BEGINNER GROUP
2012-2013 FALL SEMESTER
VOCABULARY JOURNAL
FOR OLR I ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
With its 238 species of
snakes, India has a long
history of snakes and
snake charmers.
There are over a hundred
species of insects in this area.
*** countable/ plural: species
They catch snakes and
exhibit them to make a
living.
The gallery is exhibiting his
paintings.
OLR 1/ UNIT 1
Reading 1
species
n
exhibit
v (T)
n
common
adj
uncommon
__adj__
perform
v (T/ I)
performance (n)
a set of animals or
plants in which the
members have similar
characteristics to each
other and can breed
with each other
to show something
publicly
endangered species
an object such as a
painting that is shown
to the public
the same in a lot of
places or for a lot of
people
not seen, happening or
experienced often
to entertain people by
dancing, singing,
acting or playing
music
The museum has a fascinating
collection of exhibits ranging
from Iron Age pottery to Inuit
clothing.
to be common among
it’s common for sb. to
do sth.
These are groups of
people with a common
past and customs living
together.
It is not uncommon to see
snake charmers with their
cobras performing at a
street corner in India with
a circle of watchers.
Snake charmers do not
only perform on the
streets, of course.
The surname 'Smith' is very
common in Britain.
Bad dreams are fairly common
among children.
It's common for new fathers to
feel jealous of the baby.
Fortunately violent crimes
against the elderly are very
uncommon.
A major Hollywood star is
performing on stage tonight.
prefix: -un
To talk about playing a
particular part in a play, film
etc, use play not perform:
John Wayne played a Roman
soldier in the film.
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
climate
n (C/ UC)
the general weather
conditions usually
found in a particular
place
call
v (T)
to give someone or
something a name, or
to know or address
someone by a
particular name
grow
kind
v (T / I)
(grew, grown)
n (C)
Collocation
to call + object + noun
to be called + noun
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
They live in warm
climates.
The Mediterranean climate is
good for growing citrus fruits
and grapes.
They are called Naya in
India and Sri Lanka.
They've called the twins
Katherine and Thomas.
This is called the Bread of
the Dead.
a. to increase in size or
amount, or to become
more advanced or
developed
They grow up to 1.7
meters long (5.5 feet) and
have gray bodies with
black stripes on them.
b. if you grow your
hair or nails, you do
not cut them
… Yee Sateow has also
grown his hair, to a length
of 4.92 meters …
The land is poor and arid
–very dry – so people
cannot grow anything.
They open the basket and
play their bean (a kind of
flute) to make the snake
dance.
a group with similar
characteristics, or a
particular type
Sales of new cars grew by 10%
last year.
I've decided to grow my hair
long.
Today's vehicles use two kinds
of fuel - petrol and diesel.
In additions to that, they
make a kind of delicious
bread for this day.
deaf
adj
unable to hear, either
completely or partly
to go deaf
to become deaf
However, in reality,
cobras are deaf.
She's deaf and dumb (=unable
to hear or speak) and
communicates using sign
language.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
move
v (T / I)
to (cause to) change
position
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Actually, the snake
charmer moves the lid of
the basket …
I'm so cold I can't move my
fingers.
There are symbolic
movements.
movement
n (C / UC)
attack
v (T / I)
to try to hurt or defeat
using violence
to attack sb. with sth.
… and the snake tries to
attack that lid.
She was attacked while walking
home late at night.
population
n (C)
all the people living in
a particular country,
area or place
a/the population of …
population explosion
/boom (=a quick
increase in the
population of an
area)
This makes for a
population of more than
5,000 snakes.
Most of the world's population
doesn't get enough to eat.
prefer
v (T)
preference
n (C)
hang
Reading 2
tradition
to like, choose or want
one thing rather than
another
to prefer sb./sth. to
sb./sth.
to prefer to do sth.
to prefer doing sth.
97% of Kenya’s
population is African, but
they are from 70 different
tribes.
… they prefer snakes,
which they hang around
their neck.
I prefer red wine to white.
v (T / I)
(hung, hung)
to fasten or support
something at the top
leaving the other parts
free to move, or to be
held in this way
Children of this village do
no play with dolls or toys;
they prefer snakes, which
they hang around their
neck.
Philip hung his coat on a hook
behind the door.
n (C / UC)
a belief, principle or
way of acting which
people in a particular
society or group have
continued to follow for
a long time, or all of
these beliefs, etc. in a
particular society or
group
According to the tradition,
that night he or she will
come to their house to
share the dinner with
them.
Getting married at an early
age is a tradition in India.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
traditional adj.
following or belonging
to the customs or ways
of behaving that have
continued in a group
of people or society
for a long time without
changing
Collocation
traditionally
adv
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
After traditional dances
and greetings, the referee
calls out the names of the
wrestlers.
