Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype

b
Y
,
Mar
l
i
n Br
as
i
e
r
,
J
ohn Cowi
e and Mi
c
hael
T
av
l
or
Deci
s
i
on on t
he Precambri
an-Cambri
an
boundar
y s
t
r
at
ot
ype
T
he Gl
ob
al
St
r
at
ot
y
pe S
e
(
,
t
i
on a
nd Poi
ntj
b
r t
he Pr
o
-
t
er
oz
oi
C
-Cani
br
i
an bot
i
ndarv has been agr
eed upon.
Th
e bo
t
i
n
dar
Y i
s de
ine
f
d i
n a c
o
as
t
al
s
e
c
t
i
o
n ne
ar t
he
l
ov
i
l
n O
f
'
For
t
u
ne i
n s
ot
i
t
he
a
s
t
e
,
二 Ne
t
y
l)
f
u
ndl
and,
Canada.
domi
nat
e el
s
e
whe
r
e.
I
t
wi
t
s f
or t
hi
s r
e
as
(
川t
ha
t
B Da
i
l
y (
u
np
ub-
l
i
s
he
d)
emp
ha
s
i
s
e
d t
h
e pot
e
nt
i
al
of
'
[
r
a
c
e f
os
s
i
l
s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phy a
s a
s
ub
s
i
di
a
r
y gui
V
de
.
Thi
s wa
s l
'
ol
l
owcd i
n 1
97
4 by a me
e
t
i
n
g i
n Pa
r
i
s
.
a
t
whi
c
h t
h
e
f
ol
l
o
wi
n
g P
oi
nt
s
We
r
e 1
.
1
1
1
a
ni
n
i
ous
l
y ag
r
e
e
d (
Co
wi
e,
1
992)
.
Th
e p
r
i
ma
r
y t
a
s
k o
f t
h
e Wor
ki
ng Gr
ou
p wa
s t
he c
h
oi
ce
o
f a s
t
r
a-
L
ot
yp
e b
oun
da
r
y p
oi
n
t
,
-
a s
ec
o
nda
r
y t
a
s
k wa
s t
h
e c
on
s
i
d
er
a
t
i
on o
t a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
d s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
phi
c di
vi
s
i
on
s a
bov
e a
nd b
el
ow t
h
e b
ou
nd-
ar
y.
I
ntr
oduct
i
on
Th
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m o
f
t
h
e
P
r
e
c
a
mb
r
i
a
n
-
C
a
mb
r
i
a
n
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
i
s
p
a
r
t
o
f
o
n
e
ol
'
i
h
e L
r
e
at
c
s
t
e
ni
g
ma
s o
f t
h
e f
o
s
s
i
l
r
e
co
r
d;
i
.
e.
t
h
e r
e
l
at
i
ve
l
y ab
r
up
t
a
pp
ea
r
a
n
c
e of
s
k
el
e
t
a
l
f
os
s
i
l
s a
n
d c
ompl
e
x,
de
e
p b
ur
r
o
ws i
n s
e
di
-
An
y
s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
on s
el
e
c
t
e
d f
or
t
he bo
un
da
r
y poi
nt
mu
s
t
be a
s c
on
-
inU
f
OU
S as
p
os
s
i
bl
e,
mar
i
n
e
.
a
nd a
s mon
of
a
ci
al
as
pos
s
i
bl
e
}
t
h
e mai
n met
h
od of gui
da
nc
e i
n s
el
e
ct
i
o
n s
h
oul
d b
e bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
-
r
ap
hy a
l
t
h
ou
gh al
l
p
os
s
i
bl
e me
t
h
ods
of
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on s
hou
l
d b
e enl
i
st
ed.
i
ner
r
i
ar
y Succes
si
ons ar
ound t
he wor
l
d.
As wi
l
l
be r
ecount
ed bel
ow,
Th
e '
Edi
a
c
a
r
a'
t
yp
e f
a
u
na s
h
oul
d b
e c
ons
i
de
r
e
d a
s Pr
e
ca
mb
r
i
a
n
-
Th
e '
ol
ei
i
e
l
l
i
d/
t
'
a
l
l
ot
a
s
p
i
d'
t
r
i
l
obi
t
e f
a
u
na
s
s
h
ou
l
d be c
o
ns
i
d
e
r
e
d i
t
s de
ini
f
t
i
on ha
s
i
n
vo
l
v
e
d t
h
e r
ol
l
i
n
g ba
c
k o
f a ma
j
o
r f
r
on
t
i
e
r i
n
g
eol
og
y ov
e
r t
h
e l
a
s
t
t
h
r
e
e d
e
ca
de
s
.
as Cambr
i
an-
Bet
ween t
he '
Edi
acar
a' and t
he t
r
i
l
obi
t
e f
aunas
, t
hos
e foss
i
川七r
-
Unt
i
l
t
he l
at
e 1
940s
. i
t was as
s
umed t
hat t
he Pr
ecambr
i
an was
l
a
r
g
el
y wi
t
h
out
f
os
s
i
l
s a
nd t
ha
t
t
h
e ba
s
e o
f t
he Ca
mb
r
i
a
n wa
s ma
r
k
e
d
by t
h
e l
o
we
s
t
a
p
pe
a
r
a
n
ce o
f
t
r
i
l
o
bi
t
e
s
,
e
.
g.
t
he '
Ol
e
n
el
l
u
s Zon
e'
of
'
Wa
l
c
ot
t(
1
8
9
0)
a
n
d Wh
e
e
l
er门9
47)
.
Mo
r
e t
r
a
di
t
i
on
a
l
l
y,
i
t
wa
s
dr
a
wn a
[
a r
eu
i
on
al
Un
c
on
f
or
mi
t
y be
l
ow t
h
em,
c
-
g.
i
n Ra
yn
e
r(
1
9
67)
.
Th
e ir
f
s
t
s
t
e
ps
t
owa
r
ds a mor
e pr
e
c
i
s
e d
ef
i
n
i
t
i
on of t
h
e b
a
s
e wer
e
t
a
k
e
n i
n 1
9
6
0.
a
t
t
h
e Nor
de
n I
GC i
n Co
p
en
ha
g
en
.
wh
en M F Gl
a
es
s
-
ne
t
-
pr
o
pos
e
d t
h
e e
s
t
ab
l
i
s
h
me
nt
o
f
a Sub
c
ommi
s
s
i
on on Ca
mbr
i
a
n
St
r
a
t
i
or
C
a
phy
,
a
n
d i
n 1
96
8 wh
e
n Cha
i
r
man C I St
ub
bl
ef
i
el
d a
n
d Se
c-
r
e
t
a
r
y J
W Cowi
e c
h
os
e t
h
e pr
ob
l
em of
'
t
he '
Ba
s
e oft
he Ca
mbr
i
a
n
Sys
t
e
m'
i
t
s on
e of i
t
s f
i
r
s
t
t
a
s
ks
.
By t
h
i
s t
i
me,
t
he e
xi
s
t
e
n
c
e ol
'
a l
a
t
es
t
Pr
e
c
a
mbr
i
an f
au
na was
wi
de
l
y a
c
kn
owl
e
dg
e
d,
e.
g
-
i
n Gl
a
e
s
s
n
e
r a
n
d
Wa
d
e(
1
9
66)
,
a
n
d wor
k b
y Ru
s
s
i
a
n g
L
,
e
ol
og
i
s
t
s
wa
s be
g
i
nn
i
n
g t
o
d
emo
ns
t
r
a
t
e a pr
e
-
t
r
i
l
obi
t
i
c s
u
cc
e
s
s
i
on o
f s
ke
l
et
a
l
f
a
un
a
s
,
whi
c
h
we
r
e r
ef
er
r
e
d t
o t
he Ca
mbr
i
an Sys
t
e
m.
e
.
v.
i
n Roz
a
no
v(
1
9
67)
.
Me
e
t
i
ng
s on t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y we
r
e or
g
an
i
z
e
d f
or
t
he I
GC i
n Cze
c
h
os
l
o
-
vaki
a i
n 1968, and at Mont
r
eal i
n 1
972.
Much di
s
cus
si
on ens
ued at
t
h
e l
a
t
t
e
r n
i
c
e
l
i
n
g an
d i
t
'
Wor
k
i
n
- .
Gr
oup on t
h
e Pr
e
c
a
r
r
i
br
i
a
n
-Ca
m-
br
i
a
n Bou
nd
a
r
y'
(
PC-
CBWG)
wa
s f
o
r
me
d,
wi
t
h J W Cowi
e a
s i
t
s
Ch
ai
r
ma
n.
Some o
f t
h
e hi
s
t
or
y of t
h
e Wo
r
ki
ng Gr
ou
p h
a
s b
e
en s
u
m-
mar
i
zed el
sewher
e (
Cowi
e,
1
992)
.
I
n e
f
f
e
c
t
,
t
hi
s Wor
ki
n
g C
Gr
ou
p
was
s
et
t
i
ng i
t
s
el
f
t
he c
ha
l
l
e
ng-
i
n
a t
a
s
k ofde
in
f
i
n
g t
he '
b
ot
t
om l
i
n
e'
oft
h
e bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hi
c s
c
a
l
e
;
i
.
e
.[
(
)di
s
c
ove
r
,
na
i
ne a
nd i
nt
e
r
pr
e
t
f
os
s
i
l
s whe
r
e f
e
w h
a
d be
e
n
f
ou
nd be
f
or
e
.
Man
y o
f
t
h
e f
os
s
i
l
s un
ea
r
t
h
e
d ov
e
r t
h
e f
ol
l
owi
ng
d
ec
a
d
es we
r
e n
ot
r
e
f
e
r
a
bl
e t
o pr
evi
ou
s
l
y kn
own gr
ou
ps a
nd t
h
ei
r
p
ot
e
nt
i
a
l
f
or s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
p
hi
c c
or
r
el
a
t
i
on was
,
t
h
er
e
f
or
e,
c
ompl
e
t
e
l
y
unt
est
ed.
Th
e Wor
ki
nV
g Gr
oup he
l
d i
t
s f
i
r
s
t
f
i
e
l
d me
et
i
nV
g i
n Si
be
r
i
a i
n
1
973,
s
p
ons
or
e
d b
y t
h
e Aca
d
er
ny of Sci
en
c
es
of t
h
e USSR,
t
o co
n-
s
i
de
r pos
s
i
bl
e s
t
r
a
t
o
t
yp
e
s F
or t
he Pr
e
ca
mb
r
i
a
n
-Ca
mb
r
i
an b
oun
d-
a
r
y a
l
o
ng t
h
e mi
ddl
e r
e
a
c
he
s of t
h
e Al
da
n a
n
d Le
na r
i
v
er
s i
n
Ya
k
uL
i
a,
e
a
s
t
er
n Si
b
er
i
a.
Her
e
,
2
9 F
or
e
i
gn
M
ge
C
ol
ogi
s
t
s we
r
e i
n
t
r
o-
ou
s s
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
on
s t
ha
t
C
oul
d n
ot
b
e a
l
l
oc
a
t
e
d wi
t
h c
e
r
t
a
i
nt
y t
o ei
t
her t
he Pr
ecambr
i
an or t
he Cambri
an,
s
houl
d have t
he W or
k- i
n
g Gr
oup’
S
C
l
o
s
e a
t
t
e
nt
i
on.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
e
d S
U
ppo
r
t
f
or wor
k on t
h
e boun
da
r
y wa
s ma
de pos
s
i
-
bl
e i
n 1
974,
whe
n '
The Pr
e
c
ambr
i
an
-Car
nb
r
i
a
n Bo
unda
r
y'
wa
s
a
c
c
ep
t
e
d i
t
s
Pr
oj
ec
t
29 b
y t
he I
GC1
3
Boa
r
d.
A me
e
t
i
n
g i
n Cam-
br
i
da
e
.
UK,
i
n 1
978.
r
evi
ewe
d di
s
c
ov
er
i
e
s Of S
Ub-
t
r
i
l
obi
t
i
c s
ma
l
l
skel
et
al
f
ossi
卜 and [
r
ace f
ossi
l
s fr
om ar
ound t
he worl
d,
as wel
l as
t
h
e p
ot
en
t
i
al:
)
「u
n
aC
c
y
n
e
t
os
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phy.
Th
e Camb
r
i
dge me
et
i
n
g
r
e
c
ommend
e
d t
o t
he Wo
r
k
i
ng Gr
ou
p t
ha
t
"
The Pr
e
c
a
mb
r
i
an
-
Ca
mbr
i
an b
oun
da
r
y s
h
oul
d be pl
a
c
ed a
s cl
os
e a
s i
s pr
a
ct
i
c
ab
l
e t
o
t
h
e ba
s
e Of t
he ol
de
s
t
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c uni
t
t
o yi
el
d Tor
ni
not
i
a
n
(
s
e
ns
u l
a
t
o)
f
o
s
s
i
l
a
s
s
embl
a
ge
s
" (
Cowi
e
,
1
9
78)
.
Al
t
ho
ugh t
he
r
e
was
l
i
t
t
l
e s
upp
or
t
at
t
hi
s
t
i
me f
or i
t
boun
da
r
y d
ef
i
n
e
d b
y t
r
a
c
e f
os
-
s
i
J
s
.
t
hei
r pot
en
t
i
a
l
f
o
r t
he c
or
r
el
at
i
on ot
s
t
r
at
a be
l
o
w t
he f
i
r
s
t
t
r
i
l
obi
t
e
s wi
t
s no
w b
ei
ng e
xpl
or
e
d (
s
e
e Al
p
e
r
t
,
1
9
77;
Br
a
s
i
e
r
,
1
979,
igur
f
e I
)
.
