Signs and Symptoms:
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Feeling unwell, headache, dizziness, nausea and cramps
Weakness
Moist skin
How to treat?

Bring the paddle to cool area
 Give fluids to the paddler
Heat Stroke: If hyperthermia is left untreated, the body will no longer be able to
perspire and with the rising body‟s temperature left unchecked, heat stroke will
strike. Thus, it can be life threatening.
Signs and Symptoms:
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Confusion/loss of consciousness
Skin is hot and dry
High temperature
How to treat?
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Seek urgent medical attention
Reduce the temperature by bringing the paddler to cool area
Bathe with tepid water
(Drenching the paddler with very cold water is a big NO as it could cause
heart failure)
Fan the paddler
Dehydration
Removing layers of paddling clothing to go to the toilet is very inconvenient for a
paddler. It would be tempting to drink as little water as possible to avoid doing so.
However, this is a great mistake both in terms of the risk of hyper and hypothermia
and in terms of reduced performance. Paddlers should drink frequently in hot and
cold climates.
1.12.3 Sunburn
Singapore paddlers are prone to sunburn as Singapore has a tropical climate so the
island is warm and humid throughout the year.
Prevention:

Avoid the noon day sun and rest in the shade whenever possible.

Wear rash-guards and sun hats that protect the ears and neck.

Use waterproof sun block cream on all exposed skin, ensure to reapply.
How to treat?

Cool the affected area by bathing in cold water for 10 minutes.

If there are blisters, paddlers should not burst it to prevent infection and
should cover any burst blisters with a sterile dressing.

Prevent any further exposure to direct sunlight.

Ensure that the paddler drinks plenty of fluids.

Medical attention should be sought if the sunburn is severe and covers an
extensive area.
1.12.4 Eye Damage
Eye damage can be caused by sun reflecting on water. Extreme discomfort can be
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caused in the short term, and in extreme cases, it causes temporary blindness. In
the long run, the accumulated permanent damage can lead to cataracts and other
forms of eye damage.
Prevention:

Wear sunglasses and wide brim hats
Signs and symptoms:



Headaches
Tears
Gritty and painful eyes
How to treat?

Rest in a dark room and seek medical treatment
1.12.5 Polluted Water
Water pollution is not much of an issue in Singapore. Given the limited water
resources in Singapore, it is critical that water pollution and quality are carefully
monitored and regulated. The water quality of both inland water bodies and coastal
areas is regularly monitored. Although there are not much issue of pollution in
Singapore, prevention is still required.
Prevention:

Avoid paddling polluted rivers or seas in periods of high flow.

Remove wet clothing and wash hands and face in clean water, or the best
way is to take a shower before eating or drinking.
When paddling in other countries where the water is untreated:

Paddlers should treat their drinking water. An outdoor water filter will come in
handy as it removes the microorganisms that are present in the water.

Another alternative to a water filter would be Iodine tablets; it is a light weight
and economical way to deactivate viruses, giardia and other micro-organisms.

