Evolution of Life on Pacific Islands and Reefs:
Past, Present, and Future
I`iwi on Metrosideros
polymorpha
26-30 May 2011
East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 Organizing Committee ........................................................................ 2 Conference Coordinator ...................................................................... 2 Conference Sponsors and Partners .................................................... 3 General Information ......................................................................... 4‐8 Conference Center Map .................................................................. 6 University of Hawaii at Manoa Campus Map ................................. 7 Shuttle Schedule ............................................................................. 8 Pre‐Confernce Workshops .................................................................. 9 Program Overview ........................................................................ 10‐27 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author ................................................. 28‐73 Post‐Conference Field Trip ................................................................ 74 McBryde Travel Award Recipients ................................................ 75‐76 Participant List .............................................................................. 77‐84 Notes ............................................................................................ 85‐86 INTRODUCTION Composed of a vast sea of islands and near shore environments, the culturally, biologically, and geologically diverse Pacific realm occupies a third of the planet and holds a crucial place in the Earth's history and resources. Pacific waters nurture two‐thirds of the world's marine biodiversity. The islands are rich in plants and animals, most of which occur nowhere else. Pacific ecosystems respond rapidly to ecological and anthropogenic changes, and have become centers for extinction and endangerment of species as well. Because the people and biota of the Pacific face enormous challenges from climate change and loss of diversity and in order to stimulate creative and urgent research and synthesize knowledge about Pacific biogeography, this conference is being convened. The conference covers the interface between Pacific biogeographic research and the fields of ecology, evolution, and conservation biology, and will highlight the contribution of indigenous knowledge to these subjects. The conference is organized as a series of individual symposia organized around the following questions: 




What within‐lineage biogeographic patterns are found across the Pacific? Are there common patterns of evolutionary diversification among lineages across the disparate island systems of the Pacific? How do different plant and animal populations interact through time to form novel island ecosystems? How have people influenced the terrestrial and near‐shore environments of Pacific islands? How does knowledge of the evolution of Pacific Island biota contribute to the conservation of island (and continental) ecosystems? 1 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Burney, David ‐ Filardi, Christopher ‐ Fleischer, Robert ‐ Funk, Vicki ‐ Gillespie, Rosemary ‐ Herman, Douglas ‐ James, Helen ‐ Keeley, Sterling ‐ Meyer, Christopher ‐ Meyer, Jean‐Yves ‐ O'Grady, Patrick ‐ Paulay, Gustav ‐ Price, Jonathan ‐ Ranker, Tom ‐ Thaman, Randolph ‐ Wagner, Warren ‐ National Tropical Botanical Garden, Conservation American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation and Department of Ornithology Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany University of California at Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology Government of French Polynesia, Research Department University of California at Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany The University of the South Pacific, Division of Geography Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany CONFERENCE COORDINATOR Khan, Nancy ‐ Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany With sincere thanks to the following individuals who assisted with conference planning and preparation – Mary Ann Apicelli, Patricia Davis, Christian Feuillet, Carol Kelloff, Kate Nickel, Sylvia Orli, Danica Reynaud, Alice Tangerini (Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany) and Janet Mayfield (National Tropical Botanical Garden) 2 CONFERENCE SPONSORS AND PARTNERS The conference is a collaboration between the Smithsonian Institution and National Tropical Botanical Garden….. ….with additional support from the following partnering institutions: Government of French Polynesia Délégation à la Recherche Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet
National Museum of the American Indian
National Zoological Park
We especially thank the National Science Foundation (BIO: Division of Environmental Biology) for providing funding for students and young professionals. Revised 3 General Information GENERAL INFORMATION CONFERENCE FACILITIES All scientific sessions will be held in meeting rooms in Jefferson Hall at the East‐West Center on the University of Hawaii's campus. The Center’s address is: 1777 East‐West Road, Honolulu, HI USA 96848, 808‐944‐7159. REGISTRATION Conference materials for those who have pre‐registered can be picked up at the registration table located on the lanai outside of the Keoni Auditorium in Jefferson Hall. Staff can also assist with on‐site registration and general conference related questions. The table will be staffed as follows: Thursday, 26 May .…8:00AM – 10:00AM ....1:00PM – 3:00PM ....5:00PM – 7:00PM Friday, 27 May ....7:00AM – 9:00AM Saturday, 28 May ….7:00AM – 9:00AM Sunday, 29 May ….7:00AM – 9:00AM At all other times conference staff can be reached by calling 202‐360‐3291 (cell). MID‐MORNING AND AFTERNOON BREAKS Beverage service and light snacks will be available on the lanai outside of the Keoni Auditorium during the morning and afternoon breaks. LUNCH FACILITIES A seated dining area will be available on the Garden Level during the daily lunch break. Boxed lunches will be delivered to this location daily for pick‐up by those individuals who ordered in advance. Numerous retail dining choices are located in the Campus Center building/student union located in the center of the campus. Vendors serve a variety of foods including sandwiches,
salads, pizzas, hot dogs, and ethnic
specialties.
WIRELESS INTERNET Wireless internet will be available at no charge to all conference participants and can be accessed in all of the meeting rooms. A wireless access key will be provided on‐site. DRINK TICKETS All participants will be given 3 drink tickets with their registration materials. These may be redeemed for a drink of your choice (beer, wine, soda or juice) at any of the three evening receptions – Opening Reception (5/26), Lu`au Banquet (5/27) or Poster Reception (5/28). POSTERS AND POSTER SESSION Posters will be on display for the duration of the meeting in the Koi Room on the Garden Level. All posters should be formatted to fit onto bulletin boards that are 4’W x 6’H. Boards will be labeled/reserved for each poster by 12:00 PM on Thursday, 26 May. Authors should hang their posters in their assigned place during the following hours: Thursday, 26 May: 12:00 PM – 5:30PM Friday, 27 May: 9:00 AM – 12:00 PM All posters should be removed between 12:00 PM and 5:00 PM on Sunday, 29 May. The conference will not be responsible for any posters remaining after this time. Revised 4 General Information AUDIO VISUAL INFORMATION Powerpoint presentation facilities will be provided. Please bring your presentation in a format that can be loaded onto a PC computer. All presentations will be loaded onto a single computer in advance to avoid delays between speakers. On the morning of your talk (or before) please bring your presentation to Nancy Khan or Carol Kelloff at the registration table or email it to [email protected]. north arriving at the campus via University Ave. A short walk or transfer to (#6) can get you to the East‐West Center on East‐West Road. Note that bus service is limited on weekends, at night, and on holidays. Timetables and fare information can be found at TheBus.org. Please be aware that travel to and from the airport is most convenient by taxi (approx. $30‐
$40) as there is no direct bus service. SMYPOSIA TIMING Each session will be moderated by one of the symposia co‐chairs. You will be expected to complete your presenteation within your allotted time, including time for questions and comments. A timekeeper will give a five and two minute warning to each presenter. PARKING Those individuals who paid in advance for reserve parking can pick up their pass at the registration desk or by calling 202‐
360‐3291 to make arrangements for curbside pick‐up. The parking area is located behind of Kennedy Theatre directly across the street from Jefferson Hall. Parking on the campus of the University of Hawai`i, Manoa is also available to non‐
resident visitors in the various garages and lots on a space available basis. Refer to the campus map on page 7 for the location of short‐term visitor parking. LOCAL TRAVEL City Bus Route numbers 4 and 6 serve the University of Hawai`i campus. From Kuhio Ave. Waikiki (#4) runs west and then 5 General Information HAWAII IMIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CENTER AT THE EAST‐WEST CENTER 1777 East‐West Road, Honolulu, HI USA 96848‐1601, Phone: 808‐944‐7159 6 General Information UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 7 General Information SHUTTLE SCHEDULE BUS SERVICE PROVIDED BY ROBERTS HAWAII May 26, 2011 1:15PM Depart Hilton Prince Kuhio to East‐ West Center (1 bus) 5:30PM Depart Hilton Prince Kuhio, to East‐ West Center (1 bus) 8:00PM Depart East‐West Center to Hilton Prince Kuhio (2 buses) May 27, 2011 May 28, 2011 May 29, 2011 7:30AM 7:30AM 7:30AM Depart Hilton Prince Depart Hilton Prince Depart Hilton Prince Kuhio to East‐West Kuhio to East‐West Kuhio to East‐West Center Center (2 buses) (2 buses) (2 buses) 5:45PM 7:30PM 6:00PM Depart East‐West Depart East‐West Depart East‐West Center to Bishop Center to Hilton Center to Hilton Museum Prince Kuhio Prince Kuhio (2 buses) (2 buses) (2 buses) 9:00PM Depart Bishop Museum to Hilton Prince Kuhio (2 buses) and East‐
West Center (1 bus) Addresses for Pick‐up and Drop‐off Hilton Prince Kuhio, 2500 Kuhio Avenue, 808‐922‐0811 East West Center, 1777 East West Road, 808‐944‐7111 Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, 808‐847‐3511 8 Pre‐Conference Workshops PRE‐CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS Methodological Workshop on Biodiversity Dynamics on Islands 26 May, 2011, 9am‐1pm Organized by Rosemary Gillespie, Helen James, and Vicki Funk This workshop on methods of analysis in island biogeography will cover four dynamic new theoretical approaches to island biogeography, each of which will be presented by one of the leaders in developing those particular models and theories. The topics to be covered include: (1) Patterns of species diversity (role of island size, age and isolation); (2) integration of bioinformatics, biogeography, and macroevolution, focusing in particular on the role that phylogeny and reticulate phylogeny can play in understanding biogeographic patterns and the origin of complex systems; (3) model‐based phylogeography to quantify biogeographic concordance and discordance across multiple co‐distributed taxa; and (4) historical biogeographical inference. The format of the workshop will encourage interactions between those who have developed new theory and models, and those who have acquired biogeographic data in the Pacific. To achieve our overall goal of understanding of biodiversity dynamics on islands, at the workshop we plan: (1) a theoretical synthesis that gives a general predictive model of how biodiversity, and associated interactions, change over evolutionary (and ecological) time. And (2) integration across approaches to understand biodiversity in both natural and human‐modified landscapes, in order to show where we are at, and to identify the major "gaps" in our current understanding. Vignettes of current plant conservation efforts in Hawaii 26 May, 2011, 2‐5pm Chaired by Marie M. Bruegmann, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Lloyd Loope, USGS Long‐term conservation of more than remnants of Hawaii’s biota may not appear promising in the face of apparently imminent/incipient climate change. However, we believe that plant conservation prospects are viable though fragile, assuming that society will somehow manage to effectively respond to the increasingly understood dilemma of global warming. Scientific advances currently embodied in such concepts as "assisted migration" and "taxon substitutes in re‐wilding projects on islands" may have potential to eventually help. But this pre‐conference workshop is about the perhaps less glamorous but essential efforts now at staying the course. Some of the approaches currently being taken with plant conservation in Hawaii will be presented, with the hope of stimulating feedback during the entire conference. The presentations will address some of the current successes in plant conservation that need to be continued and expanded to confront escalating effects of climate change and biological invasions on Hawaii’s ecosystems and species. We think maintaining the largest diversity now will provide the greatest flexibility to respond meaningfully as climate continues to change in coming decades. 9 Program Overview THURSDAY, 26 MAY 8:00 AM 9:00 AM ‐ 1:00 PM Registration Table Open on the Lanai METHODOLOGICAL WORKSHOP ON BIODIVERSITY DYNAMICS ON ISLANDS ‐
Pacific Room Organized by Rosemary Gillespie, Helen James, and Vicki Funk 1:15 PM The workshop will cover four dynamic new theoretical approaches to island biogeography, each of which will be presented by one of the leaders in developing those particular models and theories. Featured speakers include: Hickerson, Mike ‐ Matzke, Nick ‐ University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, USA Rosindell, James ‐ University of Leeds, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, UK Ree, Richard ‐ Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department and University of Chicago, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, Chicago, IL, USA Shuttle Bus departs from Hilton Waikiki Hotel to East‐West Center Chaired by Marie M. Bruegmann and Lloyd Loope Lloyd Loope Introduction to Conservation Workshop Bruegmann, Marie M. Trends in plant populations after two decades of recovery implementation in Hawaii VIGNETTES OF CURRENT PLANT CONSERVATION EFFORTS IN HAWAII ‐
2:00 PM 2:05 PM Queens College, Biology Department, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA Keoni Auditorium 10 Program Overview Thursday, 26 May, continued 2:20 PM Oppenheimer, Hank Saving Hawaii’s rarest plants: The Plant Extinction Prevention Program 2:50 PM Perlman, Steve Working with the Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) Program on the Big Island, Kaua`i, and O`ahu 3:20 PM Short Break 3:30 PM Robichaux, R.; Moriyasu, P.; Bio, K.; Enoka, J.; Perry, L.; Loh, R.; McDaniel, S.; Cole, C.; Rubenstein, T.; Tunison, T.; Bakutis, A.; Whitehead, N.; and Bruegmann, M. Managed breeding and reintroduction of Argyroxiphium kauense (Asteraceae) and Clermontia peleana (Campanulaceae) on Hawai`i Island 4:00 PM Medeiros, Arthur; Buckman, Andrea; McLean, Luke; Juan Jr, Fernando; and Kai‘aokamalie, Ainoa Dryland forest restoration at Auwahi, Maui, Hawaii 4:30 PM Beachy, Jane; Burt, Matt; Kawelo, Kapua; Kier, Matt; Rohrer, Joby; Sailer, Dan; and Smith, Clifford Case studies from endangered plant restoration efforts in O`ahu’s Waianae Mts. 5:30 PM 6:00 PM Shuttle Bus departs from Hilton Waikiki Hotel to East‐West Center Opening Reception on the Lanai Conference Welcome Chipper Wichman, Director and CEO National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, USA 8:00 PM Shuttle Bus departs from East‐West Center to Hilton Waikiki Hotel 11 Program Overview FRIDAY, 27 MAY 7:00 AM 7:30 AM 7:30 AM Registration Table Open on the Lanai Shuttle Bus departs from Hilton Waikiki Hotel to East‐West Center Coffee and Juice on the Lanai SYMPOSIUM 1: WHAT WITHIN‐LINEAGE BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS ARE FOUND ACROSS THE PACIFIC? ‐
8:00 AM 8:15 AM 8:45 AM 9:15 AM 9:45 AM 10:15 AM 10:30 AM 10:45 AM Keoni Auditorium Organized by Robert Fleischer, Patrick O'Grady, and Tom Ranker Warren Wagner Opening Remarks Samuel M. 'Ohukani'ohi'a Gon III Hawaiian oli wehe (opening chant) Shaw, Kerry L. Gryllids in the mist: key factors underlying the rapid speciation of endemic Hawaiian forest crickets Fleischer, Robert C.; Lerner, Heather R. L.; Sonsthagen, S. A.; and James, Helen F. Songbird radiations on the Hawaiian conveyor belt Rundell, Rebecca J. Diversification of Belau endemic land snails through build‐up of ecologically similar species Bowen, Brian W.; Rocha, Luiz A.; Eble, Jeff A.; and Craig, Matthew The origins of tropical marine biodiversity: a phylogeographic perspective Mid‐Morning Break on the Lanai Bennett, Gordon M. and O'Grady, Patrick Systematics and biogeography of the native Hawaiian leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Nesophrosyne) Clark, John R.; Wagner, Warren L.; and Roalson, Eric H. On the origin and diversification of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae): range expansions and contractions in a widely dispersed Pacific angiosperm genus 12 Program Overview Friday, 27 May, continued 11:00 AM Puritz, Jonathan B.; Keever, Carson C.; Addison, Jason A.; Byrne, Maria; Hart, Michael W.; Grosberg, Richard K.; and Toonen, Robert J. Speedy sea star speciation: how life history adaptation led to rapid ecological speciation in the genus Cryptasterina 11:15 AM Lapoint, Richard and O'Grady, Patrick Phylogenetics of the antopocerus‐modified tarsus clade of Hawaiian Drosophila: diversification across the Hawaiian Islands 11:30 AM
Andersen, Michael J.; Nyári, Árpád S.; Filardi, Christopher E.; and Moyle, Robert G. A multi‐locus dataset reveals novel insights into the systematics, biogeography, and species limits in the world’s most diverse bird species: the Pachycephala pectoralis/melanura complex 11:45 AM Kawahara, Akito Y. and Rubinoff, Daniel The extraordinary radiation of Hawaiian fancy‐cased caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae: Hyposmocoma) 12:00 PM Lunch on Garden Level, Poster Exhibit Open in Koi Room SYMPOSIUM 2: ARE THERE COMMON PATTERNS OF EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION AMONG LINEAGES ACROSS THE DISPARATE ISLAND SYSTEMS OF THE PACIFIC? ‐
Keoni Auditorium Organized by Vicki Funk, Gustav Paulay, and Warren Wagner 1:15 PM 1:45 PM 2:15 PM 2:45 PM Baldwin, Bruce G. and Wagner, Warren L. Patterns of diversification in Pacific angiosperms Cibois, Alice Phylogenetic patterns of birds across the Pacific Ocean Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Baldwin, Bruce G.; and Roderick, George K. Long‐distance dispersal – a framework for hypothesis testing O'Grady, Patrick M. Patterns of diversification in Pacific Diptera 3:15 PM Afternoon Break on the Lanai, Poster Exhibit Open in Koi Room 13 Program Overview Friday, 27 May, continued 3:45 PM 4:15 PM 4:30 PM 4:45 PM 5:00 PM 5:45 PM 6:15 PM 9:00 PM Toonen, Rob; Meyer, Chris; Paulay, Gustav; Faucci, Anuschka; Bird, Chris; Skillings, Derek; Timmers, Molly; Baums, Iliana; and Bowen, Brian Patterns of marine lineage diversification across the Pacific Keeley, Sterling C. and Funk, Vicki A. Hawaiian plant endemics: new origins and patterns of evolution revealed by molecular phylogenetics Hembry, David H.; Kawakita, Atsushi; Gurr, Neil E.; Schmaedick, Mark A.; Baldwin, Bruce G.; and Gillespie, Rosemary Multiple non‐congruent colonizations of southeastern Polynesia by a specialized insect‐plant mutualism (Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion; Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) Rosindell, James; Harmon, Luke J.; and Phillimore, Albert B. A unified model for species richness, abundance, and origin on islands Gallaher, Timothy; Keeley, Sterling; Callmander, Martin; and Buerki, Sven Exploring the evolutionary history of Pandanus Shuttle Bus Departs East‐West Center for Bishop Museum Lu`au Banquet at Bishop Museum Shuttle Buses Depart Bishop Museum for Hilton Waikiki Hotel or East‐West Center 14 Program Overview SATURDAY, MAY 28 7:30 AM 7:30 AM Shuttle Bus departs from Hilton Waikiki Hotel to East‐West Center Coffee and Juice on the Lanai SYMPOSIUM 3: HOW DO DIFFERENT PLANT AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS INTERACT THROUGH TIME TO FORM NOVEL ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS? ‐
8:00 AM 8:25 AM 8:50 AM 9:15 AM 9:40 AM 10:00 AM 10:30 AM 10:45 AM Keoni Auditorium Organized by Rosemary Gillespie, Helen James, and Jonathan Price Percy, Diana M. Co‐diversification of plant and insect species complexes: the story of Metrosideros and the psyllids Moyle, Robert G.; Andersen, Michael J.; Filardi, Christopher E.; and Brown, Rafe M. Evolutionary patterns of community diversification at local and regional scales in the tropical Pacific ‐ Part 1, Birds Brown, Rafe M.; Filardi, Christopher E.; and Moyle, Robert G. Evolutionary patterns of community diversification at local and regional scales in the tropical Pacific ‐ Part 2, Amphibians Price, Jonathan; James, Helen; Fleischer, Robert; Lerner, Heather; Wagner, Warren; Tagawa, Anya; and Rowe, Barbara Evolution of bird pollination in the Hawaiian Islands: spatial, temporal, and morphological considerations Ort, Brian S. and O’Grady, Patrick M. Fungal diversity associated with Hawaiian Drosophila host plants Mid‐Morning Break on the Lanai, Poster Exhibit Open in Koi Room Meyer, Jean‐Yves Alien species invasions, endemic species extinctions, mutualism breakdowns, plant succession trajectory changes, and biodiversity conservation strategy in southeastern Polynesian Islands: how "good" are novel ecosystems? Boyer, Alison and Jetz, Walter The biogeography and evolution of functional diversity in Pacific island bird communities 15 Program Overview Saturday, 28 May, continued Banko, Paul C. 11:00 AM Feeding specialization and the vulnerability of Hawaiian forest birds to food web disruption and environmental change 11:15 AM Seamon, Joshua O.; Utzurrum, Ruth C. B.; Tualaulelei, Ailao; Fa’aumu, Siaifoi; Vaivai, Visa; and Meyer, Roger Dynamics of spatiotemporal variation in fruiting and frugivorous birds on a remote island 11:30 AM Rominger, Andrew J.; Gruner, Daniel S.; and Gillespie, Rosemary G. Making and breaking a new ecological theory: does maximum information entropy predict community structure in newly evolving ecosystems? 11:45 AM James, Helen F.; Wagner, Warren L., and Fleischer, Robert C. Tracing the evolutionary history of ecological interactions between species 12:00 PM Thaman, R. R. Name it, record it, map it, or lose it! – The island ethnobiodiversity crisis and the need for a strong marriage between indigenous and modern science as a basis for biodiversity conservation in the Pacific Islands 12:30 PM Lunch on Garden Level, Poster Exhibit Open in Koi Room SYMPOSIUM 4: HOW HAVE PEOPLE INFLUENCED THE TERRESTRIAL AND NEAR‐SHORE ENVIRONMENTS OF PACIFIC ISLANDS? ‐
1:30 PM 2:00 PM 2:30 PM Keoni Auditorium Organized by Patrick Kirch and Lisa Matisoo‐Smith Gon III, Samuel M. 'Ohukani'ohi'a Determining the pre‐contact Hawaiian footprint on native ecosystems: modeling and traditional knowledge united Kirch, Patrick V. A millennium of human‐environment interaction in Mangareva (Gambier Islands), French Polynesia Matisoo‐Smith, Elizabeth "Lisa" The times they are a changing: new models and Next‐Gen sequencing, implications for understanding the human settlement of the Pacific Revised 16 Program Overview Saturday, 28 May, continued 3:00 PM Porch, Nick Prehistoric human impact on the neglected majority: evidence for human‐ moderated translocation and catastrophic extinction in the Pacific insect fauna 3:30 PM 4:00 PM Afternoon Break on the Lanai, Poster Exhibit Open in Koi Room 4:30 PM 4:45 PM 5:00 PM 5:15 PM 6:00 PM Waters, Jonathan M. The importance of history: ancient DNA analyses reveal dynamic responses to environmental change Prost, S.; Knapp, M.; Clarke, A.; Nielsen, R.; Matisoo‐Smith, E. Is it all in the genes? Reconstructing past migration in the Pacific using Approximate Bayesian Computation Sand, Christophe Transforming a piece of Gondwanaland: long‐term human modeling of New Caledonia’s landscapes Van Houtan, Kyle S.; Kittinger, John N. "Jack"; McClenachan, Loren E.; Lawrence, Amanda Historical patterns of marine sea turtle exploitation and population response in the Pacific Guitard, Michelle and Colbert, Steven Indicators of a changing environment: a study of microfossil assemblage in Hilo Bay, Hawai`i POSTER SESSION AND RECEPTION ‐
Koi and Wailana Rooms Aguraiuja, Ruth; Clark, Michelle; and Wood, Kenneth R. Conservation of critically endangered fern species on the island of Kaua`i: opportunities and challenges for ecological restoration Aue, Asa; Stone, Fred; and Price, Jonathan Using GIS to study the distribution and composition of subterranean species Bainbridge, Susan J. and Baldwin, Bruce G. Self‐incompatibility, pollen limitation, and endangerment in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae) on Kaua`i 17 Program Overview Saturday, 28 May, continued Balukjian, Brad and Gillespie, Rosemary Back to basics: testing species boundaries and drivers of diversification in a true bug radiation in French Polynesia Boyer, Alison G.; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L.; and Grant‐Mackie, Jack A. Long‐term ecological change in a conservation hotspot: the fossil avifauna of Mé Auré Cave, New Caledonia Chan, Yvonne; Toonen, Robert; Longenecker, Kenneth; Carlon, Dave; and Hunt, Terry How many have been lost? Using modern and ancient genetic variation to infer demographic history and develop baselines for coral reef conservation and management Drake, D.; Young, L.; VanderWerf, E.; and Morden, C. Relationships among substrate, seabirds, and vegetation in a recovering Hawaiian ecosystem Fernandez‐Silva, Iria; Andrews, Kim R.; Snelgrove, Brent N.; Toonen, Robert J.; and Bowen, Brian W. Towards ecosystem‐based management in Hawaii: insights into genetic connectivity of two shallow water goatfishes and two deep water snappers across the archipelago Revised Clark, John R.; Hein, Frank; and de la Rosa, Carlos Santa Catalina Island ‐ past, present, and future study of a near‐continent island system Conklin, Eric; Wiggins, Chad; Giddens, Jonatha; Friedlander, Alan; and Birkeland,
Charles Determining the effects of the introduced predatory grouper roi (Cephalopholis argus) on a native Hawaiian reef fish assemblage Cooper, Idelle Ecology of sexual dimorphism within and between species of Hawaiian damselflies Cotoras, Darko; Casquet, Juliane; and Gillespie, Rosemary Diversification patterns of Tetragnatha spiders in remote archipelagos on the Pacific Ocean 18 Program Overview Saturday, 28 May, continued Helgen, Lauren E.; Novotny, Vojtech; Weiblen, George D.; and Miller, Scott E. Patterns of diversity in Papua New Guinea Lepidoptera Jarvi, Susan I.; Farias, Margaret E.M.; and Atkinson, Carter T. Co‐evolution, co‐infection, and pathogen diversity in the Hawaiian avian disease system Kajita, Tadashi; Takayama ,Koji; Vatanarast, Mohammad; Wakita, Norihisa; and Tateishi, Yoichi Phylogeographic pattern of pantropical plants with sea‐drifted seeds over the globe Lavery, T.H.; Watson, J.J.; Flannery, T.F.; and Leung, L.K‐P. Patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the Torres Strait islands, Australia Lindstrom, Daniel P. and Kinzie III, Robert Evolution and phylogeography of gobioid fishes from Pacific island streams Loope, Lloyd and Thomas, Philip Efforts to achieve long‐term exclusion of new genetic strains of the Neotropical rust Puccinia psidii to protect Metrosideros forests in Hawaii: an update Lorence, David H. and Wagner, Warren L.
The vascular flora of the Marquesas Islands Lu, Pei‐Luen; Carine, Mark; Wilkin, Paul; and Morden, Clifford Phylogenetic relationships of Pleomele, Dracaena, and Sansevieria (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) Nakamura, Koh; Kokubugata, Goro; Peng, Ching‐I; and Meyer, Jean‐Yves Shallow genetic divergence of Ophiorrhiza species (Rubiaceae) endemic to the Society Islands (French Polynesia, South Pacific) and its conservation implications Marrack, Lisa Predicting sea level rise impacts to Anchialine pool ecosystems on the island of Hawai`i Meegaskumbara, Madhava and Hanken, James
Taruga (Ranidae: Rhacophoridae), a new genus of foam‐nesting tree frogs, bolsters the pattern of clade‐level faunal endemicity between Sri Lanka and India Revised 19 Program Overview Saturday, 28 May, continued Morrison, Keenan and Stacy, Elizabeth A. Evidence for intraspecific divergence in ‘ōhi‘a lehua along a successional gradient of East Hawai`i Island Nepokroeff, Molly; Riley, Lynn; Willyard, Ann; Jacobs, Bridget; Weller, Stephen G.; Sakai, Ann K.; Wagner, Warren L.; and Wallace, Lisa E.
Comparing histories of three sympatric lineages of the endemic plant genus Schiedea on Kaua`i: the role of geographic barriers and hybridization in diversification of an adaptive radiation Nolting, Kristen; Cantley, Jason; Keeley, Sterling; and Swenson, Nathan Evolution of climatic niche in a Pacific island plant genus Pender, Richard and Morden, Clifford Can honeycreepers still function as pollinators for an endangered Hawaiian lobeliad, Clermontia lindseyana, at Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge? Raver, Amanda; Stone, Fred D.; Price, Don; Eldon, Jon; Howarth, Francis G.; Croom, Henrietta B.; Na, Daniel; and Magnacca, Karl Population phylogeography of cave adapted crickets of Hawai`i Island (Caconemobius; Gryllidae, Nemobiinae) Schwartz, Sonja A.; Roderick, George K.; and Carlon, David B.