Candi
dat
es f
or t
he Pr
ecani
bri
an-Cani
br
i
an GSSP wer
e di
s-
cu
s
s
e
d i
n s
ome d
et
a
i
l
a
t
a me
c
t
i
n
g
C
.
i
n Br
i
s
t
ol
,
Engl
a
n
d i
n 1
9
83
.
a
n
d
t
hr
e
e wer
e s
el
ect
ed f
or (
ur
t
her cons
i
der
at
i
on,
as f
ol
l
ows.
Ul
a
k
ia
f
n
-
SL
I
I
U
.
gL
i
r on t
h
e Al
da
n Ri
v
e
r i
n c
a
s
t
e
r
n Si
b
e
r
i
a
,
o
t t
h
e
f
o
r
mer
USSR (
n
ow i
n Rus
s
i
a)
-
,
h
e
r
e t
he b
oun
da
r
y l
e
v
el
(
a
t t
h
e b
a
s
e of b
e
d 8)
l
a
y i
n c
a
r
bo
na
t
e f
a
c
i
e
s
,
wi
t
h
i
n a s
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
on o
f s
ma
l
l
s
ke
l
e
t
a
l
f
o
s
s
i
l
s a
nd a
l
g
a
e t
h
a
t
l
a
y be
l
ow t
he e
a
r
l
i
e
s
t
ar
ch
a
e
oc
y
at
h
an
s
,
br
a
c
hi
o
pod
s a
n
d ot
h
e
r ma
r
k
e
t
s ot
b
Tommot
i
a
n t
yp
e'
:
t
hi
s
s
e
c
t
i
on wa
s wel
l
k
no
wn a
n
d wel
l
s
t
u
di
e
d.
The s
e
ct
i
on a
t
Me
i
s
hu
cun n
e
ar
Kunmi
n
g,
i
n Yunn
a
n Pr
ov
i
nc
e
of
s
o
ut
h
e
r
n Chi
n
a.
He
r
e,
t
he b
oun
da
r
y l
ev
el
(
Ma
r
ke
r B)
l
a
y wi
t
hi
n a phos
ph
or
i
t
e f
a
ci
e
s a
n
d wa
s mar
k
e
d b
y t
h
e a
br
up
t
ap
pe
a
r
an
c
es
of
ph
os
p
ha
t
i
s
e
d i
ni
cr
omol
ki
s
cs a
nd p
r
o
bl
ema
t
i
c
a.
Thi
s sect
i
on was wel
l
-
s
t
udi
ed but l
i
t
t
l
e known out
s
i
de of Chi
na.
Sever
al
sect
i
ons on t
he Bur
i
n Peni
ns
ul
a of s
out
heas
t
er
n New-
duced t
o t
he '
Tommoi
i
an I
'
auna' and t
he sect
i
ons of Rozanov and
f
oundl
and,
Canada;
her
e bot
h smal
l skel
et
al f
ossi
l
s and t
r
a
ce f
os- o
t
he
r
s(
1
969)
一Me
mbe
r
s di
s
c
us
s
e
d,
n
ot
f
or
t
h
e l
a
s
t
t
i
me
,
t
he or
i
gi
n
of
'
t
he l
owe
s
t
s
ma
l
l
s
he
l
l
y f
os
s
i
l
(
SSF)
a
s
s
cr
nbl
ag
l
e i
n be
d 8 a
t
Ul
a
kha
n Sul
u
gur
,
t
ha
t
was
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d t
o t
h
e ba
s
e O
t t
h
e Tommot
i
a
n
St
a
ge (
Cowi
e a
n
d Ro
za
n
ov,
1
97
4)
.
Di
s
c
us
s
i
on
s al
s
o f
o
cus
e
d on
t
he r
e
l
at
i
on
s
hi
p b
e
t
we
e
n l
i
t
hof
a
c
i
e
s a
nd bi
of
a
ci
e
s
,
n
ot
a
bl
y t
h
e
si
l
s wer
e known t
o occur i
n i
t
r
ni
xed car
bonal
e-
si
l
i
ci
cl
as
t
i
c suc- p
r
obl
em of c
or
r
el
a
t
i
nC
g ca
r
b
ona
t
e s
he
l
f f
a
c
i
es wi
t
h ar
c
ha
e
o
cy-
a
t
h
a
ns (
a
s i
n Si
be
r
i
a)
wi
t
h cl
a
s
t
i
c s
he
l
f
t
o b
a
s
i
n
al
f
a
c
i
e
s t
ha
t
pr
e
-
, 广 _1 1 1
气,
污
卜
,
I
,
c
e
s
s
i
o
n.
Onl
y o
u
t
l
i
n
e s
t
u
di
es
we
r
e av
a
i
l
a
bl
e f
r
om t
hi
s
r
e
gi
on a
n
d no pr
e
c
i
s
e s
e
c
t
i
o
n wa
s p
i
n
po
i
n
t
e
d.
At
t
hi
s me
e
t
i
n
g,
i
t
wa
s a
g
a
i
n d
e
c
i
d
e
d t
ha
t
t
he bo
un
da
r
y s
t
r
a
t
o
-
t
ype shoul
d be pl
a
ced "as cl
ose as pr
act
i
cabl
e t
o t
he l
owes
t known
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
c
e of di
v
er
s
e s
he
l
l
y f
o
s
s
i
l
s
wi
t
h a go
od p
ot
en
t
i
a
l
f
o
r c
or
r
e
-
l
a
t
i
on
" (
Cowi
e,
1
98
5)
.
Su
ch a
n e
mph
a
s
i
s u
p
on SS1
7
s p
r
ov
i
d
e
d a gr
e
a
t
了
S
t
i
1
1
1
1
.
1
1
L
I
S[
。
、t
h
ei
r
s
t
u
dy.
bu
t
t
h
e
r
e wa
s
g
r
o
wi
n
g co
nc
er
n ab
ou
t
t
he
i
r
u
t
i
l
i
t
y f
or
c
on
-
c
l
a
t
i
on.
A pr
e
l
i
mi
na
r
y man
da
t
e F
ori
l
l
e Mei
s
h
UC
UI
I
S
C
C
-
t
i
o
n wa
s de
l
'
e
r
r
e
d at
t
he Mo
s
c
o
w I
GC i
n 1
9
84,
whe
n i
t
wa
s r
e
c
og-
n
i
s
e
d t
h
at
g
r
e
a
t
e
r i
nt
er
na
t
i
on
a
l
a
I
g
r
e
e
me
nt
oi
l
SSF t
a
x
on
omy wa
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y-
'
I
’
h
i
s
l
e
d t
o ,
-
i
n "
SSFWor
ks
ho
p"
i
n Up
ps
al
a i
n 1
98
6,
or
g
a
-
n
i
z
e
d bv S Be
na
t
s
on.
I
t
c
a
l
l
n
ow b
e s
ee
n t
h
a
t
t
h
i
s
me
c
t
i
ng r
e
s
ul
t
ed i
n
s
e
v
er
al
ne
w t
hr
u
s
t
s
.
Fi
r
s
t
,
i
t
b
e
c
al
m a
p
pa
r
e
nt
t
h
at
t
h
e b
oun
d
a
r
y S
L
I
C
-
h
owev
e
r
-
t
h
a
t
[
l
i
e wh
ol
e s
e
c
t
i
on was
r
ema
gn
e
t
i
s
e
d i
n Or
dov
i
c
i
an
t
i
me
s
.
A Wo
r
ki
ng Gr
oup vi
s
i
t
t
o t
h
e Bur
i
n Pe
ni
ns
u
l
a i
n 1
97
9 was
l
'
ol
l
owed u
p b
y i
mp
or
t
a
nt
,
r
oun
d wor
k on SSFs
.
t
r
a
c
e l
os
s
i
l
s a
n
d
I
i
[
ho
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hy (
Be
n
gi
s
on a
n
d Fl
e
t
c
h
e
r
,
1
981
.1
983)
.
Fur
t
he
r
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
e
s C
ul
mi
n
a
t
e
d i
n a s
er
i
e
s ol
'
pa
pe
r
s whi
c
h d
et
a
i
l
e
d t
h
e s
t
r
a
t
i
-
g
O
I
r
a
Phi
p
c di
l
、
S
1
h
1
・
-
i
bU
L
l
t
i
(
o
川
n (
o
)
f t
r
a
c
el
e
OS
S
j
l
S
,
SS[
7
s a
nd l
i
t
h
os
t
r
a
t
i
-
r
a
ph
y
ces
si
ons i
n Chi
na ha
d i
t
di
st
i
nct char
act
er
,
whi
ch Coul
d be t
ra
ced i
nt
o
b
onn
e a
n
d Myr
o
w,
1
9
98:
La
n
di
ng,
1
988
;
La
nd
i
ng a
nd ot
he
r
s
,
I
n
d
i
a
.
P
ak
i
s
t
a
n a
nd I
r
a
n (
Br
a
s
i
e
r
,
1
99
9a)
bu
t
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on b
e
yo
nd
t
h
es
e f
or
me
r t
e
r
r
a
n
es of
'
Go
ndwa
n
a wa
s
mor
e pr
ob
l
en
i
a
t
i
c
a
l
.
Sc
c
-
on
d,
i
t
c
r
i
co
ur
a
-
e
d t
h
e vi
e
w t
ha
t
s
mal
l
s
k
el
et
a
l
l
os
s
i
l
s wer
e ]
oi
l
,
,
-
r
an
gi
ng
,
h
i
g
hl
y va
r
i
a
bl
e
,
ov
e
r
-
s
p
l
i
t
t
a
x
on
omi
c
al
l
y,
t
a
ph
on
ot
ni
ca
l
l
y
p
o
or
l
y un
de
r
s
t
o
od
.
of
te
n r
es
t
r
i
c
t
e
d by I
a
ci
e
s a
n
d pr
ov
i
n
c
i
a
l
i
n di
s
t
r
i
-
b
ut
i
o
n (
La
ndi
ng a
n
d ot
h
er
s
.
1
98
9}
Qi
a
n i
i
n
d Be
l
l
"
I
s
on
,
1
98
9)
.
Ai
t
empt
s We
r
e Ma
de t
o d
r
a
w [
l
i
e da
t
a oi
l
pa
r
i
de
mi
c l
or
n
i
s
t
ot
g
-
e
t
he
r
,
C
O
MPa
r
i
l
l
"
,
t
h
e f
i
r
s
t
a
pp
C
i
t
r
al
l
US
01
一
S
L
I
C
C
C
S
S
I
V
C
.
t
a
Xa Oi
l
i
t
0l
1
ob
a
l
S
c
al
e
(
c
.
-.
Br
a
s
i
e
r
,
1
989
b)
b
ut
t
h
e r
e
s
u
l
t
s WC
I
-
C not
C
i
l
l
i
l
-
C
I
V C
U
I
C0
1
-
1
1
-
a
l
l
i
ng
I
'
m h
i
g
h-
r
e
s
ol
ut
i
o
n s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hy.
Th
e p
r
obl
e
ms of
'
SSI
}
s
we
r
e b
eg
i
n
-
ni
ng
.
t
o c
o
me i
nt
o l
o
cu
s
.
Kn
owl
e
d
L
g
,
e a
bo
ut
t
h
e Ch
i
n
es
e s
ec
t
i
on
s i
mpr
ov
e
d a
f
t
e
r vi
s
i
t
s b
y
Gr
o
up me
mb
er
s i
n [
l
i
e l
a
t
e 1
9
70
s .
-
i
n
(
[
c
a
r
l
y 1
980
s
,
a
n
d mos
t
e
s
pe
-
c
i
al
l
y a
te
f
r p
ub
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s i
n Engl
i
s
h (
I
AI
O a
n
d ot
he
r
s
.
1
9
84,
Xi
ng a
n
d
o
t
h
er
s
,
1
9
9 1
)
an
d t
he i
nt
e
r
n
a
t
i
on
a
l
mee
t
i
nu oi
l
i
i
f
eTe
r
i
n
i
n
a
l
Pr
e
c
a
m-
br
i
a
n an
d Cambr
i
a
n Sys
t
ems
a
t
Yi
ch
a
nt
g
}
i
n 1
9
87.
The p
r
obl
e
ms of
'
c
o
r
r
el
a
t
i
nZ
g
-
.
t
h
e t
hr
e
e S
U
b-
t
r
i
l
obi
t
i
c n
i
a
r
k
e
r
s a
(
Me
i
s
hU
C
L
I
I
)
(
t
e
r
me
d A,
B a
nd C)
we
r
e r
ev
i
ewe
d i
n En
,
g
hs
h h
y Br
a
s
i
e
r(
1
9
89
a)
.
Sc
i
en
t
i
s
t
s
1
989)
.
(
Cr
i
mes and Ander
s
on,
1
985:
Nar
bonne and ot
her
s
. 1
997:
Nar
-
An
u
n
de
r
man
di
ng e
me
r
g
e
d t
h
a
t
SSFs
,
whi
c
h ha
d hi
t
h
e
r
t
o pr
o-
v
i
de
d t
h
e f
oc
us of
一
Wor
ki
ng Gr
ou
p di
s
cu
s
s
i
o
ns
,
We
r
e ve
r
y g
r
e
at
l
y
af
f
ec
t
e
d b
V p
r
ovi
n
ci
a
l
i
s
m a
n
d a Vi
r
t
u
a
l
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n t
o s
h
al
l
ow c
a
r
b
on
-
at
e f
a
c
i
es
.