Food should only been eaten if it‟s thoroughly cooked and is still hot.
Note: Although iodine is safe in small quantities, it is a poison that builds up in the
thyroid gland. It is not a suitable solution if paddlers are going abroad for a long
period.
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Module 2: Foundation Skills
2.9 Efficient Forward Paddling
An efficient forward paddling stroke is a basic requirement, but not the easiest stroke
to master. The main aim is to propel the boat forward while applying as little turning
force as possible.
1.
Sit in an upright position.
2. Reach to your toes and place the
paddle blade into the water.
3. Ensure that upper hand is in line
with your cheek level.
4. As you pull the kayak through the
water, rotate your body and punch
your upper hand across the kayak
to bring the paddle out of the water.
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5. To continue, reach to your toes on
the opposite side and place the
paddle blade into the water.
6. Bring the upper hand towards your
face.
7. As your pull the kayak through the
water, rotate your body and punch
your upper hand across the kayak
to bring the paddle out of the water.
Tips and Tricks
 In order to enable the paddler in executing an efficient Sprint Stroke, he/she
can increase the angle of the stroke with the top hand position between eye
and forehead level, and have the paddle blade more vertically placed into the
water.
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2.10 Efficient Reverse Paddling
The aim of efficient reverse paddling is similar to efficient forward paddling; however
it uses the back face of the paddle and requires more control over the boat.
1. Sit in an upright position.
2. Rotate your torso to paddling
side.
3. Bring your upper hand to cheek
level.
4. Place the back-face of the paddle
blade into the water, having it inline to your rotated body.
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5. As you push the back-face of the
paddle through the water, rotate
your body to face the front to
bring the paddle out of the water.
6. To continue, place the back-face
of the paddle blade in water on
the opposite side, having it in-line
to your rotated body.
7. As you push the back-face of the
paddle through the water, rotate
your body to face the front to
bring the paddle out of the water.
Tips and Tricks
 In order to execute safe reverse paddling, turn your head from time to time to
check if the intended route of travel is clear from any obstructions.
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2.11 Efficient Forward Sweep Strokes
An efficient forward sweep stroke provides a maximum propulsion and
maneuverability, which enables the kayak to turn to the opposite direction swept.
1. Sit in an upright position.
2. Reach to your toes by extending
your arm and place the blade into
the water with the power face
facing away from the kayak.
3. Have the non-extended hand tuck
close to your ribcage.
4. As you rotate your body, watch the
paddle blade move from bow to
stern and have the non-extended
hand move across the kayak.
Tips and Tricks
 Maintain torso rotation by watching the blade sweep throughout the water .
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2.12 Efficient Reverse Sweep Strokes
An efficient reverse sweep stroke provides a maximum propulsion and
maneuverability, which enables the kayak to turn to the opposite direction swept.
1. Sit in an upright position.
2. Rotate your body and reach to the
stern, place the blade into the
water with back-face facing away
from the kayak.
3. Use the back-face of the paddle
blade and push the water through
from the stern to bow, creating an
arc or semi-circle shape.
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Tips and Tricks
 Maintain torso rotation by watching the blade sweep throughout the water .
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2.13 Edge Control
Kayaks built for use on open water do not turn easily, sea kayaks are designed to
run straight. To make turning easier, you must lean and/or edge the boat on to its
side so as to place the more maneuverable part of the hull (the gunwale) under the
water.
Edging
1. Maintain the upper body in an
upright position.
2. High raise either side of the knee
underneath the coaming/knee
brace to achieve an angled kayak.
Leaning
1. Shift upper body weight towards
either side to achieve an angle
similar with the kayak.
Tips and Tricks for Edging

To aid in staying balanced as the kayak in angled, maintain your torso as
vertical while flexing your hip.

Practice while paddling in a straight line with a steady edge. A drill for
improving of balance on edge control and strengthening for core muscles.