The origins of marine biodiversity in the Indo‐Pacific: using comparative population genetics of Scarus parrotfish to test models of diversification Tagawa, Anya and Price, Jonathan Assessing canopy volume in characterizing spatial and seasonal aspects of food resources of native Hawaiian forest birds 7:30 PM Shuttle Bus departs from East‐West Center to Hilton Waikiki Hotel 20 Program Overview SUNDAY, MAY 29 Shuttle Bus departs from Hilton Waikiki Hotel to East‐West Center Coffee and Juice on the Lanai SYMPOSIUM 5: HOW DOES KNOWLEDGE OF THE EVOLUTION OF PACIFIC ISLAND BIOTA CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONSERVATION OF ISLAND (AND CONTINENTAL) ECOSYSTEMS? 7:30 AM 7:30 AM ‐
Keoni Auditorium Organized by David Burney, Douglas Herman, and Christopher Filardi 8:00 AM 8:30 AM 9:00 AM 9:15 AM 9:45 AM 10:00 AM 10:30 AM 11:00 AM 11:15 AM Duffy, David Cameron The state of conservation in Hawaii and the Pacific: two steps forward, three steps back? Soule, Michael Context and ideology in pacific conservation: where biases and rules don't apply Filardi, Christopher E. and Weeks, Brian Pan‐Pacific evolutionary scale, regional policy, and meeting the challenges of local conservation action in the Solomon Islands Sterling, Eleanor J. and Filardi, Christopher E. Integrating process as well as pattern into island conservation decision‐making Lucas, Matthew P. and Wood, Kenneth R. Modeling remnant rare plant locations on the island of Kaua`i Mid‐Morning Break on the Lanai, Poster Exhibit Open in Koi Room Burney, David A. and Burney, Lida Pigott Ecological restoration in the face of global change: case studies from Kaua`i Sahli, Heather; Drake, Donald; and Taylor, Andrew Assessing the roles of native and alien animals in Hawaiian pollination webs 11:30 AM Herman, Douglas Indigenous GEO: new tools for approaching biodiversity and climate change in indigenous settings Open Discussion of Potential for a Post‐Conference Publication 21 Program Overview Sunday, 29, May continued 12:00 PM Lunch Break on Garden Level, Poster Exhibit Open in Koi Room CONCURRENT SESSIONS OF CONTRIBUTED PAPERS ‐ A CONTINUATION OF SYMPOSIA TOPICS Overview of Concurrent Sessions of Contributed Papers 1:30 PM 1:45 2:00 2:15 2:30 2:45 3:00 3:15 3:30 4:00 4:15 4:30 4:45 5:00 5:15 Keoni Auditorium (Within‐Lineage Patterns) Vatanparast, M. et al. Richmond, J. and Fisher, R. Pillon, Y. et al. Motley, T. and Parker, K. Morden, C. and Ching‐Harbin, S. Knope, M. et al. Johnson, M. and Stacy, E. Goodman, K. and Roderick, G. Afternoon Break Ewing, C. DiBattista, J. et al. Concepcion, C. Bird, C. and Toonen, R. Bacon, C. et al. Wrap‐Up and Closing Remarks Asia Room (Among Lineage Patterns) Sherwood, A. et al. Polhemus, D. Ó Foighil, D. et al. Oboyski, P. Mehltreter, K. et al. Jordan, S. et al. Hogan, J.D., et al. Helgen, K. Afternoon Break Forsman, Z. and Toonen, R. Faucci, A et al. Costion, C. et al. Cantley, J. et al. Birch J. et al. Pacific Room (Human Impacts) Cole, D. et al. (Novel Ecosystems) Brown, J. Blay, C. (Conservation) Juvik, J. et al. James, S. and Allison, A. Cardemil, J. and Aspillaga, F. (Human Impacts) Shiels, A. et al. Kittinger, J. et al. Afternoon Break Hughes, R. and Togia, T. Casquet, J. et al. Duffy, D. and Lepczyk, C. KEONI AUDITORIUM 1:30 PM 1:45 PM Vatanparast, Mohammad; Takayama, Koji; Tateishi, Yoichi; and Kajita, Tadashi Phylogeography of a pantropical legume with sea‐dispersed seeds, Canavalia rosea Richmond, Jonathan Q. and Fisher, Robert N. Elucidating patterns of evolutionary diversification in insular scincid lizards of the genus Emoia Revised 22 Program Overview Sunday, 29 May, continued 2:00 PM Pillon, Yohan; Johansen, Jennifer; Sakishima, Tomoko; Chamala, Srikar; Barbazuk, Brad; and Stacy, Elizabeth Evolution of the genus Clermontia (Campanulaceae) in Hawaii inferred by next‐generation sequencing 2:15 PM Motley, Timothy J. and Parker, Kenneth Divergence time estimation of Kadua (Rubiaceae), fast and slow in archipelagos of Eastern Polynesia 2:30 PM Morden, Clifford W. and Ching‐Harbin, Susan Recent colonization and diversification of the endemic Hawaiian genus Hesperomannia (Asteraceae) 2:45 PM Knope, Matthew L.; Fukami, Tadashi; Morden, Clifford W.; and Funk, Vicki A. Extraordinarily high per‐unit‐area rates of adaptive radiation in Hawaiian Bidens 3:00 PM Johnson, Melissa and Stacy, Elizabeth A. Long distance makes it easy to drift apart: The roles of geographic isolation and reinforcement in the evolution of reproductive barriers within Hawaiian Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) 3:15 PM Goodman, Kari Roesch and Roderick, George K. Rapid divergence and diversification in Hawaiian Nesosydne planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) 3:30 PM Afternoon Break on the Lanai 4:00 PM Ewing, Curtis Biogeography, speciation, and host plant use among a monophyletic group of Cillaeine Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in French Polynesia 4:15 PM DiBattista, Joseph D.; Craig, Matthew T.; Rocha, Luiz A.; Feldheim, Kevin A.; and Bowen, Brian W. Phylogeographic patterns in two related Indo‐Pacific butterflyfish, Chaetodon meyeri and Chaetodon ornatissimus, reveal insights into evolutionary history 4:30 PM Concepcion, Greg Phylogeography of Montipora capitata in the Hawaiian archipelago 4:45 PM Bird, Christopher E. and Toonen, Robert J. Adaptive radiation of marine limpets (Cellana spp.) within the Hawaiian archipelago 23 Program Overview Sunday, 29 May, continued 5:00 PM Bacon, Christine D.; Simmons, Mark P.; and Wagner, Warren L. Evaluating multiple criteria for species delimitation: an empirical example using Hawaiian palms (Arecaceae: Pritchardia) 5:15 PM Vicki Funk Wrap‐Up and Closing Remarks 6:00 PM Shuttle Bus departs from East‐West Center to Hilton Waikiki Hotel ASIA ROOM 1:30 PM 1:45 PM 2:00 PM 2:15 PM 2:30 PM 2:45 PM 3:00 PM
3:15 PM 3:30 PM Sherwood, Alison; Kurihara, Akira; Conklin, Kimberly; and Sauvage, Thomas Molecular patterns of diversification in the Hawaiian red algal flora Polhemus, Dan A. General rule or anomalous curiousity? A consideration of hotspot‐mediated sequential speciation in the Pacific based on evidence from Heteroptera (Insecta) Ó Foighil, Diarmaid; Lee, Taehwan; and Churchill, Celia Biogeography of a vanishing radiation: the Pacific Island tree snail family Partulidae Oboyski, Peter T. Biogeography and evolution of Pacific Islands Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) Mehltreter, Klaus; Arcand, Naomi N.; and Ranker, Tom A. Spatial patterns of fern diversity: a comparison of Hawaii and Mexico Jordan, Steve; Englund, Ron; and Polhemus, Dan Biogeography of coenagrionid damselflies endemic to Pacific Islands Hogan, J.D.; Walter, R.P.; Gagne, R.B.; Blum, M.J., Lindstrom, D.P., and Gilliam, J.F. Broad‐ and fine‐scale population differentiation in Awaous guamensis Helgen, Kristofer M. The unknown continent: mammal diversity east of the Wallace Line Afternoon Break on the Lanai 24 Program Overview Sunday, 29 May, continued 4:00 PM Forsman, Zac H. and Toonen, Robert J. Hawaiian coral species complexes: ecological variation or endangered species? 4:15 PM Faucci, Anuschka; Toonen, Robert J.; and Hadfield, Michael G. Land and sea: patterns of phylogeography in six species of vermetid gastropods across the Hawaiian archipelago resemble those of terrestrial animals 4:30 PM Costion, Craig; Lorence, David; and Acevedo, Pedro Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Micronesia and the dynamic theory of island biogeography 4:45 PM Cantley, Jason T.; Keeley, Sterling C.; Swenson, Nathan; and Nolting, Kristen Biogeographic connections of Coprosma (Rubiaceae) across the Pacific Ocean 5:00 PM Birch, Joanne L.; Keeley, Sterling C.; and Morden, Clifford. W. Pathways across the Pacific: an investigation of long‐distance dispersal via direct‐ and stepping‐stone pathways in the Pacific Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae) 6:00 PM Shuttle Bus departs from East‐West Center to Hilton Waikiki Hotel PACIFIC ROOM 1:30 PM 1:45 PM 2:00 PM 2:15 PM 2:30 PM Cole, David M.; Morden, Clifford W.; and Farruggia, Frank T. Enlightening the relictual distribution and population genetic structure of Sesbania tomentosa Hook and Arn. with Hawaiian oral histories and place names Brown, Jonathan Generating the entangled bank – herbivore evolution in a Pacific archipelago Blay, Charles T. Evolution of coralgal reefs of the Hawaiian archipelago: inference from petrologic analysis of carbonate beach sediments Juvik, James; Kiester, A. Ross; and Hansen, Dennis The ghosts of Meiolania in the Melanesian Anthropocene: resurrecting trophic and evolutionary dynamics with a proxy tortoise species James, Shelley A. and Allison, Allen Information infrastructure for advancing conservation in Melanesia 25 Program Overview Sunday, 29 May, continued 2:45 PM Cardemil, Jaime Espejo and Aspillaga, Francisco Rodriguez New insights in conservation of Sophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. emblematic species of the South Pacific 3:00 PM Shiels, Aaron B.; Pitt, Will C.; and Russell, James What factors predict body sizes of introduced rodents on Pacific Islands? A test of Bergmann’s rule 3:15 PM Kittinger, John N.; Pandolfi, John M.; Blodgett, Jonathan H.; Hunt, Terry L.; Maly, Kepā; McClenachan, Loren; Shultz, Jennifer K.; and Wilcox, Bruce A. Reconstructing long‐term human‐environment relationships in Hawaiian coral reefs 3:30 PM Afternoon Break on the Lanai 4:00 PM Hughes, R. Flint and Togia, Tavita P. Effective control of Falcataria moluccana in American Samoa: the luxury of managing invasive species in concert with ecological processes 4:15 PM Casquet, Juliane; Thébaud, Christophe; and Gillespie, Rosemary How to build an insular community: local diversification vs. independent colonisation events 4:30 PM Duffy, Deidre and Lepczyk, Christopher The historical ecology of game species introductions in Hawaii 6:00 PM Shuttle Bus departs from East‐West Center to Hilton Waikiki Hotel 26 Program Overview MONDAY, MAY 30 11:00 AM Post‐Conference Field Trip: Volcanoes of the Big Island of Hawai`i Trip leader: Chuck Blay, TEOK Investigations Depart from Dolphin Bay Hotel, Hilo, Hawai`i 27 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Aguraiuja, Ruth1, Clark, Michelle2, and Wood, Kenneth R.3 Conservation of critically endangered fern species on the island of Kaua`i: opportunities and challenges for ecological restoration There are eight federally listed endangered fern taxa on Kaua`i, among these, six taxa are considered as Plant Extinction Prevention Species, meaning they have fewer than 50 known reproductive individuals in the wild. Conservation oriented research has been conducted on three of these taxa: Asplenium dielpallidum N. Snow; Asplenium dielmannii Viane; and Diellia erecta f. alexandri (Hillebr.) W.H. Wagner. These taxa belong to the sub‐clade of dielliod ferns with an estimation of divergence time to be ca. 24.3 Myr ago (Schneider et al. 2005). Distribution data available since 1838 show that these ferns have become extirpated from 86% of formerly recorded locations (Aguraiuja 2008). Research results indicate that the whole sub‐clade is threatened with extinction (Aguraiuja and Wood 2001; Aguraiuja et al. 2004) and major threats are non‐native introduced animal and plant species. Data from population stage structure can be applied for estimating trends in population dynamics and may be used as a tool for selecting source populations for reintroduction. Recent conservation efforts include installation of ungulate proof fences, removal of non‐native invasive plant species, monitoring of extant population conditions and population reinforcement efforts (Aguraiuja 2011). 1
Tallinn Botanic Garden, Estonia U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kapaa, HI, USA 3
National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, USA 2
Andersen, Michael J.1, Nyári, Árpád S.1, Filardi, Christopher E.2, and Moyle, Robert G.3 A multi‐locus dataset reveals novel insights into the systematics, biogeography, and species limits in the world’s most diverse bird species: the Pachycephala pectoralis/melanura complex The Golden/Mangrove Whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis/melanura) species complex is one of the most widespread and geographically variable avian species. It occurs from Java to Tonga including Australia, Melanesia, Vanuatu, and Fiji. Many disparate plumage patterns are expressed in this group throughout its broad geographic distribution; however, many of the patterns do not correspond closely with geography. As a result, avian systematists and biogeographers have long considered this species complex as taxonomically enigmatic with upwards of 66 described subspecies—
more than any other bird species. Interpretations of the biogeographic history and species limits in this group are varied, and little progress has been made since the advent of molecular phylogenetic techniques. A comprehensive, multilocus phylogeny of the Australian and Pacific radiations based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences is presented. The results support a complex biogeographic history of colonization and differentiation throughout Australia and the southwest Pacific. There are two well‐supported and divergent clades. The Australian clade contains "true" P. pectoralis and all P. melanura, which are nested within this clade. The Pacific clade contains multiple divergent lineages, each of which are concordant with island archipelagos including the Bismarks, three separate Solomon Islands clades, Santa Cruz, and Fiji. Finally, the phylogeny suggests that current taxonomy does not accurately reflect diversity in the species complex; therefore, it is recommended to revise the taxonomy to correspond with each of the evolutionary lineages recovered in this phylogeny. 1
University of Kansas, Biodiversity Institute, Lawrence, USA American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, New York, NY, USA 3
University of Kansas, Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Lawrence, USA 2
Aue, Asa1, Stone, Fred2, and Price, Jonathan1 Using GIS to study the distribution and composition of subterranean species The cave adapted fauna of the Hawaiian Islands are of considerable interest due to their presence on tropical islands as well as the relatively quick time which they adapted to their underground environment. The current study focuses on the geographic distribution of various species and the differences in community structure among environments using GIS. On the island of Hawai`i, there are four described species of Caconemobius from Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes. Two species [C. varius and C. uuku] have been found at the majority of sites examined, whereas the other two [C. albus and C. paralbus] are known only from more limited and highly fragmented locations. GIS can be used to both extrapolate the potential ranges of these and other species based on the environmental conditions present at known locations [substrate age, climate zone, surface vegetation, etc.] as well as determine what variables are likely to determine differences in community structure between locations. While subterranean adapted Caconemobius can be 28 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author found in most studied caves on the island, further populations must be found and identified at the species level in order to obtain a more specific idea of distribution and factors influencing migration and speciation. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, USA University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Biology, USA 2
Bacon, Christine D.1, Simmons, Mark P.1, and Wagner, Warren L.2 Evaluating multiple criteria for species delimitation: an empirical example using Hawaiian palms (Arecaceae: Pritchardia) Robust species delimitations are fundamental for conservation, evolutionary, and systematics studies, but they can be difficult to estimate, particularly in rapid radiations and in island systems. Yet delimiting the boundaries of species involved in rapid radiations is critical to understanding the tempo and mode of lineage formation. The consensus that most species concepts aim to identify evolutionary distinct lineages is clear, but the criteria used to distinguish evolutionary lineages differ based on the perceived importance of the various characteristics of evolving populations. We examined three different species criteria (monophyly, absence of genetic intermediates, and diagnosability) to determine whether 27 currently recognized species of Hawaiian Pritchardia are distinct lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of seven genes, morphology, and isozymes allowed for the identification of monophyletic lineages, Bayesian assignment tests based on microsatellite data indicated lineages with a lack of intermediates, and diagnostic microsatellite characters were used to test the diagnosability criterion. Furthermore, a coalescent species tree explicitly modeled incomplete lineage sorting and was used as a comparison with the phylogenetic hypothesis to infer inter‐specific relationships of Pritchardia. Delimiting Hawaiian Pritchardia species remains difficult but new tools for distinguishing between incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization may aid in future efforts. 1
Colorado State University, Department of Biology, Fort Collins, CO, USA 2
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA Bainbridge, Susan J.1 and Baldwin, Bruce G.1,2 Self‐incompatibility, pollen limitation, and endanger‐
ment in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae) on Kaua`i Strong self‐incompatibility in the Hawaiian silversword alliance is highly unusual for angiosperms of remote oceanic islands and makes these plants especially vulnerable to pollen limitation from pollinator loss, loss of S‐allele diversity, or both. In wet forests of Kaua`i, lack of recruitment of the locally common Dubautia knudsenii subsp. knudsenii and extreme rarity of D. kalalauensis and D. latifolia led us to study whether pollen limitation impacts these taxa. Results of hand pollinations in comparison with levels of natural seed set indicated that lack of pollinator service and not loss of S‐allele diversity (or other genetic factors) was responsible for lack of natural seed set. Absence of any observed visitation by potential pollinators, discovery of only one juvenile plant across both studied stands, and floral characteristics (including minimal pollen production) of D. knudsenii subsp. knudsenii raise concern that the taxon may have lost its pollinator and be biologically extinct despite still being locally common. In contrast, results from the sympatric D. kalalauensis indicate minimal pollen limitation, substantial recruitment, and extensive visitation by potential pollinators, with active destruction of entire plants by feral goats and, apparently, by invasive Passiflora mollissima. Reproductive failure in natural and within‐stand crosses of the rare D. latifolia appear to implicate small population sizes and lack of within‐
stand cross‐compatibility as major contributors to endangerment. Preliminary results from other taxa of Dubautia from Kaua`i reinforce the finding that different factors can be most important as causes of rarity or endangerment of closely related taxa sharing the same environment. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium, USA University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, USA 2
Baldwin, Bruce G.1 and Wagner, Warren L.2 Patterns of diversification in Pacific angiosperms Over the last 15 years, studies of Pacific angiosperms have yielded evidence of even more spectacular diversification than previously demonstrated, with discovery of new (including cryptic) diversity and resolution of endemic insular clades containing taxa once thought to represent distinct introductions from 29 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author mainland sources. Such findings indicate that morphological and ecological change associated with diversification of Pacific flora has been substantially greater than previously believed, although most Pacific plant lineages are taxonomically depauperate and understudied. Some comparative evidence suggests an evolutionary predisposition for particular clades to diversify in insular situations and to evolve in similar ways, but relevant data are limited. Dispersal biology is increasingly implicated in Pacific angiosperm diversification; most clades containing four or more taxa are apparently bird‐dispersed and those apparently subject to oceanic drift generally contain only one or two (often widespread) taxa. Importance of bird dispersal and ecological opportunity is well illustrated by the temperate American component of Hawaiian flora, recently recognized to include some of the most diverse Pacific clades and ones associated with major bird‐migration routes and sky‐islands of temperate habitat in a tropical archipelago. Although lack of molecular variation in commonly studied gene regions has continued to impede progress in understanding within‐lineage diversification and biogeography in many Pacific angiosperm clades, such examples have added to mounting evidence that crown groups are generally much younger and more rapidly radiating than earlier believed. Hybrid origins for some Pacific taxa are now well demonstrated, and evidence for ancient hybridization in Pacific plant lineages continues to grow. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, USA 2
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA Balukjian, Brad1 and Gillespie, Rosemary1 Back to basics: testing species boundaries and drivers of diversification in a true bug radiation in French Polynesia The relative role of geographic isolation and adaptation in driving diversification is often difficult to tease apart in island radiations. Plant‐feeding insects are ideal for addressing this problem because their strict association with host plants provides a convenient way of representing adaptation. This research focuses on a lineage of plant bugs, Pseudoloxops (Heteropera: Miridae) that has diversified in the Society and Austral Islands of French Polynesia. The following research questions are addressed: (1) Where are the species boundaries in this radiation? (2) What has been the relative role of geographic isolation and adaptation in fostering differentiation? Fresh specimens of three of the six described species were collected, in addition to several new putative species. Morphological, molecular, and ecological data are being used to delimit species boundaries. Haplotype CO1 data reveals 12 distinct haplotypes out of 22 sequenced individuals from six different islands; pairwise divergence ranges from 0.1‐
10.2%. A Bayesian phylogeny of the CO1 data suggests two clades, one a combination of Society and Austral Island taxa and the other restricted to the Society Islands. The phylogeny does not support species boundaries as currently defined by morphological characters. One mitochondrial (16s) and three nuclear (18S, 28S, Histone 3) genes are being optimized and several ecomorphological traits (wing loading, maxillary stylet serration, body size) measured to improve species delimitation. Once phylogenies with multiple genes are built and ecomorphological traits measured, geographic isolation vs. adaptation will be tested by looking for an isolation‐by‐distance effect vs. ecological differences between sister taxa. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA Banko, Paul C.1 Feeding specialization and the vulnerability of Hawaiian forest birds to food web disruption and environmental change Specialization for feeding on particular foods is a remarkable feature of the adaptive radiation of the Hawaiian honeycreepers (Fringillidae: Drepanidini). All major passerine feeding guilds are represented among the 48 or more species that descended from a cardueline finch ancestor, although finch‐billed seed‐
eaters outnumbered fruit‐eaters, nectar‐eaters, and arthropod‐eaters. Despite wide dietary divergence among adult honeycreepers, nestling diets converged on large, soft‐bodied arthropods, especially caterpillars, which were relatively nutritious, abundant, and obtainable even by birds with bills better suited for obtaining other foods. Narrow foraging niches and reliance on caterpillars and other arthropods to feed their offspring increased the vulnerability of specialists to competition and food web disruption from a wide range of invasive species, especially parasitoid wasps but also predatory wasps, ants, and other birds. Ungulates and many other alien pests and weeds probably reduced arthropod prey availability by modifying habitats, but rats could also have been important arthropod predators. Historically, populations of specialists declined more dramatically than did 30 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author generalists, and specialists disappeared quickly from lowland habitats. Recent surveys indicate that caterpillar abundance increases and alien parasitoid abundance decreases with elevation. The persistence of specialists in high‐elevation forests, therefore, may be attributable partly to food availability as well as to habitat quality and the absence of mosquito‐borne diseases. Their low reproductive capacity suggests that specialists are relatively constrained energetically, making them potentially less resilient to challenges from diseases, predators, climate change, and other disturbances. Reducing threats to food webs and improving habitat quality would help protect specialist populations. perfunctory and the will to do anything substantive is confounded by international agreements and a public lack of understanding of the problem. 1
O`ahu Army Natural Resources Program/Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA Bennett, Gordon M.1 and O'Grady, Patrick1 Systematics and biogeography of the native Hawaiian leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Nesophrosyne) The native Hawaiian leafhopper genus Nesophrosyne (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a diverse and ubiquitous, 1
yet U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, understudied, element of the Hawaiian entomofauna. The genus currently comprises seventy‐
Kilauea Field Station, Hawaii National Park, USA two described species, showing single island endemicity across all high islands of the archipelago. Nesophrosyne 1
1
1
1
species occur in almost all habitat types ranging from Beachy, Jane , Burt, Matt , Kawelo, Kapua , Kier, Matt , 1
1
1 coastal scrub to sub‐alpine regions, and nearly all Rohrer, Joby , Sailer, Dan , and Smith, Clifford species are native host‐plant dependent, utilizing 75% of the most species rich and ecologically dominant plant Case studies from endangered plant restoration efforts genera (e.g., Clermontia, Coprosma, Pipturus, etc.). Our in O`ahu’s Waianae Mts. recent morphological and molecular analyses of over 300 taxa and 12 pacific‐wide outgroups indicate a U.S. Army is charged with stabilizing and restoring 59 monophyletic Nesophrosyne that is three‐times larger endangered species (51 plants, 7 snails, 1 bird) on than its currently described diversity with over 200 O`ahu, Hawaii, in mitigation for live‐fire military species endemic to Hawaii. Preliminary phylogenetic training. Scattered pockets of relatively intact native results support a Kaua`i origin for extant Nesophrosyne, habitat and small areas with individual endangered with a basal multi‐island clade associated exclusively species are being protected. Many areas have been with the plant family Urticaceae, particularly the genera fenced against feral pigs and goats, the principal Urera and Pipturus. A bulk of the Nesophrosyne disturbance agents. Rats are controlled in native bird diversity is accounted for by a large subsequent and endangered snail habitat as well as to protect radiation, involving multiple colonizations and plants whose seeds are consumed. Small exclosures radiations on other islands with transitions to novel protect native tree snails against introduced carnivorous host‐plant families and genera. While host‐plant snails. Invasive plants are controlled in the immediate switching appears to be common for some area of endangered plants and a more extensive Nesophrosyne species, there is evidence for major host‐
eradication effort in surrounding areas is being plant transitions giving rise to monophyletic groups developed to restore widespread native habitat. Most associated with the plant genera Broussaisia, Dodonea, species can be cultivated from seed or cuttings and Coprosma, Myrsine and Melicope (among others). Large outplanted successfully. Seed storage to conserve as clades associated with Coprosma, Broussaisia, and much genetic diversity as possible is ongoing. Some Pipturus, spanning multiple islands, provide a window outbreeding populations need hand pollination due to into the evolutionary forces driving Nesophrosyne loss of pollinators or inadequate proximity to one diversification. The progression rule (species colonizing another. Even though we can maintain stock in the progressively younger islands) emerges as a common greenhouse, seed bank or tissue cycle a few species fail pattern, however some clades demonstrate more to establish in the field, e.g., Phyllostegia spp. Some complicated scenarios of island colonization and species reproduce successfully only as long as we speciation. control various alien influences. Habitat degradation 1
can be ameliorated but preventing re‐invasion by non‐
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Organisms and the indigenous species without substantial long‐term Environment, USA management seems intractable. Future introductions of potentially harmful, non‐indigenous species is continuous because the interdiction of new species is 31 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Birch, Joanne L.1, Keeley, Sterling C.1, and Morden, Clifford. W.1,2 Pathways across the Pacific: an investigation of long‐
distance dispersal via direct‐ and stepping‐stone pathways in the Pacific Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae) Pathways of long‐distance dispersal in the Pacific remain incompletely understood. Phylogenies are available for only a small number of Pacific lineages and resolution of the relationships of Pacific taxa is often limited. The flowering plant genus Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae) is an excellent taxon for the investigation of Pacific biogeography as it is present on eight Pacific island archipelagos. To better understand dispersal pathways in the Pacific, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Astelia s.l. based on chloroplast (trnL, psbA‐trnH, rps16, and petL‐psbE) and nuclear (NIA‐i3) sequence data. An Australasian origin for Astelia s.l. was inferred from ancestral area reconstructions with the radiation of the genus estimated to 40 million years ago (ma) (95% HPD: 25–84 ma). The earliest divergence of an extant Pacific taxon occurred during the Upper Miocene (ca. 10 ma), but most Pacific taxa diverged during the Pliocene (<5 ma). At least four dispersal events from New Zealand into the Pacific were inferred. Dispersal to western Pacific islands occurred via both direct and stepping‐stone pathways. In the eastern Pacific, Astelia taxa present on the Society islands are not closely related to taxa from the Marquesas and the Austral islands. Therefore, two independent dispersals from New Zealand to the eastern Pacific were inferred. Colonization of the Hawaiian islands occurred either directly from New Zealand or via a stepping‐stone dispersal by way of the Austral islands. Evolutionary relationships then suggest a secondary dispersal for Astelia s.l. from the Hawaiian to the Marquesas islands. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA University of Hawaii at Manoa, Pacific Co‐operative Studies Unit, Honolulu, USA 2
Bird, Christopher E.1 and Toonen, Robert J. 1 Adaptive radiation of marine limpets (Cellana spp.) within the Hawaiian archipelago Speciation remains a central enigma in biology, and nowhere is this more apparent than in shallow tropical seas where biodiversity rivals that of tropical rainforests. Obvious barriers to gene flow are few and most marine species have a highly dispersive larval stage, which should greatly decrease opportunities for speciation via geographic isolation. The disparity in the level of geographic isolation for terrestrial and marine species is exemplified in Hawaii where opportunities for allopatric speciation abound in the terrestrial realm. In contrast, marine colonizers of Hawaii are believed to produce only a single endemic species or population, due to the lack of isolating barriers. To test the assertion that marine species do not diversify within Hawaii, we examine the evolutionary origin of three endemic limpets (Cellana exarata, C. sandwicensis, and C. talcosa) that are vertically segregated across a steep ecocline on rocky shores. Analyses of three mtDNA loci (12S, 16S, COI; 1565 bp) and two nDNA loci (ATPS?, H3; 709 bp) in 26 Indo‐Pacific Cellana species (N=414) indicates that Hawaii was colonized once ~3.4‐7.2 Mya from the vicinity of Japan. Trait mapping demonstrates that high‐shore residence is the ancestral character state, such that mid‐and low‐shore species are the product of subsequent diversification. The Hawaiian Cellana are the first broadcast‐spawners demonstrated to have speciated within any archipelago. The habitat stratification, extensive sympatry, evolutionary history, and unique adaptations of each species collectively indicate that this diversification is adaptive and support the growing body of evidence for non‐allopatric speciation in the ocean. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane‘ohe, HI, USA Blay, Charles T.1 Evolution of coralgal reefs of the Hawaiian archipelago: inference from petrologic analysis of carbonate beach sediments Although the nearshore marine reefs of Hawaii are most commonly referred to as "coral" reefs, it has long been know that a significant, if not dominant, portion of their skeletal content is composed of coralline algae. Quantitative petrographic analyses of beach sediments from mainly the Big Island of Hawai`i, Kaua`i and Midway Atoll indicate that 1) the carbonate fraction has been derived principally from the erosion of fringing reef platforms, and 2) the reef platforms become increasingly more algal dominated with increasing geologic age and stability of the supporting volcanic edifice around which they develop. The carbonate fraction of sediments from Kona side beaches of the Big Island grade from coral dominated in the south to algal dominated in the north in response to evolution of the reef possibly owing to increasing age and stability of the volcanic edifice from south to north. As reefs grow up and out the evolving shallow reef platform becomes more algal dominated in response to wave energy and 32 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author tidal fluctuation, among other factors. The carbonate fractions of beaches of 5 m.y. old Kaua`i Island and 28 m.y old Midway Atoll, dominated by coralline algal clasts, likewise indicate even more evolved reef complexes reflecting age and stability of the underlying volcanic edifice. The dominance of coralline algal clasts in Midway beaches also questions the concept of the "Darwin Point" as being based on ocean temperature control on coral growth rate, since the growth rate of coralline algae, a dominant constituent, is little affected by temperature. 1
