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5 hr. Nail Structure and Growth and The
DTAE Health and Safety
Outline
Why Study Nail Structure and Growth?
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•
•
•
The Natural Nail
Nail Anatomy
Nail Growth
Know Your Nails
Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to:
• Describe the structure and composition of nails.
• Discuss how nails grow.
• Identify diseases and disorders of the nail
SECTION 1
You probably know that the natural nail has a cuticle. Do you know whether the
cuticle is living or dead skin? And do you know where the plate and the bed are
located in the natural nail? This section gives you the answers to these questions
and more. So, read on, because you cannot perform professional nail services
without understanding the structure and growth of the natural nail.
Why Study Nail Structure and Growth?
Cosmetologists should study and have a thorough understanding of nail structure
and growth because:
• Understanding the structure and growth of natural nails allows you to
expertly groom, strengthen, and beautify nails.
• It is important to know the difference between the nail cuticle and the
eponychium before performing nail services.
• Understanding the structure and growth cycles of the natural nail will
prepare you for more advanced nail services.
The Natural Nail
A natural nail, also known as onyx (AHN-iks), is the hard protective plate
composed mainly of keratin, the same fibrous protein found in skin and hair. The
keratin in natural nails is harder than the keratin in skin or hair. The natural nail is
located at the end of the finger or toe. It is an appendage of the skin and is part of
the integumentary system, which is made up of the skin and its various organs.
Nail plates protect the tips of the fingers and toes, and their appearance can reflect
the general health of the body.
Did you know?
Nail plates are made of dead cells, so they do not require oxygen. In contrast, nail
beds are live cells, so they do need oxygen, vitamins, and minerals.
A normal, healthy nail is firm but flexible. The surface is shiny, smooth, and
unspotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits. A healthy nail also is whitish and
translucent in appearance, with the pinkish color of the nail bed showing through.
In some races, the nail bed may have more yellow tones. The water content of the
nail varies according to the relative humidity of the surrounding environment; in a
humid environment, nails contain more water. A healthy nail may look dry and
hard, but its water content is actually between 15 and 25 percent. The water
content directly affects the nail’s flexibility. The lower the water content, the more
rigid the nail becomes. Coating the plate with an oil-based nail conditioner or nail
polish improves flexibility by reducing water loss. These products also prevent
excessive water absorption.
Sometimes the names used for professional nail products can create confusion. To
avoid this problem, pay close attention to what the product is actually designed to
do.
For example, look at products marketed as nail cuticle moisturizers, softeners, or
conditioners. The cuticle is dead skin on the nail plate, so why are these products
designed to moisturize, soften, and condition the cuticle? That does not make any
sense! Cuticle moisturizers, softeners, and conditioners are actually designed to
treat the eponychium, sidewalls, and hyponychium—not the cuticle!
Cuticle removers are properly named; they remove the dead cuticle. These
professional products can quickly dissolve soft tissue, and when carefully applied
to the nail plate, they speed removal of stubborn cuticle tissue.
The nail bed does not have sudoiferous (sweat) glands, so the nail cannot perspire.
It is the skin around the nail that perspires.
Nail Anatomy
The natural nail unit is composed of several major parts, including the nail plate,
nail bed, matrix, nail cuticle, eponychium, hyponychium, specialized ligaments,
and nail folds.
Nail Plate
The nail plate is a hardened keratin plate that sits on and covers the nail bed. It is
the most visible and functional part of the nail unit. The nail plate is relatively
porous and will allow water to pass through it much more easily than through
normal skin of an equal thickness. As it grows, the nail plate slowly slides across
the nail bed. The nail plate is formed by the matrix cells. The sole job of the matrix
cells is to create nail plate cells. The nail plate may appear to be one solid piece,
but is actually constructed of about 100 layers of nail cells. The free edge is the
part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe.
Nail Bed
The nail bed is the portion of living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows
toward the free edge. Because it is richly supplied with blood vessels, the nail bed
has a pinkish appearance from the lunula to the area just before the free edge of the
nail. The nail bed contains many nerves, and is attached to the nail plate by a thin
layer of tissue called the bed epithelium (BED ep-ih-THEE-lee-um). The bed
epithelium helps guide the nail plate along the nail bed as it grows.
Matrix
The matrix (MAY-trikz) is the area where the nail plate cells are formed; this area
is composed of matrix cells that produce the nail plate cells. The matrix contains
nerves, lymph, and blood vessels to nourish the matrix cells. As long as it is
nourished and healthy, the matrix will continue to create new nail plate cells.
The matrix extends from under the nail fold at the base of the nail plate. The
visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin is called the
lunula (LOO-nuh-luh). It is the whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail.
The whitish color is caused by the reflection of light off the surface of the matrix.
The lighter color of the lunula shows the true color of the matrix. Every nail has a
lunula, but some lunulas are short and remain hidden under the eponychium.
Many people cannot tell the difference between the nail cuticle and the
eponychium, but it is easy when you use this simple checklist.
• Is the tissue adhering directly to the natural nail plate but easily removed
with gentle scraping?
• Is the tissue very thin and colorless but easily visible under close inspection?
• Is the tissue nonliving and not directly attached to living skin?
• If you answered “Yes” to any of the questions above, then this tissue is
called the cuticle.
• Is the tissue part of the skin that grows up to the base of the natural nail
plate?
• Is the tissue part of the skin that covers the nail matrix and lunula?
• If you cut deeply into this tissue, will it bleed?
If you answered “Yes” to any of the questions above, this tissue is called the
eponychium.
Cosmetologists are permitted to gently push back the eponychium, but are
prohibited from cutting or trimming any part of the eponychium, since it is living
skin. Cutting living skin is outside the scope of cosmetology and not allowed under
any conditions or circumstances.
Growth and appearance of the nails can be affected if an individual is in poor
health, if a nail disorder or disease is present, or if there has been an injury to the
matrix.
Cuticle
The nail cuticle (NAYL KYOO-tih-kul) is the dead, colorless tissue attached to the
natural nail plate. The cuticle comes from the underside of the skin that lies above
the natural nail plate. This tissue is incredibly sticky and difficult to remove from
the nail plate. Its job is to seal the space between the natural nail plate and living
skin. This prevents entry of foreign material and microorganisms and helps avoid
injury and infection.
Eponychium
The eponychium (ep-oh-NIK-eeum) is the living skin at the base of the natural nail
plate that covers the matrix area. The eponychium is often confused with the nail
cuticle. They are not the same. The cuticle is the dead tissue adhered to the nail
plate; the eponychium is living tissue that grows up to the nail plate. The cuticle
comes from the underside of this area, where it completely detaches from the
eponychium and strongly attaches to the new growth of nail plate. It pulls free to
form a seal between the natural nail plate and the eponychium. Cosmetologists are
prohibited from cutting the eponychium, even when a client requests it during a
service.
Hyponychium
The hyponychium (hy-poh-NIK-eeum) is the slightly thickened layer of skin that
lies between the fingertip and the free edge of the natural nail plate. It forms a
protective barrier that prevents microorganisms from invading and infecting the
nail bed.
Specialized Ligaments
A ligament (LIG-uh-munt) is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or
holds an organ in place. Specialized ligaments attach the nail bed and matrix bed to
the underlying bone. These ligaments are located at the base of the matrix and
around the wedges of the nail bed.
Nail Folds
The nail folds are folds of normal skin that surround the nail plate. These folds
form the nail grooves, which are the slits or furrows on the sidewall. The sidewall,
also known as lateral nail fold (LAT-ur-ul NAYL FOHLD), is the fold of skin
overlapping the side of the nail.
SECTION 2
Nail Growth
A normal nail grows forward from the matrix and extends over the tip of the
finger. Normal, healthy nails can grow in a variety of shapes, depending on the
shape of the matrix. The length, width, and curvature of the matrix determine the
thickness, width, and curvature of the natural nail plate. For example, a longer
matrix produces a thicker nail plate, and a highly curved matrix creates a highly
curved free edge. No product or procedure can make the nail plate grow thicker
because a thicker nail plate would require a larger matrix. Toenails are also thicker
and harder than fingernails because the toenail matrix is longer than the fingernail
matrix.
Typing on a keyboard or lightly touching natural nails on piano keys stimulates the
nails and makes them grow.
The average rate of nail growth in the normal adult is about 1/10 of an inch (2.5
mm) per month, but many factors affect this growth rate. Age, for example, affects
nail growth. Compared with the nails of an average adult, children’s nails grow
more rapidly, and elderly adults’ nails grow more slowly. Seasons also affect nail
growth rate; nails grow faster in the summer than they do in the winter. Pregnancy
dramatically affects nail growth because of hormonal changes in the body. Nail
growth rates increase dramatically during the last trimester of pregnancy and
decrease quickly after delivery, returning to normal as hormone levels return to
normal. (In spite of a popular myth, nail growth rates accelerate during pregnancy
whether or not a woman takes prenatal vitamins.) A nail’s position on the body
affects its growth rate. Nail growth rate is fastest on the nail of the middle finger
and slowest on the thumb, and toenails grow more slowly than fingernails.
Nail Malformation
If disease, injury, or infection occurs in the matrix, the shape or thickness of the
nail plate can change. In fact, these conditions are generally the only reasons that a
person will shed a nail. Healthy nails are not shed automatically or periodically in
the way that healthy hair is shed. Often after a disease, injury, or infection that has
affected the nail’s growth, the natural nail will return to its healthy growth as long
as the matrix is healthy and undamaged. Ordinarily, replacement of a natural
fingernail takes about four to six months. Toenails take about nine months to one
year to be fully replaced.