Side that is raised, foot should tip toe on the footrest and bring the knee as
close to your chest as possible. The lowered side of the boat, leg should be
straightened and ball of foot stepping firmly on footrest to counter balance the
boat and maintain angle of tilt.
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2.14 Capsize and Wet Exit with Retention of Kayak, Paddle
and Spray Deck
Learning this drill would be useful to both rescuers and victims. It serves as a
platform to build-up water confidence and to ensure proper exit with a spray skirt.
1. Check the surroundings and depth
of the water of both sides by placing
the paddle vertically into the water;
ensure the depth is more than half
of the paddle‟s length.
2. Place the paddle horizontally on
either side of the water, hug it
together with the kayak, have your
head tucked with face facing the
spray skirt.
3. Lean over to one side and allow
your boat to capsize.
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4. Once capsized, bang loudly for
three times on the hull of the kayak
to signal for attention.
5. With one hand securing the paddle,
have the thumb of the other hand
slip into the loop of the spray skirt,
with the body leaning forward to
push then pull to release the spray
skirt out of the coaming.
6. Relax your legs and push hard on
coaming with two hands to get your
backside off the seat and continue
to push while straightening your
legs.
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7. Move yourself to your bow and
raise paddle up vertically in the air.
8. Wave the paddle for help and
rescue or swim back to shore.
Tips and Tricks
 Avoid panicking and practice releasing breath slowly underwater as this might
improve your mental capability to think properly and organize your actions.
 Most importantly, do not try to get head out of the water until you have freed
yourself from the spray skirt and legs out of the kayak.
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Module 3: Advanced Directional Skills
3.2 J – Draw with Directional Control
The J-draw stroke moves the boat through the water sideways; learning to do it well
will aid paddlers in improving many of their other skills.
1. Rotate your torso to the direction
where you want to draw towards.
2. Place the paddle blade as far out
in the water, with the power face
facing your body.
3. Put your upper hand across the
kayak, maintaining the paddle as
vertical as possible.
4. Draw your kayak towards the
paddle.
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5. Before the paddle blade is about
to come in contact with the center
of the gunwale, drop the upper
hand to finish the stroke by slicing
the paddle blade out of the water
towards the stern.
Tips and Tricks
 With edging, it will aid in achieving this with better efficiency that comes with
directional control.
Warning
 Prevent body from leaning.
 While pulling the paddle blade towards the boat, ensure that blade does not
come too close and dive under the boat as that will result in a capsize.
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3.3 Classic Draw with Directional Control
The classical draw stroke moves the boat through the water sideways; learning to do
it well will aid paddlers in improving many of their other skills.
1. Rotate your torso to the
direction where you want to
draw towards.
2. Place the paddle blade as far
out in the water, with the power
face facing your body.
3. Put your upper hand across the
kayak, achieving a vertical
paddle.
4. Draw your kayak towards the
paddle.
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5. Roll your wrist forward until your
paddle forms a “T” with the
kayak, slice the paddle upwards
away from you through the
water, back to the starting point
and unroll the wrist to set up for
the next draw stroke.
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Tips and Tricks
 Twist torso to face paddle shaft and get both hands outside the boat to help
power the draw stroke.
Warning
 Prevent body from leaning.
 While pulling the paddle blade towards the boat, ensure that blade does not
come too close and dive under the boat as that will result in a capsize.
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3.4 Sculling Draw
Similar to classic draw stroke, the sculling draw will move the boat sideways. It has
the advantage of being more useful in a confined space. For example, when you are
close to a jetty and want to move closer, the draw stroke may be difficult to execute.
1. Rotate your torso to the direction
where you want to draw towards.
2. Place the paddle blade as far out
in the water, with the power face
facing your body.
3. Put your upper hand across the
kayak, achieving a vertical paddle.
4. Now move the paddle blade
forward and backwards using
body rotation.
The blade angle should open your
power-face to the oncoming water.
The opening face is commonly
known as the climbing angle,
which means the leading edge of
the paddle is higher than the
trailing edge of paddle.
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Tips and Tricks

By finding the best climbing angle for the blade, the draw stroke will be an
efficient one.