TEOK Investigations, Kaua`i, Hawaii, USA Bowen, Brian W.1, Rocha, Luiz A.2, Eble, Jeff A.3, and Craig, Matthew4 The origins of tropical marine biodiversity: a phylogeographic perspective Two biogeographic theories have been proposed to explain the high biodiversity hotspots in the Indo‐Pacific coral triangle and Caribbean Sea. The Center of Origin theory maintains that successful species originate in the highly competitive environment of the coral triangle, and radiate out to peripheral areas. The Center of Accumulation theory maintains that the coral triangle is a region of overlap between Indian and Pacific faunas, and that species originate in peripheral areas. Recent phylogeographic surveys of Indo‐Pacific reef fauna provide evidence for both patterns. Most of the coral reef fauna in the Central Pacific has origins at or near the coral triangle. In contrast, several recent cases have demonstrated species originating in the peripheral Central Pacific and colonizing in towards the coral triangle. This study suggests that both processes are operating in concert. Successful species forged in the highly competitive ecosystems of the coral triangle can radiate out to depauperate peripheral habitats, where they undergo ecological release and are able to develop novel functions. These peripheral species can subsequently expand their range back into the center of biodiversity. A similar process is operating for the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot, which provides species to the South Atlantic. These Brazilian species may develop novel morphology, behavior, or feeding strategies and then re‐colonize the Caribbean. Under this process of biodiversity feedback, both hotspots and peripheral areas contribute to the production and maintenance of reef biodiversity. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane`ohe, HI, USA 2
University of Texas, Austin, TX , USA 3
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 4
Boyer, Alison1 and Jetz, Walter2 The biogeography and evolution of functional diversity in Pacific island bird communities In addition to taxonomic and phylogenetic measures of biodiversity, the combination of ecological traits ex‐
hibited by species, i.e. functional diversity (FD), is an important component of biodiversity that links biodiversity to the delivery of ecosystem services. Yet, the biogeographic structure of FD at large spatial scales is not well understood. Here we quantify the distribution of FD in 45 well‐studied communities of Pacific island birds. The loss of FD due to species extinctions since human colonization is documented here. This study shows that FD was closely related to species richness, an expected consequence of the methods for calculating FD. While the biogeographic pattern of species richness follows the predictions of classic island biogeography theory, increasing with island area, elevation, and age, and decreasing with island isolation, after accounting for species richness, FD was also related to island isolation and elevation. Bird communities on isolated islands had significantly lower FD for a given species richness compared to less‐
isolated communities. This result may indicate a strong effect of dispersal limitation on the assembly of functionally diverse communities, or alternatively, when species assembly occurs primarily through in situ evolution, an effect of dispersal limitation on the diversity of the initial colonists. While older islands tended to have higher FD (for a given level of species richness), this effect was not significant. The five main Hawaiian islands, home to a well‐known adaptive radiation of birds, had lower FD than expected given their species richness. Within islands that have a well‐
studied Holocene fossil record, it was shown that between 11% and 80% of the original FD has been lost due to anthropogenic extinctions, and the loss of FD was closely linked to the extinction rate. 1
University of Tennessee, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Knoxville, USA 2
Yale University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, New Haven, CT, USA 33 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Boyer, Alison G.1,2, James, Helen F.2, Olson, Storrs L.2, and Grant‐Mackie, Jack A.3 Long‐term ecological change in a conservation hotspot: the fossil avifauna of Mé Auré Cave, New Caledonia Through the continuing accumulation of fossil evidence, it is clear that first human arrival on islands around the world was linked to a rise in the extinction rate for vertebrates. Bones in human‐era fossil sites can also reveal changes in the composition and structure of ecological communities due to human environmental impacts. New Caledonia is a large and biogeographically distinct island in the southwest Pacific and is considered a critical priority for biodiversity conservation. Fossil birds from the Mé Auré Cave site (WMD007), located in lowland dry forest on the west coast of New Caledonia were examined. Accumulation of bird skeletal material in the cave was primarily through deposition in barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets. The site recorded the island‐wide extinction of two species and extirpation of at least two other species from the lowlands in the past 1200 years. Species richness of birds in the stratigraphic deposit was quite high, reflecting the broad diet of barn owls on islands, and many species have continued to persist near the site despite loss and degradation of the dry forest. However, this study revealed substantial turnover in relative abundance of species in the cave deposit, with edge and open country birds becoming more common through time. This work provides a temporal record of avifaunal and environmental change in the threatened dry forest habitat that should be particularly informative for ongoing conservation and restoration efforts. 1
University of Tennessee, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Knoxville, USA 2
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Washington, DC, USA 3
University of Auckland, New Zealand Brown, Jonathan1 Generating the entangled bank – herbivore evolution in a Pacific archipelago Herbivorous insects of archipelagos provide model systems to investigate the rates and relative importance of different modes of speciation, including dispersal between islands, adaptation to abiotic conditions, and adaptation to radiations in their host plants. The endemic Hawaiian tephritid flies (genus Trupanea) feed as larvae on plants in three endemic radiations of Asteraceae (Artemisia, Bidens, and the Hawaiian silversword alliance). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the fly radiation illustrates the importance of island dispersal to speciation, with many sister taxa and differentiated populations found on different islands. However, phylogenetic reconstruction of host relationships demonstrates that overall diversity has been amplified by early shifts in feeding on different host plant tissues and different endemic host plant lineages, so that speciation via island dispersal has occurred in parallel in different clades. Unlike in many model systems of sympatric speciation, shifts in host plant specialization at the species level have not been a major factor in species formation. Data is presented on variation in host use for a recent radiation within Maui, and a widespread species on the Big Island to propose that a lack of strict plant host specificity in hosts that are themselves closely related has allowed speciation via both dispersal between islands and adaptation to abiotic conditions within islands. 1
Grinnell College, Department of Biology, IA, USA Brown, Rafe M.1, Filardi, Christopher E.2, and Moyle, Robert G.1 Evolutionary patterns of community diversification at local and regional scales in the tropical Pacific ‐ Part 2, Amphibians At the low end of the spectrum of relative dispersal abilities, anuran amphibians are arguably the land‐
vertebrate group least capable of dispersal in the Pacific islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon‐Bismarck archipelagos and Fiji. Because frogs are relatively sedentary, susceptible to desiccation, and less tolerant of exposure to salt water, we might expect the diverse frog communities of the Pacific to derive almost exclusively from in situ evolutionary diver‐
sification. This study uses phylogenetic analysis of community assembly to test this prediction in the dominant group of frogs inhabiting the islands of the Pacific. Evidence was found for a striking combination of processes, with some complex communities arising exclusively as a result of ecological assembly (phylogenetic over‐dispersion) and others derived almost entirely from speciation within islands and archipelagos (phylogenetically clustered). These results provide new insights into predicted patterns for other Pacific vertebrate groups of intermediate dispersal abilities (i.e., lizards and snakes): many communities are the result of a combination of processes that interact in novel ways dictated by history of the lineages involved, the idiosyncrasies of individual taxa, and the 34 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author geographical template of the landmasses themselves. The end result, these results suggest, is high levels of equivalent diversity, but derived from different processes in the various archipelagos of the Pacific. 1
University of Kansas, Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biodiversity Institute, Lawrence, USA 2
American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, New York, NY, USA Bruegmann, Marie M.1 Trends in plant populations after two decades of recovery implementation in Hawaii The biota of the Hawaiian Islands represents a remarkable example of insular evolution, with nearly 90% endemism. However, since colonization of these islands by humans, extensive areas of the natural landscape and ecosystems have been profoundly damaged and many of the native taxa have declined or gone extinct. There is still time to save many of the remaining taxa and ecosystems, if efforts are taken to develop and implement a comprehensive conservation strategy for Hawaiian plants effectively embracing both taxon recovery and ecosystem management. There have been many successful plant and ecosystem conservation efforts in Hawaii to date, including the Plant Extinction Prevention Program and the mid‐
elevation rare plant facilities, which rescue the rarest of the rare; reintroduction efforts on a larger scale like the Kau silverword and many species by the U.S. Army, and complete habitat restoration such as Auwahi dry forest. However, such efforts have not been sufficiently funded or staffed to reverse the dramatic losses in Hawaiian biodiversity. A review of available data over the last 20 years indicates the number of taxa with less than 100 individuals remaining in the wild has increased. When compared to the amount of Federal and State funding spent on Hawaiian plant conservation over the last 14 years (for which expenditures data is available) relative to that for mainland plants, the success of existing programs seems even more remarkable. 1
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, HI, USA Burney, David A.1 and Burney, Lida Pigott2 Ecological restoration in the face of global change: Case studies from Kaua`i If biodiversity is to survive under the combined threats posed by global change, including climatic uncertainty, biological invasion, and economic crisis, innovative strategies are needed that provide maximum flexibility and affordability while saving as many native species and ecological functions as possible. Baseline studies, drawing on information from longer time series provided by paleoecology, archaeology, history, and oral tradition, are essential to good decision‐making. Conservation dollars, hours, and hectares have been deployed on a long front that includes a wide range of in situ techniques as well as strong back‐ups provided by ex situ institutions such as botanical gardens. Between these two classic conservation strategies is a broad "third front" for conservation, offered by a range of innovative strategies sometimes grouped under the term "inter situ." The Makauwahi Cave Reserve has served as a testing ground for many of these ideas that have been applied by the National Tropical Botanical Garden and other entities in a wide range of habitats and challenges on Kaua`i. Monitoring of over 3000 reintroduced native plants began in 2005. Many species were selected on the basis of their prevalence as fossils near the restoration sites, and this strategy has provided higher success rates and more diverse restored communities. The unique configuration of the cave site, with a richly fossiliferous excavation project as the centerpiece for surrounding restorations, has provided thousands of school children and other visitors with an unparalleled educational experience that links past evidence to aspirations for a better future for Pacific island environments. 1
National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii, USA Makauwahi Cave Reserve, Kaua`i, Hawaii, USA 2
Cantley, Jason T.1, Keeley, Sterling C.1, Swenson, Nathan2, and Nolting, Kristen2 Biogeographic connections of Coprosma (Rubiaceae) across the Pacific Ocean Coprosma (Rubiaceae) is widely distributed throughout the Pacific with a center of diversity in New Zealand (55+ species) and secondary centers in New Guinea and Hawaii (each with ~13 species). Additional species are found on other Pacific islands ranging from the Juan Fernandez Islands to the east, Macquarie Island to the south and Borneo to the west. The first molecular phylogeny of Coprosma species across the Pacific was generated using the nuclear ITS and ETS regions and the rps16 intron cpDNA region for 80 Coprosma species. Preliminary results suggest an origin for the genus in New Zealand with subsequent dispersals to Australia, New Guinea and the wider Pacific. Species occurring on islands close to New Zealand (i.e. Chatham, Norfolk, and 35 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Kermadec) appear to be the result of separate dispersal events from New Zealand ancestors. Two independent species groups were also identified in the Pacific: one from the Society Islands and another from the Marquesan‐Hawaiian islands. Among the latter group, all Hawaiian species appear to be derived from a common Marquesan ancestor. However, C. ernodeoides, a Hawaiian endemic, appears in two locations in the phylogeny suggesting the possibility of reticulate evolution for this taxon. 1 University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA Michigan State University, Department of Plant Biology, East Lansing, USA 2
Cardemil, Jaime Espejo1 and Aspillaga, Francisco Rodriguez2 New insights in conservation of Sophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. emblematic species of the South Pacific This paper describes the latest achievements of a conservation program for reintroduction of Sophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. in Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Mass propagation of germplasm by inter‐specific grafts growing ex situ material is reported. To date, over 400 grafts are ready to be established in a multipurpose clonal seed orchard. The germoplasm has been collected from three lines of material known as National Botanic Garden of Viña del Mar (JBV), Goteborg (GOT) and Titze (Tit). Additionally, controlled pollinations seeds were sown in order to understand basic aspects of reproductive biology for the species. This is the second documented experience for the rescue of a species listed as extinct in the wild, using non‐
traditional but efficient horticultural techniques. A conservation program and its related activities are identified to ensure a gradual recovery of S. toromiro on Rapa Nui island at medium term. 1
Programa Post Grado. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad de Concepcion. Chile 2
Gerencia Tecnologia Silvicola. Forestal Mininco. Los Angeles. Chile Casquet, Juliane1, Thébaud, Christophe1, and Gillespie, Rosemary2 How to build an insular community: local diversification vs. independent colonisation events Understanding the nature of mechanisms underlying community assembly remains one of the greatest challenges in community ecology: contrasted processes can lead to apparently similar communities. For example, two similar communities can either be built‐up through independent colonisation events or through a single colonisation event followed by local speciation. Theoretical studies predict that when the place where the assembly happens is far from the coloniser source, as few as one lineage would be able to emigrate. Therefore, it is likely that the species composing the local communities come from local speciation events. Conversely, when the place where the assembly happens is close to the coloniser source, several lineages should be able to emigrate and to build‐up the local community. Though this hypothesis seems quite intuitive, it is hard to find the good model system to test it. We focused on oceanic islands, as they are a system where the coloniser source and the local community are discrete entities. We compared spider communities of Pacific archipelagos (e.g. Hawaii) and of Indian Ocean archipelagos (e.g. the Mascarenes). These archipelagos are similar in ages and ecology but Hawaii is very remote whereas the Mascarenes are more connected. We reconstructed community phylogenies on both these archipelagos and showed that the diversification patterns followed the theoretical predictions. This is an example of how comparing patterns and processes of diversification between several archipelagos lead to a more global understanding of ecological community structuring. 1
Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Toulouse, France University of California, Berkeley, Essig Museum of Entomology and Environmental Science Policy, and Management, USA 2
Chan, Yvonne1, Toonen, Robert1, Longenecker, Kenneth2, Carlon, Dave3, and Hunt, Terry4 How many have been lost? Using modern and ancient genetic variation to infer demographic history and develop baselines for coral reef conservation and management Efforts to conserve and manage coral reefs hinge on the availability of scientific data evaluating their status and rates of change. This program examined modern genetic variation across the species range and ancient genetic variation from fish bones from two well‐
stratified archaeological excavations in the main Hawaiian Islands to track genetic diversity and infer demographic history in the endemic parrotfish Chlorurus perspicillatus. When developing population baselines, temporal data is often sparse or unavailable, leading scientists to use space as a proxy for time. However, with the global impacts of modern overfishing and climatic change, there are few places on earth not impacted by humans. The proximity of the 36 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) to the Main Hawaiian Islands provides a unique opportunity to validate temporal and spatial baseline estimates. The NWHI was used as a spatial baseline for comparison to the temporal ancient DNA baseline. Modern and ancient genetic variation can provide a unique long‐
term perspective from early human settlement to modern marine exploitation, directly measuring genetic diversity over hundreds of years and allowing a long‐
term assessment of the current extent of human impacts on coral reef ecosystems. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane`ohe, USA 2
Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA 3
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Zoology, Honolulu, USA 4
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Anthropology, Honolulu, USA Cibois, Alice1 Phylogenetic patterns of birds across the Pacific Ocean Deciphering the complexity of colonization over large distances and a multitude of islands requires comprehensive phylogenies for widely distributed taxa. In this context, birds (probably one of the best known groups of animals in the tropical Pacific) are ideal candidates for the study of insular colonization. Some of the seminal works on insular biogeography were indeed conducted on land birds, and several research programs on molecular phylogenies of Pacific birds have been initiated recently. After a brief introduction on the tropical Pacific avifauna and a review of the available phylogenies, the focus will be on four groups of land birds that are well diversified in the Pacific: swiftlets, fruit‐doves, monarchs and reed‐warblers. Their phylogenetic patterns were compared at the Pacific Ocean level, and second at the level of the remote archipelagos of eastern Polynesia. Although recent extinctions could sometime bias the phylogenetic pattern, it was found overall that these birds do not share a common colonization pattern, even for the two taxa that present similar life‐histories (the medium‐
sized, insectivorous, and territorial monarchs and reed‐
warblers). Their diversification across the Pacific led to diverse scenarios with multiple colonizations of remote archipelagos, several cases of reverse colonization from insular lineages to Australia, few support for the "progression rule" colonization of volcanic archipelagos, and many long distance colonizations. 1
Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland Clark, John R.1, Wagner, Warren L.2, and Roalson, Eric H.3 On the origin and diversification of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae): range expansions and contractions in a widely dispersed Pacific angiosperm genus With approximately 600 species, Cyrtandra is the largest genus in Gesneriaceae and occupies the greatest range for any genus in the family, extending throughout southeast Asia and into the Pacific. The Pacific clade is monophyletic and represents approximately half of all known species of Cyrtandra. Diverging approximately 20‐30 MYBP, the Pacific clade possibly originated within the New Guinea‐Solomon Islands region, with more recent divergence events taking place as the genus spread across the remote Pacific islands. Resolving the affinities among these closely related lineages has provided a framework to address broad‐scale patterns of lineage diversification and range expansion in the Pacific. Results from recent ancestral range and phylogenetic reconstructions of the genus are presented, including analyses of samples from the Solomon Islands. The Cyrtandra samoensis complex of species, once thought to represent as many as 10‐15 closely related species, is actually a group of phylogenetically disparate taxa with a common, "archetypal" morphology. This morphology may be conducive to a wider range of ecological conditions than other species of Cyrtandra and may prove more vagile than ecologically restricted or specialized species. This hypothesis is explored along with the idea that pulses in range expansion followed by range contractions have lead to the great range and high numbers of endemic species for this genus. 1
Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, CA and Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA, USA 2
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA 3
Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Clark, John R.1, Hein, Frank1, and Rosa, Carlos de la1 Santa Catalina Island ‐ past, present, and future study of a near‐continent island system Santa Catalina Island is one of the eight California Channel Islands, located approximately 35 km southwest of Los Angeles. At 194 km2, 88% of which is managed by the non‐profit land trust Catalina Island Conservancy, Santa Catalina is the third largest Channel Island and is the second tallest with an elevation of 639 meters. Mediterranean in climate, at least 8 defined 37 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author plant communities have been identified on the island, from coastal scrub, to oak woodlands, to open grasslands. There are over 400 species of plants native to the island and nearly 200 non‐native introductions. Only a few mammals are native to the island and include the Catalina Island fox, a ground squirrel, and a few other rodents. Birds are numerous and include an endemic subspecies of California quail and year‐round resident bald eagles. Various ungulates have been introduced to the island over the last 150 years and have been managed and/or removed from the island in recent times. These characteristics, combined with a diverse and long history of land use and recovery, make Santa Catalina Island a unique living laboratory for island‐based scientific research. The island is the most accessible of all the Channel Islands adding to the appeal of Santa Catalina as a long term research station. Past, present and future biogeographic studies are described here and opportunities for novel projects and immediate research opportunities are presented. Collaborations with the Catalina Island Conservancy are encouraged and contact and research goals are provided. 1
Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, CA, USA Cole, David M.1, Morden, Clifford W.1, and Farruggia, Frank T.2 Enlightening the relictual distribution and population genetic structure of Sesbania tomentosa Hook and Arn. with Hawaiian oral histories and place names Sesbania tomentosa (Fabaceae) is an endemic flowering plant primarily adapted to coastal strand and dry lowland habitat in the Hawaiian Islands, now extant in what are believed to be relicts of a formerly more widespread and contiguous range. Efforts have been made to delineate a number of distinct taxa from among the remaining populations. However, only one polymorphic entity was formally recognized in the latest treatment of Hawaiian flora. After herbarium records are exhausted, the potential extent of the pre‐historical occurrence of this species can be gleaned from Hawaiian mo'olelo (historical accounts) and place names. Many interesting notions emerge, such as the apparently common incidence of this plant (coinciding with related species in a well‐supported American/Pantropical clade) in and around wetland margins. In addition, the plant's known distribution would be pushed above 1000 m elevation and it would be found to thrive in more moist mesic lowland habitats than is realized at present. A multi‐dimensional molecular approach (nuclear sequences plus microsatellite DNA markers) was employed to investigate the population structure of Sesbania tomentosa at diverse scales of evolutionary analysis. This methodology revealed a striking contrast between the complete lack of gene sequence variation among the various morphotypes with a highly differentiated population structure of more rapidly evolving microsatellite DNA segments. The molecular data can be interpreted to support the hypothesis that distinctive‐appearing remnant populations of this highly polymorphic species have diverged at an accelerated rate due to human disturbance and habitat fragmentation within the larger context of the speciation process itself. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA University of Utah, Department of Biology, Salt Lake City, USA 2
Concepcion, Greg1 Phylogeography of Montipora capitata in the Hawaiian archipelago With a distribution encompassing both the Main Hawaiian Islands, and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Montipora capitata is one of the most successful reef building corals in the state of Hawaii in terms of both geographic distribution and relative abundance. Through the use of microsatellite markers, it was possible to infer geographical regions throughout the state of Hawaii that make dispersal to distant islands increasingly less likely. By employing non‐lethal sampling techniques, we collected samples (n = 560) from 11 islands/atolls along the archipelago in addition to Johnston Atoll. Analysis revealed that sexual reproduction is the major contributor to population structure, and dispersal is in fact quite limited. Most recruitment appears to be local, despite the potential for an extended >200 day pelagic larval duration. Several lines of evidence concurred with these findings that there are four main regional groupings of M. capitata in the state, one comprised of the Main Hawaiian Islands, one comprised of the northwestern‐
most Hawaiian Islands, and two groupings with less clear boundaries encompassing the middle of the chain and Johnston Atoll. 1
University of Maryland, College Park, USA 38 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Conklin, Eric1, Wiggins, Chad2, Giddens, Jonatha3, Friedlander, Alan4, and Birkeland, Charles5 Determining the effects of the introduced predatory grouper roi (Cephalopholis argus) on a native Hawaiian reef fish assemblage Introduced species have had community‐level effects on island ecosystems and the Hawaiian reef fish species assemblage is potentially vulnerable to the impacts of an alien predator. Previous studies show that roi (Cephalopholis argus), an introduced predatory grouper, consumes 8.2 million fish/year (93.7 metric tons) from the reefs on the Kona coast of the Big Island. Yet, recent studies also suggest that predation by roi has not produced a substantive effect on the community structure of the prey populations. The actual effects of predation by roi in West Hawai`i are being tested by working with a local Puako fishing community to experimentally remove roi from 3 acres of patch reef and monitoring potential changes in reef‐fish associations in areas with and without the predator. A Before‐After‐Control‐Impact strategy is used to assess changes in fish communities associated with the removal activities. At each site, visual fish transects are conducted for 4m X 25m with all fish identified to the species level and placed in size bins for total length (cm). The removal of roi is expected to have differential effects on reef‐fish populations according to size class. Larger (> 13‐15 cm) fishes are expected to show little change, while smaller fishes (<13‐15 cm) and competing predator species may exhibit an increase in abundance following the release from predation and competition after roi removal. This study evaluates if and to what extent predation by roi structures reef‐fish assemblages in West Hawai`i and assess management options for island coral reef ecosystem restoration. 1
The Nature Conservancy, Hawaii Marine Program, Honolulu, USA The Nature Conservancy, Waimea, Hawaii, USA 3
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science, USA 4
USGS Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 5
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Zoology, Honolulu, USA 2
Cooper, Idelle1 Ecology of sexual dimorphism within and between species of Hawaiian damselflies Sexual dimorphism may arise from habitat differences between the sexes. One such example is color dimorphism in the Hawaiian damselfly Megalagrion calliphya (Odonata), in which males occupy mating territory in open habitat and are red in hue, while females are typically in forested habitat and are green. There is an additional dimorphism in the females of this species, however, as females in high‐elevation, exposed populations are also red in hue. Individuals with redder pigmentation contain better antioxidants, which may be beneficial in open habitat by sequestering harmful free radicals produced by UV radiation. It was found that the correlation between open habitat and red hue within the sexes of M. calliphya extends also to species throughout the radiation. Mapping habitat type and hue onto the Megalagrion phylogeny indicates that habitat shifts to open habitat are associated with multiple shifts to red pigmentation. Although species are often limited to a single island or clustered group of islands, similar coloration evolved under similar ecological conditions throughout the phylogeny. 1
Michigan State University, Lansing, USA Costion, Craig1,2, Lorence, David3, and Acevedo, Pedro4 Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Micronesia and the dynamic theory of island biogeography Oceanic islands are hotbeds for evolutionary radiations and are well known to be prone to high rates of endemism. Small island endemic species are also especially vulnerable to extinction. Although this is widely accepted, to date many Pacific island archipelagos and nation states lack accurate and up to date checklists of endemic species. Results from the first complete checklist of endemic plant species for the Micronesia bioregion are presented with discussion on major lineage diversification patterns. The results show that previous estimates for the number of endemic species in the region were over‐estimated and emphasize the essential and often over‐looked role of taxonomy and up to date checklists for conservation in the Pacific. Preliminary data are also presented from a current study that uses this checklist to better understand the historical bio‐geography of the region. Can the dynamic theory of island biogeography explain the patterns of diversity and endemism in Micronesia? This theory has shown a direct correlation between the diversity of endemic species on islands and geological age proportional to the island’s size and topographic complexity. This theory is being tested for the hotspot island chain of the Eastern Carolines and for the island arc archipelagos of the Marianas and the Western Carolines. Since all studies to date have only tested this theory on hotspot islands derived from oceanic mantle 39 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author plumes, the data from this study are compared to a separate island arc system from the Caribbean to test the robustness of the theory on island arcs formed by subduction. 1
Australian Tropical Herbarium, Cairns, Australia University of Adelaide, Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, SA, Australia 3
National Tropical Botanic Garden, Kalaheo, HI, USA 2
Cotoras, Darko1, Casquet, Juliane2, and Gillespie, Rosemary3 Diversification patterns of Tetragnatha spiders in remote archipelagos on the Pacific Ocean Archipelagos provide unique model systems to test hypotheses about how diversification patterns are impacted by contrasting geographical context. Spiders in the genus Tetragnatha (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) have colonized independently many archipelagos in the Pacific Ocean. Every archipelago provides different conditions of isolation, area, altitude or stages in the geologic history. Hawaii represents the extreme with a large proportion of endemic species due to adaptive radiation. In contrast, the islands of the West Pacific generally have more widespread species. As an intermediate case are the Society Islands and Marquesas with some archipelago and island endemics. What is the diversification model that best describes the evolution of Tetragnatha spiders in the Pacific Ocean? To start answering this question a Bayesian tree based on a mitochondrial sequence (COI) was produced. Then, BEAST was used to generate an ultrametric tree which was time calibrated with a 22.8‐34 MY old tetragnathine fossil from the Florissant fossil beds in Colorado. With a minimal lineages‐through‐time plot the relation between the origin of the different islands and the speciation events was illustrated. Finally, different diversification models were tested against the whole phylogeny and small monophyletic clades. While incomplete taxon sampling could generate apparent extinction, the preliminary results provide important insights into the diversification patterns within this area. The hope is to improve the resolution of the phylogeny with a more complete taxon sampling including the West Pacific and Southeast Asia. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Integrative Biology Department, USA 2
Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Laboratoire, Evolution et Diversité Biologique, France 3