Thi
s s
u
gge
s
t
e
d
.
t
o s
ome,
t
ha
t
c
l
e
ini
f
t
i
on of t
he b
ou
nd
ar
y
mi
ah
t
be b
e
t
t
e
r (
T
Ui
d
e
d by [
r
a
c
e f
os
s
i
l
s a
s wel
l
i
t
s b
od
y f
o
s
s
i
l
s
.
The
a
dva
n
l
a
a
c
s of t
r
a
c
e f
o
s
s
i
l
s
we
r
e s
t
r
e
s
s
e
d t
o h
e a
s f
ol
l
o
ws (
c
.
(
,
Cr
i
me
s
.
1
98
7}
Na
r
bon
ne a
nd o
t
h
e
r
s
.
1
997
.
Na
r
b
onn
e a
n
d Myr
o
w
1
988)
.
'
I
’
h
e
y a
r
e e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
l
y co
mmon i
n s
i
l
i
ci
c
l
a
s
t
i
c I
l
'
a
ci
e
s
.
i
n wh
i
c
h SSI
'
s
ar
c t
yp
i
c
a
l
l
y r
a
r
e a
n
d p
oor
l
y p
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
d-
Thi
s i
s i
mp
or
t
a
nt
s
i
nc
e t
h
es
e de
p
os
i
t
s c
omp
r
i
s
e n
e
a
r
l
y 7
0 p
e
r c
e
nt
of
'
e
xp
os
e
d r
oc
k
s i
n t
he boundar
y i
nt
er
val
.
Camb
r
i
a
n t
r
a
ce l
os
s
i
l
s
a
p
p
ea
r t
o h
a
ve b
e
e
n l
e
s
s
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
d i
n i
e
r
n
i
s
ofha
bi
l
a
t
r
a
ng
e t
ha
n i
n l
at
e
r i
nt
e
r
v
al
s
.
Sev
e
r
a
l
S
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
v
e t
r
a
c
e f
o
s
s
i
l
z
o
n
es
f
r
o
m a
r
o
un
d t
h
e wor
l
d ma
y
be r
e
c
o(
mi
z
e
d i
n s
t
r
a
t
a b
el
o
w t
h
e l
owe
s
t
t
r
i
l
ob
i
t
e
s
.
I
'
l
i
e
s
e z
on
es i
nc
l
u
de i
ch
nog
en
e
r
a wi
t
h i
t
l
i
mi
t
e
d
S
t
r
a
L
i
I
g
r
ap
hi
c
Out
s
i
de Chi
na s
howed cons
i
der
abl
e concer
n about
ive f
I
'
a
ct
or
s r
el
a
t-
r
an-
e an
d i
t
b
r
oa
d s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
aphi
c di
s
t
r
i
bUt
i
O1
1
.
Oft
h
es
e.
t
he
Ph)
-
i
n
,
)
t
o t
h
e GSSP c
a
ndi
d
at
e a
t
Me
i
s
hL
I
C
1
1
1
1
-
c
ode
s pe
t
hi
m Zon
e a
s
s
e
mbl
a
l
y
e c
ont
a
i
n
s t
ypi
c
al
Ca
mbr
i
a
n i
c
h-
Th
e c
ompa
r
at
i
ve a
ge ol
'
i
l
i
e Zon
e 1
1
a
s
s
embl
a-
c a
bov
e Ma
r
k
er
not
ax
a i
n i
-
t
hi
,
y
h
-
di
vc
r
s
i
t
y a
s
s
embl
ag
e wi
t
h br
a
nc
he
d mor
-
B,
ch
os
e
n by (
l
i
e Chi
nes
e a
s [
l
i
e C
an
di
d
at
e b
oun
dar
y [
)
Oi
l
l
l
}
phol
ogi
e
s
,
c
ompl
e
x f
e
edi
n
g bur
r
ows
.
es
ca
pe t
r
a
ce
s an
d t
h
i
s qu
es
t
i
on ar
os
e b
e
ca
us
e i
t
was
t
hou
ght.
‘
)co
nt
a
i
n l
os
s
i
l
s dwel
l
i
nt
,
.
bur
r
ows
.
'
]
'
he U
nde
r
l
yi
ng Hai
-
ki
ni
el
l
a pot
i
o
l
i
c
a Zone f
ou
nd ab
ove t
h
e Tor
ni
l
l
ot
i
a
n i
n Si
b
er
i
a(
Be
nr
g
.
,
i
s
on an
d ot
he
r
s
,
a
s
s
embl
a
t
l
e i
s
of l
ower
di
ve
r
s
i
t
y an
d c
ompr
i
s
es
si
mpl
e.
hor
i
-
1
994)
}
z
ont
a
l
.
s
e
di
r
r
i
en
t
-
I
c
e
de
r t
r
a
ce
s
,
c.
a.
Ne
n
mi
l
e
s
,
I
'
al
u
eo
pas
ci
ch-
111is.
Th
e p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e ol
'
a pos
s
i
bl
e ga
p_
j
U
s
I
b
el
ow Ma
r
ke
t
-
B,
s
ho
wn by
a
n a
b
r
u
p
t
c
h
an
g
z
l
}
e
i
n l
i
t
hol
"
a
c
i
es
(
c.
g.
I
Br
a
s
i
c
i
,1
98
91
1
:
La
ndi
n
1
g
.
Th
e r
a
i
l
o
es
of
Har
l
ani
el
l
a pml
of
ic
a a
nd Ph)
-
c
oe
l
e
s pe
dum a
r
c
1
994)
.
b
e
l
i
e
ve
d not
t
o ov
er
l
ap
}
one s
uc
c
e
e
ds [
he o
t
he
r
.
pr
ovi
di
ng
.
i
t
The l
ac
k‘
)
门1
1
1
.
1
1
1
al C01
1
01
1
1
.
1
i
t
V bet
ween [
l
i
e t
hr
ee mar
ker
s, al
so
r
a
r
e ex
a
mpl
e oi加Ur
i
al
r
e
pl
ac
e
me
nt
wi
t
hi
n i
t
b
oun
da
r
y s
uc
c
es
-
si
on.
s
u}
-
L
,
-
e
s
t
i
v
e of
'
br
e
a
ks
i
n [
he s
e
que
n
ce (
Qi
a
n a
t
记 Ben
gt
s
on
.
1
999)
.
At Fo
r
t
une Head.
Bur
i
n Peni
ns
ul
a,
t
hes
e t
wo I
r
aces ar
e seen
Th
e i
nt
er
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
on ol
'
c
a
r
b
on i
s
o
t
o
pi
c p
r
oj
i
l
e
s r
e
po
r
t
e
d b
y Br
a
s
i
e
r
a
n
d ot
h
er
s(
1
99
0)
.
F
or ex
a
mpl
e
.
Ki
i
-
s
ch
vi
n
k a
n
d ot
h
e
r
s(
1
9
91
)
s
m-es
t
e
d t
h
a
t
Zo
ne I
f
i
i
i
i
-
l
i
t
c
o
r
r
el
a
t
e wi
t
h t
h
e b
a
s
a
l
Ai
da
ba
n
i
a
n wi
t
hi
n i
t
s
t
r
a
t
i
-r
a
p
hi
c s
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
on t
h
a
t
s
h
ows
l
i
t
t
l
e ev
i
d
e
nc
e ol
'
e
nv
i
r
onme
n
t
a
l
c
ha
n
ge.
Cor
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns of t
h
e b
oun
da
r
y l
e
ve
l
a
r
e a
l
s
o pos
s
i
bl
e b
e
t
we
en For
t
un
e He
a
d a
n
d ot
he
r l
oc
a
l
i
t
i
e
s on t
h
e CXCL
II
-
Si
ons i
n Si
beri
a.
Bur
i
n Pen
i
n
s
ul
a
.
Si
mi
l
ar
f
au
na
l
c
ha
n
ge
s We
r
e Pu
r
po
r
t
ed t
o t
a
k
e ’
I
’
h
e i
n
t
e
r
pr
el
a
t
i
on of
'
R
b
/
Si
-
c
l
a
y mi
n
e
r
al
i
s
o
ch
r
on
s W,
g.
5
96.
91
pl
a
c
e a
t
ot
h
er
l
oc
a
l
i
t
i
e
s a
r
ou
nd t
he wor
l
d.
4.
6 Ma
,
Xi
ng an
d ot
h
e
r
s
,
1
9
91
)
:
r
e
c
e
nt
da
t
a 1
'
r
om L
J
-
Pb i
s
oc
hr
o
ns The
s
e i
d
ea
s
we
r
e di
s
cus
s
ed !
I
t
a r
n
ec
t
i
q
g a
t
St
J
oh
n’
s
.
Ne
w-
I
'
r
or
n a
s
h h
an
ds
n
e
ar
Ma
r
k
e
t
-
1
3
i
n
di
c
at
e i
t
muc
h yo
uno
e
r a
g
e of
f
0t
i
ndl
an
d i
n Au
gus
t
1
99
7.
an
d f
ol
l
owed by f
’
i
el
d ex
cur
s
i
ons
52
51 7 Ma (
Con
i
p
s
l
on a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
992)
.
t
hr
ouo
h t
h
e '
Te
r
mi
na
l
Pr
ot
e
r
oz
oi
c'
a
nd l
owe
r Cambr
i
a
n (
Na
r
-
Fur
t
her document
at
i
on al
s
o became ava
i
l
abl
e on t
he Si
ber
i
an
bonn
e,
1
9K )
.
By t
hi
s t
i
me.
t
h
e Wor
ki
nC
g (
!
]
-
Out
) was
un
de
r s
or
n
e
se
ct
i
ons (Sokol
ov an(
] Zhur
avl
eva,
1
% 3} Rozanov and Sokol
ov,
pr
e
s
s
ur
e t
o r
e
a
ch a de
ci
s
i
on
,
b
ec
a
us
e i
t
ha
d e
xa
mi
ne
d t
h
e pr
obl
e
m
1
9
8
4)
a
n
d s
ome me
mb
e
r
s
ol
'
t
h
e Wo
r
ki
n
g Gr
ou
p wer
e a
bl
e t
o ex
a
m-
s
i
n
ce 1
97
2.
I
t
wa
s al
s
o c
l
e
a
r t
ha
t
whi
l
s
t
i
t
mi
'
l
l
-
i
t
he pos
s
i
bl
e t
o
i
n
e t
h
e GSSP a
t
Ul
a
k
h
an
-
SUI
L
1
2
,
1
I
.
I
r dU
r
i
nO山e S
ec
o
nd I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
ona
l
r
ea
c
h a d
ec
i
s
i
on on t
he b
oun
da
r
y p
oi
nt
,
i
t
s
g
l
ob
al
c
or
r
el
a
t
i
on wi
t
s
SV
I
I
1
p
OS
i
UI
I
I
Oi
l
t
he Ca
mb
r
i
a
n Sy
s
t
e
r
n i
n 1
9
90 (
As
t
a
shk
i
n a
nd o
t
h
e
r
s
.
goi
ng t
o be ope
n t
o wi
de di
s
pu
t
e
.
Non-
bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
aphi
c met
hods
1
9
90)
.
I
t
s
p
ot
e
n
t
i
a
l
1
"
or
c
a
r
bo
n i
s
ot
op
e
- a
n
d ma
gn
el
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
ph
y
of con-
cl
a
i
i
o
n.
S
uc
h i
t
s
c
a
r
bon一
,s
t
r
ont
i
um一
,e
v
en1
-
s
t
r
al
j
ar
a
ph
y
a
p
p
ea
r
e
d go
od W.
g
.
Ki
r
s
c
hv
i
n
k a
nd ot
h
e
r
s
.
1
9
9 1
)
.
Di
s
cu
s
s
i
o
n,
ho
w-
,
a
n
d o
V
e
oc
hr
on
ol
o
C
g
y
-
Wou
l
d b
e n
e
ed
ed t
o i
mpr
ov
e s
t
r
a
t
i
L
o
-
r
a
phi
c r
e
s
-
ev
e
r
,
c
e
nt
r
e
d o
n t
he o
r
i
g
i
n ol
'
h
cd 8:
Wa
s i
t
1
1
S
t
r
a
t
I
iC
f
L
I
l
a
ye
r
.
or
wa
s i
t
ol
u
t
i
on a
t
t
hi
s l
ev
el
.
A pr
opo
s
al
wa
s put
f
or
wa
r
d.
t
h
e
r
e
f
or
e
,
by M
pi
pe
d d
own a
l
on
g k
a
r
s
t
i
c l
i
S
S
L
I
I
-
C
S i
f
-
0
1
1
1
a
bo
ut
;
I
i
ne
t
r
e a
b
ov
e
" Sup
po
r
t
[
)Br
a
s
i
e
r
a
nd K J
Hs
u t
o t
he I
GCP Boa
r
d i
n 1
989.
t
o e
1
1
C
OL
1
r
a(
1
c
l
"
o
r t
h
e f
a
t
t
e
r vi
e
w was
o
i
v
e
n b
v l
i
e
l
d d
a
t
a (
Kh
on
i
c
ni
ov
s
k
y a
n
d ot
h-
5
S
:
L
I
c1
C
l
ll
1
r
℃
es
c
e
:
a
1
1
r
・
c
he
、t
s
t
hr
l
,
:
o
川a
u
gh a p
r
o
J
e
c
t
on '
Pi
-
e
c:
i
i
i
l
bi
-
i
i
i
i
i
-
(
'
a
i
nb
i
-
j
ai
i
e
r
s
,
1
99
0)
b
ut
i
s
ot
o
pi
c da
t
a ha
s
pr
ov
e
d mor
e e
qui
v
oc
a
l
(
Br
a
s
i
e
r a
n
d
Ev
ent
St
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hy'
.