The eyes should follow the paddle movement along with a body rotation.
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3.5 Low – Brace Turn with Edge Control
A Low – Brace Turn is a technique used for turning the kayak. It is a turning
technique that is used when you need to do a wide U-turn while moving and provides
you with support.
1. The low-brace turn starts with a
forward sweep and is initiated by
a sweep stroke.
2. At this point of time, the hand
should be extended to give an
effective sweep stroke for the
turn. The sweep should be done
of the opposite side of the turn.
3. After executing the initiating
forward sweep, edge on the side
of turning and get into a lowbrace position; „box-up‟.
Tips and Tricks
 For a more aggressive turn, edge more.
 A good sweep stroke and a good edge would result in more efficient turn.
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3.6 Stern Rudder
The stern rudder is a steering stroke that allows fine control of the direction of travel
while the kayak is on the move with gradual speed loss.
1. Carry out an aggressive body
rotation to the side of the kayak
where you want to execute the
stern rudder.
2. Place your back paddle blade
deep into the water with paddle
shaft parallel to the kayak.
Concurrently, your upper body
should be rotated towards the
rudder with the upper arm across
the kayak near the chest level
while maintaining a forward
facing head position at all times.
3. You can either push away from
the stern or pull towards the
stern which is known as stern
pry and stern draw respectively.
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Tips and Tricks
 If the kayak has a greater forward speed, the effects of the stern rudder would
be more prominent.
 Two kayaks can sit parallel to each other to create a narrow passage for a
paddler to steer through.
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3.7 Bow Rudder
A bow rudder is a technique used for aggressive turning of the boat. This technique
will make it possible to turn the boat 180 degrees. It can be used for entering or
leaving eddies in moving water.
1. The bow rudder starts with a
forward sweep and is initiated by a
sweep stroke.
2. At this point of time, the hand
should be extended to give an
effective sweep stroke for the turn.
The sweep should be done of the
opposite side of the turn.
3. When the boat starts to turn, edge
the boat towards the side that it is
turning.
4. With the wrists rolled 90 degrees
outwards, lean forward and place
the paddle blade into the water
with the power face facing the
bow.
The upper arm should be placed
across the kayak with the forearm
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close to the forehead level.
Tips and Tricks
 A good sweep stroke, a good edge and a good paddle position will result in an
excellent turn.
Warning
 The upper arm must NEVER be extended over the head when performing the
skill. Failure to do so may cause shoulder injuries.
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Module 4: Rescue Skills
4.2 X – Rescue
The X – Rescue is performed by a single person. It is a basic rescue technique that
is used for emptying water out of the victim‟s kayak while out at sea.
1. Paddle towards the victim with the
bow pointing towards the area
between the victim‟s cockpit and
bow.
The bow should never be pointed
directly towards the victim as that
might cause a hand or wrist injury
to the victim.
2. Have the victim hold on to the bow
of your kayak and have the victim
pass you his paddle.
The paddle should now be placed
horizontally, across your cockpit.
3. Ask the victim to pass you the bow
of his kayak, form a „T-shape‟ with
his bow to your deck area.
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4. Raise the bow of victim‟s kayak
slightly and then raise the whole
kayak up till the cockpit is out of
the water.
With a quick jerk, pull the kayak
across with the cockpit landing on
your deck.
Now, the water in the kayak
should flow out, proceed with the
see-saw method of emptying the
water.
5. After emptying the water, flip the
kayak over.
Shift the whole kayak beside you,
with his bow facing your stern.
Place the paddles across both
rescuer‟s and victim‟s cockpit.
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6. Have the victim come into the area
between the two kayaks while you
support his kayak using both your
hands and your body.
The hand closer to the kayak
should be on the further side of
the victim‟s cockpit and the hand
further from the kayak should be
on the nearer side of the victim‟s
cockpit.
7. Have the victim lie back on his
PFD and place one of his hands
on his kayak and the other on the
rescuer‟s kayak.
8. Have the victim place his legs
inside the cockpit and slowly shift
his body back up into his own
kayak. Victim should put his legs
in first with his buttocks entering
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the cockpit last.
9. Help the victim wear his Spray
Deck and give him his paddle.
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Tips and Tricks
 If the victim‟s kayak is too heavy due to the water inside it, tilt the kayak
halfway on its side to empty some of the water before carrying the kayak
across the deck.
Warning
 Always keep a look out for the victim at all times while carrying out the rescue.
 Reassuring the victim is essential to execute the entire rescue efficiently.
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4.3 Kayak to Swimmer Rescue (Bow Carry)
One way of helping a swimmer is the bow carry. The bow carry basically entails the
swimmer holding onto your kayak while you paddle back to shore or closest safe
land.
1. After a victim is spotted, get into
your kayak fast.
Put on the spray skirt and seal
launch off with the aid from
paddle.
2. While paddling towards the
subject, communicate with the
victim for reassurance.
3. Keep a safe distance upon
reaching the victim.
4. Ask the victim to secure himself by
hugging the bow with both his
hands and legs while lying on his
back.
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5. Paddle the victim back to shore
carefully.
Tips and Tricks