Know Your Nails
Many cosmetologists are interested in nails because of the creative opportunities
they present. As with every other area of cosmetology, this creativity must be
grounded in a full awareness of the structure and physiology of the nails and the
surrounding tissue.
Working on strong, healthy nails can be a pleasure. Remember that as a licensed
cosmetologist, you are allowed to work only on healthy nails and skin with no
visible signs of disease or infection.
Glossary of Terms
Bed epithelium- Thin layer of tissue that attaches the nail plate and the nail bed
Eponychium -Living skin at the base of the natural nail plate that covers the
matrix area.
Free edge- Part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe.
Hyponychium- Slightly thickened layer of skin that lies between the fingertip and
free edge of the natural nail plate.
Ligament- Tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or holds an organ in
place
Lunula- Visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin; it
is the whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail.
Matrix- Area where the nail plate cells are formed; this area is composed of matrix
cells that produce the nail plate
Nail bed- Portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward
the free edge
Nail cuticle- Dead, colorless tissue attached to the natural nail plate
Nail folds- Folds of normal skin that surround the natural nail plate.
Nail grooves- Slits or furrows on the sides of the sidewall.
Nail plate- Hardened keratin plate that sits on and covers the natural nail bed. It is
the most visible and functional part of the natural nail unit.
Natural nail- Also known as onyx; the hard protective plate is composed mainly
of keratin, the same fibrous protein found in skin and hair. The keratin in natural
nails is harder than the keratin in skin or hair.
Natural nail unit- Composed of several major parts of the fingernail including the
nail plate, nail bed, matrix, cuticle, eponychium, hyponychium, specialized
ligaments, and nail fold. Together, all of these parts form the nail unit.
Sidewall- Also known as lateral nail fold; the fold of skin overlapping the side of
the nail
SECTION 3
Nail Disorders and Diseases
Outline
• Why Study Nail Disorders and Diseases?
• Nail Disorders
• Nail Diseases
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
1. List and describe the various disorders and irregularities of nails.
2. Recognize diseases of the nails that should not be treated in the salon.
INTRODUCTION:
To give clients professional and responsible service and care, you need to learn
about the structure and growth of the nail, as you did in the Nail Structure and
Growth section of this course. Now, you must learn about the disorders and
diseases of nails so that you will know when it is safe to work on a client.
Nails are an interesting and surprising part of the human body. They are small
mirrors of the general health of the entire body. Certain health conditions may first
be revealed by a change in the nails, a visible disorder, or poor nail growth. Some
conditions are easily treated in the salon—hangnails, for instance, or bruised nail
beds that need camouflage—but some are infectious and cannot be treated by salon
professionals. Carefully studying this chapter will vastly improve your knowledge
and expertise in caring for nails.
Cosmetologists should study and have a thorough understanding of nail
disorders and diseases because:
• You must be able to identify any condition on a client’s nails that should not
be treated in the salon and which may be treated in the salon.
• You must be able to identify infectious conditions that may be present so
that you can take the appropriate steps to protect yourself and your clients
from the spread of disease.
• You may be in a position to recognize conditions that may signal mild to
serious health problems that warrant the attention of a doctor.
Nail Disorders
As you now know, a normal, healthy nail is firm but flexible. The surface is shiny,
smooth, and unspotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits. A healthy nail also is
whitish and translucent in appearance, with the pinkish color of the nail bed
showing through. In some races, the nail bed may have more yellow tones.
A nail disorder is a condition caused by injury or disease of the nail unit. Most, if
not all, of your clients have experienced a common nail disorder at some time in
their lives. A cosmetologist should recognize normal and abnormal nail conditions,
understand what to do, and be able to help a client with a nail disorder in one of
two ways:
• You can tell clients that they may have a disorder and refer them to a
physician, if required.
• You can cosmetically improve certain nail plate conditions if the problem is
cosmetic and not a medical condition or disorder.
It is your professional responsibility and a requirement of your license to know
which option to choose. A client whose nail or skin is infected, inflamed, broken,
or swollen should not receive services. Instead, the client should be referred to a
physician to determine the type of treatment that is required.
Clients cannot sign a waiver or verbally give a cosmetologist permission to
disobey state or federal rules and regulations.
Bruised nails are a condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate,
causing a dark purplish spot. These discolorations are usually due to small injuries
to the nail bed. The dried blood absorbs into the nail bed epithelium tissue on the
underside of the nail plate and grows out with it. Treat this injured nail gently and
advise your clients to be more careful with their nails if they want to avoid this
problem in the future. Advise them to treat their nails like jewels and not tools!
This condition can usually be covered with nail polish or camouflaged with an
opaque nail enhancement.
Eggshell nails are noticeably thin, white nail plates that are more flexible than
normal. Eggshell nails are normally weaker and can curve over the free edge. The
condition is usually caused by improper diet, hereditary factors, internal disease, or
medication.
Be very careful when manicuring these nails because they are fragile and can break
easily. Use the fine side of an abrasive board (240 grit or higher) to file them
gently, but only if needed. It is best not to file a nail plate of this type. A thin
protective overlay of enhancement product can be helpful, but do not extend these
nails beyond the free edge.
Beau’s lines are visible depressions running across the width of the natural nail
plate. They usually result from major illness or injury that has traumatized the
body, such as pneumonia, adverse drug reaction, surgery, heart failure, massive
injury, or a long-lasting high fever.
Beau’s lines occur because the matrix slows down in producing nail cells for an
extended period of time, say a week or a month. This causes the nail plate to grow
thinner for a period of time. The nail plate thickness usually returns to normal after
the illness or condition is resolved.
Hangnail, also known as agnail, is a condition in which the living skin around the
nail plate splits and tears. Dry skin or small cuts can result in hangnails. If there is
no sign of infection or an open wound, advise the client that proper nail care, such
as hot oil manicures, will aid in correcting the condition. Also, never cut the living
skin around the natural nail plate, even if it is dry and rough looking. Other than to
carefully remove the thin layer of dead cuticle tissue on the nail plate, you should
not cut skin anywhere on the hands or feet.
Hangnails can be carefully trimmed, as long as the living skin is not cut or torn in
the process. It is against state board regulations to intentionally cut or tear the
client’s skin and can lead to serious infections for which you and the salon may be
legally liable. If not properly cared for, a hangnail can become infected. Clients
with symptoms of infections in their fingers should be referred to a physician.
Signs of infection are redness, pain, swelling, or pus.
Leukonychia spots (loo-koh-NIK-ee-ah SPATS), also known as white spots, are
whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by minor injury to the nail
matrix. They are not a symptom of any vitamin or mineral deficiency. It is a myth
that these result from calcium or zinc deficiency.
They appear frequently in the nails but do not indicate disease. As the nail
continues to grow, the white spots eventually disappear.
Melanonychia (mel-uh-nuh-NIK-ee-uh) is darkening of the fingernails or toenails.
It may be seen as a black band within the nail plate, extending from the base to the
free edge. In some cases, it may affect the entire nail plate. A localized area of
increased pigment cells (melanocytes), usually within the matrix, is responsible for
this condition.
As matrix cells form the nail plate, melanin is laid down within the plate by the
melanocytes. This is a fairly common occurrence and considered normal in people
of color, but could be indicative of a disease condition in Caucasian
Discolored nails are nails that turn a variety of colors, which may indicate surface
staining, a systemic disorder, or poor blood circulation. Although quite common, a
discolored nail may be caused by several factors, such as: surface stains from nail
polish, foods, dyes, or smoking. A discolored nail could also be caused by an
internal discoloration of the nail plate due to biological, medical, or even
pharmaceutical reasons.
Onychophagy (ahn-ih-koh-FAY-jee), also known as bitten nails, is the result of a
habit of chewing the nail or the hardened, damaged skin surrounding the nail plate.
Advise clients that frequent manicures and care of the hardened eponychium can
often help them overcome this habit, at the same time improving the health and
appearance of the hands. Sometimes, the application of nail enhancements can
beautify deformed nails and discourage the client from biting the nails. However,
the bitten, damaged skin should not be treated by a cosmetologist. If the skin is
broken or infected, no services can be provided until the area is healed.
Onychorrhexis (ahn-ih-koh-REK-sis) refers to split or brittle nails that have a
series of lengthwise ridges giving a rough appearance to the surface of the nail
plate. This condition is usually caused by injury to the matrix, excessive use of
cuticle removers, harsh cleaning agents, aggressive filing techniques, or heredity.
Nail services can be performed only if the nail is not split, exposing the nail bed.
Nail enhancement product should never be applied if the nail bed is exposed. This
condition may be corrected by softening the nails with a conditioning treatment
and discontinuing the use of harsh detergents, cleaners, or improper filing.
These nail plates often lack sufficient moisture, so twice-daily treatments with a
high quality, penetrating nail oil can be very beneficial. Nail hardeners should
always be avoided on brittle nails, since these products will increase brittleness.
Plicatured nail (plik-a-CHOORD NAYL), also known as folded nail, is a type of
highly curved nail plate usually caused by injury to the matrix, but it may be
inherited.
This condition often leads to ingrown nails.
Nail pterygium (teh-RIJ-ee-um) is an abnormal condition that occurs when the
skin is stretched by the nail plate. This disorder is usually caused by serious injury,
such as burns, or an adverse skin reaction to chemical nail enhancement products.