The school uses both modern
and traditional methods in
teaching reading.
Traditionally, they make
an offering in the main
room of their house.
More women are entering
traditionally male jobs.
add
v (T / I)
to put something with
something else to
increase the number or
amount or to improve
the whole
to add sth. to sth.
Then they think of that
person’s favorite food and
drink and add those to the
offering.
Do you want to add your name
to the list?
choose
v (T / I)
to decide what you
want from two or
more things or
possibilities
to choose sth.
to choose between X
and Y
to choose from…
to choose to do sth.
If they can’t remember,
they choose typical
Mexican food, atole, mole
or tamales.
Danny, come here and choose
your ice cream.
(chose, chosen)
share
v (T / I)
to divide food, money,
goods, etc. and give
part of it to someone
else
guide
v (T)
to help someone or
something to move in
a particular direction
to share sth. with sb.
Wrestlers often choose
traditional names ending
in –yama (mountain), gaura (river) or –umi
(sea).
According to the tradition,
that night he or she will
come to their house to
share the dinner with
them.
To guide the person, they
light some candles and
make a path of flowers …
Will you share your sandwich
with me?
Searchlights guide the ship into
the harbour.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Suffix: -al
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
consider
v (T)
to think of sb./ sth. in a
particular way or to
have a particular
opinion
to consider (that)
to consider sb./ sth. (to
be) sth.
to consider it
necessary/
important etc to do
sth.
These have been
considered the special
flower of the dead since
pre-Hispanic times.
We don't consider her suitable
for the job.
greet
v (T)
to welcome someone
with particular words
or a particular action,
or to react to
something in the stated
way
something friendly or
polite that you say or
do when you meet or
welcome someone
to greet sb. with sth.
That night, people also go
to the graveyards to greet
and visit their loved ones.
The teacher greeted each child
with a friendly 'Hello!'
After traditional dances
and greetings, the referee
calls out the names of the
wrestlers.
The two cousins exchanged
greetings.
Suffix: -ing
being the only existing
one of its type or,
more generally,
unusual or special in
some way
This holiday in Mexico is
unique in the world.
Each person's genetic code
(DNA) is unique.
*** no comparative form
Synonym:
artificial
Antonym:
natural
Antonyms:
artificial, man-made
greeting
_n (C/ UC)_
unique
__adj._
Reading 3
man-made
adj.
artificial rather than
natural
Thailand has lots of manmade and natural world
records.
It's a man-made lake.
natural
adj.
existing in nature and
not caused, made, or
controlled by people
Thailand has lots of manmade and natural world
records.
Floods and earthquakes are
natural disasters.
record
n (C)
the best or fastest ever
done
Thailand has lots of manmade and natural world
records.
As a student, he broke the
Scottish record for the 100
metres.
to set a record
to establish a record
to break a record
a world record
an Olympic record
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
be made
from/
be made of
v (T)
to produce something,
often using a particular
substance or material
promote
organize
prepare
v (T)
to encourage the
popularity, sale,
development or
existence of something
promotion
n (C/ UC)
the activity of
persuading people to
support something
v (T)
to make arrangements
for something to
happen
organizer
n (C)
the person or group
who plans and
arranges an event or
activity
v (T / I)
to make or get sth. or
sb. ready for sth. that
will happen in the
future
Collocation
the promotion of …
to prepare sth.
to prepare for sth.
to be prepared to do
sth.
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
… a type of Thai soup,
was made from shrimps,
vegetables, and spices.
He was wearing a suit made
from pure silk.
Their homes are made of
thatch (dry tree branches,
leaves and grass).
The house was made of wood
with an iron roof.
They wanted to promote
the shrimp-farming and
shrimp-processing
industry in Thailand.
Greenpeace works to promote
awareness of the dangers that
threaten our planet today.
The Department of
Industrial Promotion
organized the creation of
the largest tom yum kung
...
The Department of
Industrial Promotion
organized the creation of
the largest tom yum kung
…
the promotion of energy
conservation
The organizers also
wanted tourists to learn
about this aromatic, spicy,
tasty seafood dish.
There aren't enough seats for
all the guests - I must tell the
organizers.
It took 12 chefs to prepare
the giant bowl of soup,
and thousands of tourists
enjoyed it.
The meal took two hours to
prepare.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
the difference between to be
made of/ to be made from
sth.:
Most things are made of plastic
these days. (often used when we
are identifying the material used
to make sth.)
Paper is made from wood.
(often used when a material is
changed into a completely
different form to make sth.)
Suffix: -ion
They organized a meeting
between the teachers and
students.