University of California, Berkeley, Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA DiBattista, Joseph D.1, Craig, Matthew T.2, Rocha, Luiz A.3, Feldheim, Kevin A.4, and Bowen, Brian W.1 Phylogeographic patterns in two related Indo‐Pacific butterflyfish, Chaetodon meyeri and Chaetodon ornatissimus, reveal insights into evolutionary history Speciation is a particularly relevant topic for the study of coral reef fishes given their high biodiversity and the abundance of closely‐related taxa with sympatric distributions. This research focuses on two Indo‐Pacific reef fish species, the ornate butterflyfish (Chaetodon ornatissimus) and the scrawled butterflyfish (Chaetodon meyeri), which are sister taxa that have similar morphology, life‐history characteristics, dispersal potential, habitat preferences, and are known to hybridize at specific sites of overlap in the eastern Indian Ocean. To investigate the influence of shared history and biogeographic barriers on these two species, mtDNA cytochrome b sequences and 10 microsatellite loci were surveyed from locations across the Indo‐Pacific region; N = 296 and N = 134 for C. ornatissimus and C. meyeri, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance based on both sets of molecular markers revealed little or no genetic structure for C. meyeri, but moderate structuring for C. ornatissimus. Statistical parsimony haplotype networks and Bayesian clustering analyses were also consistent with a scenario of minimal genetic differentiation among sampling sites for C. meyeri, but highlighted discrete groups (with some admixture) for C. ornatissimus: 1) Indian Ocean and western Pacific sites, 2) Central Pacific sites, and 3) all Hawaiian sites. Moreover, coalescence time estimates indicate much older population expansion events in C. ornatissimus versus C. meyeri. Thus, despite similarities in ecology, morphology, life history, and distribution, these closely related species have divergent patterns of dispersal and corresponding evolutionary history. 1
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane`ohe, HI, USA
2
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 3
University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA 4
The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA Drake, D.1, Young, L.2, VanderWerf, E.2, and Morden, C. 1 Relationships among substrate, seabirds, and vege‐
tation in a recovering Hawaiian ecosystem Ka`ena Point is a 16 ha coastal ecosystem at the northwest tip of O`ahu, Hawaii. Along a gradient from land to sea, the substrate shifts from basalt boulders to 40 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author volcanic soil to sand dunes, and exposure to salt‐laden sea spray increases. The vegetation is a patchwork of shrubland and grassland communities composed of 47 plant species ranging from endangered endemics to invasive aliens. Since off‐road vehicles were excluded in 1989 and predator control and vegetation management began in 1992, this ecosystem has recovered dramatically. The vegetation has regenerated and breeding populations of wedge‐tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus; ca. 3000 pairs) and Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis; ca. 65 pairs) have recolonized. To examine relationships among the physical environment, plants, and seabirds, substrate type, plant cover, and shearwater burrow density in 52 plots across the site was quantified. Plant community composition is strongly related to seaward‐landward gradients in substrate and exposure, and dominance shifts from alien to native species as distance from the north‐facing shore increases. Shearwater burrows are concentrated in sand and soil substrates. Burrow density is positively correlated with total native plant cover but not total alien plant cover, though some invasive alien species (e.g., Atriplex semibaccata) are associated with burrows. The construction of a mammal‐proof fence and eradication of invasive mammals in 2011 should further enhance recovery of the flora and fauna. Research on interactions among seabirds, plants, and other biota will help ensure that management maximizes recovery of all native components of the ecosystem. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA Pacific Rim Conservation, Honolulu, HI, USA 2
Duffy, David Cameron1 The state of conservation in Hawaii and the Pacific: two steps forward, three steps back? The Pacific Islands have been textbook examples of ecological disaster. Past settlement by Polynesians, Europeans, and others brought massive habitat damage and successive waves of alien species that devastated native ecosystems. The present pace of destruction has slowed, if only because less is left, but alien species continue to arrive and human population increase continues to reduce habitat. New ecosystems have been created that are an amalgamation of new and surviving native species. For future climate change there is an inexorable asymmetry such that small island states can do some things to ameliorate the symptoms, but are powerless to affect the ultimate outcomes of sea level rise, weather changes, and ocean acidification. This seemingly bleak reality has not deterred a suite of conservation actions across the Pacific. The creation and maintenance of parks and marine protected areas continues, as does the inventory of biodiversity "hotspots", rare species and significant ecological processes. Networks and cooperative groups have formed to exchange information and to attack the invasive alien species problem, both within countries and across international boundaries. Conservation efforts for individual species are numerous and growing. Unfortunately, significant challenges and shortcomings remain. Effective quarantine efforts are almost non‐
existent. Funding shortfalls have limited programs and now threaten to cripple them. Strategic plans are frequent; logistic planning remains rare. Finally scientists and managers too often live in different worlds. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA Duffy, Deidre1 and Lepczyk, Christopher1 The historical ecology of game species introductions in Hawaii The historical ecology of an area can be best understood from a biocultural perspective in which culture and ecosystems are interrelated and interdependent. We Such a perspective was used to investigate the effects of socioeconomic, political, and cultural viewpoints on the intentional introduction of at least 72 game species to Hawaii over the past 230 years. Historical records of game species introductions and inter‐island translocations were compared with historical events since European contact (1778). Changes in public opinion toward game shifted according to the prevailing cultural climate of the time, corresponding with historical periods that can be demarcated by 5 major political events: European contact (1778), the Kingdom of Hawaii (1819), the Territory of Hawaii (1898), the end of World War II (1945), and the Endangered Species Act (1973). In Hawaii, environmental management approaches have been integrated with changing cultural values, and the resultant game management policies have reflected shifting views of game species from valuable food sources to recreational sport to ecological nuisance. Such recognition of the interrelationship between politics, economics, and the environment allows us to better utilize past lessons to bring about future change by encouraging resource managers to consider cultural factors when formulating effective present and future management goals. 41 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Honolulu, USA Ewing, Curtis1 Biogeography, speciation, and host plant use among a monophyletic group of Cillaeine Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in French Polynesia Native cillaeine sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Cillaeinae) are known from across the South Pacific and the six high Hawaiian Islands. There are 16 species endemic to French Polynesia, with 15 endemic to the Marquesas and one from the Society Islands endemic to Tahiti. In The Marquesas species are known from Nuku Hiva (6 spp.), Ua Huka (1 sp.), Ua Pou (2 spp.), Hiva Oa (6 spp.), and Tahuata (1 sp., also found on Hiva Oa), all from high elevation wet and cloud forest environments. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of cox1 and 28s, and morphology, support monophyly for the 16 species. Dating of nodes suggests the Tahiti species diverged prior to the emergence of Tahiti, though no species are known from the older Society Islands. All 28 Tahiti specimens sequenced for COX1 have a unique haplotype suggesting either rapid divergence or ancient colonization. Tests for population structure based on host and geography show little structure. Diversification in the Marquesas is a combination of between and within island speciation events. Speciation rate, morphological diversity, and host plant utilization of the Marquesan species is compared with the Hawaiian cillaeine Nitidulidae. Decaying stipes of tree ferns in the genus Cyathea are the primary host in the Marquesas, with all but one species most commonly collected in this environment. When these species coexist geographically they have nearly all been found together within a single stipe. Morphological characters mapped onto the molecular phylogentic hypothesis explore possible correlations between putative sympatric speciation events and relative morphological divergence. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Policy, and Management, USA Faucci, Anuschka1, Toonen, Robert J.2, and Hadfield, Michael G.3 Land and sea: patterns of phylogeography in six species of vermetid gastropods across the Hawaiian archipelago resemble those of terrestrial animals The phylogeographic patterns of six species of vermetid gastropods (Dendropoma gregaria, D. meroclista, D. platypus, D. rhyssoconcha, Petaloconchus keenae, and Serpulorbis variabilis) from 16 islands and atolls across the Hawaiian Archipelago were assessed using cytochrome oxidase I. Haplotype diversity within a species was generally high (0.637‐0.993), with 81‐97% of all haplotypes restricted to a single sampling site. Population‐genetic analyses revealed that populations of vermetids are highly structured (pairwise ?ST = 0.168 ‐ 0.946), and that there is a remarkable overlap of general patterns of population connectivity across species despite differences in larval dispersal potential. Strong barriers were found to gene flow between islands and even within multiple populations around the islands of O`ahu and Hawai`i (pairwise ?ST = 0.484‐
0.945). The general pattern of high overall haplotype diversity, large number of island and locality haplotypes, and weak to no evidence for isolation by distance seen in vermetids is more similar to that of terrestrial animals, such as tree snails, than to most marine species studied to date. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Biology, Honolulu, USA University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane`ohe, USA 3
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Honolulu, USA 2
Fernandez‐Silva, Iria1, Andrews, Kim R.1, Snelgrove, Brent N.1, Toonen, Robert J.1, and Bowen, Brian W.1 Towards ecosystem‐based management in Hawaii: insights into genetic connectivity of two shallow water goatfishes and two deep water snappers across the archipelago Patterns of biological connectivity can aid in determining the geographic scale at which to apply ecosystem‐based management. Here we investigate the connectivity of two shallow water goatfishes, weke`ula (Mulloidichthys vanicolensis) and weke`ula (M. flavolineatus), and two deep water snappers, onaga (Etelis coruscans) and ehu (E. carbunculus), across the Hawaiian Archipelago and Johnston Atoll by genetic analyses with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytb gene sequences. The development of microsatellite markers 42 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author are presented for weke species using high throughput sequencing technologies. The results of the analysis of the genetic structure are discussed with simulated larval dispersal patterns. Differences are shown between observed patterns of connectivity and those observed in several taxonomically and ecologically diverse species, which show prevalent high connectivity across the Hawaiian Archipelago and genetically distinct populations and higher diversity in the mid‐archipleago. The integration of multiscale connectivity patterns into marine resource planning for the preservation of functionally diverse communities will help ensure long‐
term ecosystem stability. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Kane`ohe, USA Filardi, Christopher E.1 and Weeks, Brian1 Pan‐Pacific evolutionary scale, regional policy, and meeting the challenges of local conservation action in the Solomon Islands Terrestrial conservation priorities across the insular Pacific tend to be driven by extreme patterns of endemism and endangerment at local scales. Despite this, recent evolutionary work is increasingly revealing evolutionary scales in the Pacific that are regional or pan‐Pacific in scale. If conserving evolutionary potential is a part of the goal of conservation in the Pacific, regional policy and local action need to reflect both local patterns of diversity and our growing sense of the scale of broader evolutionary processes. Here are summarized the implications of evolutionary work on several bird lineages for conservation practice and investment. Examples from our work identifying Important Bird Areas in the Solomon Islands, are presented to illustrate how these new evolutionary perspectives are influencing priority setting at regional and local levels. We then discuss our approach to designing and implementing protected areas within customary land in direct partnership with indigenous landholding communities as well as government ministries with statutory obligations to steward national action to conserve biodiversity. The challenges, failures, and nascent progress of this work provides guidance for achieving lasting conservation impact on both human and evolutionary dimensions of the social endeavor of conserving the remarkable, and globally significant, biological diversity of the insular Pacific. 1
American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA Fleischer, Robert C.1, Lerner, Heather R. L.1, Sonsthagen, S. A.1, and James, Helen F.2 Songbird radiations on the Hawaiian conveyor belt The serial formation of volcanic islands that occurs when drifting tectonic plates move over stationary hotspots, as exemplified by the Hawaiian chain, can provide a useful system for estimating evolutionary rates. Assessment of phylogenies of taxa inhabiting conveyor belt archipelagos may also help to identify the factors driving adaptive radiations in land‐dwelling organisms. DNA analyses of three songbird radiations in the Hawaiian Islands were used to reconstruct phylogenies of these groups within the archipelago, and to identify their closest mainland relatives. Ages of main islands, under a set of assumptions, enabled calibration of rates of DNA sequence evolution for each radiation. Rates across the three songbird groups are similar, and when applied to nodes within each radiation, provide estimates of the timeframe for separation from closest mainland relatives and for the radiation within the Hawaiian Islands. Assessment of the patterns and timing of cladogenic events within the largest songbird radiation, the Hawaiian honeycreepers, enables inference about the role of island formation in stimulating morphological and species diversification. In addition, possible reasons for the very different rates of morphological diversification and speciation across the three songbird lineages, such as differential morphological lability, life history characteristics, and resource specialization, are explored. 1
Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA 2
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Birds, Washington, DC, USA Forsman, Zac H.1 and Toonen, Robert J.1 Hawaiian coral species complexes: ecological variation or endangered species? Molecular evolutionary studies have clearly demonstrated that appearances can be surprisingly deceiving when it comes to the current classification system of reef building coral, which is based on relatively few available skeletal morphological characters that are known to be highly variable. Evolutionary studies on reef building coral are increasingly finding examples of cryptic taxa, polyphyletic groups, and unresolved complexes of very closely related species. It is not yet clear if these 43 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author species complexes represent intraspecific variation, hybrid swarms, or simply a lack of phylogenetic resolution due to slowly evolving mitochondrial markers. This represents significant conservation problem since there are unique and rare varieties of Hawaiian corals that are members of more broadly distributed species complexes. Some of these rare varieties have recently been petitioned for listing under the US Endangered Species Act, and little is known about the distribution of newly discovered cryptic taxa. Since Hawaii is one of the most isolated archipelagos in the world, it also presents a unique opportunity to examine isolation and evolution of reef building coral. Several recent studies and ongoing efforts to understand the unique biodiversity of corals in the Hawaiian Archepellago are reviewed here. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane`ohe, USA Funk, V.A.1, Frew, E.2, Johnson, G.3, Knope, M.4, Bonifacino, M.5, Crawford, D.6, Ganders, F.7, Lorence, D.8, Meyer, J‐Y9, and Wagner,W.L.1 Biogeographic patterns in Pacific Bidens The genus Bidens (Compositae or Asteraceae: Coreopsideae) has over 200 species and includes one or more radiations in Pacific Oceanea. Most species are from Hawaii or French Polynesia but a few other species are scattered about in other parts of the Australasia – Pacific region. Over one hundred samples from the Bidens and related genera of the Coreopsideae have been chosen for testing using specific nuclear and chloroplast markers. Specifically, ITS, ETS, rpl132trnL, psbA, and trnQrps6 regions were used; some of the sequences were from previous studies but much of the data were generated for this study. Do all of the Bidens found in the Pacific region form a monophyletic group? Yes and No. It appears that all species from the Hawaiian Islands, the Marquesas, and the Society Islands form monophyletic group although relationships among the species found on each islands are still under investigation. But species from Australia and the Line Islands are from independent lineages within the genus. Where are the closest relatives of the Bidens in the Pacific region? Previous work indicated that Bidens from western North America might be the closest relatives for the Hawaiian species and this is supported by this research although it is equivocal at this point and work is ongoing. 1
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA 2
University of the District of Colombia, Washington, USA 3
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Laboratory of Analytical Biology, Washington, DC, USA 4
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA 5
Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay 6
University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA 7
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 8
National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, USA 9
Government of French Polynesia, Research Department, Papeete, Tahiti Gallaher, Timothy1, Keeley, Sterling1, Callmander, Martin2, and Buerki, Sven3 Exploring the evolutionary history of Pandanus The genus Pandanus (Pandanaceae) consists of over 600 species found in the paleotropics from Africa to Polynesia. Based on morphology, species have been classified into 9 subgenera and 67 sections however relationships among sections and subgenera, remain poorly understood. As a result, our ability to infer evolutionary processes and biogeographic patterns has been limited. Chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data were used to reconstruct the first molecular phylogeny of Pandanus. Results support a monophyletic Pandanus with Freycinetia as its sister genus. Relationships among Pandanus subgenera reveal a complex history which can best be explained by a combination of vicariance and long distance dispersal. Results indicate three early diverging clades: (1) subgenus Martellidendron of Madagascar, (2) subgenus Acrostigma of South Asia and the Western Pacific, and (3) a clade consisting of the remaining seven subgenera primarily centered on continental islands of the Western Pacific. Within this last group two subgenera achieve a wider distribution, subgenus Vinsonia, found exclusively in the Indian Ocean, is closely related to subgenus Pandanus, which has its center of diversity in the Pacific. This close relationship among these subgenera suggests a single origin for ocean dispersal followed by a geographical split between ocean basins. Furthermore, the widespread coastal species of subgenus Pandanus are associated with several inland insular species radiations. Work is ongoing to investigate relationships among coastal and inland species to test the hypothesis that one or a few widespread coastal taxa have given rise to independent species radiations into inland insular habitats across the Pacific. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA and Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland 3
Royal Botanic Gardens, Jodrell Laboratory, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK 2
44 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Gillespie, Rosemary G.1, Baldwin, Bruce G.2, and Roderick, George K.3 Long‐distance dispersal – a framework for hypothesis testing Testing hypotheses about the bio‐geographical consequences of long‐distance dispersal has long eluded biologists. However, although a single rare long‐
distance dispersal event is impossible to predict, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in long‐
distance dispersal can lend predictability to the process; to this end, insights into long‐distance dispersal require integration across the fields of ecology, biogeography, paleontology, and genetics, together with geology, oceanography, and climatology. Here data are examined for the Pacific to show that knowledge of dispersal modes, the natural environment, and the biology of the organisms can be used to generate predictions about dispersal processes. Such predictions can indicate the likely origin, frequency of arrival, and location of establishment of dispersed organisms, as well as subsequent patterns of endemism and diversification on remote islands. In particular, our broad predictions distinguish among taxa that are dispersed by wind, birds, and oceanic drift or rafting. Organisms dispersed by: (1) wind, are predicted to follow storm trajectories to colonize remote archipelagoes independently from a mainland source, establishing in a location that most closely matches the source environment; (2) bird vectors, have similar predictions except they will show a tendency to follow bird migratory routes; and (3) oceanic drift or rafting, are predicted to colonize archipelagoes in a stepping stone manner from the next closest islands, establishing in littoral zones. These predictions are increasingly supported by phylogenetic, climatic, and geological data. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Essig Museum of Entomology and Environmental Science Policy, and Management, USA 2
University of California, Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, USA 3
University of California, Berkeley, Department Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA Gon III, Samuel M. 'Ohukani'ohi'a1 Determining the pre‐contact Hawaiian footprint on native ecosystems: modeling and traditional knowledge united The history of Hawaiian biodiversity has seen losses and changes as a result of the presence of people and their biological introductions. For the first 800 years of human presence in the archipelago changes to native ecosystems resulted from increasingly intensive agriculture in wet and mesic lowland and montane settings, coupled with the effects of hundreds of thousands of Hawaiians engaged in all activities of a thriving Polynesian culture prior to 1778. Using geospatial modeling and traditional sources describing wahi pana (notable sites), alahele (trails), kulana kauhale (places of residence), heiau (temple sites) and other traditional areas of frequent use, the areas of ecosystem displacement and direct change were modeled for the island of O`ahu. The longer term goal is to provide a geospatial history of land use and change in the Hawaiian Islands, with milestones including the pre‐
contact Hawaiian footprint, the era of widespread sugar and pineapple agriculture, the spread of introduced ungulates, and other major contributors to the current patterns of ecosystem loss and remaining biological diversity. 1
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA Goodman, Kari Roesch1,2 and Roderick, George K.1 Rapid divergence and diversification in Hawaiian Nesosydne planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Adaptive radiations provide exceptional opportunities for understanding the processes involved in the formation of species. Despite observations of ecological diversification from classic radiations representing a variety of taxonomic groups, it is difficult to pinpoint the initial causes of divergence. A species‐rich lineage of ecologically diversified planthoppers in the Hawaiian Islands, Nesosydne (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) was selected for study. In order to examine factors promoting divergence and diversification, an integrative approach was used, combining methods from evolutionary genetics and animal communication to address whether, in the species N. chambersi: a) genetic divergence is related to host use or geography in the early stages of radiation, b) ecological specialization precedes diver‐gence in sexual signal traits, and c) divergence in signal traits is associated with the maintenance of reproductive isolation. It was found that this species first rapidly fractures into multiple genetic pools under the influence of geographic isolation. Sexual signals then shift in association with reproductive isolation. The formation of multiple isolated genetic pools seems to result in a set of incipient species that are primed to radiate given the appropriate conditions – but ecological forces are not responsible for the initial divergence. This radiation represents an unusually clear case study in which the initial divergence within species 45 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author is decoupled from the ecological diversification observed across the lineage. The Hawaiian Nesosydne offer a window into the enigmatic early phase of radiation. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA 2
Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA Guitard, Michelle1 and Colbert, Steven1 Indicators of a changing environment: a study of microfossil assemblage in Hilo Bay, Hawai`i The assemblage of plankton that thrives in an ecosystem depends on the physical and chemical environment. The sensitivity of plankton to alterations, whether natural or anthropogenic, makes them good indicators of oceanographic conditions. Microfossils silicoflagellates, (foraminiferans, dinoflagellates, radiolarians, pteropods, and ostracods) in sediments from Hilo Bay, Hawai`i, provided a record of environmental change within the embayment. Hilo Bay can be divided into an East section, dominated by runoff from the groundwater‐fed Wailoa River, and West section, which is influenced by the Wailuku River. Based on 25 years of water quality data, there is a persistent difference between the East and West sections, including nitrate+nitrite, salinity and pH. Microfossil assemblages in surface sediments from the East and West sections had significantly different planktonic abundance, diversity, and evenness, indicating that different environmental conditions support unique planktonic assemblages. A cluster analysis displayed a clear separation of East and West assemblages. Microfossil assemblages were analyzed from a 44cm long core collected near the center of the Bay and compared to the surface sediment assemblages. Downcore, there was transition from East assemblages to West assemblages. Changes in the assemblages suggest a change in environmental conditions near the center of the bay during the last few decades. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Marine Science Department, USA Helgen, Lauren E.1, Novotny, Vojtech2, Weiblen, George D.3, and Miller, Scott E.1 Patterns of diversity in Papua New Guinea Lepidoptera New Guinea is the largest and most biodiverse of the Pacific islands. This diversity is typical of a large rainforest but the challenge remains in describing and explaining the many different patterns of diversity throughout the island. It has been shown that beta diversity in lowland Lepidoptera is relatively low and host plant specificity or distance between populations has little influence on patterns of diversity when looking at many taxa. Preliminary results have shown that elevation may be one of the key drivers of beta diversity in the Lepidoptera of Papua New Guinea. Results from many more taxa that support this hypothesis are presented. 1
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, Washington, DC, USA 2
Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic 3
University of Minnesota, Plant Biology Department, St. Paul, USA Helgen, Kristofer M.1 The unknown continent: mammal diversity east of the Wallace Line Native mammal assemblages distributed east of the ‘Wallace Line’, from Sulawesi to Micronesia/Polynesia, most notably including the continental biota represented within Australia + New Guinea, are by far more poorly characterized taxonomically than any other comparable region worldwide. The number of mammal taxonomists actively publishing on faunas spanning this insular and continental expanse has always been relatively small, and is currently extremely small. New fieldwork and ongoing study of museum specimens indicates that true mammalian species‐level diversity in the region may easily be underestimated by one half. Some of the most striking discoveries in recent years that highlight this historical inattention to regional biological diversity include the realization that 5 biological species of marsupial occur in Sulawesi (rather than the two species recognized since the time of Darwin and Wallace); that the largest rodent in Australia actually represents two species that occur sympatrically; that all three living monotreme genera occurred in Australia until the 20th century; that many of the world’s largest bats represented in museum collections do not have scientific names; that entirely uncharacterized mammalian genera continue to be uncovered in new fieldwork and museum comparisons; and that recent extinctions have been much more drastic than previously appreciated. The true extent of this lack of taxonomic understanding is not widely appreciated, especially with respect to the Australian fauna, but its impacts are broadly felt, obscuring accurate appraisals of biological diversity, species distributions, ecological interactions, and environmental 46 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author change, as well as wildlife management goals, conservation targets, and protected area priorities. 1
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Division of Mammals, Washington, DC, USA Hembry, David H.1, Kawakita, Atsushi2, Gurr, Neil E.3, Schmaedick, Mark A.3, Baldwin, Bruce G.1, and Gillespie, Rosemary1 Multiple non‐congruent colonizations of southeastern Polynesia by a specialized insect‐plant mutualism (Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion; Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) Oceanic islands offer unique natural experiments for the use of comparative phylogeography to examine codiversification of intimately associated taxa. Here are examined the co‐radiation of Glochidion trees (Phyllanthaceae) and their pollinating seed‐predatory Epicephala moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Southeastern Polynesia (Cook Islands and French Polynesia; SEP) with extensive outgroup sampling from the west Pacific and Asia. The 25 described species of Glochidion represent one of the largest SEP endemic plant radiations. Both Glochidion and Epicephala have successfully colonized SEP, but not congruently; e.g., two colonizations of Epicephala are associated with a single colonization of Glochidion. Critically endangered G. wilderi on Mangareva (Gambier Islands) represents a separate colonization from the rest of SEP Glochidion. There is evidence that a single, widespread morphospecies of Epicephala is associated with 12 species of Glochidion in the Societies, Australs, and Cooks; this may represent a recent host shift of the type that have been hypothesized for similar systems on continents. Preliminary data are presented examining the phylogeography of Diphtheroptila moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) which mine Glochidion leaves, and on the network structure of Glochidion‐
Epicephala trophic interactions on three Society Islands (Tahiti, Mo`orea, Huahine). These results are in contrast to the paradigm that taxa with highly specialized biotic interactions should be unable to colonize oceanic islands, but add to the list of examples of taxa that have been found to have colonized the remote Pacific multiple times. They also shed light on the origins and diversification of the Southeastern Polynesian endemic biota. 1
University of California, Berkeley, USA Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 3
American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa 2
Herman, Douglas1 Indigenous GEO: new tools for approaching biodiversity and climate change in indigenous settings How do indigenous knowledge systems understand and interpret ecosystems and biodiversity? How can Western science engage with indigenous knowledge in ways that are mutually productive? This presentation will discuss a new Smithsonian Institution project, indigenous GEO, that combines the collection and presentation of indigenous environmental knowledge in combination with the long‐term environmental data collecting tools. Indigenous GEO is based on the concepts and techniques found in the Indigenous Geography project at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian and on the Pacific Worlds Indigenous Geography project, and combines them with the methodology of the Smithsonian Global Earth Observatory. The paper will discuss the implications and potential applications of this new project to the study of biodiversity and climate change in the Pacific from both Western and indigenous perspectives. This presentation serves as a pointer towards a future symposium on indigenous approaches to Environmental Conservation in Pacific Islands. 1
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, DC, USA Hogan, J.D.1, Walter, R.P.2, Gagne, R.B.3, Blum, M.J.3, Lindstrom, D.P.4, and Gilliam, J.F.5 Broad‐ and fine‐scale population differentiation in Awaous guamensis Freshwater fishes occurring on disparate oceanic islands are expected to show elevated levels of genetic divergence and diversification given large oceanographic distances among islands effectively isolating populations. For amphidromous species, such as Awaous guamensis, oceanic larval dispersal can act as an important mechanism for replenishing isolated stream populations and provides the opportunity for considerable gene flow. Here both broad‐ and fine‐scale population structure of A. guamensis are investigated. Using both morphological and genetic analyses evidence of distinct evolutionary lineages between Hawaii and Guam is presented. Furthermore, fine‐scale genetic analyses of populations within the main Hawaiian islands indicates that there are at least two discreet populations across the archipelago. These results are put in the context of connectivity among populations of marine species in Hawaii and the 47 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author implications for management and conservation are discussed. 1