The terms cuticle and pterygium do not designate the same thing, and they should
never be used interchangeably. Nail pterygium is abnormal and is caused by
damage to the eponychium or hyponychium.
Do not treat nail pterygium and never push the extension of skin back with an
instrument. Doing so will cause more injury to the tissues and will make the
condition worse. The gentle massage of conditioning oils or creams into the
affected area may be beneficial. If this condition becomes irritated, painful, or
shows signs of infection, recommend that the client see a physician for
examination and proper treatment.
Ridges are vertical lines running down the length of the natural nail plate that are
caused by uneven growth of the nails, usually the result of normal aging. Older
clients are more likely to have these ridges, and unless the ridges become very
deep and weaken the nail plate, they are perfectly normal. When manicuring a
client with this condition, carefully buff the nail plate to minimize the appearance
of these ridges. This helps to remove or minimize the ridges, but great care must be
taken not to overly thin the nail plate, which could lead to nail plate weakness and
additional damage. Ridge filler is less damaging to the natural nail plate and can be
used with colored polish to give a smooth appearance while keeping the nail plate
strong and healthy.
Splinter hemorrhages are caused by physical trauma or injury to the nail bed that
damages the capillaries and allows small amounts of blood flow. As a result, the
blood stains the bed epithelium tissue that forms rails to guide the nail plate along
the nail bed during growth. This blood oxidizes and turns brown or black, giving
the appearance of a small splinter underneath the nail plate. Splinter hemorrhages
will always be positioned lengthwise in the direction of growth (pointing toward
the front and back of the nail plate) because this is how the bed epithelium rails
grow. Splinter hemorrhages are normal and usually associated with some type of
hard impact or other physical trauma to the fingernail or toenail.
Increased Curvature Nails
Nail plates with a deep or sharp curvature at the free edge have this shape because
of the matrix; the greater the curvature of the matrix, the greater the curvature of
the free edge. Increased curvature can range from mild to severe pinching of the
soft tissue at the free edge. In some cases, the free edge pinches the sidewalls into a
deep curve. This is known as pincer nail, also known as trumpet nail.
The nail can also curl in on itself, may be deformed only on one sidewall, or the
edges of the nail plate may curl around to form the shape of a trumpet or sharp
cone at the free edge. In each of these cases, the natural nail plate should be
carefully trimmed and filed. Extreme or unusual cases should be referred to a
qualified medical doctor or podiatrist.
SECTION 4
Nail Infections
Principles and Practices, fungi are parasites that may cause infections of the feet
and hands. Nail fungi are of concern to the salon because they are contagious and
can be transmitted through contaminated implements. Fungi can spread from nail
to nail on the client’s feet, but it is much less likely that these pathogens will cause
fingernail infections. Fungi infections prefer to grow in conditions where the skin
is warm, moist, and dark, that is, on feet inside shoes. It is extremely unlikely that a
cosmetologist could become infected from a client, but it is possible to transmit
fungal infections from one client’s foot or toe to another client.
With proper cleaning and disinfection practices the transmission of fungal
infections can be easily avoided. Clients with suspected nail fungal infection must
be referred to a physician.
It Is Not a Mold!
In the past, discolorations of the nail plate (especially those between the plate and
nail enhancements) were incorrectly referred to as molds. This term should not be
used when referring to infections of the fingernails or toenails. The discoloration is
usually a bacterial infection such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of several
common bacteria that can cause a nail infection, or Staphylococcus aureus.
These naturally occurring skin bacteria can grow rapidly to cause an infection if
conditions are correct for growth. Bacterial infections are more likely the cause of
infection on the hands, but also can be found on the feet.
Bacteria do not need the same growing conditions as fungal organisms, and can
thrive on fingernails just as easily as they can on the feet. Infection can be caused
by the use of implements that are contaminated with large numbers of these
bacteria. These infections are not a result of moisture trapped between the natural
nail and nail enhancements. This is a myth!
Water does not cause infections. Infections are caused by large numbers of bacteria
or fungal organisms on a surface. This is why proper cleaning and preparation of
the natural nail plate, as well as cleaning and disinfection of implements, are so
important. If these pathogens are not present, infections cannot occur.
A typical bacterial infection on the nail plate can be identified in the early stages as
a yellow-green spot that becomes darker in its advanced stages. The color usually
changes from yellow to green to brown to black.
Clients with these symptoms should be immediately referred to a physician for
treatment. It is illegal for a cosmetologist to diagnose or treat a nail infection. Do
not remove the nail enhancement unless directed to do so by the client’s treating
physician.
CAUTION
Nail infection caused by bacteria and fungi can be avoided by following state
board guidelines for proper cleaning and disinfection. Do not omit any of the
cleaning and disinfection procedures when performing a nail enhancement service.
Do not perform nail services for clients who are suspected of having an infection
of any kind on their nails. If you repeatedly encounter nail infections on your
clients’ nails, you should reexamine your cleaning, disinfection, preparation, and
application techniques. Completely disinfect all metal and reusable implements,
throw away single-use nail files, wash linens or replace with disposable towels,
and thoroughly clean and disinfect the table surface before and after the procedure.
Always practice strict rules regarding cleaning and disinfecting when working
with nails.
You should never provide any type of nail services to clients with a nail bacterial
or fungal infection.
OVERVIEW OF NAIL DISORDERS
DISORDER
SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS
BEAU’S LINES
Visible depressions running across the
width of the natural nail plate; usually a
result of major illness or injury that has
traumatized the body
BRUISED NAILS
Dark purplish spots, usually due to
physical injury
DISCOLORED NAILS
Nails turn a variety of colors; may
indicate surface staining, a systemic
disorder, or poor blood circulation
EGGSHELL NAILS
Noticeably thin, white plate, more
flexible than normal and can curve over
the free edge; usually caused by
improper diet, hereditary factors,
internal disease, or medication
HANGNAIL
Living skin around the nail plate (often
the eponychium) becomes split or torn
LEUKONYCHIA SPOTS
Also known as white spots; whitish
discolorations of the nail; usually caused
by minor injury to the nail matrix; not
related to the body’s health or vitamin
deficiencies
MELANONYCHIA
Darkening of the fingernails or toenails;
may be seen as a black band within the
nail plate, extending from the base to the
free edge
NAIL PSORIASIS
Nail surface pitting, roughness,
onycholysis, and bed discolorations
NAIL PTERYGIUM
Abnormal stretching of skin around the
nail plate; usually caused by serious
injury, such as burns, or an adverse skin
reaction to chemical nail enhancement
products or an allergic skin reaction
ONYCHOPHAGY
Also known as bitten nails; chewed
nails or chewed hardened skin
surrounding the nail plate
ONYCHORRHEXIS
Split or brittle nails that have a series of
lengthwise ridges giving a rough
appearance to the surface of the nail
plate
PINCER NAIL
Also known as trumpet nail; increased
crosswise curvature throughout the nail
plate caused by an increased curvature
of the matrix; the edges of the nail plate
may curl around to form the shape of a
trumpet or sharp cone at the free edge
PLICATURED NAIL
Also known as folded nail; a type of
highly curved nail plate, usually caused
by injury to the matrix, but it may be
inherited
RIDGES
Vertical lines running the length of the
natural nail plate that are caused by
uneven growth of the nails, usually the
result of normal aging
SPLINTER HEMORRHAGES
Physical trauma or injury to the nail bed
that damages the capillaries and allows
small amount of blood flow
Nail Diseases
There are several nail diseases that you may come across. A brief overview of nail
diseases is found in the table below. Any nail disease that shows signs of infection
or inflammation (redness, pain, swelling, or pus) should not be diagnosed or
treated in the salon. Medical examination is required for all nail diseases and any
treatments will be determined by the physician.
OVERVIEW OF NAIL DISEASES
DISEASE
SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS
ONYCHIA
Inflammation of the nail matrix,
followed by shedding of the nail
ONYCHOLYSIS
Lifting of the nail plate from the nail
bed, without shedding, usually
beginning at the free edge and
continuing toward the luna area
ONYCHOMADESIS
Separation and falling off of a nail plate
from the nail bed; can affect fingernails
and toenails
NAIL PSORIASIS
Tiny pits or severe roughness on the
surface of the nail plate
ONYCHOMYCOSIS
Fungal infection of the natural nail plate
PARONYCHIA
Bacterial inflammation of the tissues
around the nail plate causing pus,
swelling, and redness, usually in the
skin fold adjacent to the nail plate
PYOGENIC GRANULOMA
Severe inflammation of the nail in
which a lump of red tissue grows up
from the nail bed to the nail plate
TINEA PEDIS
Red, itchy rash on the skin on the
bottom of feet and/or between the toes,
usually between the fourth or fifth toe
A person’s occupation can cause a variety of nail infections. For instance,
infections develop more readily in people who regularly place their hands in harsh
cleaning solutions.
Natural oils are removed from the skin by frequent exposure to soaps, solvents, and
many other types of substances. A cosmetologist’s hands are exposed daily to
professional products. These products should be used according to manufacturer’s
instructions to ensure that they are being used correctly and safely. If those
instructions or warnings tell you to avoid skin contact, you should take heed and
follow such advice. If the manufacturer recommends that you wear gloves, make
sure that you do so to protect your skin. Contact the product manufacturer if you
are not sure how to use the product safely and obtain the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Go to a library or use the Internet to research the term scope of practice for
medical doctors, dermatologists, and podiatrists. You should be familiar with what
these professionals do, as well as the strict limitations placed on
cosmetologists’ scope of practice so that you’ll better understand what you cannot
do.