Reassuring the victim is essential to execute the entire rescue efficiently.
Warning
 Ensure that the victims do not keep their head aligned with the kayak‟s bow.
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4.4 Eskimo Bow Rescue
Knowing that the rescuer will provide this rescue, get ready in capsize position and
calmly tuck body forward while capsized, to protect face and body.
1. With both hands, bang loudly and
hard on the bottom of the boat
(hull) for 3 times to call for
attention.
2. Sweep both hands back and forth
alongside of the boat in an arc
creating the target area for the
rescuer.
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3. Once there is a contact made with
the rescuer‟s bow to your hand,
stop and grab it with both hands.
4. Bring your head to the surface and
lay your cheek on both rested
palms which are placed on the
rescuer‟s bow and catch breath.
5. Have your body and kayak
adjusted, keeping it in a “T” shape
with the rescuer‟s kayak.
6. Then, execute a *hip-flick (or hipsnap).
a. Hip flick refers to the motion
of rotating hip to upright the
kayak. To do this
effectively, a form of upper
body support is required;
bow.
i. Lean over to the
side, and lay your
cheek on both rested
palms.
ii. Pull the top knee as
much as possible, till
the kayak „collapse‟
on you, almost
upside-down.
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iii. Minimizing the push
from hand, tug the
lower knee (the one
that‟s underwater)
towards your body
and roll hip to return
the kayak upright,
with head recovering
last.
7. Once upright, and if paddle is lost,
rescuer can help to recover it, then
paddling continues.
Tips and Tricks
 Hook your upper knee under the cockpit coaming and/or thigh brace then pull
the kayak over onto its gunwale, creating a T-shape
 By bringing your head up first, bow of the rescuer‟s kayak will be pushed
down, and it shows that the power comes from the hands instead of the hip
flick.
Warning
 While sweeping your hands back and forth, be sure to keep a distance
between your hand and the kayak in order to prevent getting sandwiched.
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Module 5: Support Skills
5.3 Low Support and Recovery
A low support is a technique of recovering the kayak into a stable position. It can be
used when waves are causing you to lose your balance easily when kayaking or
even an accidental loss of balance when practicing skills.
1. In the set-up position, keep the
paddle low in a “box up” position
by raising both shoulders and
elbows to form a right angle.
At the side that you would be
performing the Low Support and
Recovery, the back face of the
blades should be facing down to
the water.
2. Start off by leaning the boat to the
side and form a “T” shape with the
paddle, when it touches the water,
feel the resistance and slap the
water.
As you feel more resistance, drop
your head and pull your knee up
on the paddling side to perform
the Hip Snap and flick your boat
back up.
3. When the boat is upright, rotate
your knuckles backwards and
have the shaft of the paddle to
slice the blade upwards out of the
water.
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Tips and Tricks
 Start off by leaning slightly to allow the muscle memory to develop. As time
goes by, you can start to edge more and will soon find out that edging more
will enable an easier Low Support and Recovery.
 Keeping the head tucked to the side whereby you are performing a Low
Support and Recovery on will ensure your head to be the last to come out of
the water.
 By fixing your eyes on the paddle throughout the whole motion will too ensure
your head to be the last to come out of the water.
 If rotating the shaft to exit the paddle out of the water seems to have too much
work and wrist action, you may try to pull the blade towards you. This will
allow a clean exit of the blade.
Warning
 The arms must NEVER be extended out straight while performing the Low
Support and Recovery. Failure to do so may cause shoulder injuries.
 The paddle must NEVER be pulled upwards in an attempt to get the paddle
out of the water. Doing so will result in the paddle pulling you and your kayak
