General Physical Science
Chapter 11
The Chemical Elements
Classification of Matter
Pure Substance
Element
All atoms have the same atomic number (number
of protons)
Gold
Compound
2 or more elements (atoms) chemically combined
in a fixed ratio
Water
Classification of Matter
Mixture
varying proportions of 2 or more substances
Heterogeneous
Sugar water
Distinct areas of different substances
Salt and sand
Homogeneous
mixture the same to the molecular level
water and salt
1
Solutions
Homogeneous mixture
solvent
solute
Can be solid/liquid/gas
Jeweler’
Jeweler’s gold
Air
Iced tea
Aqueous Solutions
Unsaturated
Saturated
Supersaturated
Solubility
Still hold more solute
Maximum amount of solute for a stable solution
More than saturated solution, but unstable.
Amount of material to make saturated solution
Solids – tend to increase solubility with increasing
temp.
Gases – solubility decreases with increasing temp.
Solubility of
Aqueous
Solutions
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Classification of Matter
Classification of Matter
Learning Goal
Questions: 1 - 9
Exercise: 1 – 5 odd
Explain how chemists classify matter
Discovery of the Elements
Aristotle
4 ‘elements’
elements’
earth, air, fire, water
0 for 4
Boyle
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into components by any method.
Introduced experimentation to the discovery of
elements.
3
Discovery of the Elements
Lead to a boom in the discovery of the
elements
73 elements were known by 1895
114 elements known today
many are ‘synthetic’
synthetic’
Symbol notation
Introduced by Berzelius
Based on the Latin name
Discovery of the Elements
Symbols now based on the English name
First letter capitalized, all others (if any) lower
case
Know the elements listed in handout!
Systematic names
3 letters
Indicate atomic number in Latin
Names and Symbols of the
Elements
Learning Goals:
Trace the development of the concept of
element.
Tell how elements are named and symbolized.
Identify the names and symbols of common
elements.
Questions: 10 - 12
Exercises: 7, 9
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Occurrence of the Elements
Earth’
Earth’s Crust
Atmosphere
Oxygen; 47%
Silicon; 27%
Aluminum; 8%
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% other stuff
Universe
75% hydrogen
24% helium
1% everything else
Molecules
Metals
represented by atoms
Au, Fe, Ag, etc…
etc…
Noble gases
Many other gases are diatomic molecules.
exist as independent gases
electrically neutral particle that is a chemical
combination of 2 or more atoms.
7 common diatomic molecules
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.
Diatomic
Molecules
5
Allotropes
2 forms of the same
element that have
different bonding
structures.
Different physical and
chemical properties
Carbon
Oxygen
Graphite
Diamond
Allotropes
of Carbon
Fullerene
Carbon Nanotube
Occurrence of the Elements
Learning Goals
State what elements are most common in our
environment.
Define the terms molecule and allotrope.
Questions: 13, 14
6
The Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev
Order of elements based on chemical and
physical properties.
Certain properties will repeat in predictable
manner.
Periodic Law
The properties of the elements are a periodic
function of their atomic number.
The Periodic Table
Columns - Groups
2 numbering systems
IUPAC
US (one used here)
Areas of the periodic
table
Representative elements
Transition elements
Inner transition elements
The Periodic Table
The chemistry is driven by the outer shell
(valence) electrons.
All of the elements in a family have the
same valence shell electron arrangement!
For the representative elements, the
group number is equal to the number of
valence electrons (except He)
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Metals/Nonmetals
A list of metallic and nonmetallic
properties is given in Table 11.2
Metals
tend to lose valence electrons.
Metallic character increases toward Fr
Nonmetals
tend to gain valence electrons
Nonmetallic character increases toward F
Metals, Nonmetals, and
Metalloids
The Periodic Table
Metalloids
Transition between metals and nonmetals
Stairstep line with ‘top’
top’ step between B and Al
Liquid elements
Gaseous elements
All others exist as solids.
Bromine, Mercury
Noble gases, H2,N2,O2,F2,Cl2
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Electron Configuration
GroundGround-state orbitals occupied by electrons
Valence shell – outermost occupied orbitals
Elements in a group have the SAME valence
electrons
Drives chemical properties!
Electron Configuration Rules
Number of electrons equals the atomic
number
Number of shells equals the period
number
For representative (Group A) elements,
the number of valence electrons equals
the group number
Atomic Size
9
Ionization Energy
The Periodic Table
Learning Goals
Describe the major features and divisions of
the periodic table.
Use the periodic table to correlate and predict
the properties of elements.
Questions: 15 - 24
Exercises: 11 – 25 odd
Naming Compounds
Nomenclature
Chemical Formulas
indicate the elements present
if more than 1 of an element (group) it is
represented by a subscript.
Common names
H2O, NH3, CH4, N2O, NO, HCl(aq), HNO3(aq)
HC2H3O2(aq), H2SO4(aq), H2CO3(aq), H3PO4(aq)
Know all 11 in Table 11.3
10
Nomenclature
Metal/nonmetal
Name of metal +
name of nonmetal
with ending changed
to -ide
NaCl
Al2O3
Ca3N2
LiH
Nonmetal/nonmetal
First listed name + last
name changing ending
to -ide
Number of atoms
indicated with prefix.
CO2
CO
N2O5
SO2
Polyatomic Ions
Charged particles with more than one atom.
Learn all in Table 11.6
Learn BOTH formula and charge!
Name of ion replaces name of metal or
nonmetal.
If ‘metal’
metal’ is H, then name becomes name of
polyatomic ion, replacing -ate suffix with an -ic
suffix, followed by ‘acid’
acid’
HNO3 - nitric acid
Naming
Compounds
Flowchart
11
Naming Compounds
Learning Goal:
Questions: 25 - 27
Exercises: 27 – 29 odd
Name simple inorganic compounds
Groups of Elements
Columns on the periodic table
Elements that react similarly
Noble Gases
Group 8A
Do not react
‘Neon’
Neon’ signs
notenote- not a reaction, but an excitation/deexcitation/deexcitation of the electrons
Groups of Elements
Alkali metals
Group 1A
Very chemically active
Only found in nature as compounds
Will react upon exposure to air
Alkaline earth metals
Similar in properties to Group 1A
Not as highly reactive
12
Groups of Elements
Halogens
Group 7A
Very active nonmetals
Diatomic molecules
only found in compounds in nature
Hydrogen
not really 1A or 7A
Future fuel???
Least dense of the gases
reacts like both
Used in dirigibles to allow them to float in air
Groups of Elements
Learning Goals
List the basic properties of four groups of elements
Identify and describe the uses of some compounds.
Questions: 28 - 34
Exercise: 31
Key Terms; Matching, Multiple Choice, and FillFillinin-thethe-Blank Questions; Visual Connection and
Applying your Knowledge
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General Physical Science
Chapter 11
The Chemical Elements
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