Product manufacturers can always provide you with additional information and
guidance. Call them whenever you have any questions related to safe handling and
proper use.
Onychosis (ahn-ih-KOH-sis) is any deformity or disease of the natural nail.
Onychia (uh-NIK-ee-uh) is an inflammation of the nail matrix followed by
shedding of the natural nail plate. Any break in the skin surrounding the nail plate
can allow pathogens to infect the matrix. Be careful to avoid injuring sensitive
tissue, and make sure that all implements are properly cleaned and disinfected.
Improperly cleaned and disinfected nail implements can cause this and other
diseases if an accidental injury occurs.
Onychocryptosis (ahn-ih-koh-krip-TOH-sis), also known as ingrown nails, can
affect either the fingers or toes.
In this condition, the nail grows into the sides of the living tissue around the nail.
The movements of walking can press the soft tissues up against the nail plate,
contributing to the problem. If the tissue around the nail plate is not infected, or if
the nail is not imbedded in the flesh, you can carefully trim the corner of the nail in
a curved shape to relieve the pressure on the nail groove. However, if there is any
redness, pain, swelling, or irritation, you may not provide any services.
Cosmetologists are not allowed to service ingrown nails. Refer the client to a
physician.
Onycholysis (ahn-ih-KAHL-ih-sis) is the lifting of the nail plate from the bed
without shedding, usually beginning at the free edge and continuing toward the
lunula area.
This is usually the result of physical injury, trauma, or allergic reaction of the nail
bed, and less often related to a health disorder. It often occurs on natural nails
when they are filed too aggressively, on nail enhancements when they are
improperly removed, or on toenails when clients wear shoes without sufficient
room for the toes. If there is no indication of an infection or open sores, a basic
manicure or pedicure may be given. The nail plate should be short to avoid further
injury, and the area underneath the nail plate should be kept clean and dry. If the
trauma that caused the onycholysis is removed, the area will begin to slowly heal
itself.
Eventually, the nail plate will grow off the free edge and the hyponychium will
reform the seal that provides a natural barrier against infection.
Onycholysis caused by trauma.
Onychomadesis (ahn-ih-koh-muh-DEE-sis) is the separation and falling off of a
nail plate from the nail bed. It can affect fingernails and toenails .
In most cases, the cause can be traced to a localized infection, injuries to the
matrix, or a severe systemic illness. Drastic medical procedures, such as
chemotherapy, may also be the cause.
Whatever the reason, once the problem is resolved, a new nail plate will eventually
grow again. If onychomadesis is present, do not apply enhancements to the nail
plate. If there is no indication of an infection or open sores, a basic manicure or
pedicure service may be given.
Nail psoriasis (NAYL suh-RY-uh-sis) is a noninfectious condition that affects the
surface of the natural nail plate causing tiny pits or severe roughness on the surface
of the nail plate. Sometimes these pits occur randomly, and sometimes they appear
in evenly spaced rows. Nail psoriasis can also cause the surface of the plate to look
like it has been filed with a coarse abrasive, can cause a ragged free edge, or can
cause both.
Nail psoriasis.
People with skin psoriasis often experience this nail disorder. Neither skin nor nail
psoriasis are infectious diseases. Nail psoriasis can also affect the nail bed, causing
it to develop yellowish to reddish spots underneath the nail plate, called salmon
patches. Onycholysis is also much more prevalent in people with nail psoriasis.
When all of these symptoms are present on the nail unit at the same time, nail
psoriasis becomes a likely cause of the client’s problem nails, and they should be
referred to a physician for diagnoses and treatment, if needed.
Paronychia (payr-uh-NIK-ee-uh) is a bacterial inflammation of the tissues
surrounding the nail.
Chronic paronychia
Redness, pus, and swelling are usually seen in the skin fold adjacent to the nail
plate.
Individuals who work with their hands in water, such as dishwashers and
bartenders, or who must wash their hands continually, such as health-care workers
and food processors, are more susceptible because their hands are often very dry or
chapped from excessive exposure to water, detergents, and harsh soaps. This
makes them much more likely to develop infections.
Toenails, because they spend a lot of time in a warm, moist environment, are often
more susceptible to paronychia infections as well.
Paronychia
Use moisturizing hand lotions to keep skin healthy, and keep feet clean and dry.
Pyogenic granuloma (py-oh-JEN-ik gran-yoo-LOH-muh) is a severe
inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from the nail bed
to the nail plate.
Pyogenic granuloma
Tinea pedis (TIN-ee-uh PED-us) is the medical term for fungal infections of the
feet. These infections can occur on the bottoms of the feet and often appear as a red
itchy rash in the spaces between the toes, most often between the fourth and fifth
toe. There is sometimes a small degree of scaling of the skin. Clients with this
condition should be advised to wash their feet every day and dry them completely.
This will make it difficult for the infection to live or grow. Advise clients to wear
cotton socks and change them at least twice per day. They should also avoid
wearing the same pair of shoes each day, since shoes can take up to twenty-four
hours to completely dry. Over-the-counter antifungal powders can help keep feet
dry and may help speed healing.
Tinea pedis
Onychomycosis (ahn-ih-koh-my-KOH-sis) is a fungal infection of the natural nail
plate.
Onychomycosis
A common form is whitish patches that can be scraped off the surface of the nail.
Another common form of this infection shows long whitish or pale yellowish
streaks within the nail plate. A third common form causes the free edge of the nail
to crumble and may even affect the entire plate. These types of infection often
invade the free edge of the nail and spread toward the matrix.
Glossary of Terminology
Beau’s lines- Visible depressions running across the width of the natural nail plate;
usually a result of major illness or injury that has traumatized the body.Bruised nails- Condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate, causing
a dark purplish spot. These discolorations are usually due to small injuries to the
nail bed.
Discolored nails- Nails turn a variety of colors; may indicate surface staining, a
systemic disorder, or poor blood circulation.
Eggshell nails- Noticeably thin, white nail plates that are more flexible than
normal and can curve over the free edge
Hangnail- Also known as agnail; a condition in which the living tissue
surrounding the nail plate splits or tears.
Leukonychia spots- Also known as white spots; whitish discolorations of the
nails, usually caused by injury to the matrix area; not related to the body’s health
or vitamin deficiencies.
Melanonychia- Darkening of the fingernails or toenails; may be seen as a black
band within the nail plate, extending from the base to the free edge.
Nail disorder- Condition caused by an injury or disease of the nail unit.
Nail psoriasis- A noninfectious condition that affects the surface of the natural nail
plate causing tiny pits or severe roughness on the surface of the nail plate.
Nail pterygium- Abnormal condition that occurs when the skin is stretched by the
nail plate; usually caused by serious injury, such as burns, or an adverse skin
reaction to chemical nail enhancement products.
Onychia- Inflammation of the nail matrix, followed by shedding of the natural nail
Onychocryptosis- Also know as ingrown nails; nail grows into the sides of the
tissue around the nail.
Onycholysis- Lifting of the nail plate from the nail bed without shedding, usually
beginning at the free edge and continuing toward the lunula area.
Onychomadesis- The separation and falling off of a nail plate from the nail bed;
affects fingernails and toenails.
Onychomycosis- Fungal infection of the natural nail plate.
Onychophagy- Also known as bitten nails; result of a habit of chewing the nail or
chewing the hardened skin surrounding the nail plate.
Onychorrhexis- Split or brittle nails that have a series of lengthwise ridges giving
a rough appearance to the surface of the nail plate
Onychosis- Any deformity or disease of the natural nails
Paronychia- Bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail causing
pus, swelling, and redness, usually in the skin fold adjacent to the nail plate
Pincer nail: Also known as trumpet nail; increased crosswise curvature throughout
the nail plate caused by an increased curvature of the matrix. The edges of the nail
plate may curl around to form the shape of a trumpet or sharp cone at the free edge.
Plicatured nail- Also known as folded nail; a type of highly curved nail usually
caused by injury to the matrix, but may be inherited.
Pseudomonas- aeruginosa One of several common bacteria that can cause nail
infection
Pyogenic granuloma- Severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red
tissue grows up from the nail bed to the nail plate.
Ridges- Vertical lines running through the length of the natural nail plate that are
caused by uneven growth of the nails, usually the result of normal aging.
Splinter hemorrhages- Hemorrhages caused by trauma or injury to the nail bed
that damage the capillaries and allow small amounts of blood flow.
Tinea pedis- Medical term for fungal infections of the feet; red, itchy rash of the
skin on the bottom of the feet and/or in between the toes, usually found between
the fourth and fifth toe.
SAFETY, SAFETY, SAFETY !!!!
Being a salon professional is fun and rewarding, but it is also a great responsibility.
One careless action could cause injury or infection (in-FEK-shun), the invasion of
body tissues by disease-causing pathogens. If your actions result in an injury or
infection, you could lose your license or ruin the salon’s reputation. Fortunately,
preventing the spread of infections is easy when you know proper procedures and
follow them at all times. Prevention begins and ends with you.
Georgia Department of Technical
and Adult Education
Skin, Diseases,
Disorders
Copyright © October 2002 by Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education.
All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without written permission from Georgia Department of
Technical and Adult Education.