University Wisconsin, Madison, USA North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA 3
Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA 4
University of Guam, Department of Biology, Mangilao 5
North Carolina State University 2
Hughes, R. Flint1 and Togia, Tavita P.2 Effective control of Falcataria moluccana in American Samoa: the luxury of managing invasive species in concert with ecological processes Invasive species are among the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Unfortunately, meaningful control of invasive species is often difficult. Here, results concerning the effects of invasion by the non‐native, N2‐fixing tree, Falcataria moluccana, on native‐
dominated forests of American Samoa and the response of invaded forests to its removal are presented. While total biomass of intact native forests and those invaded by F. moluccana did not differ significantly, most of the biomass of invaded forests was accounted for by F. moluccana, and native tree biomass was greater in intact native forests. Native tree biomass following removal of F. moluccana accumulated rapidly, recovering to levels of intact native forest within eight years. Native trees exhibiting early successional traits accounted for a large portion of biomass in these forests where frequent large‐scale disturbances (i.e., tropical cyclones) are a salient feature. It is likely that this is the single most important reason why F. moluccana removal is a successful management strategy; once F. moluccana is removed, native tree species are able to grow rapidly, exploiting the legacy of increased available soil N and available sunlight. Although F. moluccana is a daunting invasive species, it exhibits characteristics that make it vulnerable to successful control: it is easily killed by girdling or herbicides, and its seeds and seedlings do not tolerate shade. These characteristics, combined with the equally important capacity for rapid growth exhibited by many of Samoa’s native trees, provide conditions and opportunities for successful, long‐term control of F. moluccana across forested landscapes of American Samoa. 1
USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Hilo, HI, USA National Park of American Samoa 2
James, Shelley A.1 and Allison, Allen1 Information infrastructure for advancing conservation in Melanesia The islands of Melanesia, consisting of the countries and territories of Fiji, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and the Indonesian provinces of Papua and Papua Barat, comprise more than 95% of the land area of the tropical Pacific Basin and are host to most of the region’s biodiversity. Melanesian biodiversity greatly exceeds that of North America and rivals that of the Amazon Basin, containing some 10% of the world’s species. The region is expected to be heavily impacted by global climate change, including temperature and precipitation changes, ocean acidification, and sea level rise. Although these impacts are well understood at the global level, they remain poorly understood at the regional level and impossible to accurately predict at finer scales. In addition, ~40% of the Melanesian biota has yet to be scientifically named and the geographic ranges of most species remain unknown, making the region one of the most poorly documented biodiversity hotspots on Earth. Although it will take many decades to fully document the biodiversity of the Melanesian region, data from scientific literature, museum collections, and internet archives are being incorporated into state‐of‐the‐art information infra‐structure, making it available to conservation and spatial planners in Melanesia, and enabling effective on‐the‐ground conservation action. A downscaled regional climate model is being developed that is linked to locally‐generated climate data and projections of change to coupled human‐natural systems. The elements of this project are integrated in a way that will help support larger climate change mitigation and conservation efforts in Melanesia. 1
Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA James, Helen F.1, Wagner, Warren L.2, and Fleischer, Robert C.3 Tracing the evolutionary history of ecological interactions between species Ecological interactions between species are important in the process of community assembly. Although it can be easy to observe modern ecological interactions, it has been difficult to trace their history on an evolutionary timescale. Consequently, an understanding of how species interactions have influenced the diversification of lineages and the assembly of endemic island communities has been elusive. As an example, an 48 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author endemic island finch may feed almost exclusively on the seeds of a particular tree, but did it evolve its morphological specializations in response to the arrival of that tree species on the landscape? Alternatively, perhaps the finch shifted its food preference when the tree arrived and became abundant. Rate‐calibrated molecular phylogenies and phyogeographic data are making it more feasible to study the evolutionary history of ecological traits, and consequently of ecological interactions between endemic island species. For example, the phylogeography of `ohia, the important Hawaiian nectar tree (Metrosideros spp.), and the phylogenies of its avian pollinators, point to a relatively deep history for this particular interaction in the archipelago. Hypotheses can be posed about the timing of dispersal of other ecologically important tree species in the Hawaiian Islands based on rate‐calibrated phylogenies for the endemic birds that appear specialized to feed on them. Testing such hypotheses can shed light on whether the species interactions we observe in modern ecosystems reflect ecological as opposed to evolutionary associations. 1
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Birds, Washington, DC, USA 2
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA 3
Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA Jarvi, Susan I.1, Farias, Margaret E.M.1, and Atkinson, Carter T.2 Co‐evolution, co‐infection, and pathogen diversity in the Hawaiian avian disease system The introduction of the mosquito vector (Culex quinquefasciatus) to Maui in 1826 allowed the natural transmission of Plasmodium relictum and Avipoxvirus to native Hawaiian forest birds. Prevalence of Avipoxvirus (based only on records of pox‐like lesions) is generally lower than malaria, ranging from 5‐15% in native species and generally <5% in non‐native passerines while prevalence of P. relictum can exceed 80% in some low elevation populations. The data document the presence of both mixed genotype infections of single pathogen species, and also co‐infection with both pathogens infecting a single host. Co‐infection with Avipoxvirus and chronic malarial infection occurs more frequently than expected by chance, suggesting that the two diseases interact with each other. In a preliminary study, the prevalence of mixed Plasmodium infections (based on the trap gene) and average trap complexity of groups of birds either co‐infected with P. relictum and Avipoxvirus or infected with P. relictum alone are analyzed. Overall, Plasmodium diversity appears greater in hosts co‐infected with both Avipoxvirus and Plasmodium than in those infected only with Plasmodium. Differences in Plasmodium diversity due to co‐infection appear to be related to species, age, and level of mosquito transmission (site). The roles of differential mortality, transmission and recovery rates of the two diseases in this interaction have yet to be determined. The potential immunosuppressive effect of Avipoxvirus on the host immune system may reduce selective pressure on P. relictum and thus modulate host‐parasite co‐evolution. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA 2
United States Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystem Research Center, Hawaii National Park, USA Johnson, Melissa1 and Stacy, Elizabeth A.2 Long distance makes it easy to drift apart: the roles of geographic isolation and reinforcement in the evolution of reproductive barriers within Hawaiian Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) Cyrtandra is the second largest genus in the Hawaiian angiosperm flora with 58 morphologically diverse species occurring throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. Despite the group’s tremendous species richness and its predominance in the understory of Hawaii’s wet forests, the causes of its diversification remain unknown. Species of Hawaiian Cyrtandra occupy similar ecological habitats, have similar floral morphology, and exhibit overlap in flowering times, suggesting the group’s initial divergence was likely not in response to divergent selection. Rather, speciation within this group appears to be the result of geographic isolation following founder events, with associated morphological divergence driven by genetic drift in small populations, and pre‐zygotic reproductive barriers evolving via reinforcement in sympatry. To assess the importance of geographic isolation and reinforcement in the evolution of reproductive barriers, hand‐
pollinations were performed within and between four species of Cyrtandra located on Kaua`i and Hawai`i Islands. The strength of reproductive isolation was assessed for each cross type at several post‐pollination pre‐zygotic and post‐zygotic stages. Also, flowering phenology was recorded at monthly intervals to assess the possibility of reinforcement via diverged flowering times between sympatric species. Preliminary findings will be discussed. Results from this study will advance understanding of the factors that promote 49 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author diversification in species‐rich island lineages, as well as increase knowledge of propagation, pollination, and reproduction in Cyrtandra. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science, USA 2
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Biology, USA Jordan, Steve1, Englund, Ron2, and Polhemus, Dan2 Biogeography of coenagrionid damselflies endemic to Pacific Islands Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from coenagrionid damselflies endemic to Samoa, Hawaii, Fiji, the Marquesas, the Society, and the Austral and Cook Islands were performed. Outgroups included species from SE Asia, New Guinea, and Palau. Most islands harbor endemic, genetically distinct species. Results suggest that larger islands (e.g., Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa, Raiatea) contain more than one endemic species, while most smaller islands are home to one. In only two cases outside Hawaii did we find a single species on two islands (Tahaa and Bora Bora, and Hiva Oa and Tahuata), and those in close proximity. Damselflies radiations within Hawaii, the Marquesas, and the Society Islands are probably monophyletic. While patterns of radiation from old to young islands are common in Hawaii and elsewhere, there are many counterexamples, especially in the Marquesas where damselflies seem to have dispersed from a central medium‐aged island to the others. The Austral Islands are a unique case. While specimens from Rurutu, Rapa, and Raivave are monophyletic within each island, these Austral island species do not form a monophyletic group, and display more differentiation than is seen between island endemics from other archipelagoes. They may not even be congeners. Patterns of damselfly movement across the Pacific will also be discussed and compared to patterns from other organisms. 1
Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA 2
Juvik, James1, Kiester, A. Ross2, and Hansen, Dennis3 The ghosts of Meiolania in the Melanesian Anthropocene: resurrecting trophic and evolutionary dynamics with a proxy tortoise species The extinct, giant horned‐tortoises of the family Meiolaniidae exhibited a Gondwana distribution from the Cretaceous of Argentina to the late Pleistocene of Australia and Anthropocene of Melanesia. Recent discoveries in Vanuatu of sub‐fossil Meiolaniid tortoises in a comparatively recent Lapita cultural context (2700yr BP) reinforce a pattern of Melanesian mega‐
fauna extinctions congruent with the temporal chronology for human settlement in the region. This extinction pattern closely replicates similar ones of giant tortoise extinction on islands of the Caribbean and Indian Ocean: Madagascar giant tortoises went extinct about 750‐1500yr BP, after the arrival of humans; Mascarene tortoise were extirpated by European explorers and settlers in the 17‐19th Centuries; tortoise extinctions in the West Indies over the past 900‐5000 years are also consistent with the dates of initial Amerindian settlement. Giant tortoises occur in huge populations on ungulate and predator‐free, remote islands such as the Galapagos and Aldabra. Here they are typically the dominant ecosystem herbivore and therefore exert considerable pressure on the nature of species assemblages and co‐evolve with their associated plant communities (e.g. the long‐necked Galapagos tortoise and the evolution of tree‐cactus). In the Mascarene Islands efforts are underway to restore the ecosystem function of extinct, large tortoises with the introduction of a proxy alien species. In this paper we propose a proxy, extant, very large rainforest tortoise (Geochelone [Chelonoidis] denticulata) from the Amazon for possible introduction into Melanesia. We outline a specific (and reversible) research protocol to test the feasibility of restoring the ghosts of Meiolania in Melanesia. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, USA 2
The Turtle Conservancy, New York, NY, USA 3
University of Zurich, Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Switzerland Kajita, Tadashi1, Takayama, Koji2, Vatanarast, Mohammad1, Wakita, Norihisa3, and Tateishi, Yoichi4 Phylogeographic pattern of pantropical plants with sea‐drifted seeds over the globe "Pantropical Plants with Sea‐drifted Seeds" (PPSS) are characterized by their extremely wide distribution ranges over littoral areas of the tropics over the globe. A small number of species from some families are known in this plant group, and their wide distribution ranges have been thought to be formed by long distance seed dispersal by ocean currents. To clarify how these intriguing distribution patterns have been maintained, we studied some representative species of PPSS, namely, Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malvaceae), Canavalia rosea (Fabaceae), Ipomoea pes‐caprae (Con‐
50 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author volvulaceae), and Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae). Genetic structures of these species using some molecular markers were investigated using samples obtained from wide range of distribution. Comparing results obtained from the species, common phylogeographic patterns were observed. Firstly, analyses of chloroplast DNA sequences showed that a few common haplotypes distributed over very wide range, sometimes over different oceanic regions. This result suggests that long distance seed dispersal by ocean currents was responsible to maintain the extremely wide distribution range of PPSS. Secondly, genetic structures were observed between populations over the East Pacific and over the American continents in some analyses. Both the wide ocean space and continental land mass can be barriers to prevent gene flow by sea‐drifted seeds. Thirdly, some PPSS shared common haplotypes with their closely related species. Secondary contact between PPSS and their sister species can be a force to increase the genetic diversity of the sister species. 1
Chiba University, Graduate School of Science, Department of Biology, Inage, Japan 2
University of Vienna, Institute of Botany, Austria 3
Kotehashi High School, Chiba, Japan 4
University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan Kawahara, Akito Y.1 and Rubinoff, Daniel1 The extraordinary radiation of Hawaiian fancy‐cased caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae: Hyposmocoma) The spectacular Hawaiian moth genus Hyposmocoma includes more than 350 described species endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. The total number of species may be greater than the radiation of Drosophila, as nearly every species thus far is endemic to a valley or volcano. Hyposmocoma has extraordinary life‐histories and behavior, as some are known to be carnivorous, feeding on snails, while others are amphibious and can live under water. The genus is also unusual among Lepidoptera in that their larvae create protective "cases" in which they survive. An extraordinary morphological diversity of case types exist, which have tentatively been grouped into over ten different case morphotypes. The present study will examine the evolution of Hyposmocoma across the Hawaiian archipelago, and focus on the "purse case", a group thought to be ancestral to other case types, such as the burrito and cone cases. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian molecular trees indicate that purse‐cased Hyposmocoma evolved independently at least twice in the genus. Each purse‐cased clade is monophyletic and strongly supported with high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities. It is suggested to call these two monophyletic groups the "flat purse" and the "tubular purse" types, and that the hard outer shell of purse cases allowed protection against parasitism and led to two independent radiations of purse cases. Broad evolutionary and biogeographical patterns of Hyposmocoma on the Hawaiian Islands are discussed. 1
University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department of Plant and Environ‐
mental Protection Sciences, Honolulu, HI, USA Keeley, Sterling C.1 and Funk, Vicki A.2 Hawaiian plant endemics: new origins and patterns of evolution revealed by molecular phylogenetics Endemic plants make up ~ 90% of the native vascular plant flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Previously, most of these were thought to be relatively young introductions from the tropical Pacific and the lineages with multiple species were thought to be the product of multiple colonization events. Molecular phylogenetic studies have provided estimated dates for the time of divergence of Hawaiian lineages from their sister group for 14 monophyletic groups. Among those dated > 5 Ma, all appear to have been in the Hawaiian Islands c.13–15 Ma, (e.g., Lobeliads, Hesperomannia), except for Hillebrandia (51‐65 Ma). Taxa estimated to be < 5 Ma are within the age of the current high islands (5.1–
0.5 Ma). Of the 37 known phylogenies 22 lineages are from the Australasian‐Pacific, 4 from the Americas + the Arctic and 12 of unknown origin. Radiations fall into four size categories: very large 58‐126 sp (2 Asian‐
Pacific, 1 American), large 14‐32 species (4 American, 3 Asian‐Pacific); medium 6‐11 (6 Asian‐Pacific, 3 N. American‐Arctic) and small <4 taxa (2 Asian‐Pacific, 3 American, one African). The available phylogenies show each of these is the result of a single colonizing event, in all but two cases. As the histories of more Hawaiian taxa become known it is likely that the Hawaiian Islands’ "laboratory of evolution" will be revealed to have a significant role in the biogeography and evolution of plant groups now found throughout the Pacific and beyond. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA 2
51 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Kirch, Patrick V.1 A millennium of human‐environment interaction in Mangareva (Gambier Islands), French Polynesia The Gambier Archipelago consists of 13 small volcanic islands encompassed within a barrier‐reef lagoon system. Polynesian colonization of Mangareva commenced ca. A.D. 950, followed by rapid anthropogenic biotic and landscape change. Archaeological and paleoecological data obtained on Mangareva, Agakauitai, Taravai, and Kamaka Islands from 2001‐2005 are synthesized to outline a temporal model of pre‐European environmental changes. Parallel sequences of extinction and extirpation in invertebrate (land snail) and vertebrate (birds) faunas are summarized. The extreme deforestation that characterized Mangareva in historic times is hypothesized to be the outcome of inherent nutrient limitation combined with resource depression and human land use practices. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Departments of Anthropology and Integrative Biology, USA Kittinger, John N.1, Pandolfi, John M.2, Blodgett, Jonathan H.2, Hunt, Terry L.1, Maly, Kepā3, McClenachan, Loren4, Shultz, Jennifer K. 1, and Wilcox, Bruce A.1 Reconstructing long‐term human‐environment relationships in Hawaiian coral reefs Coral reef ecosystems are declining worldwide, yet regional differences in the trajectories, timing and extent of degradation highlight the need for in‐depth regional case studies to understand the factors that contribute to either ecosystem resilience and sustainability or decline and collapse. Long‐term social‐
ecological interactions in Hawaiian coral reef environments over 700 years were reconstructed using detailed datasets on ecological conditions, proximate anthropogenic stressor regimes and social change. Novel recovery periods in Hawaiian coral reefs are attributed to a complex set of historical events and social factors operating at the underlying level, which served to release reefs from human stressor regimes at the proximate level. Recovery at the ecosystem level is associated with reductions in anthropogenic stressors over long time periods (decades+) and large spatial scales (>103 km2). Social factors associated with ecosystem recovery include ecosystem protections, depopulation, transformation in human institutions for coral reef management and changing economies and modes of production. These results challenge conventional assumptions and reported findings that human impacts to ecosystems are cumulative and lead only to long‐term trajectories of environmental decline. In contrast, recovery periods reveal that human societies have interacted sustainably with coral reef environments over long time periods, and that degraded ecosystems may still retain the adaptive capacity to be resilient to human impacts. The ability of human societies to adapt to environmental challenges in the past provides promise for contemporary efforts to manage ecosystems and societies toward social‐
ecological sustainability. 1
University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Department of Geography, NSF Integrated Graduate Education, Research and Training (IGERT) Program in Ecology, Conservation and Pathogen Biology, Honolulu, USA 2
University of Queensland, Centre for Marine Science, Brisbane, Australia 3
Kumu Pono Associates LLC, Hilo, HI, USA 4
Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Science, Burnaby, BC, Canada Knope, Matthew L.1, Fukami, Tadashi 1, Morden, Clifford W.2, and Funk, Vicki A.3 Extraordinarily high per‐unit‐area rates of adaptive radiation in Hawaiian Bidens The rate of adaptive radiation of the Hawaiian flowering plants in the genus Bidens was estimated and their per‐
unit‐area diversification rates compared with those of other young plant lineages in Hawaii and elsewhere. Little genetic variation was found among the Hawaiian Bidens despite the use of some of the most powerful molecular markers available for resolving recent plant phylogenies, a surprising result given the greater diversity of habitat affinity, growth form and dispersal mode exhibited within Hawaiian Bidens than observed in the rest of the genus distributed across five continents. The age of the Hawaiian clade is estimated to be 0.9‐2.5 million years, with an estimated diversification rate of 0.4‐2.4 species per million years and 2.4 x 10‐5 ‐ 1.4 x 10‐4 species per million years per km2. On a per‐unit‐area basis, these estimates are the highest among the plant radiations documented to date. The rapid diversification within the exceptionally small area was likely facilitated by the habitat diversity of the Hawaiian Islands and the adaptive loss of dispersal potential. These findings support the notion that the spatial context of diversification—specifically, the relative scale of habitable area, environmental heterogeneity and dispersal ability—must be considered to systematically explain adaptive radiation. 1
Stanford University, Department of Biology, CA, USA 52 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author 2
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany and PCSU, Honolulu, HI, USA 3
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA or molecular studies of population structures have rarely been used. A recent series of systemic fauna surveys on inhabited islands have improved this knowledge. Compiled species richness data is used to test the hypothesis that the Torres Strait fauna is a depauperate subset of the fauna present across the broader Sahul land bridge. Weighted variables are used to describe patterns of richness, and hierarchical cluster analysis to group islands based on their vertebrate assemblages. The results of these surveys indicate that species inventories for individual islands can be significantly increased with limited survey effort. Species richness is strongly related to island size rather than other variables such as habitat complexity or proximity to Australia or New Guinea. The results of these analyses will guide and strengthen the implementation of Indigenous Protected Areas for terrestrial conservation. Lapoint, Richard1 and O'Grady, Patrick1 Phylogenetics of the antopocerus‐modified tarsus clade of Hawaiian Drosophila: diversification across the Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Drosophila radiation has been characterized by rapid diversification in terms of both species numbers as well as morphological and ecological adaptations. A comprehensive phylogenetic treatment of the AMC clade, lineage including the antopocerus species group, modified tarsus and ciliated tarsus subgroups is presented. This work enhances recent phylogenetic studies focused on other lineages of Hawaiian Drosophila, most notably of the picture wing clade. The AMC clade is a morphologically diverse clade of Drosophila endemic to the Hawaiian Islands that was initially proposed based on morphological and ecological characters. All males possess modifications to their forelegs, including spoon shaped structures, reduction in number of tarsal segments, or various ornamental bristles. A matrix of 11 genes for 68 species was analyzed to improve phylogenetic inference within this clade. The AMC clade is strongly supported as monophyletic and relationships among the five major lineages in this radiation are proposed. Molecular dating analyses indicate a rapid radiation occurred about 4 mya, giving rise to all the extant lineages of AMC species. Interestingly, the AMC does not strictly follow the progression rule common to many other Hawaiian taxa. Rather, this group seems to be much more vagile, moving freely around the island chain, back colonizing older islands and skipping some islands while traversing the archipelago. 1
University of Queensland, School of Animal Studies, Australia Charles Sturt University, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Albury‐Wadonga, Australia 3
Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia 2
Lavery, T.H.1, Watson, J.J.2, Flannery, T.F.3, and Leung, L.K‐P.1 Diversity and abundance of bats across altitudinal gradients, Solomon Islands The decline of species diversity with increasing elevation on mountains is a widely accepted pattern that has been observed in many groups of organisms, one of which is bats. Within the Solomon Islands, government policy has focused terrestrial conservation efforts above the 400m elevation contour, allowing wide‐scale logging of lowland forests. If bat diversity indeed peaks at lower elevations, this could have serious implications for their conservation in the Solomon Islands. In fact, local extinctions have already been witnessed on heavily logged islands. A series of systematic surveys with mist nets and AnabatTM were used to record bats across the altitudinal gradient. This data was used to assess the altitudinal pattern of bat diversity in the Western Province, Solomon Islands. These findings in the context of mammalian conservation and their broader implications for island connectivity and ecosystem functioning are discussed. 1
University of California, Berkeley, USA Lavery, T.H.1, Watson, J.J.2, Flannery, T.F.3, and Leung, L.K‐P.1 Patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the Torres Strait islands, Australia Ecological and biogeographical understanding of the terrestrial vertebrate diversity of Torres Strait islands remains in its infancy. Most of the documented diversity derives from expeditionary exploration. Modern methods such as quantitative biodiversity assessment 1
University of Queensland, School of Animal Studies, Brisbane, Australia 2
Charles Stuart University, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Albury, New South Wales, Australia 3
Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia 53 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Lindstrom, Daniel P.1 and Kinzie III, Robert2,3 Evolution and phylogeography of gobioid fishes from Pacific island streams Tropical streams, particularly on isolated oceanic islands, are characterized by fish faunas dominated by amphidromous gobioid fishes. In many ways the life history patterns and evolutionary trajectories are similar to small reef gobies. However, the fact that amphidromous fishes spend their entire adult life, including reproduction, in these streams has the potential to produce results reflecting this life history pattern. Additionally, the morphology of many amphidromous genera appears to be similar across their geographic distribution (circumtropical in some cases). Whether this is a result of specialization to the environment, recent range expansion, connections among distant populations or genetic constraints remains to be discovered. This intrageneric morphological similarity coupled with the wide geographic distributions of some groups has made traditional taxonomy and systematics problematic. Recent phylogenetic studies have uncovered underlying complexity revealing more diversity in some groups while other groups show more widely spread distributions than previously thought. 1
University of Guam, Department of Biology, Mangilao University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Zoology, Honolulu, USA 3
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane`ohe, USA 2
Loope, Lloyd1 and Thomas, Philip2 Efforts to achieve long‐term exclusion of new genetic strains of the Neotropical rust Puccinia psidii to protect Metrosideros forests in Hawaii: an update Detection of the Neotropical rust fungus Puccinia psidii on a sapling of Metrosideros polymorpha in an O`ahu nursery in April 2005 brought a new concern ("`ōhi`a rust"): how to protect `ōhi`a forests from decimation? Whereas rust fungi are normally highly host specific, P. psidii has an extremely broad host range within Myrtaceae, and gained notoriety with the host jump in Brazil from common guava (Psidium guajava) to commercial Eucalyptus plantations. Once in Hawaii, rust spores quickly spread statewide on the winds, but the primary host was non‐native rose apple (Syzygium jambos), which was largely defoliated or killed, so that the "epiphytotic" subsided. `Ōhi`a was only mildly affected, and though there was concern that the rust would evolve to become more virulent on `ōhi`a, its limited host range in Hawaii (vs. elsewhere) led to exploration of rationale and possibilities for excluding new genetic strains of P. psidii. Although the national/international phytosanitary standards require strong scientific justification for regulations, hopes were buoyed when preliminary genetic studies showed lack of genetic variation in Hawaii’s rust strain. P. psidii was intercepted repeatedly by Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) inspectors on commercial foliage of myrtle, Myrtus communis, at two ports of entry. A sophisticated genetic study of P. psidii in its home range is in the publication stage by R. Graça at University of Viçosa, Brazil, and colleagues; host species strongly influences rust population structure in the home range. HDOA is moving ahead with establishing stringent preventative measures to regulate entry of Myrtaceae into Hawaii. 1
United States Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Makawao, HI, USA 2
Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project, Kihei, Maui, USA Lorence, David H.1 and Wagner, Warren L.2 The vascular flora of the Marquesas Islands The Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) are an isolated group of volcanic hot spot islands in the SE Pacific Ocean. These 12 islands range from 61.3 to 330 km2 in size, from 360 to 1250 m in elevation, and from 1.3 to 6.3 Ma in age. Steep and rugged, the Marquesas are comparatively botanically unexplored and under‐
collected. Disturbance by humans, feral animals, and invasive alien plants have severely impacted the lowland and mid‐elevation vegetation. The native vascular flora comprises ca. 362 species (45% endemic and 30% pteridophytes). Largest lineages are Psychotria, 13 spp., Bidens, 9 spp., Cyrtandra, 10 spp., Ixora 7 spp., Coprosma 6 spp., Oparanthus, 5 spp., and Kadua, 4 spp. Floristic affinities are with the Society Islands, other Polynesian islands, the paleotropics and, to a lesser degree, the Hawaiian Archipelago and the neotropics. The Vascular Flora of the Marquesas Islands is a collaborative project between the National Tropical Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution, and la Délégation à la Recherche (French Polynesia). Four collecting expeditions in 2003‐2005 yielded 6100 herbarium specimens comprising 714 native and naturalized vascular plant species. 62 new species were discovered during the project, a 17% increase in the native flora. Results will be an internet‐based resource and two volume book form publication. The Smithsonian‐hosted website provides access to a 54 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author database of specimens, images, checklist, species pages, elevational and geographic distributions, and literature. 1
National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, USA Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA 2
Lu, Pei‐Luen1, Carine, Mark2, Wilkin, Paul3, and Morden, Clifford1 Phylogenetic relationships of Pleomele, Dracaena, and Sansevieria (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) The taxonomies of Pleomele, Dracaena, and Sansevieria have many ambiguities. Only Pleomele has been identified as native and endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. However, Pleomele's monophyletic placement is debated. The centers of species diversity of Dracaena and Sansevieria are mainly in tropical and subtropical Africa. Another center of Sansevieria is in Central America while a second center of Dracaena is in Southeast Asia. The relationships among 54 species of the three genera with the combined chloroplast DNA sequences are reconstructed, and the resulting phylogeny used to test hypothesis on the evolution of the three genera and examine the biogeography of these plants. The combined dataset was analyzed using parsimony, Bayesian, and maximum likelihood. Results show that Sansevieria is paraphyletic with Dracaena nested within it and the Hawaiian Pleomele is sister to the combined clade of Dracaena and Sansevieria. The Hawaiian Pleomele is at the base of the phylogeny. The common ancestor of the combined Pleomele/Dracaena/Sansevieria clade is reconstructed as a neotropical species under Nolinoideae. The results suggest that the Hawaiian Pleomele played an essential role in the evolutionary development of Dracaena and Sansevieria. Rapid speciation is expected to have occurred in Dracaena and Sansevieria. Additional sampling of Dracaena and Sansevieria, and phylogenetic markers help solve these taxonomic ambiguities, especially with Pleomele. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA The Natural History Museum, Department of Botany, London, UK 3