down into the water.
 The arms and the paddle should be kept low in front of your body.
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5.4 High Support and Recovery
A high support is a technique of recovering the kayak into a stable position. It can be
used when waves are causing you to lose your balance easily when kayaking or
even an accidental loss of balance when practicing skills.
1. In the set-up position, your hands
are up with elbows facing down
and tucked close to your body.
By keeping the elbows tucked, it
will reduce the strain on the
shoulders and also minimize the
risks of shoulder dislocation.
At this point of time, the paddle
position should be slightly above
or at the shoulder level but
NEVER higher than the head.
At the side that you would be
performing the High Support and
Recovery, the power face of the
blades should be facing down to
the water.
2. Start off by leaning the boat to the
side and form a “T” shape with the
paddle, when it touches the water,
feel the resistance and tap down a
little.
As you feel more resistance, drop
your head and pull your knee up
on the paddling side to perform
the Hip Snap and flick your boat
back up.
When the boat is upright, roll your
knuckles forward and rotate the
shaft of the paddle to slice the
blade upwards out of the water.
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3. Flick your head back up last when
the boat is upright.
Tips and Tricks
 Start off by leaning slightly to allow the muscle memory to develop. As time
goes by, you can start to edge more and will soon find out that edging more
will enable an easier High Brace Support and Recovery.
 Keeping the head tucked to the side whereby you are performing a High
Support and Recovery on will ensure your head to be the last to come out of
the water.
 By fixing your eyes on the paddle throughout the whole motion will too ensure
your head to be the last to come out of the water.
 If rotating the shaft to exit the paddle out of the water seems to have too much
work and wrist action, you may try to pull the blade towards you. This will
allow a clean exit of the blade.
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Warning
 The arms must NEVER be extended out straight while performing the High
Brace. Failure to do so may cause shoulder injuries.
 The paddle must NEVER be pulled upwards in an attempt to get the paddle
out of the water. Doing so will result in the paddle pulling you and your kayak
down into the water.
 The arms and the paddle should be kept low in front of your body.
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Module 6: Expedition
6.1 Packing for a Kayak Expedition
Packing for a kayak trip is different from packing for other kinds of adventures.
Limited space is the first concern; keeping everything dry is the second. Though you
can bring considerably more on a normal backpacking trip, some careful thought
needs to be put into what clothing, gear and essentials to bring with you on the
kayak expedition. The duration of the expedition will determine the amount of gear
you need to pack.
Gear Checklist
Basic Kayaking Gear
 Kayak
 Paddle(s)
 Spray skirt
 Paddler‟s bilge pump or boat sponge (to help get rid of water in the kayak)
 Personal Floatation Device
 Signalling device (whistle, mirror)
 Knife
 Throw line
 Torch Light/ Lamp
 Maps & Hotlines Number
 Compass
 Two-way radio or cell phone
Personal Essential
 Personal Medication
 Water
 Food and Snack
 Sunscreen
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 Hat or Cap
 Sunglasses with strap
 Wet Attire (Rash-guard, Tights)
 Change of Clothing
 Water Shoes
 Dry Bags and/or Zip-lock Bags
 Insect Repellent
 Matches or Lighter
Shared Gear
 Cooking Equipment (Trangia or Mass Tin, Solid Fuel or Stove)
 Shelter (Tents)
 Food
 Basic Repair Kit (Duct Tape, Plastic Bags, Nylon Cable Ties)
 Recommended First Aid Bag for Outdoor Activity
Items
o First Aid Manual
o Burns Gel & Dressing
o Antiseptic Spray/ Cream
o Triangular, Elastic,
Waterproof Bandages
o Plasters
o Gloves (pairs)
o Scissors
o (S.A.M) Splint
o Absorbent Gauze
o Dressing Set
o Instant Cold Pack
o Pocket Mask / CPR Face