Published December 2002
(C121002)
Table of Contents
Skin, Diseases, Disorders………………….....................................................1
Introduction........................................................................................... 1
Objectives.............................................................................................. 2
Anatomy and Histology of the Skin..………………...................................... 3
Nerves of the Skin .................................................................................. 5
Glands of the Skin .................................................................................. 5
Nourishment of the Skin......................................................................... 6
Functions of the Skin .............................................................................. 6
Terminology ........................................................................................... 7
Diseases and Disorders…………………........................................................10
Skin Conditions /Descriptions.............................................................. 11
Skin, Diseases, Disorders
Introduction
The flexible, waterproof, tough protective covering known as the skin is the largest organ in the
body both by weight and surface area. Skin accounts for approximately 16% of the body’s
weight.
Healthy skin has a fine texture that is slightly moist, soft, and flexible.
Varying in thickness, the skin is thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the palms and soles. A
callous can be caused by continuous friction on any part of the skin.
The skin has appendages that include the hair, sweat and oil glands, and the nails. Composed of
the substance known as keratin, this protein gives the skin its protective ability. The skin is
slightly acidic in pH, which enables good immunity responses to intruding organisms. Normally
the skin separates the internal environment from the external. However skin diseases and
infections can invade that barrier. For this reason, a thorough understanding of the histology of
the skin and its diseases and disorders is needed for a better position to give clients professional
advice.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, trainees will be able to:
 Explain the structure and the composition of the skin.
 Identify the functions of the skin.
 Describe terms relating to skin disorders.
 Recognize which skin diseases/disorders may be dealt with in the salon and which should be
referred to a physician.
 Identify online dermatology resources.
Anatomy and Histology of
the Skin
The two major divisions of the skin are the dermis and the epidermis.
The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis that is composed of sheets of dead cells that
serve as the major waterproof barrier to the environment. The epidermis is the visible layer of
skin. This layer contains numerous nerve endings, but no blood vessels. The human epidermis is
renewed every 15-30 days.
The epidermis consists of many layers. The stratum corneum is the outer layer that is often
called the horny layer. Cells are continually being shed and replaced. This layer of skin for the
most part is dead - it is composed of cells that are almost pure protein.
The stratum lucidum consists of translucent cells through which light can penetrate.
The stratum granulosum, known as the granular layer, consists of cells that resemble
granules. These cells are transforming into a harder form of protein.
The stratum mucosum is also known as the basal cell layer. Basal cells are continuously being
reproduced. It is the deepest layer of the epidermis. This layer also contains melanocytes that
produce the coloring matter known as melanin and determines skin color. Melanocytes also
react to ultraviolet rays to darken the skin for added protection.
The middle layer, the dermis, provides a tough, flexible foundation for the epidermis. In the
dermis, body temperature is regulated by sweat glands and blood vessels. It also contains arector
pilli muscles, papillae, and hair follicles. Nerve endings send sensations of pain, itching, touch,
and temperature to the brain. The skin is moisturized by oil glands that produce sebum.
The dermis consists of two layers. The papillary layer connects the dermis to the epidermis.
Tactile corpuscles are nerve fiber endings that contain looped capillaries. Tactile corpuscles are
responsible for the sense of touch. The papillary layer also contains some of the melanin.
The reticular layer is the deepest layer of the dermis. It contains fat cells, blood vessels, lymph
vessels, oil glands, sweat glands, hair follicles, and arrector pilli muscles. The reticular layer
supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients.
Subcutaneous tissue is the fatty layer found below the dermis. It is also called the adipose or the
subcutis tissue. It varies in thickness according to age, sex, and general health of the
individual. The subcutaneous tissue contains fats for energy, gives smoothness and contour to
the body, and acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin. Arteries and lymphatics maintain
circulation to the body.
Nerves of the Skin
Sensory nerves are receptors and send messages to the brain causing reactions to heat,
cold, touch, pressure, and pain.
Motor nerve fibers, attached to the hair follicles, are distributed to the arrector pilli
muscles which may cause goose flesh when you are frightened or cold.
The secretory nerve fibers regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands
and regulate the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin.
Glands of the Skin
There are two types of duct glands contained in the skin that pull out minerals from the
blood to create new substances. The suderiferous glands are the sweat glands and the
sebaceous glands are the oil glands.
Sweat glands excrete perspiration. This secretion is odorless when excreted, but in a
short period of time produces an offensive odor due to the bacteria on the skin’s surface
feeding on the fats of its secretion. Perspiration is controlled by the nervous
system. About 1-2 pints of liquid containing salts are excreted daily through the sweat
pores in the skin. The sweat glands consist of a coiled base or fundus and a tube-like
duct that ends at the skin surface forming the pores. Sweat glands are more numerous
on the palms, soles, forehead, and armpits. Body temperature is regulated by the sweat
glands that also aid in the elimination of waste.
Oil glands secrete sebum through little sacs whose ducts open in to the hair
follicles. These glands are found in all parts of the body with the exception of the
palms and soles. The oily substance produced by the oil glands is called
sebum. Sebum lubricates the skin and preserves the pliability of the hair. When the
duct becomes clogged with hardened sebum, a blackhead is formed.
Nourishment of the Skin
Blood and lymph circulate through the skin providing nourishment essential for growth
and repair of the skin, hair, and nails.
Functions of the Skin
The major functions of the skin are sensation, heat regulation, absorption, protection,
excretion, and secretion. The functions of the skin can easily be remembered using the
acronym: SHAPES
S - ensation - response to heat, cold, pressure, and pain
H - eat regulation - maintains body temperature of 98.6
A - bsorption - substances can enter the body through the skin and
affect it to a minor degree
P - rotection - from bacterial invasion
E - xcretion - sweat glands excrete perspiration
S - ecretion - sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands
Terminology
Dermatology
study of the skin, its nature, functions, and
treatment
Dermatologist
a medical skin specialist
Disease
a pathological condition of the body, organ, or
mind making it incapable of carrying on normal
functions
Disorder
abnormal condition usually not contagious
Immunity
freedom from or resistance to disease
Integumentary system
one of the 10 systems of the body; pertains to the
skin, its appendages and functions
Pathology
study of disease
Etiology
study of the causes of diseases
Trichology
study of hair
Diagnosis
recognition of a disease by its symptoms
Prognosis
foretelling of the probable course of a disease
Objective symptom
visible symptom
Subjective symptom
symptom that can be felt by client, but not by
observation
Acute
rapid onset with severe symptoms of
short duration
Chronic
long duration, usually mild, but often recurring
Infectious
invasion of body tissue by bacteria that cause
disease
Contagious
communicable; by contact
Occupational
due to certain kinds of employment
Seasonal
influenced by weather
Parasitic
caused by vegetable or animal parasites
Pathogenic
produced by disease causing bacteria
Systemic
due to over or under functioning of the internal
glands
Venereal disease
acquired by sexual contact
Epidemic
emergence of a disease that affects a large number
of people simultaneously
Allergy
reaction due to extreme sensitivity to normally
harmless substances
Inflammation
skin disorder characterized by redness, pain,
edema and heat
Rhytidectomy
face lift
Blepharoplasty
Chemical peel
eyelid surgery
chemical solution applied to skin areas causing a
mild, controlled burn of the skin
Rhinoplasty
plastic surgery of the nose
Mentoplasty
chin surgery
Dermabrasion
sandblasting irregularities of the skin
Injectable fillers
tiny injections of collagen to soften wrinkles
Retin-A
prescription cream used in the treatment of acne
Diseases and Disorders
In a salon, you will come in contact with diseases and disorders of the skin and its appendages:
the hair and nails. Your license requires you to be responsible for the recognition of potentially
infections diseases. Some disorders can be treated in cooperation with and under the supervision
of a physician.
Skin Conditions /Descriptions
WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE;
ALWAYS REFER TO A PHYSICIAN.
NOTE: COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF
THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING
FROM SHADES OF RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO
ALMOST BLACK, MAY BE SIGNS OF DANGER AND
SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A DERMATOLOGIST.
CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR REMOVE
HAIR FROM MOLES.
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Pigmented Lesions
Lentigo
small, yellow to brown spots
Chloasma
moth patches, liver spots = increased deposits of
pigment
Naevus
birthmark (portwine or strawberry) small-large
malformation of skin due to pigmentation or
dilated capillaries
Leucoderma
abnormal light patches due to congenital
defective pigmentations
Vitiligo
acquired condition of leucoderma-may affect skin
or hair
Albinism
congenital absence of melanin pigment
Stain
abnormal, brown, skin patches having a circular
& irregular shape
Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Comedones
blackheads, a worm-like mass of
keratinized cells& hardened sebum
Milia
whiteheads, an accumulation of dead,
keratinized cells and sebaceous matter
trapped beneath the skin
Acne Simplex
chronic inflammatory disorder usually
related to hormonal changes &
overactive sebaceous glands
Acne Vulgaris
acne-pimples
Acne Rosacea
chronic inflammatory congestion of the
cheeks& nose
Seborrhea/Seborrhea
Oleosa = Oily Dandruff
Steatoma
Asteatosis
overactive sebaceous glands-often the
basis of acne
wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous
tumor)ranges in size from a pea to an
orange
dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute
or partial deficiency of sebum
Furuncle
boil-a subcutaneous abscess that fills
with pus
Cysts
sac-like, elevated (usually round) area,
contains liquid or semi-liquid substancewhen a follicle ruptures deep within the
dermis & irritating oil& dead cells seep
into the surrounding tissues often cause
acne pits
Pimples
follicle filled with oil, dead cells, &
bacteria inflammation causes white
blood cells to rush to fight bacteria
creating a pus
Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Bromidrosis
osmidrosis=foul-smelling perspiration
Anhidrosis
lack of perspiration
Hyperhidrosis
excessive perspiration
Miliaria Rubra
prickly heat-eruptions of small red
vesicles accompanied by burning &
itching-caused by excessive heat
Hypertrophies
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Keratoma
callus-superficial, round, thickening of
the epidermis caused by friction (inward
growth is called a corn)
Mole
a small, brown spot-believed to be
inherited maybe flat or deeply seatedpale tan-brown or bluish black
Verruca
wart, a viral infection of the epidermisbenign
Skin Tag
bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away
from the flat surface-often a dark color
Polyp
growth that extends from the surface or
may also grow with the body
Inflammations
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Eczema
dry or moist lesions accompanied by
itching, burning, & various other
unpleasant sensations usually redblistered, & oozing
Psoriasis
rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry
patches covered with coarse, silvery
scales-if irritated, bleeding points occurmay be spread to larger area-not
contagious
Herpes Simplex/ fever blisters/cold
sores-single group of vesicles
Herpes Zoster = Shingles on a red
swollen base
Allergy Related Dermatitis
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Dermatitis
allergy to ingredients in cosmetics, etc.