Pr
o
j
e
ct
3
03 was a
c
ce
pt
ed an
d i
t
s f
i
r
s
t
i
ne
c
t
-
ot
h
e
r
s
,
1
99
3)
一A vi
e
w i
s
e
me
r
gi
ng ol
'
i
t
wi
de
s
pr
e
a
d u
n
c
onf
or
'
n
i
i
L
y
i
n
-
-
(
,
t
ook pl
a
c
e i
n Si
he
r
i
a i
n J
ul
y-AuI
MS
I
1
990.
The f
i
ndi
n
gs of
near t
he bas
e of
'
t
he Toni
ni
ot
i
an acr
os
s i
nuch of
'
t
he Si
beri
an Pl
at
-
t
h
i
s p
r
o
J
e
ct
ha
ve a
n i
mp
or
t
a
nt
h
ea
r
i
n
g on co
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on of t
he Pr
o-
l
'
o
r
n
i
.
r
e
pr
e
s
c
mi
ng .
-
I
hi
a
[
L
I
S 01
'
1
1
1
1
C
CI
l
a
i
n dur
a
t
i
o
n (
C.
g
.
La
n
di
ng
c
ar
r
i
b
r
i
a
n-Car
nb
r
i
an b
oun
da
r
y
.
whi
c
h wi
l
l
be di
S
CL
I
s
s
e
d e
l
s
e-
1
994)
.
U n
t
i
l
1
98
1 t
h
e p
ot
e
n
t
i
al
Ol
'
S
OL
1
1
h
e
as
i
er
n Ne
Wl
Of
li
dl
an
d I
m i
t
i
ni
xe
d.
ca
r
b
on
al
e
/
SSF
-
s
i
I
i
c
i
c
l
a
s
t
i
c
/
1
r
a
c
e,
I
os
"
s
i
I
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hy wa
s l
i
t
-
l
i
e t
est
ed.
Hut
chi
ns
on(1962) and Gr
eene and Wi
l
l
i
ams(1
974) ha
d
r
ep
or
t
e
d SSFas
s
e
r
nbl
a
v
es
be
l
ow [
h
e e
ar
l
i
es
t
I
r
i
l
o
bi
l
e
s
.
T P Fl
et
ch
e
r
(
1
97
8)
ha
d p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d a
n Ou
t
l
i
n
e S
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hy(
们l
i
e Bur
i
n P
en
i
n
s
ul
a
a
t
Camb
r
i
dg
e.
Thi
s wor
k wa
s l
'
ol
l
owe
d t
i
p by F
u
r
t
h
cr
it
f
h(
)
一a
n
d bi
o-
s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
ph
y CF P Fl
e
t
che
r
,
1
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
i
l
-
i
is
f
h
ed)
,
a
c
c
omp
a
ni
e
d by i
naa
ne
t
o-
s
t
r
a
l
i
g
r
a
ph
y 0 Ki
r
s
chv
i
n
k,
u
npu
bl
i
s
he
d)
-
Th
e l
i
t
t
l
e
r di
s
c
ove
r
e
d.
wher
e.
Th
e chos
en GSSP candi
dat
e at I
-
or
t
une Hcad.
Bur
i
n Peni
nsul
a.
Newf
oun
dl
a
nd wi
t
s f
i
r
s
t
pu
t
f
or
war
d b
y Ca
na
di
a
n a
nd US me
mbe
r
s
o
ft
hc Wor
ki
n
g Gr
oup i
n 1
98
7.
Th
e r
e
s
u
l
t
s o
fa s
t
r
a
w p
ol
l
hel
d i
n St
J
ohn'
s W t
hat
t
i
me seer
ned f
avour
abl
e (
Cowi
e and Br
asi
er
, 1
989)
.
Wr
i
t
t
e
n pr
op
os
a
l
s we
r
e t
h
en r
eC
I
L
I
C
s
t
e
d by Ch
ai
r
ma
n J W Cowi
e
F
r
om each oft
he t
hr
ee GSSP candi
dat
es.
t
o out
l
i
ne t
hei
r ut
i
l
i
t
v f
or
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on b
y bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
ap
hi
c a
nd non
-
b
i
os
i
r
at
i
or
a
phi
c (
e
.
,
,
1
,
1
.
e
oc
l
i
r
oi
i
ol
o.
L
,
i
c
.
pa
l
a
eor
na
g
ne
t
i
c a
n
d s
t
a
bl
e i
s
ot
opi
c)
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
s
,
Mar
ch & Ji
me /9V4
f
or a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y.
a
nd pot
e
nt
i
a
l
f
or c
on
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n.
Th
e
s
e we
r
e s
u
bmi
t
-
t
e
d i
n Oct
ob
e
r 1
99
0 a
s f
ol
l
ows
:
A Yu Roz
a
n
ov (
Ul
a
kha
n
-
Sul
u
f
L
_
f)
:
Xi
n
o Y,
Lu
o.
H,
J
i
a
ng,
Z a
nd Zh
an
g,
S (
Mei
S
h
Uc
un
)
:
a
n
d E La
n
di
n
g
a
n
d G N Na
r
bon
n
e (
For
t
u
n
e He
a
d,
Ne
wf
oun
dl
an
d)
.
A pos
t
a
l
ba
l
l
o
t
ot
t
he 2
3 Vot
i
na Me
mbe
r
s wa
s a
r
r
a
ng
e
d b
y J W Co
wi
e i
n t
h
e Sp
r
i
n
g
of 1
9
91
.Th
i
s ba
l
l
ot
r
ec
e
i
v
e
d a 1
00 pe
r c
en
t
r
es
po
ns
e,
Y
i
v
i
n
C
- an
ov
e
r
al
l
maj
or
i
t
y ol
'
52 pe
r c
en
t
t
o t
he BUr
i
n c
a
nd
i
d
a
t
e
.
35 p
e
r c
en
t
t
o
Chi
n
a a
n
d 1
3 p
e
r c
en
t
t
o Si
b
e
r
i
a
.
F
ol
l
owi
n
g t
h
e g
ui
dc
l
i
ne
s o1
ACS.
a
s
e
c
o
nd po
s
t
al
ba
l
l
o
t
was
h
el
d on t
he Bur
i
n.
}
,
L
c
t
i
on al
on
e
,
i
n t
h
e S
Ur
n-
n
i
e
r of
'
1
9
9 1
,
whi
c
h l
e
d t
o a 61
p
er
c
en
t
ma
j
or
i
t
y f
or t
he s
e
c
t
i
on a
t
F
or
t
un
e Hea
d.
Th
i
s
ma
j
or
i
t
y wi
t
s l
a
r
g
e e
nou
gh t
o al
l
ow r
a
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
by t
h
e I
CS a
n
d t
h
e I
UGS (
a
t
t
he I
GC i
n Ky
ot
o
.
Augu
s
t
1
9
92)
,
wh
en
Cha
i
r
man
s
hi
p of
'
t
h
e Ca
mb
r
i
a
n Sub
c
ommi
s
s
i
on pa
s
s
e
d t
o M D
Br
a
s
i
e
r
.
Re
s
p
on
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y f
or
t
h
e ba
s
a
l
b
ou
nda
r
y of t
h
e Ca
mbr
i
a
n al
s
o
pa
s
s
ed f
r
om t
h
e Wo
r
ki
n
C
g Gr
o
up t
o t
h
e Ca
mb
r
i
a
n Su
bc
ommi
s
s
i
on a
t
I
n t
hi
s r
cC
g
i
on
,
Ca
mbr
i
an de
po
si
t
i
on (
Fi
gur
e 2)
wa
s
a
cc
o
r
nn
i
o
-
da
t
e
d by l
oc
a
l
,
l
ong
-
t
er
m ex
t
ens
i
o
n of t
he ba
s
ement
,
c
omp
r
i
s
i
ng
La
t
e Pr
e
c
amb
r
i
a
n v
ol
c
a
ni
c
s a
n
d cl
a
s
t
i
c
s a
f
f
e
c
t
ed b
y t
he -
Av
a
l
o
ni
an
Or
og
en'
-
Th
e For
t
un
e Ba
y Ba
s
i
n be
ga
n wi
t
h t
h
e d
ep
os
i
t
i
on ol
2
75
0 t
i
t
ol
'
upwar
dl
y f
i
ni
n
L
g
_
r
e
d b
ed
s t
ha
t
g
L
_
r
a
d
e i
n
t
o p
er
i
l
i
da
l
s
an
d-
s
t
o
ne
s t
i
t
t
h
e t
op (
Ben
g(
s
on an
(
]
I
1
ci
c
he
r
.
1
9H
3.
La
ndi
ng a
nd ot
he
r
s
,
1
98
8)
.
Th
e
s
e we
r
e s
uc
c
e
e
de
d by c
a
-
1
00
0 t
i
t
of
'
s
i
l
i
ci
cl
a
s
t
i
c s
h
el
f
'
l
'
a
c
i
es
,
p
l
a
c
e
d i
n t
h
e Cha
p
el
I
s
l
an
d I
-
or
ma
t
i
on
,
an
d d
ep
os
i
t
e
d d
ur
-
i
n
,
L
_
y:
:ma
j
o,
二、
c
a l
ev
el
'
c
y
cl
e i
t
s f
ol
l
ows
:
p
er
i
t
i
da
l
s
a
n
ds
t
on
e a
n
d
s
ha
l
es
(
Memb
er
I
)
:S
1
.
01
-
1
1
1
-
i
nf
I
L
I
C1
1
C
C
d Mud
dy d
el
t
ai
c a
nd s
h
el
f
s
a
nds
t
on
e
s a
n
d I
I
I
U
ds
t
on
cs
(
Me
mbe
r
2A)
}
t
hi
nl
y l
a
r
n
i
n
at
e
d s
i
l
t
-
s
t
o
ne
s oft
he di
s
t
a
l
s
h
el
f
'
,
d
ep
os
i
t
e
d be
l
ow wa
v
e ba
s
e (
Memb
e
r 21
3
t
i
n
d Me
mbe
r 3)
:
U
n
Ud
s
t
on
c
s wi
t
h t
hi
n l
i
mes
t
on
e
s
.
de
p
os
i
t
e
d u
nd
e
r
l
ow e
ne
r
gy,
i
nn
er
s
h
el
f
'
t
o pe
nt
i
d
al
c
o
n山t
i
ons
(
Memb
e
r 4)
:
a
n
d
thi
s t
ime.
n
a
t
e
d s
he
l
f(
Myr
ow an
d Hi
s
c
o
l
t
,
1
99
4)
.
Th
e
s
e wer
e t
h
e
n c
a
pp
e
d b
y
s
ands
t
ones and si
l
t
st
ones of al
l of
f
shor
e t
o shor
el
'
ace st
or
ni
-
domi
-
t
he macr
ol
i
dal
s
ands
t
ones al
l
(
]
s
i
l
l
st
ones of t
he Random For
mat
i
on,
whi
ch ca
l
l
b
e t
r
a
c
e
d a
c
r
os
s
t
h
e Ava
l
onj
an r
e
gi
o
n (
Hut
c
hi
n
s
on,
1
96
2,
La
n
di
n
g,
1
992)
-
Me
mbe
r I
ol
一
t
h
e Cha
p
el
I
s
l
a
n
d Fo
r
ma
t
i
on (
c
a
.
1
8
01
1
1
)
i
nc
l
ude
s u
pp
e
r
mos
t
Pr
e
ca
mbr
i
an s
e山me
nt
s
.
I
t
y
i
e
l
ds bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
-
g
L
,
r
a
phi
c
al
l
y i
mpor
t
an
t
t
r
a
c
e l
os
s
i
l
s(
们h
e Har
t
ani
e
l
l
a po
dol
i
c
a i
c
h
-
n
ol
'
os
s
i
l
Bi
oz
one (
Be
na
t
s
on a
n
d Fl
e
t
ch
er
,
1
99
3二(.
r
i
ni
e
s a
n
d
And
er
s
on,
1
9
85)
一
I
l
ar
l
an
i
e
l
l
a po
dol
i
c
a a
n
d Pal
ae
o
pa
s
c
i
c
hi
ms de
l
-
i
c
ams r
an
C
a
.
e i
nt
o Me
mbe
r 2
,
wl
i
c
r
e山e
y a
r
e l
a
s
t
s
e
en 0.
2 i
l
l
b
el
ow
The Fort
une Head GSSP
Th
e
F
o
r
t
u
n
e
[
l
e
a
d
G
S
S
P s
e
c
t
i
o
n
I
S
S
i
t
u
a
t
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
t
i
p
o
f
t
h
e
B
u
r
i
n
Pe
ni
ns
ul
a
.