Suffix: -er
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
employ
v (T)
employer (n/C)
employee (n/C)
employment
(n/UC)
employed (adj)
unemployed (adj)
to have someone work
or do a job for you and
pay them for it
staff
n (C)
the group of people
who work for an
organization
Collocation
staff of 10/50 etc.
medical/academic/
library staff
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Suffixes: -er, -ee, -ment, -ed
Prefix: -un
The restaurant employed
1,200 staff.
More people are now employed
in service industries than in
manufacturing.
The restaurant employed
1,200 staff.
The staff are not very happy
about the latest pay increase.
The entire staff has done an
outstanding job this year.
*** + plural or singular verb
The staff included 541
waiters and waitresses
wearing roller-skates for
fast service.
Your responsibilities will
include making appointments
on my behalf.
Service is included in the bill.
*** not used in progressive
form
Antonym: exclude
The restaurant can seat
5,000 customers and can
offer 1,000 dishes on the
menu to suit all tastes…
The city lifestyle seems to suit
her - she's certainly looking
very well.
The restaurant can …
offer 1,000 dishes on the
menu to suit all tastes:
Chinese, Japanese, Thai,
and Western.
I love the taste of garlic.
I didn't like red wine before but
I acquired a taste for it while I
was living in France.
a member of staff
include
v (T)
to contain sth. as a part
of sth. else, or to make
sth. part of sth. else
suit
v (T)
to be right for a
particular person,
situation or occasion
taste
n (C / UC)
the flavour of
something, or the
ability of a person or
animal to recognize
different flavours
v (T)
to put food or drink in
your mouth to find out
what flavour it has
linking verb
to have a particular
flavour
to include sth.
to include doing sth.
to be included in sth.
the taste of sth.
to acquire a taste for
sth.
It's always best to keep tasting
the food while you're cooking
it.
to taste good/ bad/
sweet/ delicious/
fresh etc.
to taste like sth.
This sauce tastes strange
.
This coffee tastes like
dishwater!
*** not used in progressive
form
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
produce
v (T)
production
(n/UC)
product (n/C)
producer (n/C)
to make, write etc
something to be
bought, used, or
enjoyed by people
necessary
(adj)
needed in order to
achieve a particular
result
belong to
v (I)
measure
linking verb
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Now, it can produce 3,000
dishes in an hour when
necessary.
France produces a great deal
of wine for export.
Now, it can produce 3,000
dishes in an hour when
necessary.
He lacks the necessary skills
for the job.
if something belongs
to someone, they own
it
The world’s longest hair
belongs to Hoo Sateow, a
tribal medicine man from
Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Who does this scarf belong to?
to be a particular size,
length, or amount
On November 21, 1997,
his hair measured 5.15
meters (16 feet 11
inches).
The room measures 6x6
metres.
v (T)
to discover the exact
size or amount of
something
believe
v (T)
to think that something
is true, correct or real
power
n (C)
abilities, strength
cut
v (T )
(cut, cut)
to break the surface of
something, or to
divide or make
something smaller,
using a sharp tool,
especially a knife
Collocation
it is necessary (for sb.)
to do sth.
to be necessary for
(doing) sth.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Suffixes: -tion, -er
The earthquake measured 6.5
on the Richter scale.
This machine measures your
heart rate.
to believe sth.
to believe that …
to cut sth. with sth.
to cut sb. sth.
to cut sth. in half/ in
two
to cut sth. into slices/
chunks/ pieces etc
He believes his long hair
is the key to his healing
powers.
You shouldn't believe
everything you read.
He believes his long hair
is the key to his healing
powers.
My mental powers aren't as
good as they used to be.
He says he once fell sick
after he cut his hair when
he was 18 years old, and
decided not to cut his hair
again.
Cut the orange in half.
*** not in progressive
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
decide
v (T )
to choose something,
especially after
thinking carefully
about several
possibilities
to decide to do sth.
to decide that…
He says he once fell sick
after he cut his hair when
he was 18 years old, and
decided not to cut his hair
again.
In the end, we decided to go to
the theatre.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
It was decided that four
hospitals should close.
People have a right to decide
how to spend their own money.
decision
(n/C)
a choice that you make
about something after
thinking about several
possibilities
adv
once every year
annual (adj)
happening once a year
Reading 4
different
adj
not the same
culture
n (C / UC)
the way of life,
especially the general
customs and beliefs, of
a particular group of
people at a particular
time
annually
a/the right/wrong/
correct/hard etc.
decision
to make a decision
to come to a decision
to reach a decision
They sit around the sides
of the ring and check that
the referee is making the
correct decisions.
Do you ever wonder if you
made the right decision?