Venenata
protection is the prevention-gloves, etc.
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
dermatitis that occurs after an injection
of a substance
Urticaria
hives-inflammation caused by an allergy
to specific drugs/foods
Primary Skin Lesions
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Macule
small, discolored spot or patch on the
skin's surface, neither raised nor sunkenex: freckles
small elevated pimple containing no
fluid, but may have pus
Papule
note: yellow or white fatty papules
around the eyes indicate an elevated
cholesterol level-refer to a physician
(xanthelasma).
Wheal
itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a
few hoursex: mosquito bite
Tubercle
solid lump larger than a papule-projects
above the skin or lies with-sized from
pea to hickory nut
Tumor
external swelling-varies in size, shape &
color
Vesicle
Blister containing a watery fluid-larger
than a vesicle
Pustule
Elevation with inflamed base,
containing pus
Secondary Skin Lesions
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Scale
accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or
greasyex: abnormal dandruff
Crust
accumulation of serum & pus-mixed
with epidermal material-ex: scab
Excoriation
abrasion produced by scratching or
scraping-ex: raw surface after injury
Fissure
crack in the skin penetrating into the
dermis
Ulcer
open lesion on skin or mucous
membrane,
accompanied by pus & loss of skin
depth
Acne Scars
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Ice Pick Scar
large, visible, open pores that look as if
the skin has been jabbed with an ice
pick-follicle always looks open-caused
by deep pimple or cyst
Acne Pit Scar
slightly sunken or depressed
appearance-caused by pimples/cysts that
have destroyed the skin & formed scar
tissue
Acne Raised Scar
lumpy mass of raised tissue on the
surface of the skin-caused where cysts
have clumped together
Contagious Disorders
Tinea
Tinea Capitis - Ringworm of Scalp
ringworm, due to fungi
Tinea Sycosis - Barber's Itch
Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm
Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails
Athlete's Foot - Ringworm of Feet
(plant or vegetable parasites) -small
reddened patch of little blisters that
spread outward and heal in the middle
with scaling
CAUTION! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS,
LESIONS, ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS
SKIN CANCER, BUT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO
RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIOUS
SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE CLIENT
SEE A PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST.
Extremely Serious Disorders-Skin Cancers
Basal Cell Carcinoma
least malignant-most common skin
cancer characterized by light or pearly
nodules & visible blood vessels
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
scaly, red papules-blood vessels are not
visible more serious than basal cell
Malignant Melanoma
most serious-characterized by dark
brown, black, or discolored patches on
the skin
Tumor
abnormal growth of swollen tissue
Nail Diseases/Disorders
Onychophagy
nail biting
Onychogryposis
over curvature of the nail-claw like
Pterygium
sticky overgrowth of the cuticle
Eggshell Nail
extremely thin nail
Leuconychia
white spots under the nail plate
Paronychia
bacterial inflammation of tissue
(perionychium) around the nail
Tinea Corporis
ringworm of the hand
Tinea Pedia
ringworm of the foot
Agnail
Hangnail
Onychia
an inflammation somewhere in the nail
Onychocyanosis
blue nail (usually caused by poor
circulation)
Hematoma Nail
bruised nail (usually caused by a hammer or
slammed door)
Tinea Unguium
onychomycosis-ringworm of the nail
Onychorrexis
split or brittle nails with a series of
lengthwise ridges
Beau's Lines
ridges/corrugations/furrows
Onychatrophia
atrophy or wasting away of the nail
Onychocryptosis
ingrown nail
Onychauxis
overgrowth of the nail plate
Onychosis
any nail disease
Onychophosis
accumulation of horny layers of epidermis
under
the nail
Hair Disease/Disorders
Pityriasis
Capitis Simplex
dry dandruff
Pityriasis Capitis
Steatoids
Seborrhea
Oleosa
= Oily Dandruff
greasy dandruff
Trichoptilosis
split hair ends
Trichorrehexis Nodosa
Knotted
Tinea Favosa
honeycomb ringworm
Tinea Capitis
ringworm of the scalp
Tinea Sycosis
barber's itch
Androgenetic Alopecia
common hereditary hair loss
Alopecia Adnata
loss of hair shortly after birth
Alopecia Areata
hair loss in patches
Alopecia Follicularis
hair loss caused by inflammation of hair
follicles
Alopecia Prematura
hair loss early in life
Alopecia Senilis
hair loss from old age
Alopecia Totalis
hair loss from entire scalp
Alopecia Universalis
hair loss from entire body
Traction/Traumatic
Alopecia
patchy hair loss sometimes due to
repetitive traction on the hair by pulling or
twisting
Postpartum
Alopecia
temporary hair loss at the conclusion
of pregnancy
Telogen Effluven
hair loss during the telogen phase of the
hair
growth cycle
Canities
gray hair
Pediculosis Capitis
headlice
Monilithrix
beaded hair
Fragilitis Crinium
brittle hair
Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis
superfluous hair, excessive
Scabies
contagious disease caused by the itch mite
Impetigo/Infantigo
highly contagious bacterial infection,
usually
staphylococcal
Discoid Lupus
Erythematosus (DLE)
chronic autoimmune disorder, causes red
often scarring plaques, hair loss, &
internal effects
Keloids
forms when excess collagen forms at the
site of a
healing scar-over healing
Asteatosis
excessive dry skin
Websites: Online Dermatology Resources
http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/DermImag.htm
http://www.medic.mie-u.ac.jp/derma/world/worldd1.html
http://www.skin-information.com/
http://www.skin-disease.com/
http://www.skin-cancers.net/
http://www.age-spot.com/
http://www.i-wrinkle.com/
http://www.i-wrinkle.com/
http://www.asds-net.org American Society of Dermatologic Surgery
http://www.aad.org
American Academy of Dermatology
Skin Conditions /Descriptions
WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A
DISEASE; ALWAYS REFER TO A
PHYSICIAN.
NOTE: COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF
THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING FROM SHADES OF
RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO ALMOST BLACK, MAY BE SIGNS OF
DANGER AND SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A DERMATOLOGIST.
CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR
REMOVE
HAIR FROM MOLES.
Pigmented Lesions
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
small, yellow to brown spots
Lentigo
Naevus
birthmark (port wine or strawberry)
small-large malformation of skin due to
pigmentation or
dilated capillaries
abnormal light patches due to congenital
defective pigmentations
Leucoderma
acquired condition of leucoderma-may
affect skin or hair
Vitiligo
Albinism
congenital absence of melanin pigment
Stain
abnormal, brown, skin patches having a
circular & irregular shape
Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
blackheads, a worm-like mass of keratinized
cells & hardened sebum
Comedones
Milia
whiteheads, an accumulation of dead,
keratinized
cells and sebaceous matter trapped beneath the
skin
Acne Simplex
chronic inflammatory disorder usually related to
hormonal changes & overactive sebaceous
glands
Acne Vulgaris
acne-pimples
chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks
& nose
Acne Rosacea
Seborrhea/Seborrhea
overactive sebaceous glands-often the basis of
acne
Oleosa = Oily Dandruff
wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous tumor)
ranges in size from a pea to an orange
Steatoma
Asteatosis
dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute or
partial
deficiency of sebum
boil-a subcutaneous abscess that fills with pus
Furuncle
sac-like, elevated (usually round) area, contains
liquid or semi-liquid substance-when a follicle
ruptures deep within the dermis & irritating oil
Cysts
& dead cells seep into the surrounding tissues
often cause acne pits
Pimples
follicle filled with oil, dead cells, & bacteria
inflammation causes white blood cells to rush to
fight bacteria creating pus
Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
Bromidrosis
osmidrosis=foul-smelling perspiration
Anhidrosis
lack of perspiration
Hyperhidrosis
excessive perspiration
Miliaria Rubra
prickly heat-eruptions of small red
vesicles accompanied by burning &
itching-caused by excessive heat
Hypertrophies
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
Keratoma
callus-superficial, round, thickening of
the epidermis caused by friction (inward
growth is called a corn)
Mole
a small, brown spot-believed to be
inherited may be flat or deeply seatedpale tan-brown or bluish black
wart, a viral infection of the epidermisbenign
Verruca
Skin Tag
bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away
from the flat surface-often a dark color
Polyp
growth that extends from the surface or
may also grow with the body
Inflammations
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
Eczema
Psoriasis
Herpes Simplex/
Herpes Zoster = Shingles
dry or moist lesions accompanied by
itching, burning, & various other
unpleasant sensations usually redblistered, & oozing
rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry
patches covered with coarse, silvery
scales-if irritated, bleeding points occurmay be spread to larger area-not
contagious
fever blisters/cold sores-single group of
vesicles on a red swollen base
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster
Allergy Related Dermatitis
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
allergy to ingredients in cosmetics, etc.
protection is the prevention-gloves, etc.