Shield
o Sports Tape
o Cold Spray
o Opsite Spray
Usage
A hardcopy guide
Superficial, partial, full-thickness
burns
Abrasion
Support injured area
QTY
01
01
Minor cuts
Standard precaution
Cut materials
Support fractured area (EG:
arm, ankle)
Stop bleeding and cleaning the
surrounding area of wound
Dressing wounds and bleeding
Fever, sprain/ strain
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
10
02
01
01
Sprain/ strain
Relief pain
Minor cuts/ insect bites
01
01
01
01
04
02
01
01
01
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o
o
o
o
Iodine (pack of 10 tubes)
Torch Light with Battery
Thermometer
Emergency Blanket
Stop bleeding
Check pupil size
Check temperature
Keep warm from cold/ shivering
01
01
01
01
6.2 Planning for a Kayak Expedition
When planning for a kayaking expedition, there are basically 4 key factors that need
to be taken into consideration:
 Weather
 Route
 Distance
 Assessment of:
o Ability of participants (STAR Certifications)
o Age
o Health declaration
o Indemnity form
o Survey in order to prepare needed equipment
Nonetheless, there are still several important considerations that go into planning a
long or short trip and expedition. The other considerations include:
 Objectives
 Logistic & equipment
 Timing
 Competency level
 The duration
 The conditions you would likely to encounter
Planning is a crucial part of determining a successful expedition. It can do wonders
for your comfort, safety, and enjoyment throughout the expedition.
Weather
It is vital to understand what weather conditions you are likely to encounter before
going on a trip so that you can prepare accordingly. The weather condition of the
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expedition area should be checked approximately every day about a week before the
expedition. This will help determine the weather pattern and also an indicator of what
conditions you can likely expect to encounter on the expedition day.
Knowledge about weather trends will help you make safe and intelligent decisions
during the planning stages and during the actual trip.
In addition, the environmental factors that need to be considered include:
 Tidal height
 Speed
 Direction
 Wind
We need to understand whether the tidal stream and height is suitable on the route
that we are taking or heading to. For example, if the tidal stream at that point of time
is strongly against where you are kayaking or the tidal stream going towards you is
very strong, then problems would occur and might set us off course.
Route
In planning the route, you must determine your starting point, the different waypoints
or in other words „checkpoint‟, and the destination of your expedition. Normally, it is
strongly recommended to use any distinguishing landmarks or properties such as
beacons for the waypoints.
We must set suitable routes which the tides are gentle and helping us most of the
time (if possible), avoid the channel/‟expressway‟ for the boats (if possible, or not, try
your best to go as perpendicular to the channel so as to spend the least amount of
time inside).
Distance
As for the distance, knowing it will help in determining how many waypoints you
should have, the amount of things should you bring, where to set the campsite(if
any) and which is the nearest convenient place to go in case of any emergency.
 All of these three key factors above are co-related in a sense that when you
plan to kayak a particular route for instance, you certainly do need to check for
the weather and environment condition on that expedition date and the area
that you are doing the expedition.
Pre-departure
People
 Is everyone
feeling well?
Equipment
 All gears in
useable
Environment
 Updates on
weather and
Process
 Any updates or
changes of plan,
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condition
environmental
factor
needed to be
made known
Expedition Briefing
o Brief about the route of the expedition.
o Introducing paddling signals
Raft-up
Head towards Port Side (left)
Head towards Starboard Side (right)
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Catch-up
Stop
o Group formation; diamond-shaped formation [Fig. 1]

