HighFour Biology Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Thursday, February 9, 2017 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #1: Solution: Answer #2: Solution: Answer #3: Solution: Answer #4: Solution: Answer #5: Solution: diatoms Diatoms are algae with distinctive, transparent cell walls made of silicon dioxide hydrated with a small amount of water. Charles Lyell Charles Lyell is the British geologist who proposed uniformitarianism, the principle that strongly influenced Darwin’s ideas about the application of such gradual change to biological evolution. central vacuole The central vacuole is the largest organelle in the cell. This membrane-­‐
bound organelle holds materials and wastes, and maintain proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant. loam Loam is a fertile soil of clay, sand, and silt containing humus. Its composition is about 40%-­‐40%-­‐20% concentration of sand-­‐silt-­‐clay, respectively. bipedalism Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion wherein an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped, meaning "two feet" (from the Latin bis for "double" and pes for "foot"). HighFour Biology Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Thursday, February 9, 2017 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #6: Solution: Answer #7: Solution: Answer #8: Solution: Answer #9: Solution: Answer #10: Solution: Zea mays Zea mays is the scientific name for maize or corn. The leafy stalk of the plant produces separate pollen and ovuliferous inflorescences or ears, which are fruits, yielding kernels (often erroneously called seeds). Maize kernels are often used in cooking as a starch. chemoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs are organisms that derive their energy from the oxidation of inorganic chemical sources. They are unable to utilize carbon dioxide to form their own organic compounds. Their carbon source is rather derived from sulfur, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which utilize solar energy. transpiration Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant. Higher temperatures cause the plant cells which control the openings (stoma) where water is released to the atmosphere to open, whereas colder temperatures cause the openings to close. inclusive fitness Inclusive fitness is the ability of an individual organism to pass its genes to the next generation, taking into account the shared genes passed on by the organism’s close relatives. dendrochronology Dendrochronology or tree-­‐ring dating is the scientific method of dating tree rings to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history. Dendrochronology is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment (most prominently climate) and also in works of art and architecture, such as old panel paintings on wood, buildings, etc. It is also used in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages. HighFour Biology Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Thursday, February 9, 2017 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #11: Solution: Answer #12: Solution: Answer #13: Solution: Answer #14: Solution: Answer #15: Solution: bryophytes Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer all embryophytes that are non-­‐vascular plants, namely the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. The defining features of bryophytes are that their life cycles are dominated by the gametophyte stage, that their sporophytes are unbranched and that they do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin, although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water climate Climate refers to the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period of time. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. microfilaments Microfilaments are solid rods of about 7 nm in diameter. They are also called actin filaments because they are made up of actin molecules. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but in cells are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins. anatomy Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. In some of its facets, anatomy is related to embryology and comparative anatomy, which itself is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny. deforestation Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. HighFour Biology Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 6 Thursday, February 9, 2017 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #16: Solution: Answer #17: Solution: Answer #18: Solution: Answer #19: Solution: Answer #20: Solution: herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. cis face Cis and trans refer to the different faces of the Golgi complex. Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum enter the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. irrigation Irrigation is the process of supplying water to land, in order to assist in the growth of crops. There are four types of irrigation: (1) surface, (2) sprinkler, (3) drip/trickle, and (4) subsurface irrigation. If the irrigation
water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly suitable, as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods. Sprinkler systems are more efficient that surface irrigation methods in leaching out salts. Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. adaptive evolution Adaptive evolution is the dynamic, ongoing, life-­‐sustaining process by which organisms adjust to environmental changes. Adaptations can be structural, physiological, or behavioral. Structural adaptations are special body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat. Physiological adaptations are systems present in an organism that allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions. Behavioral adaptations are special ways a particular organism behaves to survive in its natural habitat. age structure Age structure is the relative number of individuals of each age in a population. Age-­‐structure diagrams allow us to determine if the number of individuals likely to have children will increase or decrease in the
future. They tell us whether a population is growing, stable, or declining in numbers.