Dermatitis
Venenata
dermatitis that occurs after an injection
of a substance
Dermatitis
Medicamentosa
Urticaria
hives-inflammation caused by an allergy
to
specific drugs/foods
Primary Skin Lesions
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
Macule
small, discolored spot or patch on the
skin's surface, neither raised nor
sunken-ex: freckles
Papule
small elevated pimple containing no
fluid, but may have pus note: yellow or
white fatty papules around the eyes
indicate an elevated cholesterol levelrefer to a physician (xanthelasma).
itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a
few hours ex: mosquito bite
Wheal
Tubercle
solid lump larger than a papule-projects
above the skin or lies with-sized from
pea to hickory nut
Tumor
external swelling-varies in size, shape &
color
blister with clear fluid-lie within or just
beneath the epidermis-ex: poison ivy
Vesicle
blister containing a watery fluid-larger
than a vesicle
Bulla
Pustule
Secondary Skin Lesions
elevation with inflamed base, containing
pus
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Description
Scale
accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or
greasy ex: abnormal dandruff
Crust
accumulation of serum & pus-mixed
with
epidermal material-ex: scab
Excoriation
abrasion produced by scratching or
scraping-ex: raw surface after injury
crack in the skin penetrating into the
dermis
Fissure
Ulcer
open lesion on skin or mucous
membrane,
accompanied by pus & loss of skin
depth
Acne Scars
Condition/ Disease/Disorder
Ice Pick Scar
Acne Pit Scar
Description
large, visible, open pores that look as if
the skin has been jabbed with an ice
pick-follicle always looks open-caused
by deep pimple or cyst
slightly sunken or depressed
appearance-caused by pimples/cysts that
have destroyed the skin & formed scar
tissue
lumpy mass of raised tissue on the
surface of the skin-caused where cysts
have clumped together
Acne Raised Scar
Contagious Disorders
Tinea
ringworm, due to fungi
Tinea Capitis - Ringworm of Scalp
(plant or vegetable
Tinea Sycosis - Barber's Itch
parasites) -small reddened
Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm
patch of little blisters that
Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails
spread outward and heal in
Athlete's Foot - Ringworm of Feet
the middle with scaling
CAUTION! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS, LESIONS,
ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS SKIN CANCER, BUT YOU
SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
SERIOUS SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE CLIENT SEE A
PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST.
Extremely Serious Disorders-Skin Cancers
Basal Cell Carcinoma
least malignant-most common skin
cancer characterized by light or pearly
nodules & visible blood vessels
scaly, red papules-blood vessels are not
visible more serious than basal cell
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
most serious-characterized by dark
brown, black, or discolored patches on
the skin
Malignant Melanoma
Nail Diseases/Disorders
Onychophagy
nail biting
over curvature of the nail-claw like
Onychogryposis
Pterygium
sticky overgrowth of the cuticle
Eggshell Nail
extremely thin nail
white spots under the nail plate
Leuconychia
Paronychia
bacterial inflammation of tissue
(perionychium) around the nail
Tinea Corporis
ringworm of the hand
Tinea Pedia
ringworm of the foot
Onychocyanosis
blue nail (usually caused by poor
circulation)
Hematoma Nail
bruised nail (usually caused by a
hammer or slammed door)
onychomycosis-ringworm of the nail
Tinea Unguium
Onychorrexis
split or brittle nails with a series of
lengthwise ridges
ridges/corrugations/furrows
Beau's Lines
atrophy or wasting away of the nail
Onychatrophia
Onychocryptosis
ingrown nail
Onychauxis
overgrowth of the nail plate
Onychosis
any nail disease
Onychophosis
accumulation of horny layers of
epidermis under the nail
Hair Disease/Disorders
Pityriasis Capitis
dry dandruff
Simplex
Pityriasis Capitis
Steatoids Seborrhea Oleosa
greasy dandruff
= Oily Dandruff
Trichoptilosis
split hair ends
Trichorrehexis Nodosa
knotted
Tinea Favosa
honeycomb ringworm
Tinea Capitis
ringworm of the scalp
Tinea Sycosis
barber's itch
Androgenetic Alopecia
common hereditary hair loss
Alopecia Adnata
loss of hair shortly after birth
hair loss in patches
Alopecia Areata
hair loss caused by inflammation of hair
follicles
Alopecia Follicularis
Alopecia Prematura
hair loss early in life
Alopecia Senilis
hair loss from old age
Alopecia Totalis
hair loss from entire scalp
Alopecia Universalis
hair loss from entire body
Traction/Traumatic
Alopecia
patchy hair loss sometimes due to
repetitive traction on the hair by
pulling or twisting
Postpartum
temporary hair loss at the conclusion
Alopecia
of pregnancy
Telogen Effluven
hair loss during the telogen phase of the
hair growth cycle
Canities
gray hair
Pediculosis Capitis
Headlice
Monilithrix
beaded hair
Fragilitis Crinium
brittle hair
Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis
superfluous hair, excessive
Scabies
contagious disease caused by the itch
mite
highly contagious bacterial infection,
usually
Impetigo/Infantigo
staphylococcal
Discoid Lupus
chronic autoimmune disorder, causes
red
Erythematosus (DLE)
often scarring plaques, hair loss, &
internal effects
Keloids
forms when excess collagen forms at the
site of a healing scar-overhealing
Asteatosis
excessive dry skin
Appendix A
Georgia State Board of Cosmetology
Glossary of Legal Definitions
Master Cosmetologist
Any person who performs any one or more of the following services for compensation:
Cuts or dresses the hair
Gives facial or scalp massage or facial and scalp treatment with oils or creams and other preparations made for
this purpose, either by hand or mechanical appliance
Singes and shampoos the hair, dies the hair, or does permanent waving of the hair
Braids the hair by hair weaving, interlocking, twisting, plaiting, wrapping by hand, chemical or mechanical
devices, or using any natural or synthetic fiber for extensions to the hair
Performs nail care, pedicure, or manicuring services as defined in Nail Technician
Performs the services of an esthetician as defined in Esthetician or Esthetics Operator
Such person shall be considered as practicing the occupation of a cosmetologist within the meaning of this Code
section; provided, however, that such term shall not mean a person who only braids the hair by hairweaving;
interlocking; twisting; plaiting; wrapping by hand, chemical, or mechanical devices; or using any natural or
synthetic fiber for extensions to the hair, and no such person shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter. Such
term shall not apply to a person whose activities are limited to the application of cosmetics which are marketed to
individuals and are readily commercially available to consumers.
Hair Designer
Any person who performs any one or more of the following services for compensation:
Cuts or dresses the hair
Singes and shampoos the hair or dyes the hair.
Esthetician
A person who, for compensation, engages in any one or a combination of the following practices, esthetics, or
cosmetic skin care:
Massaging the face or neck of a person
Trimming eyebrows
Dyeing eyelashes or eyebrows
Waxing, stimulating, cleansing, or beautifying the face, neck, arms, or legs of a person by any method with the
aid of the hands or any mechanical or electrical apparatus or by the use of a cosmetic preparation.
Such practices of esthetics shall not include the diagnosis, treatment, or therapy of any dermatological condition.
Such term shall not apply to a person whose activities are limited to the application of cosmetics which are marketed
to individuals and are readily commercially available to consumers.
Nail Technician
A person who, for compensation, trims, files, shapes, decorates, applies sculptured or otherwise artificial nails, or
in any way cares for the nails of the hands and feet of another person.
Appendix B
130-5-.01 Shampoo Equipment.
Shampoo bowls must be thoroughly cleansed and sanitized.
Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Pets” adopted. F. and eff.
June 30, 1965. Repealed: New Rule entitled “Shampoo Equipment” adopted. F. Feb. 25, 1986; eff. Mar.
17, 1986. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. May 11, 2006; eff. May 31, 2006.
130-5-.02 Linens.
Towels/linens, after being used once, must be placed in a closed container until properly
laundered. Clean towels must be kept in a closed cabinet, container, or closet except
linens which are designated for use on current patrons.
Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Linens” adopted. F. Feb. 25,
1986; eff. Mar. 17, 1986. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. Sept. 12, 2006; eff. Oct. 2, 2006.
130-5-.03 Sterilization.
The use of any article that is not properly cleansed and disinfected on any patron is
prohibited. Hands must be properly cleansed and sanitized prior to servicing each client.
Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Sterilization” adopted. F.
Feb. 25, 1986; eff. Mar. 17, 1986. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. July 20, 1993; eff. Aug.
9, 1993. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. Mar. 29, 2007, eff; Apr. 18, 2007. Repealed: New
Rule of same title adopted. F. Nov. 1, 2007; eff. Nov. 21, 2007.
130-5-.04 Waste and Garbage.