S
ou
t
h
e
a
s
t
e
r
n Ne
wf
ou
n
dl
a
n
d (
f
i
g
ur
e I
)
,i
n l
ow c
l
i
f
f
'
s t
ha
t
e
xt
e
n
de
d be
y
on
d '
Fo
r
t
u
ne Dump’
.
Ea
s
y a
c
c
e
s
s i
s p
os
s
i
bl
e f
r
or
n t
h
e
t
own of
'
For
t
un
e;
t
h
er
e a
r
e no p
ol
i
t
i
c
a
l
or g
e
og
r
a
phi
c
a
l
pr
o
bl
e
ms o
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
.
Th
e s
t
r
a
l
o
t
y
pe wa
s P
i
c
t
ur
e
d i
n E
-
pi
s
od
e
s of
’
Dec
emb
e
r 1
987
(
Nar
bon
ne
,
1
98
7,
f
i
gu
r
e I
)
.
Coa
s
t
a
l
c
l
i
f
f
'
c
xp
os
u
r
e
s
a
t
F
or
t
un
e He
a
d di
s
pl
a
y s
ome 44
0 m of
'
t
h
e Ch
a
pe
l
I
s
l
a
n
d Fo
r
mat
i
on.
wi
t
h b
e
ds di
ppi
ng a[
1
5 t
o 46 d
e
gr
e
e
s
t
o t
he we
s
t
(
s
t
e
e
p
er
di
ps a
r
e t
owa
r
d t
he t
o
p(
们l
i
e s
e
c
t
i
on)
.
Sev
e
r
al
S
n
I
a
l
l
f
a
U
l
l
s ar
e pr
e
s
e
n
t
we
l
l
a
b
ov
e t
h
e s
t
r
at
o
t
yp
e l
ev
e
l
,
b
ut
ma
r
ke
t
-
h
or
i
z
on
s a
l
l
ow ea
s
y c
or
r
e
l
at
i
o
n a
c
r
os
s
t
h
em (
Lan
di
ng a
n
d ot
he
r
s
.
t
he GSSI
1.
Or
Lani
c-
wal
l
ed t
ubes of
"
Subef
ie
hl
es cambf
ie
nst
s l
'
i
l
-
SL
a
p
pe
a
r ne
a
r t
h
e t
op ol
'
Me
r
n
be
r I
a
n
d r
an
g
e a
t
l
e
a
s
t
i
t
s hi
gh a
s Mc
m-
her 4.
The Subef
idi
l
es candwi
enst
s skel
et
al
l
oss
i
l
Bi
ozone i
s
de
f
i
n
ed be
t
we
en t
h
e F
i
r
s
t
oc
c
ur
r
e
n
ce ol
'
t
hi
s t
ax
on
,
an
d t
he hi
-h
e
r
f
i
r
s
t
a
pp
e
ar
a
n
c
e of
c
al
c
a
r
e
ous
l
ub
e’
L
a
dat
he
c
a’c
.
1
-
il
f
l
dr
i
c
a i
l
l
Member 2B.
1
98K p.
35)
.
Br
e
ak
s i
n de
pos
i
t
i
on ar
e mi
n
or a
n
d r
es
t
r
i
c
t
e
d t
o t
he
Th
e Pr
e
c
a
mb
r
i
a
n -
Ca
mbr
i
a
n b
ou
n
da
r
y p
oi
nt
(
Fi
gur
e .
1
)
l
i
e
s
2
.
4 i
n a
b
ove t
h
e ba
s
e ol
'
Me
mb
er
2 i
n t
he Ch
a
p
el
I
s
l
a
n
d For
ma
t
i
o
n.
b
as
e
s ol
'
t
h
i
n
.
wa
v
e
-
de
po
s
i
t
e
d s
an
d uni
t
s
.
场
FACI
ES ASSOCI
ATI
ONS
{
二]黯 貂 e
g
s
r
e
e
n
s
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
s
勺
,/
冲,
叮
4
\
夕
份,
书‘
厂少日
了
BONAVI
STA
NINSULA
个
.
一
/
,~~~~曰
50km
不/
军分
MEM BER I
、甲
7:
4
L.
M
EMBER 2
{
{
声
峭.
卜
一一」
loom
,犯 -
飞’
,
、.
.
I
l
l
y
/
;,7
I I
,,
沪
向哪
勺
妙 22
, j 、
毋 尸
勺丫: 、/
L一一-i smstone
-0
学,
}
石刃 R
}
c
l
.
a
n
d g
r
e
e
n
内
丫叮
口 G
s
a
r
e
n
y
d
s
t
t
o
o
n
b
e
l
a
c
a
k
n
d
i
n
s
t
e
i
l
t
r
s
b
t
e
o
d
n
d
e
e
/
d
s
h
a
l
e
口 氦
愁器饥s
e
r
a
b
n
e
d
d
s
s
t
o
n
e
a
n
d
}
}
Y了 卜
配/ 4
L
N
厂
John'
s
八甘ALON
乙3
沪
篡
了
q、
FORTUNE HEAD GSSP SECTI
ON,
PENI
NSULA
甘
多
SOUTHEASTERN NEW FOUNDLAND
SOUTHEASTERN NEW FOUNDLAND
Fi
gure I Gener
al
i
z
ed l
ocal
i
t
y map o
f Newfoundl
and (
i
nset
) s
howi
ng l
ocat
i
on o
f t
he Fort
une He
ad
s
t
r
at
ot
ype an
d de
t
ai
l
ma
p o
f t
he 4
40 m-
t
hi
c
k s
e
c
t
i
on at
Fo
r
t
une He
a
d.
Di
a
gona
l r
ul
i
ng i
n
di
c
al
e
s.
wr
i
k
e
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n.
FA =fac
i
e
s a
s
s
oc
i
at
i
o
ns
.
Bas
e
d on landi
n
g and o
t
he
r
s (
1
9
88
,
i
f
gu
r
e
s 4and1
9
)
.
均f
isodeN
,
Vol
.
1
7,
nos-
I & 2
6
70 0
入 山SV工几 1
800
L
。
’
二
1
4
户山SVHd 一
300
-
一
9
了气广沙
标袭
扮争e
"
0
'
}
N
'
子
*
一
霎
墓,
二}
}fl
i
1
1
1
1
} 一
M
n
.
j
}
d
i
f
C
o
-
l
,
t
,
十
S一
SS
1的一
5
US
门亡。庄
山一
U一
厂U山山匕巴
越^
①」
巴
0一
口 1
10 0
FS
一
泛 叹
厂一
200
沐 1
//
SBI
I-
玉
万
一
15卜
PR ECA M 13RIA N
2
40 0
、
J川
eses
es
es一
吕。二 尸一
耸 咚巨
CAMBRI
AN
500
夕
一
600
一
3
厂
才一
5
q00
内 UJS<H几1
魏中
厂| 十
叹j L产we
l
|
100 0
Pal
aeobat
hymet
r
y
1
A丁卜隔卜石
。
一。
一一一翔下
、架
二
全
墓二一
L一 。嚣
I
nt
er
pr
et
at
i
on
Member
SW 日
I
Fi
gure 2 6eneral
i
zed s
t
r
at
i
gr
aphi
c se
ct
i
on.
f
i
n- t
he Chapel
I
s
l
a
nd For
mat
i
o
n,
s
howi
n
g i
nl
}
r
r
e
d pal
t
oh
at
h
l
y
n
i
e
t
r
y,
t
hr
e
e
-
pha
s
e de
pos
i
t
i
o
nal
I
ns
t
or
Y
,
an
d s
e
que
nce
-
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c
i
nt
e
r
pr
e
t
at
i
on.
The Pr
e
c
an
i
br
i
an-Can
i
br
i
an boun
dar
y s
t
r
al
ot
ype
po
i
nt
i
s s
hown.
FS = loo
f
di
n
g s
u}
1
4c
e
;
AI
FS=i
n
a
xt
i
nui
nf
lo
o
di
n
g
s
ur
j
}c
e
.
SB=s
e
q
ue
nc
e bound
ar
y
.
TST=t
r
an
s
g
r
e
s
s
i
v
e s
Ys
t
e
n
i
s
t
r
ac
t
.
HST=hi
ghs
t
and s
ys
t
e
ms t
r
ac
t
.
S WB=s
l
o
r
i
n wav
e ba
s
e
.
S
h
=s
hal
el
-
Sl
t
st=si
l
i
st
one; S'
s=s
ands
t
one; LS=l
i
t
nest
one.
The
s
c
a
l
e i
s i
n i
ne
t
r
e
sf
to
i
n t
he be
gi
nni
n
g of1
he e
x
pos
ur
e
.
Ba
s
e
d on
分 鼠一
S
T
a
h
,
.
d
/
W
1
,
h
,
"
,
'
I
-
.
a
t
T
S
h
d
-
,
}
S
d
O
b
,
N
}
t
d
.
I
-
-
d
-
S
d
W
-
S
d
G
h
,
a
I
S
l
}
t
c
O
,
,
G
-
a
s
1
l
,
G
}
,
-
C
.
/
Fi
gur
e3 Faunal
s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
o
n and l
i
t
ho
l
o
g
y t
hr
on
gh t
he
Pr
e
c
a
ni
br
i
an
-Can
i
b
r
i
an boun
dar
y s
t
r
at
ot
y
pe s
e
c
t
i
on a
t For
l
une
He
ad.
Bas
e
d on Na
r
b
onne and o
t
he
r
s
;
(
19
87
,
igur
f
e 5)
and
lan
di
n
g and ot
he
r
s (
1
9
8
8,
igur
f
e 20
)
.
Fo
rf
i)
s
s
i
l di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on an
d
l
i
t
hol
o
gi
c
a
l da
t
af
ir
oi
n t
he ov
e
r
l
yi
ng 420 i
n o
j
'
c
ont
i
nuous
l
-
v
e
x
po
s
e
d s
t
r
at
o at
Fo
r
t
une He
a
d,
s
e
e Na
r
bo
nne and ot
he
r
s
}
(
1
9
87
,
igur
f
e 4)
,
La
ndi
ng and o
t
he
r
s (
1
9
88,
fi
gur
e
s 21
-2
3)
;
A}
Y
r
ow a
nd
f
l
i
s
c
o
t
t
(
19
9
3,
万gur
e 8
少
.
MY
rO W and Hi
scot
t (1993,欣 t
i
re 3)
i
.
e.
j
us
t
a
b
ov
e t
h
e t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n t
o s
t
o
n-
n
-
i
nf
lU
e
nc
e
d f
a
ci
e
s a
n
d 1
8
.
2 i
n
above t
he bas
e of t
he Successi
on at Fort
une Hea
d.
Thi
s GSSP i
s i
t
p
oi
nt
i
n r
oc
k t
ha
t
d
ef
i
n
e
s i
t
momen
t
i
n t
i
me a
n
d wa
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d wi
t
h
O
ui
da
n
c
e f
r
om t
h
e l
e
ve
l
ma
r
k
e
d b
y t
h
e l
owe
s
t
Oc
c
ur
r
e
n
c
e of
Pl
j
_
%
?
-
co
de
s pe
(
h
a
n (
a t
r
a
c
e f
os
l
s
i
l
)
,
at
t
he ba
s
e oft
h
e Cambr
i
a
n Ph
Yc
o
de
s
pe
du
i
n Bi
o
z
on
e (
Fi
g
ur
e 2;
s
e
e Na
r
b
onn
e a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
98
7,
l
i
g
ur
e
8
B,
.
Th
e i
na
r
k
e
r f
o
s
s
i
l
i
s pr
e
s
e
r
v
e
d a
s i
t
s
e
r
i
es ol
'
b
r
an
c
h
e
d,
h
ypi
c
h-
ni
a
l
r
i
dg
e
s o
n t
he l
ower
s
u
r
f
ac
e of
a s
a
n
ds
t
on
e
-
I
t
s a
p
pe
a
r
a
n
ce a
t
t
hi
s
l
e
v
e
l
i
s n
ot
di
r
e
c
t
l
y t
r
a
c
e
a
bl
e t
o a c
ha
n
ge i
n f
a
c
i
e
s
,
whi
ch t
ak
e
s pl
a
ce
l
o
we
r
i
n [
h
e s
e
qu
e
nc
e (
Memb
e
r I
t
o Me
mb
er
2
A b
ou
nd
ar
y)
.
I
n a
dd
i
-
t
i
on
.
b
ot
h p
er
i
l
i
da
l
a
n
d s
u
bt
i
dal
f
a
ci
e
s i
n Memb
e
r I
c
on
t
ai
n Har
-
l
a
ni
e
l
l
a po
do
l
i
c
a,
a
n
d f
a
ci
e
s i
d
en
t
i
c
al
t
o t
hos
e i
n Me
mb
e
r I
a
r
e
i
nl
e
r
be
d
de
d wi
t
hi
n Memb
e
r 2
A,
bu
t
do n
ot
s
ho
w L
i
pp
er
Pr
ec
a
mb
r
i
a
n
t
r
a
c
e f
o
s
s
i
l
s
.
Th
e
s
e f
ea
t
ur
e
s
S
L
J
}
I
gC
S
t
t
h
a
t
e
nvi
r
on
me
nt
al
f
a
ct
or
s
,
whi
l
e s
i
on
i
ic
f
a
nt
,
we
r
e onl
y of s
e
c
on
d
-
or
d
e
r i
nf
l
u
en
c
e u
pon t
h
e di
s
-
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n of
t
r
a
c
e f
os
s
i
l
s t
hou
g
C
.
h t
h
i
s
s
e
ct
i
o
n.