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Lilioid and Alismatid Monocots, Richmond, Surrey, UK 2
Lucas, Matthew P.1 and Wood, Kenneth R.1 Modeling remnant rare plant locations on the island of Kaua`i Much of the remaining endangered Hawaiian flora is at a critical genetic threshold, with over 40% of these species having less than 50 individuals found in the wild. There is a real possibility that many of these species are or could suffer the negative effects from a genetic bottleneck. This makes finding and collecting propagules from new populations of rare plants an important part of their survival. The factors causing this extinction are ongoing habitat loss due to land conversion, fire, and the introduction of invasive plants and animals. While these factors are driving rare Hawaiian plants towards extinction wild populations are now primarily being found in specific remnant locations. These locations have been less affected by the drivers of extinction while still providing some degree of suitable habitat. An analysis was performed on NTBG collection data from over 20 years of known rare plant locations on Kaua`i. Within each climate zone landscape attributes from locations of endangered plants were examined and patterns begin to emerge from characteristics of their slope, aspect and land cover. Statistical trends were then assessed and the standard deviation was used to create acceptable ranges for these landscape characteristics in each represented climatic zone. This resulted in the identification of areas considered to be remnant suitable habitat for rare plant species on Kaua`i. The hope is that these areas should have a higher occurrence of undiscovered rare plant populations and that this model could efficiently steer search efforts towards a higher success rate. 1
National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii, USA Marrack, Lisa1 Predicting sea level rise impacts to Anchialine pool ecosystems on the Island of Hawai`i Various climate change scenarios predict that sea levels will rise between 0.75 to 1.9 m by 2100 (IPCC 2007, Vermeer and Rahmstorf 2009). Sea level rise (SLR) and changes in storm run‐up during large surf events will affect nearshore habitats, water resources and infra‐
structure worldwide. Kaloko‐Honokohau National Historical Park on the Island of Hawai`i includes approximately 2.6 km of coastline with numerous significant cultural and biological resources which will be impacted by SLR. The objective of this project was to model the effects of future SLR on current anchialine 55 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author pool resources within the park. Anchialine pool ecosystems have no overland connection to the ocean and are formed by the subterranean mixing of marine water and groundwater. Geospatial polygons were created to visualize new shorelines likely to occur in 2100 using various sea level rise predictions. Spatial analysis was used to model inundation extent of current pool resources and to determine areas where anchialine pool habitats may emerge by 2100. Analysis will be extended along 150 km of the west coast of Hawai`i Island which represents the single largest concentration of anchialine pools in the world. Results will be used by researchers, planners, and managers interested in conserving these pool habitats and their associated endemic species. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA Matisoo‐Smith, Elizabeth "Lisa"1 The times they are a changing: new models and Next Gen sequencing, implications for understanding the human settlement of the Pacific Since the mid 1980s when mtDNA variation was first applied to questions of human migrations, the tool has been used for numerous studies focused on Pacific population origins. The discovery of the mtDNA mutation known commonly as the "Polynesian Motif", its high frequency in Polynesia and the suggestion that it was an Asian derived marker, led to the development of a fairly simplistic biological story about Polynesian origins. The application of Y chromosome studies to Pacific populations, which began some 10 years later, indicated that Polynesian origins were more complex than the mtDNA data first suggested. Analyses of mtDNA variation in Pacific commensals further suggest that the process of colonization was perhaps not as straight forward as initial models described. The recent development of next generation sequencing is opening up new doors for studies of Pacific population origins. With the recovery of more skeletal populations associated with Lapita sites in the Pacific and collaborations with indigenous communities in the Pacific the latest sequencing technologies can be applied to study both ancient and modern Pacific populations in order to obtain new data with which various models of population origins, interactions and evolution can be tested. A better understanding of the complexities of Pacific and Polynesian settlement processes may help tease out and assess the impact of humans and their commensal species on Pacific island environments. This paper will present some new models which are being tested in our current research addressing Polynesian origins and colonization. 1
Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Dunedin, New Zealand Medeiros, Arthur1, Buckman, Andrea2, McLean, Luke2, Juan Jr., Fernando2, and Kai`aokamalie, Ainoa2 Dryland forest restoration at Auwahi, Maui, Hawaii Ex situ conservation of rare Hawaiian plant species has achieved significant advancements in recent decades. This advancement has reached the stage where reintroduction, the next stage, is starting to occur with greater frequency. Despite this, few sites with ecological trajectories favoring native species occur and knowledge of restoration techniques for Hawaiian upland sites is limited. The Hawaiian naturalist Joseph F. Rock noted in 1913 that of all Hawaiian forests, Auwahi was among the most diverse and unique. By the 1990s, the decline of this forest had reached the point where many considered it beyond hope of restoration, referred to as a "museum forest"; a place where most native Hawaiian tree species could be found, but only as older, senescent and often dying individuals. In 1997, a partnership with privately‐owned `Ulupalakua Ranch and federal and state government agencies was formed to attempt restoration of Auwahi by re‐establishing semi‐shaded understory with the intention of promoting reproduction by seedlings of remaining native trees. The methodology used was to exclude ungulates, apply herbicide to non‐native kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) mats, and, with human volunteers, plant a matrix of quick‐growing native tree, shrub, vine and grass species especially `a`ali`i (Dodonaea viscosa) to exclude non‐native species and reestablish suitable microsites for seedling recruitment. After over decade of restoration, 1 of 48 native plant species are now reproducing naturally by unassisted seedling recruitment within the exclosure while outside, reproduction by seed is occurring in only 2 of 48 native plants. 1
USGS Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Makawao, HI, USA University of Hawaii at Manoa, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Honolulu, HI, USA 2
Meegaskumbara, Madhava1,2 and Hanken, James2 Taruga (Ranidae: Rhacophoridae), a new genus of foam‐nesting tree frogs, bolsters the pattern of clade‐
level faunal endemicity between Sri Lanka and India 56 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Phylogenetic relationships among foam‐nesting clades of Old World tree frogs are assessed by using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, with particular focus on Sri Lankan members of the genus Polypedates. A distinctive, highly supported, endemic Sri Lankan clade is identified and recognized as a new genus, Taruga. This clade, which previously was assigned to Polypedates, comprises three species: P. eques, P. fastigo, and P. longinasus. Adult Taruga possess many morphological characters and character states that distinguish them from Polypedates and other anuran genera. Tadpoles of Taruga eques and Polypedates cruciger similarly are distinguished by numerous characters. Taruga is the sister group to the remaining Polypedates sensu stricto. Since Taruga comprises a geographically isolated, species‐
depauperate clade, it is identified as a relict taxon. Recognition of an additional endemic Sri Lankan clade reinforces the contemporary biogeographic pattern of clade‐level faunal endemicity between Sri Lanka and India, which arose despite several land‐bridge connections between island and mainland during the past 50 million years. Their narrow distributional limits leave all three species of Taruga highly vulnerable to future climate change, but this is especially true for T. eques and T. fastigo, which are restricted to high elevations. According to the 2011 IUCN Red List, T. longinasus and T. eques are Endangered, whereas T. fastigo is Critically Endangered. 1
University of Peradeniya, Department of Zoology, Sri Lanka Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology and Center for the Environment, Cambridge, MA, USA 2
Mehltreter, Klaus¹,³, Arcand, Naomi N.²,³, and Ranker, Tom A.³ Spatial patterns of fern diversity: a comparison of Hawaii and Mexico Ferns comprise about 16% of the vascular flora of Hawaii, an almost four‐fold larger fern‐angiosperm ratio than in Mexico. This ratio is a consequence of lower barriers to dispersal of ferns from continents to remote islands. Fern spores are about 10 times smaller than any angiosperm seeds and are likely dispersed randomly by air currents. This study investigated if the higher fern proportion is related to a higher α‐diversity of ferns at smaller scales (<1000 m²), and if the fern flora of Hawaii can be interpreted as a result of random arrivals of continental taxa. Fern diversity in Hawaii as well as Mexico in each of two intact montane forest sites at similar latitude and elevation was measured, by sampling ten subplots of 100 m² at each site, and compared species numbers at the family level against the world flora. Forest sites in Hawaii and Mexico did not differ in α‐diversity with 28 to 33 species per 1000 m², but β‐diversity between Hawaiian sites was lower (Bray‐Curtis dissimilarity of 0.34) in comparison to Mexican sites (0.54). These results indicate that niche availability for ferns is comparable among all sites and unaffected by the fern‐angiosperm ratio. Although 18 of 40 fern families are missing in Hawaii, proportions of 16 fern families are harmonic between Hawaii and the world´s flora. Over‐representation of five families in Hawaii may indicate selective advantages of polyploidy taxa suffering lower inbreeding depression (Aspleniaceae) or may be the consequence of evolutionary radiation (Blechnaceae) rather than non‐
random spore dispersal. ¹Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Red de Ecología Funcional, Xalapa, Mexico ²University of Colorado, Department of Geography, Boulder, USA ³University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA Meyer, Jean‐Yves1 Alien species invasions, endemic species extinctions, mutualism breakdowns, plant succession trajectory changes, and biodiversity conservation strategy in southeastern Polynesian Islands: how "good" are novel ecosystems? The concept of "novel ecosystems" has recently emerged in both the scientific and popular literature based on the fact that no ecosystem on Earth remains pristine because of local and global anthropogenic changes, including climate change. Human ‐past and present‐ direct or indirect impacts have modified natural ecosystems, even in the most isolated islands of remote Oceania. According to some authors, these new or emergent ecosystems are not "bad" compared to the original native ones and the benefits of novel organisms may counterbalance their negative effects, e.g. vacant niches are filled up by alien species, extinct species are replaced by ecologically "redundant" other species; ecosystem functions, goods and services are still provided, and remain "resilient" to further disturbances. Thus, "Tout est pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes" (Voltaire 1759 in his masterpiece "Candide"). It is shown that the terrestrial biodiversity of some Pacific islands, especially French Polynesia and Rapa Nui (Southeastern Polynesia), was dramatically altered during the last centuries and past decades by an increasing number of invasive alien species, with past and contemporary plant and animal (vertebrates and invertebrates) extinctions leading to probable extinction cascades; that mutualism between plants are animals 57 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author (e.g. fruit dispersal, pollination) are profoundly modified in favor of invaders; and that plant successions following disturbances have their trajectories profoundly changed towards alien‐dominated communities. As ecosystem dynamics still remain too poorly studied, it is recommended that conservation of the native island biota, also considered as a cultural heritage, and restoration of degraded habitats should remain a priority and should not be sacrificed on the altar of functional and global ecology. 1
Government of French Polynesia, Délégation à la Recherche, Papeete,Tahiti Morden, Clifford W.1,2 and Ching‐Harbin, Susan2 Recent colonization and diversification of the endemic Hawaiian genus Hesperomannia (Asteraceae) Previous studies on the origin of the endemic Hawaiian genus Hesperomannia suggested that its founder colonized now submerged high Hawaiian Islands ca. 17 mya. Sister taxa to Hesperomannia are African species of the Vernonieae tribe and migration to Hawaii occurred via a long‐distance dispersal event from that continent. Colonization to later formed islands then occurred via the Progression Rule to Kaua`i, O`ahu, and Maui Nui. Present taxonomic boundaries suggest two lines of radiation: Kaua`i (H. lydgatei) to Waianae Mtns, O`ahu (H. arbuscula) to Moloka`i and Lana`i (H. arbuscula), and Kaua`i to Koolau Mtns, O`ahu (H. arborescens) to Maui (H. arborescens). However, morphological variation across islands was not consistent with taxonomic treatments. Species were investigated using genetic markers to examine the relationships among the three currently recognized species and to test the hypothesis of dispersal among the islands. RAPD markers and ITS sequences both suggest that four species should be recognized: H. lydgatei (Kaua`i), H. oahuensis (Waianae Mtns, O`ahu), H. swezeyi (Koolau Mtns, O`ahu), and H. arborescens (Maui, Moloka`i and Lana`i). Sequence analysis is consistent with arrival to Hawaii in the last 2.3 MY, after all three island groups had emerged, and was followed by rapid dispersal among these islands. Although a long‐distance dispersal model is evoked for colonization to Hawaii and dispersal among distantly situated islands, a vicariant model is possible for dispersal among O`ahu and Maui Nui, and is probable among the islands of Maui Nui (Maui, Moloka`i and Lana`i) following erosion and subsidence of this island complex. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, USA University of Hawaii, Plant Extinction Prevention Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Honolulu, USA 2
Morrison, Keenan1 and Stacy, Elizabeth A.2 Evidence for intraspecific divergence in `ōhi`a lehua along a successional gradient of East Hawai`i Island Theory suggests that successional gradients are capable of driving within‐species divergence, but to date this idea has not been tested empirically. Morphologically distinct varieties of the Hawaiian endemic tree, `ōhi`a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) are the community dominants in a successionally dynamic environment. Furthermore, population distributions of M. polymorpha var. incana and var. glaberrima indicate that these two varieties may be diverging into habitats characteristic of early‐ and late‐successional communities. As successionally dynamic communities incorporate gradients in temperature, light, water and soil nutrients, Early‐ and late‐ successional conditions were replicated through controlled greenhouse experiments and reciprocal transplants utilized to isolate and determine what selection pressures may be acting to diverge these two varieties. Measurements of growth and germination rates, seedling survival, chlorophyll fluorescence and biomass after one year as proxies for relative fitness were recorded. Varieties exhibited differential survival to soil moisture and light level treatments, a pattern consistent with intraspecific divergence along a successional gradient. In combination with previous observation of partial late‐
acting reproductive isolation between these varieties, this work suggests that successional gradients may be selecting for ecological speciation in ‘ōhi‘a lehua. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science, USA 2
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Biology, USA Motley, Timothy J.1 and Parker, Kenneth1 Divergence time estimation of Kadua (Rubiaceae), fast and slow in archipelagos of Eastern Polynesia Kadua, a recently resurrected genus, is mostly endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago, with many member taxa autochthonous to individual islands. Sequence analyses of the quickly evolving nuclear regions ITS and 5s‐NTS regions for the 20 Hawaiian and 7 French Polynesian species of Kadua revealed a single colonization of Hawaii, with a subsequent dispersal(s) from Hawaii to French Polynesia. Using the software BEAST, divergence time estimation analysis determined using island ages as calibration points and revealed that Kadua colonized Hawaii 15 million years ago, before the currently extant high islands were formed. Many 58 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Hawaiian lineages have colonized Hawaii within the last 5 million years, subsequent to the formation of Kaua`i. In contrast, Kadua appears to have migrated to Hawaii after Gardner Island formed, which, until the formation of Kaua`i, was the only island to reach 4000 m above sea level in the past 30 million years. This suggests Kadua is one of the older plant lineages in Hawaii and a relatively recent colonizer of French Polynesia. 1
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA Moyle, Robert G.1, Andersen, Michael J.1, Filardi, Christopher E.2, and Brown, Rafe M.1 Evolutionary patterns of community diversification at local and regional scales in the tropical Pacific ‐ Part 1, Birds How do complex vertebrate communities form on Pacific island archipelagos? For a given island, island bank, archipelago, or region, have complex communities evolved in situ or assembled via ecological processes? Multilocus phylogenies were used for two focal bird clades as model vertebrate lineages representative of high relative dispersal abilities, and these questions were approached in two ways. First used phylogenetic estimates were used to reconstruct the geographic context of diversification and numbers of dispersal events, order of colonization events, and overall biogeograhic history, of avian communities inferred in the SW Pacific. In addition to providing new insight into long‐held paradigms of dispersal, speciation and community assembly in insular Melanesia, these new phylogenetic perspectives served as the basis for a new historical analysis of community formation. These results highlight the importance of geographic and taxonomic scale in diversification studies and demonstrate that avian communities are phylogenetically over‐dispersed at local levels but clustered at archipelago and regional levels. This suggests that both ecological processes of community assembly and evolutionary processes of in situ diversification have contributed to the diverse avian communities of the Pacific. 1
University of Kansas, Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biodiversity Institute, Lawrence, USA 2
American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, New York, USA Nakamura, Koh1, Kokubugata, Goro2, Peng, Ching‐I1, and Meyer, Jean‐Yves3 Shallow genetic divergence of Ophiorrhiza species (Rubiaceae) endemic to the Society Islands (French Polynesia, South Pacific) and its conservation implications The flora of the Society Islands is known for its high endemism. It is, however, severely threatened by anthropogenic pressures, mainly habitat destruction and plant invasions. Revealing phylogeny of island endemics does not only enhance our understanding of species diversification but also can benefit conservation by providing insight into past population dynamics. The genus Ophiorrhiza, comprising nine species restricted to the largest islands of Tahiti, Moorea, and Raiatea, are typical examples of these endangered endemics. This study was conducted on eight species collected in these three islands, associated with 15 taxa from Futuna (Western Polynesia), Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Japan, China, and Bangladesh. Sequence analyses of ITS of nrDNA revealed that the Society Islands Ophiorrhiza are highly likely monophyletic. However, these species were not delimited based on ITS or four chloroplast DNA regions because most polymorphisms were shared among species. ITS and cpDNA phylogenetic networks and morphological species delimitation were incongruent with each other. The extensive sharing of polymorphisms and incongruence are unlikely explained by hybridization; the more plausible scenario is incomplete lineage sorting, i.e. sharing of ancestral polymorphisms due to morphological radiation in a short evolutionary time. Coalescent theory suggests that Ophiorrhiza of the Society Islands had large population size in the past. These data indicate that their current conservation status, with less than 50 known plants for some species, is the results of drastic population decrease. 1
Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taiwan National Museum of Nature and Science, Department of Botany, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 3
Government of French Polynesia, Délégation à la Recherche, Papeete, Tahiti 2
59 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Nepokroeff, Molly1, Riley, Lynn1, Willyard, Ann2, Jacobs, Bridget1, Weller, Stephen G.3, Sakai, Ann K.3, Wagner, Warren L.4, and Wallace, Lisa E.5 Comparing histories of three sympatric lineages of the endemic plant genus Schiedea on Kaua`i: the role of geographic barriers and hybridization in diversification of an adaptive radiation The Hawaiian endemic plant adaptive radiation, Schiedea, comprises 34 species which are diverse in growth form, morphology, habitat requirements, and breeding systems. Previous studies have reconstructed a species tree for Schiedea, based on ten chloroplast and three single copy nuclear loci. These studies identified several well‐defined cases of hybridization followed by chloroplast capture in three independent lineages of Schiedea, involving six species, all occurring on the island of Kaua`i. Although these six species occur on the single island of Kaua`i, they exhibit no current sympatry, although historical ranges suggest past overlap. Extant populations are severely fragmented and reduced in size such that current distributions do not reflect historical ranges. This study examinned all accessible populations of these six species, and characterized levels of genetic diversity and genetic structure using nuclear microsatellites. Results from STRUCTURE and PCA analyses support three major clusters for these species, corresponding to the three independent lineages involved in hybridization on the nuclear species tree, whereas spatially explicit BAPS and Geneland analyses recover five groups. Such well differentiated groups with little admixture supports the notion that for species diverging ca. 0.9‐ 1 Ma, coalescence leading to monophyly has been achieved. Species with younger divergence times only are recovered if geography is accounted for. Strong geographic isolation of populations on Kaua`i facilitates allopatric divergence supported by geographically explicit analyses, despite close ancestry and recent divergence of most species. Lastly, the extent of chloroplast capture in these populations using chloroplast microsatellites is characterized. 1
University of South Dakota, Vermillion, USA Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA University of California, Irvine, USA 4
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, DC, USA 5
Mississippi State University, Department of Biological Sciences, USA 2
3
Nolting, Kristen1, Cantley, Jason2, Keeley, Sterling2, and Swenson, Nathan1 Evolution of climatic niche in a Pacific island plant genus The genus Coprosma (Rubiaceae) contains approximately 120 species occurring throughout the Pacific with about 55 found on New Zealand and 13 on the Hawaiian archipelago. Species vary tremendously in form and habitat preference, but the degree to which species differ in traits associated with their climatic niche and the relative diversification of these traits through time remains unclear. The tempo and mode of climatic niche evolution within the genus were investigated using an approach that combines niche models with phylogenetic data we were able to investigate. Twenty‐one biologically informative climatic and environmental variables were used as input in a GIS‐based habitat model. The mean climatic values generated for each species and values of two climate‐
associated morphological traits, leaf size and maximum height, were mapped onto a phylogeny. The evolution of climatic niche through time was visualized by calculating the disparity at each node. Small disparity values indicate less than expected change whereas larger values are indicative of trait divergence. These results show that many variables exhibited less than expected disparity towards the base of the tree followed by recent periods of considerable divergence. This suggests that as the genus diversified, climatic niche was not conserved as species radiated into varied habitats. An investigation of niche evolution within the entire genus will examine patterns on other islands that differ in size and ecological heterogeneity. Ultimately this information will help provide a better general understanding of patterns of species distribution and diversification throughout the Pacific. 1
Michigan State University, Department of Plant Biology, Lansing, USA University of Hawaii at Manoa, Botany Department, Honolulu, USA 2
Ó Foighil, Diarmaid1, Lee, Taehwan1, and Churchill, Celia1 Biogeography of a vanishing radiation: the Pacific Island tree snail family Partulidae Partulid tree snails range from Belau to the Marquesas, but dispersal events are rare: most species are single island endemics and the few multi‐archipelagic taxa represent prehistoric anthropogenic introductions. The family contains three genera, each with highly distinctive distributions, and half of its nominal species 60 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author diversity occurs on a single hot spot archipelago, the Society Islands. Partulidae has experienced catastrophic extinction primarily due to misguided biological control programs involving introduced snail predators. Museum and captive (zoo) samples were used to genotype 53 of the ~128 recognized species, including many extinct or extirpated taxa, from 13 archipelagos that span the familial range. The goal was to flesh out broad scale (range wide) and fine scale (within‐Society Islands) phylogenetic relationships of Partula and Samoana, the two widespread genera. These data indicate that the genital anatomy characteristic of Partula species is plesiomorphic and that these two genera have experienced very different diversification patterns across Oceania. Partula’s high nominal taxonomic diversity in the Society Islands stems from a long history of within‐archipelago diversification, but the results are inconsistent with the "progression rule" model of speciation developed for Moorean and Tahitian taxa. Samoana is a relatively recent arrival to eastern archipelagos (Society, Austral, Marquesas) where it exhibits a stepping‐stone phylogenetic pattern and has proven much more adept than Partula at both intra‐ and inter‐archipelago colonization. In western archipelagos, by contrast, Partula is widespread and Samoana is restricted to the Marianas. If Samoana is the superior disperser, why is it absent from most western archipelagos? 1
University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, USA Oboyski, Peter T.1 Biogeography and evolution of Pacific Islands Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) The Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), a species‐rich and numerically abundant, cosmopolitan family, include several economically and ecologically important species. Larvae of these small moths either create a shelter of rolled leaves ("leaf‐rollers") or bore into generative tissues such as seeds, flowers, buds, or cambium ("borers"). Each Pacific archipelago with "high islands" typically hosts a radiation of one genus of leaf‐rollers (two for Hawaii), which differs from region to region. Conversely, borers are typically represented with fewer, wide‐spread species across the Pacific. An exception to the latter is a radiation of the genus Cydia in Hawaii (21+ species) with a pattern of host‐shift speciation on native legumes. The borer genus Cryptophlebia includes pests of economically and culturally important food crops. In the South Pacific, Polynesians carried Cryptophlebia pallifimbriana along with its food plant, the Tahitian chestnut (or Mape), to many archipelagoes. In the northern and western Pacific the pest Cryptophlebia ombrodelta has a broad host range of both native and agricultural plants. Its close relative, Cryptophlebia illepida, appears to be native to Hawaii, but has a similar broad host range and "weedy" behavior. Other Cryptophlebia in the Pacific appear more benign and are less well‐known. The phylogeography and evolutionary history of these tortricid genera are discussed. 1
University of California, Berkeley, USA O'Grady, Patrick M.1 Patterns of diversification in Pacific Diptera Diptera are among the most diverse terrestrial groups to colonize the Pacific. Placing phylogenetic relationships among different lineages of flies, many of which have diversified on various islands in the Pacific, in a temporal context using molecular dating methods offers insight into biogeographic patterns and the process of adaptive radiation. The well‐known family Drosophilidae serves as a model for dipteran evolution in the Hawaiian Archipelago and elsewhere in the Pacific. Molecular sequence data are used to elucidate evolutionary patterns in Drosophilidae and these are compared to other clades of flies found in the Pacific. 1
University of California, Berkeley, USA Oppenheimer, Hank1 Saving Hawaii’s rarest plants: The Plant Extinction Prevention Program At least 170 of the nearly 1500 native plant taxa in Hawaii are at risk of going extinct within the next several years, because they have been reduced to such low numbers, with fewer than 50 wild individuals. Already, we have lost at least 100 of these plant species to extinction. The Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group, an informal coalition convened of over 60 participants from Federal, State, and local government agencies; botanical gardens; private organizations; and private landowners hopes to prevent the extinction of rare Hawaiian plants with an archipelago‐wide project. The PEP Program (formerly Genetic Safety Net) is operating on all the main Hawaiian Islands after the initial pilot program on O`ahu. The Program regularly gathers all knowledgeable botanists to collectively plan for the management of each individual plant known for each 61 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author target species. The taxa monitored and sampled under this project are slated for seed collection and/or vegetative sampling of every remaining individual from these small remnant populations, in order to guarantee capturing all existing genetic variation. Detailed data are collected on flowering, fruiting, and the most imminent threats to identify actions needed and provide data for future efforts. Protocols for monitoring and sampling populations for adequate genetic representation have been developed by the Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group. Major objectives also include mitigation of in situ threats, surveys for new individuals and/or populations, ex situ propagation and seed storage, and outplanting nursery stock into appropriate habitat. 1
Plant Extinction Prevention Program, Maui and University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Honolulu, HI, USA Ort, Brian S.1 and O’Grady, Patrick M.1 Fungal diversity associated with Hawaiian Drosophila host plants Saprophagous Hawaiian Drosophila require microbes to break down plant material and make nutrients available for larvae. However, despite the fact that these extraordinary flies have served as a model system in evolutionary biology for nearly 50 years, little is known about the role microscopic fungal communities may play in driving host plant preference and species divergence in this diverse clade. A first step in filling this knowledge gap is to characterize fungal species richness and abundance within the host substrates. Total DNA was extracted, including DNA from any fungi present, from samples of rotting and fresh leaves and stems from three plant genera important to Hawaiian Drosophila: Cheirodendron, Clermontia, and Pisonia, and one non‐host plant, Acacia koa. Clone libraries of the D1/D2 region of fungal 26S rDNA were created and Sanger sequencing used to identify operational taxonomic units from >800 clones. A pairwise genetic distance matrix identified 165 OTU, based on a genetic distance cutoff of 3% divergence. Maximum pairwise distance among all sequences exceeded 40%. BLAST searches revealed a broad taxonomic distribution of the identified fungi among 111 genera in 18 classes of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Community composition appears heterogeneous with respect to plant source, plant part, and substrate condition. Fungal community composition therefore may be an important factor in influencing Drosophila host preference, possibly mediated by olfactory cues. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA Pender, Richard1 and Morden, Clifford1 Can honeycreepers still function as pollinators for an endangered Hawaiian lobeliad, Clermontia lindseyana, at Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge? Restoration plantings of Clermontia lindseyana have been carried out at Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge on the Island of Hawai`i to restore this endangered species and its historical pollination interactions with nectarivorous honeycreepers. To ascertain whether honeycreepers can still function as pollinators for C. lindseyana at Hakalau, avian and invertebrate floral visitors were recorded at nine plants at Hakalau Tract and eight plants at Maulua Tract during the 2010 flowering season. Two manipulative pollination treatments were undertaken: first, to assess if pollinators deposited pollen on receptive stigmas; second, to assess if pollen limitation was occurring. `I`iwi (Vestiaria coccinea) and Hawaii `amakihi (Hemignathus virens virens) were infrequent floral visitors at both sites. `I`iwi appeared to be the only floral visitors capable of acting as effective pollinators. They contacted the floral reproductive organs on the majority of flowers they visited, however, they nectar robbed ca. 15% of the flowers at each site. `Amakihi nectar robbed most flowers and were probably not effecting pollination of C. lindseyana. Diurnal insects rarely visited the flowers and were, again, probably ineffective pollinators. Based on seed counts, the pollination treatments suggest: 1) that pollen deposition by floral visitors (probably `i`iwi) was rare, and 2) pollen limitation is widespread. The C. lindseyana plants are likely reproducing by autogamy (selfing), thereby producing seeds in the absence of pollinators. However, selfing and pollen limitation may have genetic as well as population level consequences for these restoration plantings in the future. 1