All waste material must be removed daily. Garbage shall be stored in a covered, washable
container and shall not be left in the establishment overnight. Each facility must be free
from stale food and soiled dishes.
Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Waste and Garbage” adopted.
F. Feb. 25, 1986; eff. Mar. 17, 1986. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. July 20, 1993; eff.
Aug. 9, 1993. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. Mar. 29, 2007, eff; Apr. 18, 2007. Repealed:
New Rule of same title adopted. F. Nov. 1, 2007; eff. Nov. 21, 2007.
130-5-.05 Cleaning and Recommended Disinfection of Implements.
(1) All multi-use tools, implements, and equipment used for cosmetology services that
come in contact with a client must be cleaned of all visible debris after each use and
disinfected after each use by complete saturation or immersion for at least 10 minutes in
an EPA-registered, hospital-grade dis infectant according to the manufacturer’s directions.
Autoclave is an acceptable method of sterilization. Each salon or shop shall provide
correct wet disinfection and dry storage standards at all times.
(a) Multi-use items constructed of nonporous materials such as metal, glass, or plastic for
use on more than one client include, but are not limited to the following items: nail
clippers, cuticle nippers, cuticle pushers, scissors, shears, reusable nail forms, manicure
and pedicure bowls, foot files, glass, metal and fiberglass files, metal drill bits, tweezers,
comedone extractors, brushes, combs, clips, reusable pencil sharpeners, reusable gloves,
and any other metal tools/non-porous implements not listed above.
(b) Single use items shall be discarded after being used one time. These items include:
buffers, emery boards, nail files, sleeves and sanders for electric files,
orangewood/birchwood sticks, wooden applicator sticks or spatulas, porous foot files,
pedicure slippers and toe separators, disposable gloves, paraffin liners, cotton balls,
cotton strips or swabs, neck strips and muslin strips or any items that cannot be
disinfected.
(2) Wet disinfection standards for tools, implements, or equipment:
(a) After cleaning, all tools, implements and equipment must be disinfected by complete
saturation or immersion (enough solution to cover all surfaces of the item) for 10 minutes
in an EPA-registered, hospital-grade disinfectant that is bactericidal, viruscidal,
fungicidal, and pseudomonacidal. The disinfecting solution must be changed daily
and/or prepared according to manufacturer’s directions.
(b) All tools, implements, or equipment that come in contact with blood or body fluids
must be disinfected by complete immersion for a minimum of 10 minutes in an EPAregistered
disinfectant that is effective against HIV-1 and Human Hepatitis B Virus, or
tuberculocidal that is prepared and used according to the manufacturer’s directions.
Autoclave is an acceptable method of sterilization.
(3) Dry storage standards for tools, implements, or equipment:
(a) All disinfected tools and implements shall be stored in a sanitary manner in a covered
container. The container must be labeled to show that it contains disinfected tools and
implements.
(b) Soiled and dirty tools and implements must be stored in a separate and properly
labeled covered container. Soiled and dirty tools and implements shall not be used aga in
until properly cleaned and disinfected according to the procedures stated in this rule.
(4) Hand washing is required before and between providing services to each client. An
anti-bacterial soap is recommended to sanitize the hands and the exposed portions of
arms before providing services and after smoking, drinking, eating, and using restrooms.
(5) Pedicure equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures to be used for all pedicure
equipment that holds water including sinks, bowls, basins, pipe-less, and whirlpool spas
are as follows:
(a) After each client, all pedicure units must be cleaned with a chelating soap or detergent
with water to remove all visible debris, then disinfected with an EPA-registered hospitalgrade
bactericidal, fungicidal, virucida l, and pseudomonacidal disinfectant used
according to manufacturer’s instructions for at least ten (10) minutes. If the pedicure unit
has a foot plate, it should be removed and the area beneath it cleaned, rinsed, and wiped
dry.
(b) At the end of each day of use, the following procedures shall be used:
1. All filter screens in whirlpool pedicure spas or basins for all types of foot spas must be
sanitized. All visible debris in the screen and the inlet must be removed and cleaned with
a chelating soap or detergent and water. For all pedicure units, the jet components and/or
foot plate must be removed and any debris removed and cleaned. The screen, jet, and/or
foot plate must be completely immersed in an EPA-registered, hospital-grade
bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and pseudomonacidal disinfectant that is used
according to manufacturer’s instructions. The screen, jet, and/or foot plate should be
replaced after disinfection is completed and the system flushed with warm water and lowsudsing
soap for 5 minutes, rinsed, and drained.
2. After the above procedures are completed, the basin should be filled with clean water
and the correct amount of EPA-registered disinfectant. The solution must be circulated
through foot spa system for 10 minutes and the unit then turned off. The solution should
remain in the basin for at least 6 to 10 hours. Before using the equipment again, the basin
system must be drained and flushed with clean water.
(c) Once each week, additional procedures should be performed. After completing the
required cleaning procedures for the end of the day, the basin should be filled with water
that contains one teaspoon of 5.25% bleach for each gallon of water.
The solution should be circulated through the spa system for 5 to 10 minutes and then the
solution should sit overnight in the basin, or for at least 6 to 10 hours. Before being used
again, the system should be drained and flushed.
(d) A record or log book containing the dates and times of all pedicure equipment
cleaning and disinfection procedures must be documented and kept in the pedicure area
by the salon or shop and made available for review upon request by a consumer and/or an
inspector from the Board.
(6) Signs shall be posted in clear view in the reception area of the salon/shop as follows:
(a) Cosmetology laws, rules, and regulations are available upon request.
(b) All cosmetology services shall only be performed on intact, healthy scalp, skin, and
nails.
(c) Customers should not shave their legs the same day as receiving pedicure services to
reduce the risk of infection.
(7) Signs shall be posted in clear view in the pedicure services area of the salon/shop as
follows:
(a) All cosmetology services shall only be performed on intact, healthy scalp, skin, and
nails.
(b) Customers should not shave their legs the same day as receiving pedicure services to
reduce the risk of infection.
(c) Any razor-like implement, such as a credo blade, shall not be used to reduce the
chance of injury or infection.
(d) Pumice stones shall not be reused from one customer to another to prevent the spread
of bacteria.
Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Cleaning of Implements”
adopted. F. Feb. 25, 1986; eff. Mar. 17, 1986. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. July 20,
1993; eff. Aug. 9, 1993. Repealed: New Rule entitled “Cleaning and Recommended Disinfection of
Implements” adopted. F. May 11, 2006; eff. May 31, 2006.
130-5-.06 Storage of Preparations.
Creams, lotions and other cosmetics for use on patrons must be kept in sanitary, closed
containers. Authority O.C.G.A. Sec. 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Storage of Preparations”
adopted. F. Feb. 25, 1986; eff. Mar. 17, 1986.
130-5-.07 Pets.
Pets shall not be allowed in cosmetology facilities, with the exception of animals for
handicapped patrons. Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Pets”
adopted. F. Feb. 25, 1986; eff. Mar. 17, 1986. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. Mar. 29,
2007; eff. Apr. 18, 2007.
130-5-.08 Protective Clothing and Footwear for Patrons.
Patrons in all Georgia Schools/salons/shops shall wear appropriate clothing and footwear
to prevent exposure to potential infectious materials.
Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6. History. Original Rule entitled “Recommended Disinfection –
Approved by the Georgia State Board of Health” adopted. F. Feb. 25, 1986; eff. Mar. 17, 1986.
Repealed:
New Rule entitled “Recommended Disinfection Approved by the Georgia Department of Human
Resources, Environmental Health Section” adopted. F. Oct. 20, 1995; eff. Nov. 9, 1995. Repealed: F.
May
11, 2006; eff. May 31, 2006. Amended: New Rule entitled “Protective Clothing and Footwear for Patrons”
adopted. F. Nov. 1, 2007; eff. Nov. 21, 2007.
130-5-.09 Protective Clothing.
Cosmetologists, hair designers, nail technicians, and estheticians in Georgia are required
to abide by all state laws for cosmetology, hair design, nail care, and esthetics. The
professions of cosmetology, hair design, nail technology and esthetics are subject to the
guidelines and rules promulgated by Georgia State Board of Cosmetology.
Cosmetologists, hair designers, nail technicians, estheticians are also subject to the
provisions of O.C.G.A. § 43-1-19. Practitioners of the cosmetology profession in Georgia
shall wear appropriate protective clothing for clinical services to prevent occupational
exposure to potential infectious materials. Appropriate clothing and footwear may
include, but not be limited to, clinical jackets, gloves and/or similar outer garments for
the protection from infectious or harmful materials.
Authority O.C.G.A. Secs. 43-10-2, 43-10-6, 43-10-9. History. Original Rule entitled “Protective Clothing”
adopted. F. May 10, 1993; eff. May 30, 1993. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. May 11,
2006;
eff. May 31, 2006. Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. Mar. 29, 2007; eff. Apr. 18, 2007.
Repealed: New Rule of same title adopted. F. Nov. 1, 2007; eff. Nov. 21, 2007.
Bibliography References:
Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, Manicure, 2010:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicure
Artificial Nails- Wikipedia Research: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_nails
Nail Tech Forum Collaboration: http://www.nailforums.com/
AskDefine Online Encyclopedia Manicure: http://manicure.askdefine.com/
Milady’s Standard Cosmetology, 2008 Edition, Manicuring and Pedicuring,
Delmar Learning
Discovery Fit & Health, Nail Care Dos and Don’ts:
http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/hygiene-tips/nail-care-dos-anddonts.htm
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