Th
e b
oun
da
r
y poi
nt
a
l
s
o
Non一
bi
os
t
r
at
i
gr
aphi
c me
ans of
correl
at
i
on
Th
e
h
mi
l
]
(
L
f
y
I
C
\
r
e
l
l
a
c
k
,
c
a
r
b
o
w
l
t
C
S
1
4
1
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
c
a
r
h
o
n
o
r
s
t
r
o
n
-
t
i
L
I
I
I
I
i
sot
ope anal
ysi
s.
St
UdI
CS 01
1 I
I
OC
I
L
I
I
CS and bedded l
i
mest
ones
hi
,
he
r i
n t
h
e Bur
m s
L
I
C
C
CS
S
i
OI
I
s
h
o
)
v
,
t
he CI
T
ec
t
s of
,
wi
de
s
pr
e
a
d t
h
el
ma
l
a
l
t
e
r
a
t
i
on c
l
L
fi
l
l
g d
e
ep h
L
1
1
-
i
al
an
d 2
1
-
al
l
i
t
i
C i
I
I
t
I
-
L
I
S
i
OI
I(
Br
a
s
i
e
r a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
1
992)
.
Si
mi
l
a
r pr
obl
e
ms ha
v
e a
fec
t
e
d s
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y of
'
t
h
e s
(
I
-
a
-
t
o
)
t
YP
C i
(
)
'
-
P
a
l
a
c
oma
I
g
n
et
i
c c
oi
r
c
l
a
t
i
o
n (
s
e
e a
b
ov
e)
.
Rc
I
,
r
c
t
t
a
hl
y,
t
hi
s
m cans t
hat the A siati
c sccti
ons of Si
beii
a and 〔hi
na cannot be cor
r
e
l
at
e
d wi
t
h t
he n
cw GSSP b
y mc
a
ns
of c
a
r
b
on i
s
o
t
o
pe
-
a
n
d ma
I
g
-
n
et
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
ph
y,
al
t
hO
L
I
L
I
h t
h
e
y p
r
o\i
d
c a v
a
l
L
i
a
hl
e t
ool
f
or
co
n-
cl
a
-
t
i
on CI
S
Cwher
c (Ki
i
-
s
ch%i
nk and ot
her
s
.
1
991二BI
aI
,
i
CI and ot
her
s
!
994)
.
def
ines t
he bas
e(
)
!
一
t
he Lower Cambr
i
an '
Pl
acent
i
an Ser
i
es'
ol
"
Land-
i
ng a
nd ot
h
e
r
s(
1
989)
.
The f
ir
st
occur
r
e
nce of cal
car
eous s
hel
l
ed skel
et
al
f
oss
i
l
s
(
Ea
d
at
h
e
c
a'
c
0i
n
dr
i
c
a)
h
er
e l
i
e
s s
ome 4
00 i
n a
bo
ve t
h
e Pr
e
c
am-
b
r
i
a
n
-
Ca
r
r
i
b
r
i
a
n b
ou
nd
a
r
y.
As men
t
i
on
e
d a
bov
e
.
t
h
ei
r ap
p
ea
r
a
n
c
e i
s
r
el
a
t
e
d t
o f
a
c
i
e
s a
n
d l
a
ph
on
oi
ni
c c
on
di
t
i
on
s an
d i
s u
nl
i
k
el
y t
o ma
r
k
t
h
e t
r
u
e or
i
gi
n ol
'
bi
or
ni
n
er
al
i
z
a
t
i
on.
Tr
i
l
ob
i
t
e
s a
pp
ea
r
s
o
me 1
40
0 i
n
a
b
ov
e t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y p
oi
n
t
,
an
d ma
r
k t
h
e s
t
a
r
t
oft
he Lowe
r
Ca
mb
r
i
a
n
'
Br
anchi
an Ser
i
es
'(
们 andi
nl
a〔1
992)
.
Ge
oc
hr
o
nol
og
y of t
he boundar
y
Re
c
e
n
t
U一
P
b r
a
d
i
o
me
t
r
i
c
(
I
c
t
c
r
i
n
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n V
O
l
C
a
I
I
i
C
Z
i
l
-
C
O
l
l
s
a
F
C
a
\
7
川a
bl
e 1
'
r
o
m Ne
,
,
k BI
-
L
I
I
I
S
\
Vi
Ck
-
i
n s
t
r
a
l
a p
os
s
i
bl
y c
on
-
c
l
at
e
d wi
t
h t
he
L
I
PP
CI
-
pa
r
t
of Memb
e
r 5 (
Bowr
i
n- a
n
d o
t
h
cr
s
,
1
9
93)
.
Th
es
e vi
c
i
d a
d
a
t
e of
'
53
0.
7
+0.
7 Ma (
I
s
a
ch
s
en an
d o
t
h
e
r
s
,
1
9
94)
:
pr
e
vi
ou
s
l
y
r
epor
t
ed i
t
s 53]
士I
Ma bv Bowi
一
川9and ot
her
s(1
993)
and Landi
n9
M(
irch & .
1i
m e 1994
7
Cowi
c-I
W.
1
97M.
I
t l
(
;
S/
]
(;
(
'
1
3 Pr
oj
ec
t 29 I
3
r
cCi
L
i
i
i
b
i
-
i
ai
i
-(
'
L
L
i
i
i
bi
-
i
i
L
n Boundar
y
(
1
9
94)
a
n
d p
r
ovi
d
es
a i
na
x
i
l
nU
i
n at
,
,
}
e
f
or
t
he b
as
e ol
'
t
h
e ov
e
r
l
yi
n
C
g
Wor
ki
ng Gr
ou
p I
n Ca
mbr
i
L
I
L
C.
1
979:
Geol
ogi
c
al
Ma
gazi
ne
,
v.
11
5.
pp.
q
ua
r
t
z
i
t
e l
onna
t
i
o
n.
Th
e b
oun
da
r
y poi
nt
l
i
e
s
s
ome 8
0
0 n
i
be
l
ow i
t
s
151一152.
p
os
s
i
bl
e c
or
r
e
l
at
i
v
e
,
t
he Ra
nd
om F
or
ma
t
i
o
n.
i
n t
h
e B1
.
1
1
-
i
n Pe
ni
ns
ul
a
.
C
o
w
i
c
,
J
W.
1
9
8
5
,
(
'
0
1
1
1
i
i
f
l
i
n
"
x
%
o
r
k
O
n
t
h
e
P
I
-
C
C
.
1
1
1
1
h
r
i
a
n
一
(
'
a
m
b
r
i
a
n
h
O
L
I
n
d
-
A f
ur
t
he
r
(
,
ui
de t
o t
h
e r
a
di
or
n
e
i
r
i
c aa
e of
"
t
h
e Pr
e
ca
mb
r
i
a
n
- ar
y:
Upi
s
odes
,
v.
S.
pp.
93 -
97.
Ca
mbr
i
a
n bou
n
da
r
y c
omes
F
r
om r
e
c
e
nt
U-
Pb d
a
t
e
s I
、
一
(
)
m Si
b
e
r
i
a
COWi
C
,
J W.
1
991 TWO dec
ades Ofl
-
C-
s
ea
r
ch on t
he Pr
ot
e
r
ozoi
c
-Pha
ncr
ozoi
c
(
Bo
wr
i
no a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
993)
.
I
n t
h
e Ol
e
n
ck r
e,
,
i
on.
vol
c
a
n
i
c hr
e
c
c
i
as
t
r
ans
i
t
i
on:
1
972-1
991
,
O
c
c
u
r wi
t
hi
n t
h
e Ne
i
na
ki
t
-Da
l
dyn
i
an St
a
C
g
e
,
a
bov
e t
he i
f
r
s
t
s
ma
l
l
Cowi
e,
J W.
a
nd Roza
noN.A Yu.
1
974,
l
UGS Pr
ec
ar
nbr
i
an
-
k a
r
nbr
i
an Boun
d-
s
h
el
l
y f
os
s
i
l
(
Can
i
br
o
l
u
bu
l
t
i
.
v
s
p.
)
bu
t
be
l
ow t
he ir
f
s
t
s
k
el
e
t
a
l
a
s
s
em-
ar
y Wor
ki
ng Gr
OL
I
p [
i
t
Si
her
i
a
:
UI
C
OI
OLi
Cal
Ma"
aZi
n
e.、
。
.Ill
.pp.
237-25-
1.
Cr
i
mes
,
T 1
1
,
1
997.
'
]
"
r
a
ce F
os
s
i
l
s and c
or
r
el
at
i
on of La
t
e Pr
e
cani
hr
i
an a
nd
b
l
a
g
e wi
t
h An
t
i
b
ar
t
l
e
s I
r
l
s
i
l
i
c
ant
s
.
The
s
e b
r
e
c
ci
a
s ha
v
e r
e
c
en
t
l
y b
e
en
I
}
M-
I
V Cal
l
I
"
br
i
an S
t
r
al
a:
GCO]
OUi
Cal
Mal
-
l
a
Zi
l
l
e.、
,
.1
24,pp.97-11
9.
d
a
t
e
d a
t
5
43.
6
10.
-
1
4 Ma (
Bowr
i
n
g a
nd ot
h
e
r
s
,
1
993)
.
whi
c
h gi
ve
s
an
Cr
i
mes
.
T P.
al
l
(
[
Ander
s
on,
M M,
1
995,
'
1
’
r
a
ce F
os
si
l
s I
"
r
om Lat
e Pr
ecam-
e
s
t
i
ma
t
e
d a
-e t
o
r t
h
e ba
s
e(
们h
e Ne
ma
ki
t
-
Da
l
dyn
i
a
n ol
'
a
bou
t
54
4
M a.
Thi
s l
evel has been cor
r
el
at
ed wi
t
h t
he base ol
'
t
he Cambr
i
an i
n
Ne
wf
oun
dl
a
nd (
Na
r
b
on
ne a
nd o
t
h
e
r
s
,
1
99
7)
,
oi
l
t
h
e 1
01
,
l
owi
l
l
"
,
'
'
r
ou
n
ds
:
O
c
cu
r
r
en
c
e of
Ph
Y
c
od
e
s s
p.
a
t
a
l
l
Un
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d l
e
v
el
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e Nci
na
k
i
t
Da
l
dy
ni
a
n (
Fe
don
ki
n,
1
98
7}
a
c
t
ua
l
l
y t
h
i
s
t
a
xo
n may
1
1
0L
a
pp
e
a
l
-
un
t
i
I
t
he mi
ddl
e ol
'
t
h
e s
t
a
ge
:
M A Fe
do
nki
n
,
p
e
r
s
.
c
omi
n.
.
1
9
93)
}
o
c
c
ur
r
e
n
c
e ol
'
S
abe
l
l
i
(
l
i
t
e
s c
a
ni
br
i
e
n
s
i
s
.
whi
c
h r
an
a
L
,
es
1
r
on
i
t
h
e ba
s
e of t
h
e s
t
a
g
C
e (
S
ok
ol
o
v a
n
d Fe
d
onk
i
n,
1
9
85)
.
A pr
o
vi
s
i
on
al
es
t
i
ma
t
e l
or
t
h
e a
u
e of
’
t
h
e Pr
e
c
ambr
i
a
n Ca
mbr
i
a
n b
oun
da
r
y i
s
.
t
her
ef
'
or
e- ci
t
.
544 M a.
hr
i
an-
c
ar
l
y Cambr
i
an s
t
r
a
i
a 01
'
S
OL
I
t
hca
s
l
e
r
n Ne
wl
'
oundl
an
d (
Ca
nada)
:
t
emp
or
al
an
d envi
r
onni
cni
al
i
mpl
i
c
at
i
ons
:
J
our
nal
ol
'
Pal
conl
ol
ogy,、
一59.
31
()
一343.
Fl
et
c
her
,
T 1
1
.
1
979.
i
n Uni
t
e
d Ki
l
l
,(
[
(
)
川 〔'
01
1
1
1
-
i
bUt
i
on l
o [
he I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Geol
ogi
cal
Cor
t
-
chi
l
i
on Pr
ogr
an'
1
1
1
1
C.
1
976-79 Repor
t
:
'
I l
i
e Royal
Soci
cl
y.
London.
pp.
26-27.
Gl
a
es
s
ne
r
,
M F} and Wa
dc. M,
1
966.
The l
at
e Pi
℃一
('
ambr
i
a
n l
os
s
i
l
s 1
'
r
om Edi
-
aca
r
a
, Sout
h Aus
i
r
al
i
a:
Pal
a
c
onl
ol
ogy,
v.
).
(
pl
i
.
599-628.
Gr
e
ene,
B. an
d Wi
l
l
i
a
ms
, I
L 1
974.
Ncw I
ON
S
i
l
1
0C1
1
1
1
L
I
CS and t
he bas
e ol
'
t
hc
Cam bri
an in sout
l
icasi
ern Ne%
k F
OL
AI
WI
L
HI
LL Canadi
an Journal of
' Eart
h Sci
- cr
i
c
es,
v.
11
,
pp.
3 1
9- 323.
II
UL
chi
ns
on,
R D}
1
962, CaI
nhF
i
a
l
l S
L
I
-
a
t
i
I
or
aph
y an
d t
r
i
l
obi
l
e it
f
una
s ol
"
s
out
h-
eas
t
e
r
n NewF
OUndl
an
d:
1
1
1
1
1
1
C
H1
1 01
'
L
he
Ge
ol
ogi
cal
Sur
ve
y ol
'
Can
ada
. Mg.