Suffix: -sion
The brothers wash their
hair annually (once a
year) with detergent, and
wear it wound up in a
fashionable beehive.
The jazz festival is held
annually in July.
Suffix: -ly
The school trip has become an
annual event.
slightly different
completely/ totally/
entirely different
to be different from
sth.
Kenya is home to many
different cultures and
ethnic groups, each with
different languages,
dialects, and customs.
We're reading a different book
this week.
Kenya is home to many
different cultures and
ethnic groups, each with
different languages,
dialects, and customs.
We speak Danish at home so
that the boys don't lose touch
with their language and
culture.
Antonym:
same
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
custom
n (C/ UC)
tribe
n (C)
same
adj
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
a way of behaving or a
belief which has been
established for a long
time
Kenya is home to many
different cultures and
ethnic groups, each with
different languages,
dialects, and customs.
In my country, it's the custom
(for women) to get married in
white.
a group of people,
often of related
families, who live
together, sharing the
same language, culture
and history, especially
those who do not live
in towns or cities
exactly like another or
each other
97% of Kenya’s
population is African, but
they are from 70 different
tribes.
Jose belongs to a tribe of
Amazonian Indians.
…it is the same as that in
Western cities.
My twin sister and I have got
the same nose.
the same + n + as
exactly the same
She was born on the same day
as me.
desert
n (C/ UC)
an area, often covered
with sand or rocks,
where there is very
little rain and not
many plants
Most of Kenya is a desert,
land with very little water.
That's funny, Simon said
exactly the same thing.
They were lost in the desert for
nine days.
land
n (UC)
the surface of the
Earth that is not
covered by water
Most of Kenya is a desert,
land with very little water.
It is cheaper to drill for oil on
land than at sea.
The land is poor and arid
–very dry – so people
cannot grow anything.
remote
adj
far away in distance,
time or relation
In these remote areas,
there are no modern
conveniences.
My grandparents live in a
remote mountain village.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Antonym:
different
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
area
n (C)
a particular part of a
place, piece of land or
country
urban/ rural/ coastal/
local etc. area
In these remote areas,
there are no modern
conveniences.
There were over 2 inches of
rain in coastal areas.
arid
enough
mix
adj
determiner
v (T/ I)
People living in these
areas are nomads …
The land is poor and arid
–very dry – so people
cannot grow anything.
very dry because it has
very little rain
as much as is
necessary; in the
amount or to the
degree needed
enough for
enough (sth) to do sth.
to (cause different
substances to)
combine, so that the
result cannot easily be
separated into its parts
to mix sth. with sth.
to mix sth. together
to mix sth. in sth.
When they don’t have
enough milk, they mix the
milk with the blood of the
animal and drink it.
When they don’t have
enough milk, they mix the
milk with the blood of the
animal and drink it.
material
n (C)
a physical substance
which things can be
made from
Reading 5
ancient
adj
of or from a long time
ago, having lasted for
a very long time
to use physical force
to try to defeat another
person or group of
people
fight
v (T / I)
(fought, fought)
The desert is so arid that
nothing can grow there.
Water from the Great Lakes is
pumped to arid regions.
Are there enough cakes for
everyone?
He didn't even earn enough to
pay the rent.
First mix the butter and sugar
together, then add the milk.
Fill the bread with a mixture of
lettuce, tomatoes and pepper.
mixture (n/C)
These people wrap
brightly-colored material
around their bodies …
Sumo wrestling is an
ancient sport dating back
1500 years.
to fight with/ against sb. A tournament lasts for
to fight over/ about/ for fifteen days, and each
sth.
wrestler fights once every
to fight like cats and
day with a different
dogs
person.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Stone is a material used for
building.
People have lived in this valley
since ancient times.
They fought with the North
against the South.
Suffix: -ture
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
Collocation
fight (n)
an argument or an
occasion when
someone uses physical
force to try to defeat
someone
to get into a fight
to start a fight
to break up a fight
n (C/ UC)
the amount that
something or someone
weighs
overweight (adj)
too heavy and fat
I'm only a few kilos overweight,
but I just can't seem to lose
them.
weigh (v)
to have a heaviness of
a stated amount, or to
measure the heaviness
of an object
Your luggage must be weighed
before it is put on the aircraft.
huge
adj
… wrestlers are usually
huge and overweight men.
They live in a huge house.
against
prep
extremely large in
size, amount, or
degree
in opposition to; used
to say who someone is
competing with or
trying to defeat in a
game, battle etc.
Because there are no
weight limits, a wrestler
can find himself against
another wrestler twice his
own weight.
We'll be competing against the
best companies in Europe.
tie
v (T/ I)
Sumo wrestlers also have
long hair and they tie it at
the back of their head.
