Greenhouse gas emission from manure
Sven Sommer
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Greenhouse gas emission:
Methane and nitrous oxide
Contribution to net global warming (Anthropogenic):
Methane accounts for 30%
Nitrous oxide accounts for 10%
(IPCC, 2007)
Effect of methane and nitrous oxide:
1 kg CH4 equals effect of 23 kg CO2
1 kg N2O equals effect of 296 kg CO2
(IPCC 2007)
IPCC 2006
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Methane from agriculture
Methane
Energy
Livestock contributes:
Waste
37% of global CH4 emission
Industry (0.1 %)
Agriculture
Karakurt et al. 2012
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
(FAO 2006, Livestock long shadow)
6
Mineral fertilizers
Manure
Other, burning
Sewage
4
2
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
10
8
6
9
8
Nitrous oxide, 10 tonnes CO2-eq
Global emission from agriculture,
-1
Tg N2O-N yr
Nitrous oxide
Relay et al. 2012
4
2
0
Min. Fertil.
Grazing
Manure
Steinfeld and Wassenaer 2007
Livestock contributes:
65% of global N2O emission
(FAO 2006, Livestock long shadow)
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Livestock or manure
Poultry
-1
0.26
kg CH4 animal year
-1
Methane
Pigs
4.8
Dairy cows
104
Enteric fermentation
Manure
0
20
40
Nitrous oxide
0
Montegny et al. 2006
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pct.
60
Pct.
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
80
100
120
Greenhouse Gas emission from animal manure
Content:
• Manure management and GHG mitigation
Manurevariables
is the source
of the gases:
• Driving
and interaction
with climate
• Methane:
CH4
• Mitigation
technologies
• Nitrous
oxide:
N2O
• Models for assessing effect of management and
Global warming potential
technologies
• Methane:
23
• Conclusion
• Nitrous oxide:
296
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Methane emission
Effect of source i.e. solid or liquid manure
• Anaerobic sources:
Biomasse:
Animal manure
Organic waste
– Liquid manure or
slurry storage
– Compact solid manure
Hydrolysis
Dissolved substrate
Acidogenesis
• GHG component
– CO2
– CH4, 1 kg equals the
effect of 23 kg CO2
VFA>C2
Acetognesis
H2+CO2
CH3-COOH
Methanogenesis
CH4+H2O+ CO2
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Nitrous oxide emission
• Low concentrations of
oxygen
– Solid manure with high
porosity
– Surface crust, porous
covers of stored slurry
– Manure applied to soil
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Temperature gradients in manure
heaps - GHG emission
Methane production
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
• Profiles of
temperature
were
measured by
thermovision
• Highest
temperatures
were
observed near
heap surface
• Lower
temperatures
were
observed in
the centre of
the heap
Solid manure store – methane
(Hansen MN et al. 2005)
Un-covered heap
Covered heap
Centre
10 cm below surface
Uncovered
Covered
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Methane emission slurry
Pig slurry incubated at 10oC
0.06
7
6
5
Emission rate
Cumulative emission
CH4 emission, g C hour kg-1 [VS]
0.02
4
3
2
1
0.00
0.06
o
Pig slurry incubated at 15 C
0
14
0.05
12
0.04
10
8
0.03
6
0.02
4
0.01
2
0.00
0
Pig slurry incubated at 20oC
0.20
120
Cumulative CH4 emission, g C kg-1[VS]
0.04
At 20oC celcius a phase with little
methane production is observed the
first 50 d of incubation.
1. Methanogens are slow growers
2. Can be used to reduce methane
emission
100
0.15
80
0.10
60
40
0.05
20
0.00
0
0
50
100
150
200
Days from initiation of filling vessels
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Different scales of emission
CH4 emission, g C m-3 h-1
Cover of stored slurry
1.60
Methane
Uncovered
Surface crust
Leca pebbles
Straw
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
180
200
220
240
Day of the year
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
260
Nitrous oxide emisison
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Solid manure store – nitrous oxide
(Hansen MN et al. 2005)
Un-covered heap
10 cm below surface
600
400
Centre
b
Conc. of N2O,
ppm
800
200
Covered heap
1000
a
Conc. of N2O,
ppm
Conc. of N2O,
ppm
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
0
30
60
90
120
Days after start of storage
0
30
60
90
Days after start of storage
Uncovered
Covered
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
120
N2O emission, 10-3 g N m-2 h-1
30
o
Slurry temperature, C
Stored slurry nitrous oxide
Effect of surface cover – cattle slurry
25
Nitrous oxide
25
No cover
Surface crust
Leca pebbles
Straw cover
20
15
10
5
0
Temperature
20
15
10
180
200
220
240
© Sven Sommer,
Day
of the year
University
of Southern
Denmark
260
Nitrous oxide
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Nitous oxide emission applied
slurry
6.00
mg N2O-N m2 h-1
5.00
control
shallow injection
surface broadcasting
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
27-Jul
01-Aug
06-Aug
11-Aug
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
16-Aug
21-Aug
Chadwick 2011
Reduction of GHG emisison
Anaerobic Digestion producing biogas,
Frequent removal of slurry from animal
house
Acidification
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Animal
house
Store
Methane
Animal
house
Pre-store
Biogas
(small)
digester
© Sven Sommer,
Field
Nitrous oxide
University of Southern Denmark
Store
Field
The model include effect of organic matter
VS, temperature and storage time
VSD is the fraction of
manure that is
digestible
Methane emission,
g CH4 kg-1VS pr. month
90
80
10% VSD
70
30% VSD
60
60% VSD
Methane emission is
related VSD
50
40
Methane emisison is
related to Temp
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Temperature, oC
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
Methane emission is
related to storage
time
Methane emission is
related to inoculum
Reduce methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide
(N2O) emission, biogas digestion
80
60
40
Water
20
Concentration, %
100
Concentration, %
Fermented slurry
Ash
6
Volatile solids
0
5
Non-digestible
Ash
4
Digestible
3
2
Volatile solids
Transformed
to CH4
1
0
CH4 - source
Untreated slurry
CH4 - source
Reducing Digestible VS
will reduce N2O production in field
Biogas
plant
Non-digestible
Non D - VS
Non D - VS
D - VS
Digestible
N2O
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
D - VS
N2O
GHG emission - effect of anaerobic
digestion of animal slurry in a biogas plan
CH4 & N2O emission
effect of biogas treatment
Biogas treated
Whole system
Untreated
Applied slurry
Biogas plant
Store
Housing
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
GHG emission, kg CO2 eq. kg
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
-1
1.2
VS
Manure management
Reduce in-house slurry storage in Spain
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Animal
house
Store
Field
Daily slurry removal from house
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Fortnightly slurry removal
from pig house
40000
40000
Housing
Animal
house
Storage
Total
Biogas
digester
20000
Field
Store
30000
kg CH4
kg CH4
30000
Pre-store
(small)
20000
10000
10000
0
0
0
100
200
Day
300
Housing
Slurry store
Total
0
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark
100
200
Day
300
Additional effects of acidification
Reduced methane emission
1 kg Methane:
21 kg CO2
CO2 reduction from Danish livestock
production 580 103 ton CO2 eqv.
Corresponds to about 1 % of Danish
CO2 emission
SO Petersen 2011
(Hansen, 2008)
© Sven Sommer,
University of Southern Denmark