1
56 p-
Khoment
ovsk
y,
V V.
an
d Kar
l
ova
,
G A}
1
993.
Bi
os
i
r
a
t
i
gr
aphy‘
们h
e Ven-
di
a
l
l
-Cambr
i
a
n beds ai
l
d I
OWCj
-
Ca
mbr
i
an boundar
y i
n Si
ber
i
a:
Gcol
ogi
- Cal
maga
zi
ne.、
,
.1
30}
pp.
29-45.
r
ep
or
t
:
T P Cr
i
me
s
,
T P Fl
et
ch
e
r
,
E La
n
di
n
g.
a
nd A R Pa
l
mer
.
Ki
r
s
chvi
nk..
L.
Ma
ga
r
i
i
z.
M二Ri
pp
er
da
n. R I,ZhUr
avl
ev,
A Yu.
and Roza
nov,
A Yu,
1
991
,
Th
e 1
'
r
eca
i
l
l
bl
-
i
!
L
l
l
/
('
i
l
l
l
i
bF
i
i
l
i
i
b
oun
dar
y:
magr
el
os
i
r
a
l
i
gr
aphy 1
1
1
1
d Ca
r
bon i
s
ot
op
es r
es
ol
ve c
o
)
r
l
-
Cl
a
t
i
Ol
l pr
obl
ems b
Li
wee
n Si
b
er
i
a References
Mor
occ
o a
nd S
out
h Chi
l
l
a
:
GSAToday.
v-
1
,
l
i
p.
69-71
,
97.
91
I
-
ar
l
di
ng,
E.
1
988,
Lowcr Ca
mb
r
i
an ol
'
cas
t
er
n Mas
s
ach
us
et
t
s
:
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
aphy
八[
p
er
t
.
S 1
'
.
1
977.Tr
ac
e F
os
s
i
l
s a
nd [
l
i
e bas
al
Can
-
l
br
i
a
n boundar
y,
i
n Cr
i
l
l
i
cs
,
:
1
1
记S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S
hel
l
y I
OS
'
N
i
]
N
:
.
1
01
1
1
-
1
1
al
(
们l
i
l
l
a
cont
ol
ogy.\.
62,pp.
661
-
-
695. '
T P.
and Ha
r
per
. J C e
ds
- Tr
a
ce Fos
si
l
s 2:
Geol
ogi
cal
JOL
U
-
nal
SPC
Ci
!
l
l
Landi
r
l
', 1
,
-
1
.
1
992.
Lower Cambri
an ol
'
N
out
h
ea
s
i
e
l
-
i
i
Newl
'
oundl
an
d:
I
s
su
e.
1
)
.
Se
el
HOL
I
S
C Pr
es
s
,
I
JVCr
P
Oo1
.
1
)
1
)
.
1
-
M.
epci
r
og
cny and Laza
r
u} F
ami
a
s.
I
i
i
h
ol
a
ci
es
-
bi
ol
'
a
ci
es l
i
nkao
c}
,
and t
he As
l
as
hki
n.
V A i
i
nd s
even ot
h
er
s
.
1
990,
Gui
deb
ook [
01
-
CX
CUr
s
i
on ‘
川I
l
i
e
myt
h ola '
lobal
f
chr
onos
t
r
at
i
gr
apl
i
v,
i
n Li
pps
,
J H} an
d Si
gno
)
r
,
P W, e
ds i
-i
n and Far
l
y EVOI
L
1
1
i
on (
)
I
-
i
l
i
c Mcl
a/
oa
:
Ne
w Yor
k,
Pl
en
um Pr
es
s
.
pp
.
Al
da
n and Lena Ri
ver
s.
Si
hel
'
i
!
L
l
l
Pl
al
l
'
or
i
n.
Novos
i
bi
r
s
k.
11
5 pp.
Or
283-309.
Ben
gi
s
on.
}, and Fl
el
che
门 ’P.
1
98 1
,
The S
L
I
CC
CS
Si
On Ol
'
S
kCI
C1
,
L
]
F
os
si
l
s i
n t
he
ba
s
al
I
.
0%
VC
1
-
CI
L
i
nbr
i
an ol
'
s
out
heas
t
er
n Newl
'
oundl
and,
i
n Ta
yl
or
.
M F
, Landi
ng
.
,
F
"
.
1
994.
Pi
-
ec;
i
i
i
i
bi
-
i
i
i
i
i
-('
i
i
i
i
i
hi
-
i
L
k
i
i
hoUl
l
da
l
-
V gl
obal
S
L
I
'
at
ot
ype r
a
t
i
-
ed.
.
Shor
t
Pal
i
cr
s J
br t
he Se
con(
曰nl
e
r
nal
i
onal
Sympos
i
um on t
he Cam-
t
i
ed al
l
d i
t
1
1
CI
A pCr
SpC
C
`
1
i
V
C OJ
'
Ci
li
f
hr
i
an l
i
me:
Ge
ol
ogy,
v.
22,
1
79-1
1
4
2. br
i
a
n Sys
l
ei
n:
U1
1
1
1
C
L
I
St
a
t
es Ge
ol
ogi
cal
SL
l
l
`
VCV Open
-
Fi
l
e Repor
t
,
Landi
l
l
_ 1
"
.
MV1
-
0\
A.P M.
BC1
1
L
I
S
.
A 1
)
,
al
l
d Na
r
bonne,
G W 1
989.
The Pi
l
l
-
h 1
-743.
1
X pl
i
.
C
Cl
l
t
i
W1
Scr
i
e
s:
appe
ar
anc
e ol
'l
h
e OI
L
I
CSI
Acl
el
al
i
z
cd ]
'
a
unas i
n SoUl
l
i
c
as
t
- Ben
gt
s
on,
S,
a
nd Fl
et
ch
er
.
T 1
1
,
1
9M3,
'
Ti
l
e ol
des
t
S
CC
l
1
l
Cl
l
Ce Ol
'
S
k
-
el
Cl
i
d F
OS
Ni
l
l
e
r
n
Ne
Wl
Ol
'
l
I
l
L
i
l
l
i
l
l
(
l
:
,
1
0
1
1
1
-
1
1
;
1
1
0
1
’
I
'
l
l
I
a
C
0
1
1
1
0
1
O
g
y.
\
・
6
3
.
1
)
1
)
.
7
3
9
-
7
6
9
.
i
n t
he hm el
-Canibr
ian ol
'soui
l
i
casl
ern Ne\
% lOUndl
an止 Canadi
an.
1
01
ir
.
nal L
andi
nL.
E,
Nar
b
onn
e,(;M.
Mvr
ow,
P,
1
3
CI
RI
S
,
A 1
1
,
and Ander
s
on,
M M,
oFF
.
ar
l
h Sci
enc
es
, v.
20,
pl
i
.
523
-526-
1
91
4
8,
Fal
l
i
l
a
N and (
I
C
I
)
OS
i
l
l
On
al
cnvi
r
onni
cl
i
l
s(
们l
i
e uppcr Pr
ecambr
i
an Ben
gt
s
on.
S.
Mi
s
s
ar
zhevs
ky.
V V. a
nd Roza
nox,
A YL
I
.
1
99
4,
'
ri
-
t
e n-
cc
i
i
i
i
i
-
0WOU'
l
l
i Lower Ca
mbri
an,
s
out
hea
s
t
er
n Newf
oundl
and:
New Yor
k St
at
e br
i
an-Ca
ni
br
i
an boun
da
r
y a pl
ea l
or Ci
ti
f
l
i
on:
I
CCP Pr
o
J
ec
t 29 Ch
-
C
Ul
a
r Mt
i
sc
ui
l
l Bul
l
et
i
n,、463.
l
i
p.
I
S一
52.
Ne%s
l
el
l
er
.
JL
MC 1
99
4.
l
i
p.
I
丰1
5.
LL
I
O H}
J
i
a
ngZ,WL
I
X.
Son, X.
Vi
l
" l
Y.
I
AU G. Za
ng S.
and Tao Y.
1
98
4,
Bom-
i
ng.
S A,
Gr
ot
zi
nI
g
er
,
J P.
I
sa
chs
en.(
一E.
Knol
l
.
A H, Pel
ech
at
y. S M.
5i
S
1
1
l
1
l
1
i
之
a
1
1
l
1
l
一
-
(
C
、
之
a
1
l
i
l
l
hr
b
l
j
i
.
,
1
1
1 bo
)
undar
y ca
ndi
da
t
e i
l
l
Mci
s
hUcun.
Ji
nni
ng.
YL
i
nnan.
a
nd Kol
os
ov
, 1
1
.
1
993,
Cal
i
br
a
t
i
ng r
at
es ol
一
ea
r
l
y Cambr
i
an evol
ul
i
on:
Sci
- Chi
na:
The Pe
op
l
e'
s Publ
i
s
hi
ng I l
ous
e,
Yun
nan.
1
6 PI
)
.
encc
} v
. -6 1
1
,
pl
,
一]
293 1
298
Myr
ow.
1
1
,a
l
l
‘
川i
s
col
l
.
R N}
1
993,
De
l
l
osi
l
i
onal
hi
s
l
or
y a
nd s
e
qu
ence s
n-
a
l
i
g-
Br
asi
cr, N1 D, 1979. The Cambri
an r
adi
at
i
on even[
. in HOL
I
SC. M R. CL
I
.
, '
rhe
r
aphy(
们l
i
e Pi
-
e
ci
i
i
i
i
bi
-
i
i
i
i
i
-C
'
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
-
i
之
i
i
i b
OL
l
l
l
dW'
V S
l
r
aL
ot
ype S
ect
i
on.
Chape
l Or
i
On of Ma
J
or I
nv
er
t
e
br
at
e gr
oups
.
Aca
demi
c Pr
c
ss
.[ondon.
pp.
I
sl
and I
}
or
l
l
l
a
t
i
ol
l
,
s
om heas
i
er
n Newl
OUndl
'
and:
Pal
acogeogr
aphy,
川 3-160.
Pal
a
cochi
l
l
at
ol
ogy.
Pal
a
coc
col
og
y.、 1
0
4,
pp-
1
3 -
-
35.
Br
a
s
i
er
.
M 1
),
1
989a
,
Chi
na and [
I
l
e Pal
acot
e
l
l
-
t
yan Bel
t
(
I
ndi
a.
Paki
s
t
an,
[
r
an,
Nar
b
onn
e,
G M.
1
987.
Tr
a
ce f
os
s
i
l
s,
s
mal
l
s
hel
l
y f
os
si
l
s u
nd t
h
e Pr
eca
m-
Kaza
khsl
an
, a
nd Mongol
i
a)
.
i
n Cowi
c,
.
1 W.
a
nd Br
as
i
er
,
M 1
),
eds
.
. The br
i
an-Ca
mbr
i
an Boun
dar
y:
Er
I
i
S
OL
I
CS
,
N.
1
0,
33,一340.
Pr
eca
r
nbr
i
a
i
卜('
a
i
nbr
i
a
n B(
)
川I
da
r
y:
OXf
oF
d Uni
ver
si
t
y Pr
es
s
.
pp.
40-
-
-
74. Na
r
bonne.(
;M,
and Myr
ow,
1
'
.
1
988,Tr
ac
e f
os
s
i
l bi
os
t
r
a
ngr
aphy i
n t
he Pr
e-
Br
aN
i
cr
.
M 1
)
.
1
989h.
Towar
ds a hi
oS
H-
aL
i
gr
aphy ol
"
d
i
e ea
r
l
i
est
s
kel
et
al
bi
was
cambri
an-I
C
,a
mbi
-
j
an houl
i
dal
-
V i
nt
erval: New Yor
k Sl
at
e M useum Bi
l
l
- i
n Cowi
e. J W , and Brasi
er
, \
14 D. eds.
, The Pi
-
eci
i
i
i
i
brj
.
,
i
i
l-(.
ai
i
i
bi
-
i
ai
i
l
et
i
n,
463,
pp.
72-
-
76.
Boundar
y:
Oxf
or
d Uni
ver
si
t
y Pr
es
s
. pp.
40-74,
Na
r
bon
ne,
(
3
,
M,
Myr
ow,
1
1
,
La
ndi
ng,
F,
and Ande
r
s
on, M M, 1
997. A ca
ndi
-
Br
asi
er
,
M 1
),
An
der
s
on,
M M, and Cor
l
i
el
d,
R M,
1
992
1
,
Oxygen and c
ar
bon
dat
e sL
r
at
ot
ype f
or t
he Pr
e
cambr
i
an
-Cambr
i
a
n bounda
r
y,
Por
t
unc Head,
Peni
nsul
a. SOUI
l
leaSI
CI
-
1
1 Newfoundl
and: Canadian Journal ofEart
h i
s
ot
ope st
r
a
l
i
gr
aphy ofcar
l
y Ca
mb
r
i
an car
bona
t
es i
n S
OL
I
t
h
eas
L
un Ne
w- Burin f
oundl
and and Engl
and:
Ge
ol
ogi
ca
l
Ma
gazi
ne
,、 1
2
1
9,
pp.
265-279. Sci
enc
es
, v.
-
1
4,
p.
1
56.
Br
as
i
er
.
M 1
),
Kh
oment
ovs
ky,
V V7 a
nd Cor
l
i
e
l
d,
R M,
1
993,
St
a
bl
e i
s
ol
opi
c
Qi
an Y.
an
d I
l
engl
N
on. S.