I tie my hair back when it's hot.
protect
v (T)
to fasten together two
ends of a piece of
string or other long
thin material, or to
(cause to) hold
together with a long,
thin piece of string,
material, etc.
to keep someone or
something safe from
injury, damage or loss
weight
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Jeff's always getting into/
starting fights.
There are no weight limits
in sumo wrestling so
wrestlers are usually huge
and overweight men.
to protect sb. against sth. It is also to protect the
to protect sb./sth. from
head if they fall down
sth.
during the match.
What weight can this lorry
safely carry?
It's important to protect your
skin from the harmful effects of
the sun.
Antonym: underweight
Prefix: -over
Synonym:
enormous
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
pull
v (T/ I)
touch
v (T)
vital
adj
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to move something
towards yourself,
sometimes with great
physical effort
The wrestlers cannot pull
each other’s hair.
He pulled the chair away from
the desk.
to put your hand or
another part of your
body lightly onto and
off something or
someone
necessary for the
success or continued
existence of
something; extremely
important
They cannot touch the
vital organs like the eyes,
ears or throat, or kick in
the stomach or chest.
He touched the girl on the arm
to get her attention.
it is vital for sth.
it is vital that
it is vital to do sth.
of vital importance
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
Regular exercise is vital for
your health.
It is vital that you keep
accurate records.
It is vital to be honest with your
children.
The tourist industry is of vital
importance to the national
economy.
vital organ
n (C)
a part of your body
that is necessary to
keep you alive, for
example your heart
and lungs
They cannot touch the
vital organs like the eyes,
ears or throat, or kick in
the stomach or chest.
*** usually used in plural form
ground
n
the surface of the
Earth
During the match if a
wrestler touches the
ground with any part of
his body, his knee or even
his finger, he loses the
match.
I sat down on the ground.
immediately
adv
now or without
waiting or thinking
The referee, then, gives
the start signal for the
match, but the wrestlers
do not start immediately.
The telephone rang, and he
answered it immediately.
Suffix: -ly
Word
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
Collocation
follow
v (T)
to have a great interest
in something or watch
something closely
correct
adj
right and not wrong; in
agreement with the
true facts or with what
is generally accepted
Reading 1
subject
n. (C)
the thing which is
being discussed,
considered or studied
universe
n. (C / UC)
solar
adj.
all space, including
all the stars and
planets
relating to the sun
explain
v. (T / I)
to make something
clear or easy to
understand by
describing or giving
information about it
partly explain smth
fully
briefly
explain smth to sb
try to explain about
smth
explanation
n. (C / UC)
the details or reasons
that someone gives to
make something clear
or easy to understand
explanation about/for sth
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
During the match the
referee follows the
movements of the
wrestlers closely.
They followed her academic
progress closely.
They sit around the sides
of the ring and check that
the referee is making the
correct decisions.
OFFLINE READINGS 1 / UNIT 2
The sentence is grammatically
correct, but doesn't sound
natural.
a simple
subject
complex
discuss
a subject
talk about
avoid
change the subject
on the subject of smth
in the universe
Astronomy is one of
physics’ most fascinating
subjects.
She has written a series of
books on the subject of family
relationships.
The universe was very
small and dense.
Is there intelligent life
elsewhere in the universe?
solar heat
energy
Our solar system
consists of the sun, nine
planets, an asteroid belt
and may comets and
meteors.
Astronomy also tries to
explain the formation of
the universe.
The solar system is the sun and
the group of planets which move
around it.
explanation from sb
without explanation
ask for an explanation
give
accept
expect
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
connotation, register etc.)
The teacher explained the rules
to the children.
No one has been able to explain
the accident.
I expected an explanation and
an apology.
What was her explanation for
why she was late?
I had no explanation for her
strange behaviour.
Synonym: topic
Part of Speech/
Different Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR 1
Extra Examples
Word
formation
n (C / I)
the way something is
naturally made or the
way it has been
arranged
to make or be
something
cloud
formation
geological
Astronomy also tries to
explain the formation of
the universe.
These days a lot of people are
complaining about the
formation of stones in their
kidneys.
The students formed 4 groups.
solid/ organic matter
all the matter in the
universe
The matter has three states:
solid, liquid and gas.
All the matter in the
universe had a very tiny
volume; that is, the
universe was very small
and dense.
All the matter in the
universe had a very tiny
volume.
The earrings are tiny.
to form
v. (T / I)
matter
n. (U)
physical substance in
the universe; material
tiny
adj.