University of Hawaii at Monoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, USA Percy, Diana M.1 Co‐diversification of plant and insect species complexes: the story of Metrosideros and the psyllids Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) is a plant genus found across the Pacific. Likewise, there are Metrosideros‐feeding psyllids (Psylloidea; Hemiptera) on many Pacific islands. The current knowledge of where and when these plant 62 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author and insect lineages arose and how they dispersed across the Pacific will be presented. The origins of Pacific lineages are in some cases unambiguous, in others they are less clear; but it is apparent that the shape, ecology, and age of individual islands and archipelagos have shaped diversification in Metrosideros, which in turn has shaped the patterns of diversification in the insects. The chrono‐sequence of within archipelago co‐
diversification is most complex and intriguing in the Hawaiian Islands, and it is this system that may tell us most about how these interactions form and reform over time. Specifically, multiple instances of parallel and convergent ecotypes have resulted in an apparent repeated co diversification of species complexes. 1
University of British Columbia, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada Perlman, Steve1 Working with the Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) Program on the Big Island, Kaua`i, and O`ahu Many conservation agencies are working at ecosystem level management, but ecosystems are made of species and we are rapidly losing them. A part of the solution has to be cultivating species before they go extinct. Preventing extinction is one of the main mandates of National Tropical Botanical Garden as well as the PEP Program. Big Island PEPP coordinator Keali`i Bio is working with the rediscovered Isodendrion pyrularium near Kona. Keali`i has had to build critical fences to keep recently rediscovered Cyanea fernaldii and newly discovered Cyrtandra wagneri safe from pigs. Among other Big Island PEPP species discussed are Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Clermontia pyrularia, Cyanea shipmanii, and Kokia drynarioides. On the island of Kaua`i PEPP coordinator Wendy Kishida has challenging species such as Astelia waialeale. Other Kaua`i PEPP species discussed include Brighamia insignis, Cyanea rivularis, and Hibiscadelphus distans. Problems such as selling rare plant seeds, vandalism and rats are discussed. Also Hawaiian orchid, Platanthera holochila, and efforts by Dr. Larry Zettler from Illinois College. O`ahu, working with PEPP coordinators Ane Bakutis and Susan Ching, the case of one plant left is discussed with Cyanea pinnatifida. Solutions to the extinction crisis are discussed including more pollinations, grafting, air layering and tissue culture. Increased cooperation with other agencies is discussed. 1
National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, USA Pillon, Yohan1, Johansen, Jennifer1, Sakishima, Tomoko1, Chamala, Srikar2, Barbazuk, Brad2, and Stacy, Elizabeth1 Evolution of the genus Clermontia (Campanulaceae) in Hawaii inferred by next‐generation sequencing The Hawaiian Islands are considered a model for plant diversification because of the numerous adaptive radiations in the archipelago. Unraveling the evolution of the Hawaiian flora, however, is made difficult because of the high hybridization and low genetic marker variation associated with young flora. To address these problems this study focused on the genus Clermontia (Campanulaceae) and used next‐generation sequencing (454) of the pooled transcriptomes of seven species. From the assembled reads, internal primers were designed for PCR amplification and sequencing of a number of nuclear genes in this group. Evidence of gene duplication was found in 7 out of 12 genes investigated in Clermontia, as well as the closely related Hawaiian genus Cyanea, but not in the more distantly related lobeliad genus Hippobroma. This corroborated evidence from cytology that suggests that a genome duplication probably occurred in the Lobeliads prior to the colonization of, or diversification within, Hawaii. Preliminary results on the levels of variation of these genes and their use in species delimitation and hybrid detection will also be presented. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Program, USA 2
University of Florida, Department of Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA Polhemus, Dan A.1 General rule or anomalous curiousity? A consideration of hotspot‐mediated sequential speciation in the Pacific based on evidence from Heteroptera (Insecta) The linear archipelagos of the insular Pacific are hypothesized to represent island chains that formed sequentially above relatively fixed hotspot plumes as the Pacific Plate moved northward and then northwestward during the Late Cretaceous to the present. This putative pattern of sequential island formation above hotspot plumes has potential biogeographic consequences for the biotas of such archipelagoes. In particular, sequential speciation on progressively younger hotspot islands has been consistently hypothesized within the Hawaiian chain. Within the Pacific Plate as a whole, approximately twenty‐four other linear volcanic chains of alleged hotspot origin have been recognized, but almost all show inconsistencies with the classical fixed‐hotspot 63 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author theory. The only subaerial non‐Hawaiian volcanic chains for which radiometric dating is unequivocally consistent with the hotspot formation hypothesis are the Australs, Easter Island, the Pitcairn Islands, and the Society Islands, of which only the Australs possess an active hotspot. Most of the theory and associated field investigations bearing on hotspot‐mediated sequential speciation has focused on Hawaii, which provides by far the best delineated and least interrupted illustration of this process in action. Evidence from studies of true bugs (Heteroptera) indicates that such processes may also have operated in the Society chain, but that overall, the process of hotspot‐mediated sequential speciation may be the exception rather than the rule in the broad context of the insular Pacific. 1
Bishop Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Honolulu, HI, USA Porch, Nick1 Prehistoric human impact on the neglected majority: evidence for human‐moderated translocation and catastrophic extinction in the Pacific insect fauna Recent research is revealing, for the first time, that the Holocene sub‐fossil insect record on oceanic islands is remarkably rich. It is now possible to reconstruct the nature of pre‐human insect faunas in places that are today completely decimated by human impact, and to explore the timing, rate, and nature of conversion to the contemporary invasive assemblages that now dominate the Indo‐Pacific lowlands. The ability to do this with large and diverse assemblages, at high temporal and taxonomic resolution (<25 years in many instances and with species‐level identification), is unique to the insect fossil record. Research so far has focused on the use of invasive insects in the fossil record to detect human arrival and human‐moderated introductions in the eastern Pacific. Sub‐fossil records from the Austral archipelago, Cooks Islands and Hawaii demonstrate that prehistoric insect translocations were extensive and potentially devastating. The extent of Polynesian translocations of ants in particular has been underestimated. Most ant species that occur through this region today were present, at least in southeastern Polynesia, prior to the 16th century AD. This is in complete contrast to the conventional paradigm that suggests that most (if not all) ants were introduced to these regions within the past several centuries. Unsurprisingly, given this context, there is abundant evidence for insect extinction in Hawaii and the southeastern Pacific. The evidence for human impact on the Pacific insect fauna using selected examples of invasion and extinction from across the eastern Pacific will be reviewed. 1
Deakin University, Centre for Integrated Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Price, Jonathan1, James, Helen2, Fleischer, Robert3, Lerner, Heather3, Wagner, Warren2, Tagawa, Anya1, and Rowe, Barbara1 Evolution of bird pollination in the Hawaiian Islands: spatial, temporal, and morphological considerations Bird pollination is a prominent ecological interaction in Hawaiian terrestrial communities involving about 200 species of plants and as many as 27 species of birds. Phylogenies indicate that bird‐pollination may have first evolved on now eroded islands that pre‐dated the present high islands. However, the arrival of Metrosideros around 4 Mya may have spurred further diversification and the development of suites of pollinators on each island. This arose through three primary processes: 1) colonists with appropriate traits colonized the archipelago, 2) species shifted toward bird pollination, or 3) species with this syndrome underwent cladogenesis. For plants, we estimate that nine original colonists were pre‐adapted to bird pollination, 13 lineages shifted toward bird pollination, and the remaining species were added through cladogenesis. Among birds, there was at least one shift toward nectarivory, and cladogenesis accounts for the remaining species. Morphologies indicate different optimal fits of bills to flowers, suggesting varying degrees of specialization, and niche partitioning within communities. Examination of species distributions indicates that the greatest concentration of bird pollinated plant species is in mesic to wet forest, although the syndrome is prevalent in all community types. Birds were likely widespread across each island, although some may have preferred certain habitats. Preliminary examination of abundance of nectar resources in different communities suggests that while mesic communities offer the greatest total nectar resources, most community types offer copious amounts of nectar. The primary nectar source for short‐
billed nectarivores in most communities is Metrosideros, while sources for long‐billed species vary greatly among communities. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, USA Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Birds, Washington, DC, USA 3
Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA 2
64 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Prost, S.1,2, Knapp, M.1, Clarke, A.1, Nielsen, R.2, Matisoo‐Smith, E.1 Is it all in the genes? Reconstructing past migration in the Pacific using Approximate Bayesian Computation The Neolithic expansion out of Asia (~4k) which, it is believed, subsequently lead to the settlement of Polynesia, is the last stage of human expansion on Earth. This stunning human achievement, however, had drastic consequences for island fauna and ecosystems. Iconic endemic species such as the Moa from New Zealand went extinct soon after human arrival. This and many other native animal and plant extinctions were no doubt driven in part by the introduction of invasive species such as the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans), brought by early Polynesian colonists. The precise routes and timing of Polynesian colonization are still debated. Several hypothesis have been proposed based on archeological records, classical phylogenetic analyses of human genetic and linguistic data, etc., however, no consensus has been reached. Most genetic studies so far have been performed in a phylogeographic setting, in a way that hypothesis have been proposed based on phylogenetic reconstructions and haplotype frequencies. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) is a statistical tool to unravel past population histories through space and time. Contrary to classical phylogeography ABC is based on population genetic data and thus might be better suited to study complex population histories. However, ABC is not a straightforward approach and many factors have to be assessed before it can be applied to empirical data in a sophisticated way. Decisions like choosing a subset of summary statistics, the tolerance level applied or building and testing the models have to be considered thoroughly before its application. This study aims at testing different factors and their influence on the results and establishing recommendations for future ABC application to better understanding past human settlement histories and thus invasions by foreign species in the Pacific. 1
University of Otago, Allan Wilson Centre Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Dunedin, New Zealand 2
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, USA Puritz, Jonathan B.5, Keever, Carson C.1, Addison, Jason A.2, Byrne, Maria3, Hart, Michael W.1, Grosberg, Richard K.4, and Toonen, Robert J.5 Speedy sea star speciation: how life history adaptation led to rapid ecological speciation in the genus Cryptasterina Life history strategy plays a critical role in governing microevolutionary processes such as gene flow and adaptation, as well as macroevolutionary processes such as speciation. Comparative analysis of closely related species with differing modes of life history provides the opportunity to specifically investigate these mechanisms of evolution. Here, the phylogeographic relationship of two closely related Asterinidae sister species, Cryptasterina pentagona, a broadcast spawning species with a short‐lived dispersive larva and Cryptasterina hystera, a hermaphroditic species with direct viviparous development is examined. Using two mitochondrial and two nuclear DNA sequence markers, as well as microsatellite loci, it is shown that the life history switch to direct development has extreme genetic consequences, severely limiting diversity, heterozygosity, and gene flow. It is inferred that these species diverged only about 6,000 ybp and hypothesize that this speciation occurred as result of a colonization event across the 23‐degree cold‐water boundary in North Eastern Australia, and that the switch to viviparity in C. hystera was an adaptation to colder water that subsequently reinforced reproductive isolation. 1
2
Simon Frasier University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, BC Canada University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada 3
University of Sydney, NSW, Australia 4
University of California at Davis, USA 5
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane`ohe, HI, USA Raver, Amanda1, Stone, Fred D.1,2, Price, Don1, Eldon, Jon1, Howarth, Francis G.2, Croom, Henrietta B.3, Na, Daniel1, and Magnacca, Karl1 Population phylogeography of cave adapted crickets of Hawai`i Island (Caconemobius; Gryllidae, Nemobiinae) The Hawaiian Nemobiinae, or "ground crickets", from genus Caconemobius are presented as one of the dominant terrestrial groups of the Hawaiian Islands used to test hypotheses on the validity of barcoding on recently derived species. The evolution of Nemobiinae crickets in Hawaii has included the colonization of highly specialized and isolated environments. Phylogenetic relationships among cave crickets from Hawai`i Island 65 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author have been compared by mtDNA (COI) sequencing, morphological features, and behavioral characteristics. Results of mtDNA testing show that there are most likely more cave species of Caconemobius than had been previously recognized. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, USA Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, USA University of the South‐Sewanee, TN, USA 2
3
Richmond, Jonathan Q.1 and Fisher, Robert N.1 Elucidating patterns of evolutionary diversification in insular scincid lizards of the genus Emoia Skinks of genus Emoia are a major component of the diurnal lizard community on most Pacific Islands and are adapted to a breadth of ecological niches, ranging from decomposed coral in the intertidal zone to high‐strata forest canopy. Of the 75+ species now recognized, several are wide‐ranging and common, but many have restricted ranges and are in severe decline or on the verge of extinction, particularly in insular Asia/Indonesia and the Philippines. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences was used to examine Emoia phylogeography and patterns of speciation across Pacific islands, and to assess the evolutionary distinctiveness of taxa that are of immediate conservation concern. The results show that Emoia is comprised of two evolutionarily independent radiations and that the presumption of Papua New Guinea as their center of origin is not supported. Instead, the relationships of certain species assemblages suggest that phylogeographic connections between western Indonesia, Micronesia, and elsewhere were made prior to the current placement of Papua New Guinea and much of the current geography of Indonesia, and that rampant speciation on Papua New Guinea has occurred more recently. Of the wide‐ranging species, several dispersed to numerous areas without any apparent speciation, whereas at least one has given rise to numerous species as it island‐hopped around the western Pacific. The implications of these results for determining the underlying causes of speciation in these lizards and how the results can be used as a tool for targeting conservation efforts on ancient taxa now facing extinction are discussed. 1
US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA, USA Robichaux, R.1, Moriyasu, P.2, Bio, K.3, Enoka, J.2, Perry, L.4, Loh, R.5, McDaniel, S.5, Cole, C.6, Rubenstein, T.7, Tunison, T.5, Bakutis, A.5, Whitehead, N.8, and Bruegmann, M.9 Managed breeding and reintroduction of Argyroxiphium kauense (Asteraceae) and Clermontia peleana (Campanulaceae) on Hawai`i Island This study is implementing large‐scale reintroduction efforts for Argyroxiphium kauense and Clermontia peleana on Hawai`i Island. The reintroduction efforts for both species include managed breeding programs based mainly at the Volcano Rare Plant Facility (VRPF). The latter programs enable us to maximize the number of founders and balance their representation in the reintroduced populations. To date, more than 8,700 A. kauense seedlings from 73 founders into protected sites in the Kahuku section of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park have been reintroduced. Seedling survivorship has been high (84%) in the largest and wettest of the sites. As well, more than 3,500 C. peleana seedlings from 2 founders into protected sites on Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea have been reintroduced. Four additional founders recently have been incorporated into the managed breeding program at the VRPF, which will allow the scope of the reintroduction effort for C. peleana to be substantially expanded within the next 1 to 3 years. For both species, large‐scale reintroduction efforts have been closely coupled with large‐scale ecosystem restoration efforts, thereby enhancing the prospects for self‐sustaining, long‐term population recovery. 1
Hawaiian Silversword Foundation, Volcano, HI and University of Arizona, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tucson, AZ, USA 2
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Volcano Rare Plant Facility, Center for Conservation Research and Training, Hilo, HI, USA
3
Plant Extinction Prevention Program, c/o Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, USA 4
Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, USA 5
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Natural Resources Management, HI, USA
6
Hawaii National Park, Three Mountain Alliance, HI, USA
7
Natural Area Reserves System, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
8
Kamehameha Schools, Kailua‐Kona, HI, USA
9
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, HI, USA 66 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Rominger, Andrew J.1, Gruner, Daniel S.2, and Gillespie, Rosemary G.1 Making and breaking a new ecological theory: does maximum information entropy predict community structure in newly evolving ecosystems? The maximum entropy theory of ecology (METE) very accurately predicts many characteristics of real ecosystems, including the species abundance distribution. But does the unique geologic history and evolution of the Hawaiian archipelago produce ecosystems that deviate from the predictions of METE? The use of published data on the diversity and biomass of terrestrial arthropods across a chronosequence of substrate ages shows that METE under‐predicts the most dominate species and over‐predicts medium‐rare species in both youngest and oldest sites. This signal is distributed differently across trophic guilds indicating that the reasons for METE's off‐prediction could be varied depending on the unique eco‐evolutionary histories of these groups. The fit for detritivores monotonically improves for older sites, while that for herbivores worsens for older sites; predators are universally well‐predicted. This study finds that communites with intermediate species to genus ratios tend to produce the worst fits to METE, suggesting that intermediate stages in diversification (e.g. after colonization but before any evolutionary equilibrium) deviate most from statistical steady‐state. METE can also predict the abundance of higher taxonomic groups, and analyses carried out at the genus level reveal universally improving fits, except in systems with intermediate genus to family ratios. The improvement in fit implies that arthropod species on the Hawaiian archipelago are more constrained by rapid short‐scale ecological processes, whereas only higher‐level taxonomic groups begin conforming to statistical steady‐states. The unique identities of species and the compositional similarity of sites did not influence the predictiveness of METE, implying observed patterns and not taxon‐specific, but a property of the system at large. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA 2
University of Maryland, Department of Entomology Rosindell, James1, Harmon, Luke J.2, and Phillimore, Albert B.3 A unified model for species richness, abundance, and origin on islands Islands acquire species through immigration and speciation. Models of island biogeography should capture both processes, however quantitative island biogeography theory has either neglected speciation or treated it unrealistically. A model is introduced, where the dominance of immigration on small and near islands gives way to an increasing contribution of speciation as island area and isolation increase. This study examines the contribution of immigration and speciation to the avifauna of 35 archipelagoes and finds, consistent with the model, that the zone of radiation comprises two regions: endemic species diverged from mainland sister‐
species at intermediate isolation and from insular sister‐
species at higher levels of isolation. The model also predicts species‐area curves in accord with existing research and makes new predictions about species ages and abundances. It is argued that a paucity of data and theory on species abundances on isolated islands highlights the need for island biogeography to be reconnected with mainstream ecology. 1
University of Leeds, UK University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA Imperial College London, UK 2
3
Rundell, Rebecca J.1 Diversification of Belau endemic land snails through build‐up of ecologically similar species Many Pacific island terrestrial biotas are known for both species richness and morphological diversity reflecting obvious ecological differentiation. Less well understood, and perhaps just as common, are those radiations comprising species that exhibit little ecological differentiation. Phylogenetic and biogeographical evidence (based on nDNA (nuclear) and mtDNA sequences of Belau and western Pacific land snails) are used in combination with ecological data (i.e. rock or leaf litter) and shell morphology (i.e. heavily calcified [rock dweller] or ribbed [leaf litter dweller]) to show that Belau diplommatinid land snails have diversified via the accumulation of ecologically similar species within two distinct habitats by repeated colonization across islands, rather than through in situ radiation on individual islands. Communities of snail species exhibiting subtle, yet potentially ecologically and therefore evolutionarily meaningful, morphological 67 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author differences have built up on different islands through dispersal. Small‐bodied (< 5 mm) diplommatinid Belau land snails (which comprise almost half of the ca. 200 land snail species in Belau) thus are an emerging system for exploring questions of diversification and community assembly on isolated island archipelagos. 1
University of British Columbia, Departments of Zoology and Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada Sahli, Heather1, Drake, Donald2, and Taylor, Andrew2 Assessing the roles of native and alien animals in Hawaiian pollination webs Plant pollinator interactions are essential trophic interactions for most plants and some animals, and can be studied in a network‐based manner similar to any food‐web study. Due to the important ecosystem service of pollination, study of pollination webs in Hawaii has great conservation implications, and past studies of this nature have been sorely lacking in Hawaiian ecosystems. Furthermore, the combined effects of habitat degradation and introduction of invasive species may have contributed to loss of native pollinators in the Hawaiian Islands. This study quantified community‐level patterns of flower visitation (pollination webs) in a range of relatively simple, native‐
dominated plant communities across the Hawaiian Islands. One goal of this work was to assess how habitat degradation and the introduction of non‐native species may have altered plant‐pollinator interactions across habitats in Hawaii. During timed observations of all flowering species in each community, flower visits by potential pollinators (i.e., animals contacting anthers or stigmas) were counted. One of the most intact, restored coastal strand plant communities was dominated by alien pollinators, yet still supported species of endemic Hylaeus bees. In early‐successional rain forest communities, as elevation increased from 880‐2440 m, the proportion of flower visits attributable to native species increased from 0.55 to 0.90. The dominant floral visitors at all mid and high elevation sites were the endemic Hylaeus bees. Finally, in subalpine shrublands, visitation of native Hylaeus bees to the endemic Geranium cuneatum was reduced in the presence of invasive ants (Linepithema humile), which may be preying on the native bees. 1
Shippensburg University, PA, USA University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA 2
Sand, Christophe1 Transforming a piece of Gondwanaland: long‐term human modeling of New Caledonia’s landscapes As a former part the old Gondwana plate, the main island of New Caledonia in southern Melanesia, developed a unique suite of environmental characteristics. While recognizing the constraints of the island’s distinct geological origin, this paper will summarize the specific processes of impact/adaptation/transformation that the island has experienced during 3,000 years of pre‐European human settlement. Numerous sites on the island reflect major transformations in the landscape and extinctions in the local fauna that can be linked to an early settlement phase. However, new cultural dynamics which subsequently developed within the traditional Kanak Cultural Complex enhanced environmental protection practices and encouraged better use of natural resources. These developments coincided with a period of massive intensification in horticultural practices such as the construction of sophisticated and complex terraces for wet plantations of taro and extended dry land mound structures for yams. A network of large, densely populated human settlements, organized in hierarchical Chiefdoms and associated to regional long distance interaction spheres, was created in the valleys of the main island during the second millennium AD. The long‐term environmental sustainability of the traditional Kanak landscape is a reminder of the ability of Pacific Islanders to manage and use their land wisely, even in areas with high population densities. 1
Institute of Archaeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific (IANCP), Noumea, Southern Province, New Caledonia Schwartz, Sonja A.1, Roderick, George K1, and Carlon, David B.2 The origins of marine biodiversity in the Indo‐Pacific: using comparative population genetics of Scarus parrotfish to test models of diversification The origins of diversity in tropical coral reef ecosystems have intrigued evolutionary biologists at least since Darwin, yet the evolutionary processes that lead to speciation in broadly distributed reef animals are still not well understood. This project will use parrotfish (genus Scarus) as a model system to: 1) use population genetics to investigate contemporary patterns and historic processes of diversification across the Indian and Pacific Oceans using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers, 2) test alternate theories of origins of 68 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Indo‐Pacific biodiversity, and 3) develop a demographic and dispersal‐based simulation model of genetic divergence in the Indo‐Pacific. 1
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, USA 2
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Zoology, Honolulu, USA Seamon, Joshua O.1, Utzurrum, Ruth C. B.1,2, Tualaulelei, Ailao1, Fa`aumu, Siaifoi1, Vaivai, Visa1,3, and Meyer, Roger1 Dynamics of spatiotemporal variation in fruiting and frugivorous birds on a remote island Polynesian islands are characterized by depauperate floras and generalist faunas that are subject to frequent, hurricane‐induced disturbance. These communities have greater ratios of fruiting tree species to frugivore species than many continental or large‐island ecosystems. Thus, the potential for coevolutionary adaptations therein could be tempered by abiotic factors. The outcome of these processes may be manifest in contemporary spatiotemporal patterns in fruiting phenology, frugivore abundances, and fruit choice. This study investigated this possibility in lowland rainforests of Tutuila, American Samoa. It determined tree phenologies using 4 years of monthly censuses of ~2900 individually marked trees in ~4 ha of forest. Frugivore abundances were estimated monthly at 6 sites for 10 years. Simultaneously, the numbers of fruiting trees at each site and the foraging habits of the largest avian frugivore were also recorded. Temporal variation in fruiting among sites was synchronous at the community level, but not within species. Fruiting was seasonal, but peak timing varied among species. Fruit color and size were significantly related to the probability of fruiting, but not to frugivore preferences. Temporal patterns in frugivore abundances were rarely associated among sites. Within sites, only one species pair was generally synchronous. Thus, nonrandom spatiotemporal variation in consumers and resources, from community to species levels, characterizes these forests. Frugivores experience this complexity in ways not simply predicted by consumer traits or network properties. Frugivore impacts on plant fitness may depend on whether the mean or the variance in consumption patterns contributes more to successful dispersal. 1
American Samoan Government, Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago 2
FWS Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program, Honolulu, HI, USA 3
National Park Service, Inventory and Monitoring, Pacific Island Network, American Samoa Shaw, Kerry L.1 Gryllids in the mist: key factors underlying the rapid speciation of endemic Hawaiian forest crickets Species of the endemic Hawaiian cricket Laupala are a classic example of a non‐adaptive radiation, with sexual signals the main way in which species differ. Despite the apparent ecological similarity among Laupala species, this group exhibits an unusually high rate of speciation. Sexual selection mediated through species interactions provides a compelling hypothesis for how speciation has occurred in this group. Evidence from phylogeny, the geography of speciation, gene flow, and variation in mating signals and preferences are considered in the evaluation of this hypothesis. Regardless of the cause of divergence, the diversity of sexual communication systems across species presents a poorly understood paradox, because theory suggests that evolution of such behavior should be impaired by the functional need to maintain coordination between male signals and female preferences. Genetic coupling (tight linkage or pleiotropy) of signal‐preference evolution, whereby the same, or nearby, genes control variation in male signal and female preference, can facilitate the coordinated divergence of male and female communication behaviors. This study presents evidence for genetic coupling between male signal and female preference in two closely related Laupala species with greatly differentiated male songs and female acoustic preference. It integrates all these lines of evidence to implicate species interactions and a compelling genetic architecture as key factors driving the phenotypic evolution underlying this rapid radiation. 1
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Sherwood, Alison1, Kurihara, Akira1, Conklin, Kimberly1, and Sauvage, Thomas1 Molecular patterns of diversification in the Hawaiian red algal flora The Hawaiian Rhodophyta Biodiversity Survey was undertaken during 2006‐2010 and consisted of a polyphasic approach to characterizing almost 2,000 red algal samples. The backbone of the survey was the use of three DNA barcode‐like molecular markers, which allowed the generation of >2,400 DNA sequences, and established the largest reference sequence library for tropical red algae. These sequences enabled a preliminary assessment of within‐taxon diversity and, in some cases, phylogeographic patterns. The 69 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author mitochondrial 5P‐COI marker, which is the accepted DNA barcode for red algae, outperformed the plastid UPA and nuclear LSU markers for taxonomic resolution, but had the lowest universality of amplification, yielding 639 sequences (in contrast to 915 sequences for LSU and 864 for UPA). Nonetheless, adequate COI representation was obtained for a number of widespread red algal species to allow phylogeographic patterns to be investigated. Among the taxa demonstrating substantial intraspecific variation based on sequence divergence, Amansia glomerata, Asparagopsis taxiformis, and Dichotomaria marginata all possessed sufficient sequence diversity to yield multiple networks in statistical parsimony analyses (at the 95% connection limit), while sequences of Dasya iridescens yielded a single network. In contrast, seven additional species from the orders Ceramiales, Corallinales, and Rhodymeniales possessed little‐to‐no sequence divergence, illustrating that not all widespread Hawaiian red algal taxa have intraspecific sequence diversity that can be related to island distribution or patterns of dispersal. The results of this biodiversity survey set the stage for future research into the systematics and phylogeography of both native and non‐native red algae in the Hawaiian Archipelago. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Honolulu, HI, USA Shiels, Aaron B.1, Pitt, Will C.1, and Russell, James2 What factors predict body sizes of introduced rodents on Pacific Islands? A test of Bergmann’s rule Body sizes of animals are affected by several factors, including ambient temperature, available food sources, and predators. Bergmann’s rule applies to warm‐