Navigator‟s role is to scout and recce
the front. Its job also is to update the group if
there is a problem ahead of them etc.

Left & Right marker‟s role is to keep
the group together, maintaining the diamondshaped formation and make sure nobody goes
beyond them.

Sweeper‟s role is to make sure everyone is in the front
and also to motivate the tired paddlers behind to keep up the pace.
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Portside (Left)
Sweeper
Navigator
Starboard-side (Right)
Fig. 1
o Emphasize on the weather and environment condition that affects the expedition.
o Emergency protocol
Managing the fleet
The competent paddlers should launch and advance first so as to create the
atmosphere and also act as assistance for the rest that is coming out. The last
paddler needs to be competent as he/she will ensure and assure that the rest had
launched safely before launching independently.
There should also be constant communication via any means such as signaling with
paddles or whistles throughout the expedition to ensure that everyone is both
physically and mentally able to carry on with the expedition. Especially when you are
halfway through and have used up most of your energy or when the environment
(tides) is against the whole group.
Legend
The recommended path
when crossing a channel
to get to point XYZ
The water flow direction
Kayak
Point XYZ 
Channel
Fig. 2
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Tips and Tricks
 Avoid the channel
 If channel crossing is needed, seek Marine Port Authority‟s (MPA) approval
for clearance
 Spend least amount of time in the channel
 Shore can be used as a landmark
 Buoy and beacon can be used as a landmark on sea.
 When planning for a route, look out for the tidal height and tidal stream.
-
Visit NEA website to check for weather forecast. They provide;
3 Hour Now-cast/ 12 Hour Forecast/ 3 Day Outlook/ Fortnightly Outlook/
Monsoon Update/ Sunrise, Moonrise, Tide Information
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Useful Web-links
Three Golden Rule of Recreation Kayaking:
http://www.youtube.com/user/PaddleTV?v=yzISAC04DPY&feature=pyv&ad=938521
2789&kw=paddling+tips
Proper Kayaking Techniques:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeQh1nYuy1M&feature=BFa&list=UUAZ9mAx3rrq
Oi4fd0uRkEGA
Kayaking Techniques – Efficient Forward Paddling:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xtgNcbk7OM
Kayaking Techniques – Efficient Reverse Paddling:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oa7Q_0LM8OQ
Kayaking Techniques – Sweep Stokes:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ctw1acMafug&feature=BFa&list=UUAZ9mAx3rrq
Oi4fd0uRkEGA
Kayaking Techniques – Draw Strokes; J-draw, Classic Draw, Sculling Draw:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WalmgWFxWk&list=UUAZ9mAx3rrqOi4fd0uRkEGA&index=7&feature=plcp
Kayaking Techniques – Stern Rudder:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_yrg-xkRXM
Kayaking Techniques – Bow Rudder:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwrel&NR=1&v=iGmQjKKuh10
Kayaking Techniques – High and Low Support Recovery:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeQh1nYuy1M&feature=BFa&list=UUAZ9mAx3rrq
Oi4fd0uRkEGA
Tides and Weather, Singapore (monthly updates):
http://www.rsyc.org.sg/marina/tides-weather.html
http://app2.nea.gov.sg/tidetime.aspx
Weather Radar Animation, Singapore (updates every 5minutes):
http://www.ulfp.com/ulfp/mod_animate/view.asp?ID=1
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The 1 to 3 STAR Kayaking Continuum
1 STAR
2 STAR
Forward Paddling
- 100m w/
Directional
Control
Reverse Paddling
- 25m w/
Directional
Control
Basic
Techniques
Stopping
Planned Capsize,
swimming ashore
with retention of
Kayak and
Paddle.
Emptying of water
in the Kayak
Directional
Techniques
Efficient Forward
Paddling
Efficient Reverse
Paddling
- Sense of
control
- Awareness of
surroundings
Planned Capsize,
swimming ashore with
retention of Kayak and
Paddle.
- w/ Removal of
Spray skirt.
Beginnings of
Stern Rudder
Stern Rudder
Low Brace Turns
Side Moving
Techniques
Beginnings of „J‟ –
Draw
Efficient Forward
Paddling
Efficient Reverse
Paddling
- Sense of
control
- Awareness of
surroundings
Usage of Long Tow
Edging to assist
turning
Basic use of Edge
Control
Efficient Forward &
Reverse Sweep
Strokes
- w/ some Edge
Control
- Ability to spin
the Kayak on
the spot
Forward &
Reverse Sweep
Strokes
3 STAR
„J‟ –Draw
- w/ Directional
Control
Efficient bow rudder
- Dynamic body
position with
blade between
legs and hips
Efficient Forward &
Reverse Sweep
Strokes
- w/ Edge
Control
- Ability to spin
the Kayak on
the spot and on
the move
-
Classic Draw
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-
w/ Directional
Control
Beginnings of Sculling
Draw
Beginnings of Bow
Rudder
Dynamic Side
Moving
Techniques
Draw on the move
-
Hanging Draw
Basic Low Support
and Recovery
- Engaging of
blade to upright
oneself
- Recovery of
blade
Rescue,
Support and
Recovery
Techniques
Beginnings of Low
Support and
Recovery
Rafted „X‟ Rescue
Basic High Support
and Recovery
- Engaging of
blade to upright
oneself
- Recovery of
blade
„X‟ Rescue
Kayak to Swimmer
Rescue
- Bow carry
Eskimo Bow Rescue
- As victim
Sculling for support
Efficient High Support
and Recovery
Efficient Low Support
and Recovery
Efficient „X‟ Rescue
Eskimo Bow Rescue
- As Rescuer
and Victim
Paddle Rescue
- As Rescuer
and Victim
Swimmer to Kayak
Rescue
-
Eskimo Roll
C-to-C Roll or
- Sweep Roll
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References
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from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8r.html
Atlantic Kayaking Tours Towing Skills Page 2. (n.d). Altantic Kayaking Tours, Kayak
Tours and BCU Instructional programs in the Hudson River Valley and in the New
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British Canoe Union. (2006). British Canoe Union Coaching Handbook,. Great
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Kayarchy - paddling your sea kayak (4) strokes to go sideways. (n.d.).Kayarchy - the
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Land Boundary Information System (LABINS). TYPE OF TIDE. Retrieved May 3,
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