(tinier / tiniest)
extremely small
n. (C / UC)
a measurement of the
amount of space that
a substance or object
fills
(of a substance)
containing a lot of
matter in a small
space
the relationship
between the mass of a
substance and its size
volume
dense
adj.
density
n. (C / UC)
cause
v. (T)
form a group
___
to make something
happen, usually
something bad
volume of smth
very dense
quite
a/an high density of
smth
low
average
high in density
low
cause damage
problems
trouble
cause sb / smth to do
smth
The universe was very
small and dense.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym etc.)
Synonym: minute
Antonym: huge, enormous
The symbol for volume is V.
Volume is measured in m3,
dm3…etc.
Plutonium is very dense.
Synonym: thick
Lead(Pb) has a high density.
Aluminium is low in density.
Something unknown
caused the universe to
explode 15 billion years
ago.
The storm caused widespread
damage.
Synonym: lead to, result in,
bring about
Antonym: result from
Word
explode
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR 1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym etc.)
v. (T / I)
to (cause to) break up
into pieces violently
a bomb explodes
Then, something unknown
caused the universe to
explode 15 billion years
ago.
A bomb exploded at one of
London's busiest railway
stations this morning.
Synonym: burst,
blow up
explosion
n. (C / UC)
when something such as
a bomb explodes
a
The universe became very
hot because of the
explosion.
The fire was thought to have
been caused by a gas explosion.
big
loud
massive
explosion
create
v. (T)
creation
n. (C / UC)
period
space
n. (C)
n. (UC)
to make something new,
especially to invent
something
the act of creating
something, or the thing
that is created
bomb
explosion
gas
chemical
mine
nuclear
terrorist
in an / the explosion
create smth.
The explosion of nuclear devices
in the Bikini Atoll was stopped
in 1958.
a
create smth from smth.
3 people were injured in the
explosion.
This explosion created
matter, energy and also
space and time in a few
seconds.
creation of smth.
The fashion magazines were full
of the latest Paris creations.
encourage
foster
the creation
support
a particular length of
time with a beginning
and an end
period of smth
the empty area beyond
the Earth
in/into space
space travel
research
programme
exploration
The Bible says that God created
the world.
The government is to provide
more money for job creation.
the period before the Big
Bang
His playing improved in a very
short period of time.
There was no time or space
then.(2.1)
Astronauts, when they live
in space, do many of the
same things that they do on
Earth. (2.5)
Who was the first human being
in space?
in / over a period
Synonym: form
Word
expand
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
v. (T / I)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym etc.)
to increase in size,
number or importance,
or to make something
increase in this way
expand
The universe became very
hot because of the explosion
and it began to expand.
The water froze inside the pipe
and caused it to expand and
burst.
Synonym: grow,
extend
As the universe continued
to grow, it cooled off.
If the rain continues, we'll have
to cancel tonight's plans.
Synonym: go on,
carry on
The first hydrogen atoms
began to form.
A crowd formed around the
accident.
A solution began to form in her
mind.
considerably
dramatically
significantly
expand from ….. to…….
continue
v. (T / I)
to keep happening,
existing or doing
something, or to cause
something or someone to
do this
form
v. (T / I)
to begin to exist or to
make something begin to
exist
expand into smth
continue to do smth
doing smth
____
make up
v. (T)
to come together and
make, form something
make up of smth
These atoms made up the
stars and the galaxies.
Different groups of people
make up society.
planet
n. (C)
on a planet
n.
We call this planet the
Earth. (2.1)
Our solar system consists of
nine planets.
We call this planet the
Earth.
Is there life on other planets?
earth
a very large round object
in space that moves
around the sun or
another star.
the planet third in order
of distance from the Sun,
between Venus and
Mars; the world on
which we live
The Moon goes round the
Earth.
Synonym: the
world
The universe may turn
around and collapse in
another big explosion.
Thousands of buildings
collapsed in the earthquake.
Synonym: fall
down
collapse
v. (I)
to suddenly fall down,
fail, or stop existing
the Earth orbits
revolves
rotates
the center of the Earth
surface
completely collapse
suddenly
collapse under the weight
of smth / sb
Synonym:
constitute
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
v. (T)
to be made of or formed
from something
simply
mainly
primarily
rock
n. (C / UC)
the hard substance that
forms the main surface
of the Earth
solid
rock
bare
volcanic
orbit
v. (T / I)
to travel in a curved
path
orbit smth
Word
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym etc.)
Our solar system consists
of the sun, nine planets,
an asteroid belt and many
comets and meteors.
The planets, over 61
moons, other rocks and
gas all orbit the sun.
The team consists of four
Europeans and two Americans.
Synonym: to
include, to
involve
To build the tunnel, they had to
cut through 500 feet of solid
rock.
rock (AmE): a
piece of stone
small enough to
pick up
The planets, over 61
moons, the asteroids,
comets, meteors and other
rocks and gas all orbit the
sun
The satellite orbits the Earth
every 48 hours.