1
989.
Pal
a
conl
ol
og
y a
nd b
oos
t
r
a
l
i
gr
aphy or i
he
cal
i
br
at
i
on of t
he e
ar
l
i
es
t
s
kel
et
al
as
s
embl
age
s i
n eas
t
er
n Si
b
er
i
a (
Pr
e- MCi
S
hL
I
CUI
l
i
al
l St
age i
l
l Yunnan Pr
ovi
nc
e,
s
out
h Chi
na-
.
Foss
i
l
s a
nd St
r
at
a
, Cani
br
i
an
-Cambr
i
an bOL
I
n
da
r
y)
:
Te
r
r
a Nov
a,
v.
5, pp.
225-232.
v. 2
4, 1
56 pp.
Br
as
i
er
,
M D.
Cor
l
i
e
l
d,
R M, Der
r
y,
L A,
Roz
anov.
A Yu,
an
d ZhURI
VI
ev,
A
Rayner
,
D,
1
967,
The St
r
a
t
i
gr
aphy oft
he Br
i
t
i
s
h I
sl
e
s:
Cambr
i
dg
e Uni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
Ac
kno
wl
edge
me
nt
s
Th
e
I
'
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
a
r
e
t
h
a
n
k
e
d
i
o
r
c
o
mme
n
t
s
a
n
d
C
0
1
1
1
-
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
:
。
、
t
h
i
s
Yu
,
1
9
9
4
,
Mu
l
t
i
pl
e S1
3
C e
x
c
u
r
s
i
o
n
s
s
p
a
n
n
i
n
,
}
,
t
h
e Ca
mb
r
i
a
n e
x
p
l
o
s
i
o
n t
o Pr
es
s
,
London.
t
h
e Bol
oni
i
an cr
i
s
i
s i
n Si
bcr
i
a:
Geol
ogy,
v-
2
1
2
1
,
pp.
455-459.
Rozanov,
A YU
, 1
967.
1’
l
i
e Cambr
i
an l
ower boundar
y pr
obl
em Geol
ogi
ca
l
Br
as
i
er
,
M 1
)
,
and ni
n
e ot
her
s 1
990.
Th
e car
bon- al
i
d oxygen-
i
s
ot
ope r
e
cor
d
Maga
zi
n
e.
v.
1
04,
pi
)
一
41
5-
43
4.
of t
he Pr
eca川bri
an-Canibri
an boundarv i
nt
er
val i
n Chi
na;
川c
l I
ran and Ro
za
nov,
A YU,
an
d Sokol
ov,
B S.
1
984,
Lower Cambr
i
a
n s
t
age su
bdi
vi
si
o
,
n:
t
h
e
i
r c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n:
Ge
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
Ma
g
l
a
z
i
n
e
.
v
.
1
2
7
,
p
p
.
3 1
9
-
3
32
.
s
L
r
al
i
gr
aphy:
Ak
ade
mi
i
NaL
i
k SSSR.
Mos
cow.
l
z
dal
el
sI
vo '
NU
L
I
ka'
.
(
i
n Russi
an)
.
Con
i
ps
i
on.
W,
Wi
l
l
i
ams
,
I
S.
Ki
r
s
chvi
nk.
J I.
Zhang Z.
and Ma,
G.
1
992.
Zi
r
-
con U-
1
3
b a
ges I
r
oi
n t
h
e Far
l
y Ca
Mbr
i
a
n t
i
nl
e-
s
c
al
e:
J
our
nal
01
"L
l
I
e Geo- Roza
nov,
A YU,
an
d ni
ne ot
her
s.
1
969.
'
Fi
l
e Tommol
i
an St
ag
e and t
he Cam-
V PrOhl
em: Akadcnii
a NaUk SSSR, Ordena Tru- l
ogi
ca
l
Soci
c
l
),
v.
1
49.
1
71
一1
84.
brian LONW r 1301111dal-
Epi
,
mde}
,V(
)
/17,
i
7
o.
s
.
I浅 三
dovogo Kr
a
s
nogo Zhumeni Geol
ogi
ches
ki
i I
ns
t
i
t
ut
a,
no.
206,
380 p.
(
I
n
Russ
i
a
n)
DrJ W Cowi
e ha
s s
er
v
e
da
s Se
c
r
et
ar
y
o
f t
he Ca
mbr
i
an Sub
c
ommi
s
s
i
o
n
S
c
h
o
p
f
,
W J
,
a
n
d Kl
e
i
n
,
C,
1
9
9
2
,
Th
e P
r
o
t
e
r
o
z
o
i
c Bi
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
:
Ca
mb
r
i
d
g
e
(
1
964
-1
99
2)
,
Cha
i
r
man a
nd Pr
o
je
ct
Uni
ve
r
s
i
t
y Pr
es
s
.
Le
a
de
ro
ft
h
e Pr
e
c
ambna
n-Camb
r
i
a
n
Sokol
ov,
B S,
and Zhur
avl
eva,
I T,
1
983.
Lowe
r Cambr
i
an s
t
age s
ubdi
vi
s
i
on
ou
nd
ar
y Wo
r
k
i
ng Gr
ou
p (
1
97
2-
o
f S
i
b
e
r
i
a
.
At
l
a
s o
f f
o
s
s
i
l
s
:
Aka
d
e
血i
Nua
k SS
SR,
Mo
s
c
o
w,
Tr
u
d
y I
n
s
t
i
-
B
9
2) an
d as Ch
ai
r
man o
f t
h
e I
nt
er
-
t
ut
a Ge
ol
o
gi
i i Geof
yzi
ki
,
v.
558.
(
I
n Rus
s
i
an)
.
19
n
at
i
o
na
l Co
mmi
s
s
i
on on S
t
r
at
i
gr
a
p砂
Wal
cot
t
, C D,
1
890,
The f
au
na of t
he Lower Ca
mbr
i
a
n or Ol
ene
l
l
us Zone:
Te
nt
h Annual
Repor
t
of t
he Di
r
ec
t
or
, 1
888
-188
9,
US Geol
ogi
c
al Sur
vey,
(
19
84-1
99
2)
.
On
goi
ng ac
t
i
vi
t
y i
n-
c
l
ud
e
s wo
r
k wi
t
h t
h
e l
UGS Ge
ol
ogi
c
al
Part 1.
Wheel
e
r
, H E,
1
947,
Bas
e of t
he Cambr
i
a
n Sys
t
em:
Jour
na
l of Geol
ogy, v.
Dat
aba
s
e o
n Ge
o
l
o
gi
c
al
Si
t
e
s (
I
UGS
55,
pp.
1
53-1
59.
GEOS
I
T
ES)
and as Geol
ogi
c
al
Xi
ng Y,
Luo,
H,
Ji
a
ng,
Z,
a
nd Zha
ng S,
1
991
,
A c
andi
da
t
e g
l
o
bal s
t
r
a
t
ot
ype s
ee
-
Adv
i
s
or t
o Wor
l
d He
r
i
t
ag
e
.
t
i
o
na
n
d函i
n
t
f
o
r t
he P
r
e
c
a
r
n
b
r
i
a
n
-
Ca
r
n
b
r
i
a
nb
o
u
n
d
a
r
y a
t
Me
i
s
h
u
c
u
n
,
Yu
n
-
n
a
n
,
Ch
i
n
a
:
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
h
i
n
a Un
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
f
Ge
o
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
.
2
,
4
7
-
5
7口
Dr Mi
c
ha
e
l Ta
yl
o
r
,
Se
c
r
e
t
ar
y o
f t
he
Dr Ma
r
t
i
n Br
as
i
e
r i
s Ch
ai
r
ma
n o
f t
he
Subcommi
s
s
i
on on Cambr
i
an St
r
at
i
-
Subcommi
s
si
on on Cambri
an St
r
at
i
-
g
r
a
ph
y a
n
d Le
a
de
r o
f I
GCP Pr
o
j
e
c
t
gr
a
ph
y
,
i
s a r
e
s
e
ar
c
h g
eo
l
o
gi
s
t wi
t
h
303 on Pre
cambr
i
an-Cambri
an Event
t
he US Ge
ol
ogi
c
al
Su
r
v
e
y
,
De
nv
e
r
.
S
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
y
.
Hi
s r
e
s
e
ar
c
h c
ur
r
e
nt
l
y
c
on
c
e
nt
r
at
e
s on t
he pot
e
n
t
i
al
o
fc
ar
bo
n
an
d s
t
r
o
nt
i
um i
s
o
t
o
pe s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y f
o
r
i
mpr
o
v
e
d s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
phi
c r
e
s
ol
u
t
i
o
n o
ft
he
Hi
s curr
ent r
esear
ch i
nt
er
est
s i
ncl
ude
e
ar
l
y Pal
ae
o
z
o
i
c t
r
i
l
o
bi
t
e a
nd mol
l
u
s
c
bi
os
t
r
at
i
gr
a
p勺,bi
o
fa
ci
e
s a
nal
ys
i
s
a
nd c
ar
bo
nat
e de
pos
i
t
i
o
nal
e
n
v
i
r
on-
me
nt
s
.月‘ha
s de
v
e
l
o
pe
d an e
co
l
og-
i
c
al
mo
de
l
fo
r e
x
pl
ai
n
i
n
g t
he gl
oba
l
di
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n o
f t
r
i
l
o
bi
t
e f
aun
as i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
on t
o s
t
r
a
t
i
ie
f
d o
c
e
an s
y
s
t
e
ms
l
at
e Pr
ecambr
i
an-Cambri
an event
s
,
an
d o
n e
nv
i
r
on
me
n
t
a
l c
h
an
ge
s as
s
o
c
t
-
at
e
d wi
t
h pl
at
e mov
e
me
nt
s (
e
as
t
e
r
n
As
i
a t
o Av
al
oni
a少
.He l
e
c
t
u
r
e
s i
n t
he
Ear
t
h S
ci
e
n
c
e
s De
pa
r
t
me
nt
a
t Ox
f
or
d
,
an
d i
s a Fe
l
l
o
w o
fS
t
Edmu
n
d Ha
l
l
.
Sel
ect
ed Mi
ddl
e
Eas
t
Pa
pe
r
s
f
r
om
GEO ’
94_
Pr
e
s
ent
e
d at t
he Mi
ddl
e Eas
t Ge
os
ci
e
nce
s Exhi
bi
t
i
on and Con
fe
r
enc
e,
Apr
i
l
1994,
Bahr
ai
n.
Hos
t
e
d勿 t
he Amer
i
c
an As
s
oci
at
i
on o
f Pet
r
ol
eum Ge
ol
ogi
s
t
s
,
Dhahr
an Geol
ogi
c
al Soc
i
et
y,
Soci
e
t
y o
f Expl
or
at
i
oni
s
t
s o
f t
he Emi
r
at
e
s
,
Soc
i
e
t
y o
f Ex
pl
or
at
i
on Ge
o
phys
i
c
i
s
t
s.
Thi
s t
wo-
vol
u
me col
our
ed publ
i
c
at
i
on wi
l
l
cons
i
s
t
of ove
r 1
000 pages wi
t
h ov
er 700 igur
f
e
s
.
80 t
e
chni
cal
pa
pe
r
s
wi
l
l
c
ov
e
r
s
t
a
t
e o
f
t
he a
r
t
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n a
n
d p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n d
e
v
e
l
o
pme
n
t
s
i
n t
h
e wo
r
l
d'
s
mo
s
t
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
p
e
t
r
o
l
e
u
m b
a
s
i
n.
Pa
pe
r
s cove
r t
he pe
t
r
ol
eum s
ys
t
e
ms of t
he Gul
f count
r
i
es as wel
l
as Egypt
,
Syr
i
a and Ye
me
n.
Topi
c
s i
nc
l
ude:
.Pa
l
e
o
z
o
i
c
a
nd Me
s
o
z
o
i
c Ex
pl
o
r
a
t
i
o
n Po
t
e
nt
i
a
l
o
f t
he Mi
dd
l
e Ea
s
t .Advanc
es i
n Ge
ophys
i
c
al
and Ge
ol
og
i
c
al
Te
chnol
ogy
.3-
D Sei
s
mi
c I
nt
e
r
pre
t
at
i
on and Fi
e
l
d De
ve
l
opme
nt .Res
er
voi
r Geo
l
ogi
c Mode
l
l
i
ng
・Advances i
n Reservoi
r Charac
t
eri
sat
i
on
.De
pos
i
t
i
onal
and Di
age
ne
t
i
c Cont
r
ol
s on Re
s
e
rvoi
r Di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
・ Case Hi
st
ori
es
Pa
pe
r
s ha
ve bee
n r
evi
e
wed by t
h
e GEO '
9
4 Tec
hni
ca
l
Commi
t
t
e
e and edi
t
ed by Dr M I Al
-
Hus
s
ei
ni
T
o o
bt
ai
n a c
o
py o
ft
hi
s i
mpo
r
t
a
nt
pub
l
i
c
at
i
on c
o
nt
ac
t
:
Gu
l
f
Pe
t
r
o
Li
n
k P 0 Box 20393,
Ma
na
ma,
Ba
hr
ai
n Te
l
e
p
h
o
n
e
:
9
73
21
4 8
81
Fac
s
i
mi
l
e:
973 21
4 475
publ
i
shed by Gul
f
Pet
roLi
nk