blooded animals and states that the body size of a given species increases with decreased temperature. Latitudinal gradients are often used to test Bergmann’s rule. Introduced rodents, primarily three species of rats (Rattus exulans, R. rattus, R. norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus) are among the most widespread vertebrates in the world; they were introduced to most Pacific islands at least 700 years ago (R. exulans) and at least 140 years ago (other three species). Because these rodents are highly fecund, changes in their body sizes resulting from adaptations to island temperatures (latitudes) may be recognizable in modern specimens. This study assembled rodent body size data from Pacific islands to better understand species‐specific variation and to test Bergmann’s rule. It synthesized body size data from lowland habitats on > 20 Pacific islands for R. exulans and R. rattus. Body sizes of R. exulans and R. rattus were highly variable even within tropical or temperate regions, and the findings did not support Bergmann’s rule for these two species. There was support of Bergmann’s rule for M. musculus when tropical islands (n = 7, avg. body mass: 11.9 g) were compared to temperate islands (n = 7, avg. body mass: 20.9 g). Possible explanations for these patterns are presented, and submissions of datasets for additional future analyses of determinants of rodent body sizes on Pacific islands are encouraged. 1
USDA Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA 2
University of Auckland, Biology Program and Department of Statistics, New Zealand Soule, Michael1 Context and ideology in pacific conservation: where biases and rules don't apply The rules of thumb for protected area design should not be applied without considering biogeographic, historical, economic, political, and cultural contexts. E.g., one standard rule for the design of nature reserves‐‐larger reserves are better than smaller ones‐‐
rarely should be followed on islands, particularly on those that are subject to population fragmentation, disruption of gene flow, and that are occupied by non‐
native, invasive, competitive or predatory species against which island endemics have little resistance. In addition, where habitat remnants hold small numbers of individuals of a species (less than several thousand), the common human bias favoring racial purity—the "Nietzschean fallacy" (and against interbreeding of races or sub‐populations) is scientifically untenable. Instead of worrying about mixing and out‐breeding depression, conservationists should be emphasizing evolutionary resilience and maximizing genetic variability, particularly in the face climate change and massive habitat fragmentation. Among the major conservation challenges on islands, therefore, are genetic erosion, inbreeding, and the inability of small populations to adapt to unpredictable selection pressures in the future, such as climate change, severe storms, and drought. 1
University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Environmental Studies, USA 70 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author Sterling, Eleanor J.1 and Filardi, Christopher E.1 Integrating process as well as pattern into island conservation decision‐making Biologists have long marveled at the variety of unique life forms on islands, but recent scientific discoveries have added further impetus to focus on islands beyond endemism and as bell‐jar natural laboratories. We are now seeing that island ecosystems have significant and under‐recognized impacts on the generation and maintenance of global patterns of biodiversity. Scientists are learning that islands are not simply the evolutionary dead ends once believed, but are instead engines of diversification in their own right, and far‐
flung webs of ecological connectivity. Tropical oceanic islands in particular are increasingly being revealed as having a dynamic connectivity, a give‐and‐take with one another, on both evolutionary and ecological scales. In this talk, examples are provided from across several taxa that define the emerging understanding of insular ecological and evolutionary connectivity at regional and pan‐Pacific scales. Conservation investment needs to reflect these emerging new paradigms in island biology, embracing a sense of the ecological and evolutionary scales of island life, and the contribution of insular processes to continental and global‐scale diversity. It is not island‐by‐island, but pan‐regional dynamics that should guide our actions. Future conservation strategies should mirror a perception common to many tropical island cultures: "The ocean does not divide us, it is what unites us". 1
American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA Tagawa, Anya1 and Price, Jonathan1 Assessing canopy volume in characterizing spatial and seasonal aspects of food resources of native Hawaiian forest birds Hawaii's native forest birds have evolved strong associations with their habitats and the food resources they exploit. Unfortunately, we are beginning to find that many species have been extirpated from prime habitats that have been severely degraded to habitats that do not fully meet their needs. As such, understanding plant communities and the resources they provide is pivotal in their conservation. This study focused on characterizing various community types by considering the diversity and abundance of fruit‐ and nectar‐bearing species within each. Study sites were located in quality forest habitat on Hawai`i Island among a matrix of moisture and elevation. Vertical point‐intercept data were taken to estimate abundance of plant‐based resources. Preliminary results have shown that mesic sites, regardless of elevation, support a greater diversity and canopy volume of fruit‐bearing species. Mid‐elevation wet and low‐elevation dry forests support modest canopy volume of fruit‐bearing species, however in dry forest this is almost entirely due to a single species, lama (Diospyros sandwicensis). A single species, `Ohi`a (Metrosideros polymorpha) makes up the bulk of nectar resources at all sites, with mesic sites supporting the highest canopy volume, followed by wet and dry sites, respectively. This study aims to characterize different habitat types, identify dominant food resources within each, and establish if these habitats can—or with restoration efforts could—
support native forest birds. 1
University of Hawaii at Hilo, USA Thaman, R. R.1 Name it, record it, map it, or lose it! – the island ethnobiodiversity crisis and the need for a strong marriage between indigenous and modern science as a basis for biodiversity conservation in the Pacific Islands There is an island "ethnobiodiversity" extinction crisis paralleling the widely documented island biodiversity extinction crisis. Ethnobiodiversity is defined as the knowledge, uses, beliefs, management systems, taxonomies, and language a given culture has for biodiversity. The crisis is clearly a problem in the Pacific Islands where biodiversity‐dependent peoples have co‐
evolved for millennia with island biodiversity and have in‐depth understandings of biodiversity that far surpass those of most outside scientists. This biocultural heritage is particularly threatened in the face of modernization because Pacific cultures were traditionally oral and such knowledge rarely written down, mapped, photographed, or recorded in modern ways. It was stored in the minds, legends, stories, songs, dances, crafts, art, and dreams of Pacific peoples. It is argued that, if we fail to work more closely with Pacific peoples to forge a strong marriage between these rich traditions and bodies of indigenous knowledge and the most up‐to‐date modern biodiversity science, we may ultimately fail in our attempts to understand and conserve island biodiversity. To do so, we may need to change the way we operate, our academic and scientific reward systems, and, how and where we plan, fund, and implement our biodiversity research and conservation initiatives. Fortunately, there are increasing examples of initiatives that are forging strong marriages with local Pacific Island scientists, students 71 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author and local communities to address the ethnobiodiversity and biodiversity extinction crises. Some examples of these initiatives, their outputs and potential areas for the further conservation and enrichment of ethnobiodiversity are provided. 1
The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Toonen, Rob1, Meyer, Chris2, Paulay, Gustav3, Faucci, Anuschka4, Bird, Chris1, Skillings, Derek1, Timmers, Molly5, Baums, Iliana6, and Bowen, Brian1 Patterns of marine lineage diversification across the Pacific Archipelago‐level endemism among marine organisms is generally perceived to be low except in the most isolated, peripheral island groups in Oceania. This study examines that perception in light of recent phylogenetic studies of a suite of marine species for patterns of diversification among archipelagos across the Central and Eastern Pacific. In general mollusks have diversified archipelago‐by‐archipelago with endemic monophyletic lineages in species of Astralium, Turbo, patellogastropods, and the vermetids. The extremes of this pattern are the cowries which are significantly overdispersed across the Central Pacific to the diversification of Cellana to three endemic species within the Hawaiian Archipelago. Echinoderms and crustaceans tend to show highly variable patterns by taxonomic groups. Among the Echinoderms, the holothuroids show little diversification among archipelagos despite significant population genetic structure. At the other end of that continuum, the crown‐of‐thorns sea star, Acanthaster planci shows considerable diversification that is unique to some archipelagos, and has recently been split into at least 4 species. Likewise, among the majoid crabs, there is clear archipelago‐by‐archipelago diversification, which is not mirrored among xanthids and Calcinus hermit crabs. No such patterns of phylogeographic diversification is evident in fishes, which consistently show broad distribution of haplotypes and evidence for recent dispersal among archipelagos. Despite that, fishes have ~23% endemism within the Hawaiian Archipelago, and these data pose the interesting question of why endemism is comparatively low in the marine invertebrate fauna which show considerable phylogeographic diversification absent in the fishes. 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kane`ohe, USA 2
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Washington, DC, USA 3
Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Gainsville ,USA
4
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Biology, Honolulu, USA
5
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, School of Oceas and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, USA
6
Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, University Park, USA
Van Houtan, Kyle S.1, Kittinger, John N. "Jack"2, McClenachan, Loren E.3, and Lawrence, Amanda1 Historical patterns of marine sea turtle exploitation and population response in the Pacific What is the historical baseline for nearshore sea turtle populations in the tropical Pacific? Various hypotheses can explain the current biogeography of turtles in the Pacific, but all of these rely on accurate historical information. Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations today are either: 1) recent colonists to Pacific islands, 2) a response to changes in nearshore ecosystems, or; 3) reflect anthropogenic impacts including overexploitation. This study tested the validity of these major competing hypotheses by compiling a historical database of >1000 individual data points, which allows us to establish historical ecological baselines for nearshore turtle populations in the Pacific basin. The results suggest that hawksbills were previously much more widely distributed and that colonial exploitation patterns for hawksbill shell provide the best explanation for current biogeographic distribution. Notably, historical harvest data are highly correlated with current nesting distributions, which supports the hypothesis that anthropogenic impacts severely reduced population size and nesting beach locations. Similarly, green sea turtles were also much more widely distributed in pre‐colonial times, but exploitation for food in prehistoric and post‐European contact times was probably the major driver for reductions in these populations. This analysis provides strong support to the role of human disturbance as a primary hypothesis for current sea turtle distributions. This research also demonstrates that historical data not commonly relied on in current population assessments can enable a greater understanding of the role of disturbance (human and natural) in altering marine turtle populations and coastal ecosystems through time. 1
NMFS/NOAA Marine Turtle Assessment Program, Protected Species Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, HI, USA 2
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Geography, NSF Integrated Graduate Education, Research and Training (IGERT) Program in Ecology, Conservation and Pathogen Biology, Honolulu, USA 72 Abstracts Alphabetical by Author 3
Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Science, Burnaby, BC, Canada Vatanparast, Mohammad1, Takayama, Koji2, Tateishi, Yoichi3, and Kajita, Tadashi1 Phylogeography of a pantropical legume with sea‐
dispersed seeds, Canavalia rosea The evolutionary history and phylogeography of Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC., a typical member of the group of "Pantropical plants with sea‐dispersed seeds" and its allied species were studied. The distribution range of C. rosea covers entire littoral areas of tropics and sub‐tropics all over the world, which is assumed to be the result of seeds having been dispersed by oceanic currents. Phylogenetic analyses using nucleotide sequences of 6 chloroplast DNA regions exceeding 6000 bp suggested that the Hawaiian endemic subgenus Maunaloa, was monophyletic and more closely related to subgen. Canavalia than to other subgenera. The results suggest that the Hawaiian subgenus originated in a single colonization to Hawaii by sea‐dispersal. Spatial genetic structure among 515 individuals from 48 populations of C. rosea was also studied based on partial sequences of 6 cpDNA regions. Pairwise FST and coalescent based population genetic analyses revealed that significant gene flow occurs over the Pacific and Indian Oceanic regions and also within the Atlantic region. The results also confirm genetic differentiation of the Atlantic populations and suggest that African and American land masses served as geographical barriers to gene flow by sea‐dispersal. 1
scenario. Specifically, the data from this study indicate that the yellow‐eyed penguin (M. antipodes) is a new (1500‐1800 AD) arrival from the sub‐Antarctic following the recent extinction of its previously unrecognised New Zealand sister species, the Waitaha penguin (M. waitaha). Bayesian analyses of genotypic data imply that this northward expansion of M. antipodes occurred as recently as 500 years ago, approximately two centuries after the arrival of Polynesians. Similarly, New Zealand’s unique prehistoric sea‐lion lineages (Phocarctos) were extirpated following human arrival, and subsequently replaced by a sub‐Antarctic stock of Phocarctos. In yet another possible case of extinction and replacement, southern New Zealand now hosts an ‘Australian’ lineage of the little blue penguin (Eudyptula). In all three cases, offshore lineages seem to have benefited from the extinction of their mainland counterparts. Broadly, it is becoming clear that environmental change and extinction can facilitate rapid colonisation across large geographic scales. Additionally, there can be little doubt that New Zealand represents one of the world’s most informative systems for studying the consequences of recent human impacts. 1
University of Otago, Department of Zoology, Dunedin, New Zealand Chiba University, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Japan 2
University of Vienna, Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Botany, Austria 3
University of the Ryukyus, Faculty of Education, Okinawa, Japan Waters, Jonathan M.1 The importance of history: ancient DNA analyses reveal dynamic responses to environmental change In New Zealand, seven centuries of human occupation have decimated an indigenous vertebrate fauna that evolved in the absence of terrestrial mammalian predators. Although the prevailing paradigm interprets surviving taxa as declining remnants of previously abundant populations, recent genetic data provide a warning against such simplistic narratives. As a case in point, ancient DNA analyses of Megadyptes penguin sub‐fossils suggest a dynamic extinction‐recolonisation 73 Post‐Conference Field Trip POST‐CONFERENCE FIELD TRIP VOLCANOES OF THE BIG ISLAND OF HAWAII May 30‐31, 2011 Description This two‐day excursion, beginning mid‐day on Monday, May 30, provides a geological‐
biogeographical overview of three of the Big Island’s volcanic mountains including the planet’s largest mountain (Mauna Loa), it’s most active volcano (Kilauea) and the Pacific Basin’s highest island mountain (Mauna Kea). Emphasis will be placed on the nature of eruption of Hawaii’s mid‐
oceanic plate, effusive shield volcanoes and post volcanic interaction with the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, including successional revegetation. Leader: Chuck T. Blay, Geologist/Naturalist/Educator, TEOK Investigations Itinerary Day 1: 11:00‐20:00 – meet Dolphin Bay Hotel, Hilo (800‐935‐1466): Kilauea Volcano (youthful shield stage), Volcanoes National Park. Overview of summit area with hike across pit crater and lava lake of Kilauea Iki (site of 1959 eruption); Thurston (Nahuku) lava tube; Puu Puai tephra mound (vegetation succession); Chain of Craters Road to the sea (many stops); evening viewing of lava lake within Halemaumau summit crater; dinner stop at Volcano village (or Hilo, depending on volcano activity and weather); lodging – Dolphin Bay Hotel, Hilo. Day 2: 08:00‐18:00 – Mauna Loa (mature shield stage) and Mauna Kea (post‐shield stage): Puu Oo trail across a variety of prehistoric and historic Mauna Loa lava flows and kipukas; overview of Mauna Kea geology with emphasis on post‐shield cinder cones and summit glacial deposits; lodging – Dolphin Bay Hotel, Hilo. Cost: $275 includes two nights lodging (shared room, May 30, 31), transportation (4wd to Mauna Kea summit), breakfast (continental), lunches (2 days), and guidebook. Not included ‐‐ transportation to and from Hilo, evening meals. Reservations Reservations can be made at the conference registration desk. Miximum participants = 13. No refunds will be issued unless the space can be filled from the waiting list which will be kept after the trip has reached maximum capacity. 74 Student Travel Awards MCBRYDE TRAVEL AWARD RECIPIENTS The conference organizing committee would like to thank the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) for their generous support of the student travel grant program through the McBryde Science Program at NTBG. The purpose of this scholarship program is to encourage student attendance and participation at the conference by providing financial assistance to students who would otherwise be unable to attend. Congratulations to the following recipients of a McBryde Travel Award: Michael J. Andersen University of California, Berkeley University of Kansas Jessica Craft University of California, San Diego Asa J. Aue University of Hawaii at Hilo Iria Fernandez‐Silva University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Christine D. Bacon Marine Biology Colorado State University Timothy J. Gallaher Brad Balukjian University of Hawaii at Manoa University of California, Berkeley Jonatha Giddens Gordon M. Bennett University of Hawaii at Hilo University of Califronia, Berkeley Kari R. Goodman Joanne L. Birch University of California, Berkeley University of Hawaii at Manoa Michelle E. Guitard University of Hawaii at Hilo Jason T. Cantley University of Hawaii at Manoa David H. Hembry University of California, Berkeley Juliane Casquet Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique Michael Hickerson City University of New York Yvonne L. Chan University of Hawaii at Manoa Melissa A. Johnson University of Hawaii at Hilo Stephan Masao Classen University of Hawaii at Hilo Stefan Kropidlowski University of Hawaii at Hilo Gregory T. Concepcion University of Maryland, College Park Richard Lapoint University of California, Berkeley Craig Costion Australian Tropical Herbarium Pei‐Luen Lu Darko D. Cotoras University of Hawaii at Manoa Revised 75 Student Travel Awards Jonathan B. Puritz University of Hawaii at Hilo Amanda C. Raver University of Hawaii at Hilo Alicia Rhoades University of Hawaii at Hilo Julio Rivera University of Hawaii at Manoa Andrew J. Rominger University of California, Berkeley Sonja A. Schwartz University of California, Berkeley Anya Tagawa University of Hawaii at Hilo Tom P. McFarland University of Hawaii at Hilo Paula Mejia Velasquez University of Florida, Gainesville Matin Miryeganeh Chiba University Keenan Morrison University of Hawaii at Hilo Kristen M. Nolting Michigan State Peter T. Oboyski University of California, Berkeley Richard Pender University of Hawaii at Manoa Revised 76 Conference Participants CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS NAME INSTITUTION
CITY
Australia Costion, Craig M. Lavery, Tyrone Long, Suzanne C. Porch, Nick Burma Min, Khine Soe "Michael" Mon, Thet Su Naing, Tin Htet "Stanley" Swe, Thiri Win, Aung Myo Canada Craig, Douglas A. Craig, Ruth E. Percy, Diana M. Rundell, Rebecca J. Chile Cardemil, Jaime Espejo Australian Tropical Herbarium University of Queensland Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Deakin University Monywa University and Open University Dagon University University of Distance Education Myanmar Institute of Technology Distance Education of Dagon University University of Alberta University of British Columbia University of British Columbia Universidad de Concepción/Forestal Mininco The University of the South Pacific Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique Délégation à la Recherche, Government of French Polynesia Chiba University Chiba University Chiba University Cairns Gatton Cairns Burwood Yangon Yangon Yangon Yangon Yangon Edmonton Edmonton Vancouver Vancouver Los Angeles Fiji Thaman, Randolph R. France Casquet, Juliane French Polynesia Meyer, Jean‐Yves Japan Kajita, Tadashi Miryeganeh, Matin Vatanparast, Mohammad Suva Toulouse Papeete Chiba Chiba Chiba Revised 77 Conference Participants Malaysia Abdul Razbak, Auji Nabulah "Abbie" Cheah, Lee Sun Kumeraintharen, Murugiah "Kumerain" Lui, Wen Leong "Jayden" Ng, Chuck Chaun Mexico Mehltreter, Klaus New Caledonia Sand, Christophe New Zealand Matisoo‐Smith, Elizabeth A. Prost, Stefan Waters, Jonathan M. Philippines Casimiro, Jonathan Tomines "Jonas" Galon, Gerard Emmanuel Babiera Madriaga, Frances Batenga Sidic, Zobair Ballindong "Dicxee" Villaflor, Jessel Kho "Jeje" Switzerland Cibois, Alice Thailand Bannob, Nirut "Darid" Boonprasop, Sutthichai "Win" Chalmermthai, Khadijah Fuekfon, Supisan "Bas" Jehwoh, Fitra United Kingdom Mahesan, Shangeetha Rosindell, James United States Allison, Allen University Putra Malaysia University of Malaya University of Science Malaysia University of Putra Malaysia University of Malaya Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. Institute of Archaeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific (IANCP) University of Otago University of Otago University of Otago Saint Louis University University of Saint La Salle Saint Louis University Mindanao State University‐Marawi University of Saint La Salle Natural History Museum of Geneva Srinakharinwirot University Chulalongkorn University Mahidol University International College Chulalongkorn University Mahidol University International College University of Leeds Bishop Museum Kuala Lumpur Penang Penang Nilai Penang Xalapa Noumea Dunedin Dunedin Dunedin San Fernando City Bacolod City Tarlac City Pualas Bacolod City Geneva Bangkok Photharam Bangkok Bangkok Yaring Leeds Honolulu Revised 78 Conference Participants Andersen, Michael J. Aue, Asa J. Bacon, Christine D. Bialic‐Murphy, Lalasia Bainbridge, Susan J. Baldwin, Bruce G. Balukjian, Brad Banko, Paul C. Barton, Kasey E. Bennett, Gordon M. Birch, Joanne L. Bird, Christopher Blay, Charles T. Bordenave, Ian Bowen, Brian Boyd, Lance Boyer, Alison G. Brown, Rafe Brown, Jonathan M. University of Kansas University of Hawaii Colorado State University Army Natural Resources University of California University of California University of California United States Geological Survey Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center University of Hawaii at Manoa University of California University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology The Edge Of Kau'ai (TEOK) Investigations U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology East‐West Center University of Tennessee University of Kansas Grinnell College Lawrence Hilo Fort Collins Honolulu
Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Hawaii National Park Honolulu Berkeley Honolulu Kane`ohe Poipu Honolulu Kane`ohe Honolulu Knoxville Lawrence Grinnell Bruegmann, Marie U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Honolulu Burney, David A. Butler, Marguerite Canfield, Joan Cantley, Jason T. Caraway, Vickie National Tropical Botanical Garden University of Hawaii at Manoa Hawaii Public Radio University of Hawaii at Manoa Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources/DOFAW University of Hawaii University of Hawaii at Manoa Plant Extinction Prevention Program University of Hawaii at Manoa Bishop Museum Catalina Island Conservancy and Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of Hawaii University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Maryland Michigan State University University of California University of California Kalaheo Honolulu Kailua Honolulu Honolulu Carlile, Amy Chan, Yvonne L. Chau, Marian Ching, Susan N. Chock, Al Keali'i Christensen, Carl C. Clark, John R. Clark, Michelle Classen, Stephan M. Cole, David M. Concepcion, Gregory T. Cooper, Idelle A. Cotoras, Darko D. Craft, Jessica Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu Pearl City Honolulu Honolulu Avalon and Claremont Honolulu Hilo Keaau College Park Lansing Berkeley San Diego Revised 79 Conference Participants Cusick, John DiBattista, Joseph Drake, Donald R. Duffy, David C. Duffy, Deirdre Dunn, Christopher P. Evans, Malia Ewing, Curtis Faucci, Anuschka Fernandez‐Silva, Iria Filardi, Christopher E. Fleischer, Robert C. Forsman, Zac H. Fortini, Lucas B. Fraiola, Kauaoa M.S. Funk, Vicki Gallaher, Timothy J. Game, John C. Giddens, Jonatha Gillespie, Rosemary G. Gon III, Samuel M. 'Ohukani'ohi'a Goodman, Kari Roesch Guitard, Michelle E. Hague, Clifford W. Hanken, James Harrington, Carrie Helgen, Lauren Helgen, Kristofer M. Hembry, David H. Herman, Douglas Hickerson, Michael J. HIgashino, Jennifer Hogan, James Derek East‐West Center University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii, Lyon Arboretum University of Hawaii ‐PCSU University of California University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawii at Manoa, Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology American Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative/ PIERC‐USGS University of California Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History University of Hawaii at Manoa University of California, Berkeley Herbarium University of Hawaii University of California The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii University of California University of Hawaii Catalina Island Conservancy/San Diego Zoo Global Harvard University U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History University of California Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian City University of New York U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of Wisconsin Honolulu Kane`ohe Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu Berkeley Honolulu Kane`ohe New York City Washington, DC Kane`ohe Honolulu Berkeley Washington, DC Honolulu Berkeley Hilo Berkeley Honolulu Berkeley Hilo Avalon Cambridge Honolulu Washington, DC Washington, DC Berkeley Washington, DC Flushing Honolulu Madison Revised 80 Conference Participants Horn, James W. Huppman, Elizabeth Hughes, Flint Jacobi, James D. Helen, James Hoffman, Naomi James, Shelley A. Jarvi, Susan I. Johnson, Melissa A. Jordan, Stephen D. Juola, Frans Juvik, James O. Kahn, Jennifer G. Kapan, Durrell Karl, Stephen A. Kastl, Brian Kawahara, Akito Kawelo, Hilary K. Keeley, Sterling C. Keir, Matt Kelloff, Carol L. Kennedy, Randy Khan, Nancy R. Kinzie III, Robert A. Kirch, Patrick V. Kishida, Wendy M. Kittinger, John N. Knope, Matthew L. Kropidlowski, Stefan Krushelnycky, Paul Kwon, James Lapoint, Richard Laughlin, Jill Lau, Joel Lee, Julia G. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History University of Hawaii, Lyon Arboretum USDA‐Forest Service‐Pacific Southwest Research Station U.S. Geological Survey ‐ Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History Honolulu Botanical Gardens Bishop Museum University of Hawaii University of Hawaii Bucknell University U.S. Navy University of Hawaii Bishop Museum University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology East‐West Center University of Hawaii at Manoa O`ahu Army Natural Resource Program University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History DLNR‐DOFAW Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology University of California Plant Extinction Prevention Program University of Hawaii at Manoa and Impact Assessment, Inc. Stanford University University of Hawaii University of Hawaii at Manoa U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of California University of Hawaii, Lyon Arboretum O`ahu Army Natural Resources Program Washington, DC Honolulu Hilo Honolulu Washington, DC Honolulu Honolulu Hilo Hilo Lewisburg Honolulu Hilo Hilo Honolulu Kane`ohe Honolulu Honolulu Kane`ohe Honolulu Honolulu Washington, DC Honolulu Washington, DC Kane`ohe Berkeley Kalaheo Honolulu Stanford Hilo Honolulu Honolulu Berkeley Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu Revised 81 Conference Participants Lehman, Alex Loope, Lloyd Lorence, David H. Lu, Pei‐Luen Lucas, Matthew P. Lundin, Ed Mann, Sheri Mansker, Greg Mansker, Michelle L. Marrack, Lisa Matzke, Nicholas J. McFarland, Thomas P. Medeiros, Arthur C. Mehrhoff, Loyal Mejia Velasquez, Paula J. Miller, Steve Monro, Christine Montgomery, Steven Morden, Clifford W. Morrison, Keenan Motley, Timothy Moyle, Robert G. Nacapoy, Brandon Nepokroeff, Molly Newman, Jeff Newton, Jess Nolting, Kristen M. Ó Foighil, Diarmaid Oboyski, Peter T. O'Grady, Patrick M. Oppenheimer, Hank Ort, Brian S. Pang, Benton Kealii Pender, Richard Perlman, Steven P. Pillon, Yohan Plentovich, Sheldon Polhemus, Dan Price, Donald Price, Jonathan University of Hawaii at Manoa, TPSS USGS ‐ Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center National Tropical Botanical Garden University of Hawaii at Manoa National Tropical Botanical Garden University of Hawaii DLNR‐DOFAW DLNR‐DOFAW Army Natural Resource Program University of California University of California University of Hawaii USGS Pacific Islands Ecosystems Research Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of Florida U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service East‐West Center University of Hawaii at Manoa University of HawaiI Old Dominion University University of Kansas U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of South Dakota U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Michigan State University University of Michigan University of California University of California Plant Extinction Prevention Program and University of Hawaii at Manoa University of California U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of Hawaii National Tropical Botanical Garden University of Hawaii U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service University of Hawaii University of Hawaii Honolulu Makawao Kalaheo Honolulu Kalaheo Hilo Honolulu Honolulu Schofield Barracks Berkeley Berkeley Hilo Makawao Honolulu Gainesville Honolulu Honolulu Waipahu Honolulu Hilo Norfolk Lawrence Honolulu Vermillion Honolulu Honolulu East Lansing Ann Arbor Berkeley Berkeley Lahaina and Honolulu Berkeley Honolulu Honolulu Kalaheo Hilo Honolulu Honolulu Hilo Hilo Revised 82 Conference Participants Puritz, Jonathan B. Ranker, Tom A. Raver, Amanda C. Ree, Richard Rhoades, Alicia Richmond, Jonathan Q. Rivera, Julio Robichaux, Robert H. Roderick, George Roe‐Andersen, Susie Rominger, Andrew J. Rothenberg, Jana J. Rubenstein, Tanya Sahli, Heather F. Sakishima, Tomoko Samper, Cristián Schwartz, Sonja A. Seamon, Joshua O. Shaw, Kerry L. Sheng, Joanne Sherwood, Alison Shiels, Aaron B. Smith, Clifford W. Soulé, Michael Stacy, Elizabeth A. Sterling, Eleanor J. Sugii, Nellie Sukhraj, Nadiera Tagawa, Anya Toonen, Robert J. Utzurrum, Ruth B. Van Houtan, Kyle S. Wagner, Warren L. Waiamau, Linley Waite, Mashuri Walker, Michael John Weisenberger, Lauren University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii Field Museum of Natural History University of Hawaii U.S. Geological Survey University of Hawaii at Manoa Hawaiian Silversword Foundation and University of Arizona University of California Kane`ohe Honolulu Hilo Chicago Hilo San Diego Honolulu Volcano and Tucson Berkeley Kamuela University of California Berkeley TEOK Investigations Poipu DLNR‐DOFAW Honolulu Shippensburg University Shippensburg University of Hawaii Hilo Smithsonian Institution, National Museum Washington, DC of Natural History University of California Berkeley American Samoan Government Pago Pago Cornell University Ithaca U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Honolulu University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu United States Department of Agriculture Hilo University of Hawaii, O`ahu Army Natural Honolulu Resources Program Wildlands Project Paonia University of Hawaii Hilo American Museum of Natural History New York City University of Hawaii, Lyon Arboretum Honolulu United States Fish and Wildlife Service Honolulu University of Hawaii Hilo University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Kane`ohe Institute of Marine Biology United States Wildlife and Sport Fish Honolulu Restoration Program NOAA Fisheries Honolulu Smithsonian Institution, National Museum Washington, DC of Natural History DLNR‐DOFAW Honolulu University of Hawaii, Lyon Arboretum Honolulu Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit: OANRP Honolulu University of Hawaii ‐ PCSU: OANRP Honolulu Revised 83 Conference Participants Whitehead, Amber Wichman, Chipper R. Wichman, Hau`oli Williams, Laura Yoshinaga, Alvin Y. Yuen, Emma K. Kamehameha Schools ‐ Land Assets Dvision National Tropical Botanical Garden National Tropical Botanical Garden NAVFAC Pacific ‐ Terrestrial Natural Resources University of Hawaii (retired) Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources‐ Division of Forestry and Wildlife Kailua‐Kona Kalaheo Kalaheo Pearl Harbor Honolulu Honolulu Revised 84 NOTES 85 86