The solar system is made
up of two parts.
The course is made up of ten
core modules.
Synonym: be
comprised of
Reading 2
consist of
consist of
be made up of
v. (T)
consist of something
be simply
primarily
made up of
contain
v. (T)
to have something
inside or include
something as a part
contain smth.
The inner solar system
contains Mercury, Venus,
Earth and Mars.
How much liquid do you think
this bottle contains?
Synonym:
include,
comprise
close to
adj.
only a short distance
away, or separated by
only a short distance
very / extremely close to
fairly / quite
These four planets are
closest to the sun.
The hotel is close to the centre
of town.
Synonym: near
Antonym:
distant, far
get
close to smth
keep
relative
adj.
relatively
adv.
having a particular
quality when compared
to something else
compared to other
things
____
relatively + adj
____
These four planets are
closest to the sun. They
are relatively small.
We weighed up the relative
advantages of driving these or
going by train.
The system is relatively easy to
use.
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
be composed of
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
v. (T)
be made out of
something, be formed
from something
be mainly
composed of
mostly
primarily
They are composed of
rock and metal.
Muscle is composed of two
different types of protein.
Synonym:
consist of, be
made out of
exception
n. (C / UC)
someone or something
that is not included in a
rule, group or list
with the exception of smth
Pluto is an exception
among outer planets.
Men are usually quite good at
map-reading, but Tim is an
exception. He can’t read a map
well.
There are exceptions to every
rule.
I like all kinds of films with the
exception of horror films.
I don't know all the facts about
the case.
Word
without exception
be the exception to the rule
be no exception
fact
n. (C / UC)
something which is
known to have
happened or to exist
an important fact
well-known
Here are some interesting
facts about the planets!
Synonym: truth
facts about smth
fit
v. (T)
to have space for
someone or something
fit in nicely
perfectly
well
You can put all the other
planets inside Jupiter and
they will fit in nicely.
How many lines can you fit in
per page?
I’ll come in your car, if you can
fit me in.
fit sb in
float
amount
v. (I)
n. (C)
to stay on the surface of
a liquid and not sink
a quantity of something
It can float on water.
float
on water
in air
You can float very easily in/on
the Dead Sea because it's so
salty.
a huge amount of money
decrease the amount of smth.
increase
limit
An empty bottle will float.
On other planets you
weigh a different amount
than you do on Earth.
A computer can store a vast
amount of information.
Synonym:
quantity
Word
gravity
velocity
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
n. (UC)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
the force that causes
something to fall to the
ground or to be attracted
to another planet
the force of gravity
the differences in gravity
Gravity makes something fall if
you drop it.
n. (C / UC)
the speed of something
that is moving in a
particular direction
the velocity of something
Orbital velocity of the
planets.
The speedboat reached a
velocity of 120 mph.
n. (C / UC)
the rate at which
something happens or
moves
v. (T / I)
to heat a liquid until it
reaches a high
temperature and turns
into gas
at high/low speed
(at) a speed of 60 mph /
80 kmph, etc
speed limit/restriction
at speed: very fast
boil sth rapidly for ...
minutes
speed
boil
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym etc.)
the law of gravity
weak / strong gravity
The car was travelling at a
speed of 80 mph.
Before you give water to a
small baby, you should
boil it and then cool it.
When the water boils, add the
rice.
An astronomer called
Clyde Tombaugh
discovered it in 1930.
William Herschel discovered
Uranus in 1781.
Synonym: find
out
The average temperature
is -236 C.
He’s about average height.
Synonym:
moderate,
mediocre
This makes the planet
unsuitable for human
beings.
This film is unsuitable for
children.
Synonym:
inappropriate
Reading 3
discover
v. (T)
to find information, a
place or an object,
especially for the first
time
average
adj.
around a usual or
ordinary level or
standard
unsuitable
adj.
not having the right
qualities for a particular
person, purpose, or
situation
eventually discover
suddenly
attempt to discover
try
be recently discovered
newly
unsuitable for somebody
Word
ice
frozen
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
n. (UC)
adj.
v. (T / I)
freeze/
froze /
frozen
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
frozen water
thin ice
thick
There may be methane
ice together with frozen
nitrogen on the surface.
There is too much snow and ice
on the road.
There may be methane
ice together with frozen
nitrogen on the surface.
They skated over the frozen
lake.
(of water) turned into
ice, or (of food)
preserved by freezing
If you freeze something,
you lower its
temperature below 0°C,
causing it to become
cold and often hard, and
if something freezes, its
temperature goes below
0°C.
the top layer of an area
of water or land
skating on the ice
frozen lake
peas
freeze over
up
Water freezes to ice at a
temperature of 0°C.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Antonym: thaw
____
freeze to death
The lake has frozen over.
The pipes have frozen up.
surface
n. (C)
the surface of smth
beneath the surface
under
below
layer
n. (C)
a level of material
a layer of smth
a thick/ thin layer
change
v (T / I)
to become different, or
to make someone or
something different
change
dramatically
considerably
gradually
rapidly / fast
There may be methane ice
together with frozen
nitrogen and carbon
dioxide on the cold rocky
surface.
The outer layer of the
comet is made of ice.
Nearly ten percent of the
Earth's surface is covered by
ice.
Pluto changes its place
with Neptune.
After a few days, the weather
changed dramatically.
Synonym: alter,
modify, vary,
convert
Frozen methane on the
surface evaporates
because of solar heat...
Frozen methane on the
surface evaporates
because of solar heat.
Water evaporates and forms the
clouds.
Synonym:
vaporize, boil
away
Synonym:
warmth
There was a thin layer of oil on
the surface of the water.
change from smth into smth
change to / into smth
evaporate
heat
v. (T / I)
n. (UC)
to cause a liquid to
change to a gas,
especially by heating
warmth or the quality of
being hot
____
great heat
solar
Ice needs heat to melt.
Word
original
position
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
adj.
n. (C)
Meaning
existing or happening
first
the place where someone
or something is
Collocation
____
the position of smth
in a strong/good/better
position
reason
n. (C)
the cause or explanation
for something that
happens
reason for smth
reason why + clause
reason that + clause
reason to do smth
reason behind smth
to continue to be in the
same state or condition
remain silent
unclear
the same
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
When Pluto moves to its
original position,
methane freezes again.
Her original plan was to stay
for a month, but she left after
two weeks.
Antonym:
unoriginal
When Pluto moves to its
original position,
methane freezes again.
I have found our position on the
map.
This is another reason
why human beings cannot
live on Pluto.
He explained the reasons
behind the decision.
Reading 4
v. (I)
remain
remaining
adj.
people/things that are
left when the others have
gone, been used, or been
dealt with
to go or travel along or
through a place
pass
v. (T / I)
shape
n. (C)
the form that something
has (round, square, etc)
shaped
adj.
having a certain shaped
v. (I)
to change or be different
(from one occasion to
another or from one item
to another)
___
pass along/through smth
round/square, etc in shape
____
The remaining 20% is
chunks, or small pieces,
of metal and rocky
material.
When it passes by the
sun, it begins to
evaporate.
___
The government wants the
borders to remain the same.
Synonym: stay
(less formal)
The few remaining guests were
in the kitchen.
Six of the team's remaining nine
matches are away from home.
He passed along the corridor to
a small room at the back of the
building.
Our table is oval in shape.
in the shape of smth
vary
___
vary from smth to smth
place to place
A comet travels around
the sun in an oval shaped
path.
The time it takes can
vary, i.e., change, from 7
years to millions of years.
She made a heart-shaped cake.
Test scores vary from school to
school.
Synonym:
change, differ
Word
increase
decrease
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
v. (T / I)
v. (T / I)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
to (make something)
become larger in amount
or size
increase dramatically
sharply
increase in size
number
value
The velocity of a comet
increases when it is near
the sun.
The cost of the project has
increased dramatically since it
began.
Synonym: go up,
rise
to become less, or to
make something become
less
visible
adj.
able to be seen
disappear
v. (I)
If people or things
disappear, they go
somewhere where they
cannot be seen or found
exist
crash
hit
v. (I)
v. (T / I)
v. (T)
to be, to be real, or to
appear in the real world
to hit something hard,
making a loud noise and
often causing damage
to touch / move into
something or someone
quickly and with force
decrease in size
number
value
decrease dramatically
considerably
rapidly
visible to smth
to the naked eye
clearly visible
highly
barely
disappear forever
entirely
suddenly
disappear from sight
view
a place
actually exist
really
continue to exist
cease/stop
crash smth.
The velocity of a comet
decreases at the outer
orbit.
The number smokers has
decreased considerably in
recent years.
A comet is only visible
only when it is near the
sun.
The outline of the mountain was
clearly visible.
In the end it disappears
completely.
The moon disappeared behind
the clouds.
Antonym:
decrease, go
down, decline
Synonym:
decline, go down
Antonym:
increase, go up
Synonym: vanish
Antonym: appear
In the end it disappears
completely; that is, it
doesn’t exist anymore.
I don't think ghosts exist.
Synonym: be,
survive, live
Some of the sunglazers
crash into the sun.
While driving, he fall asleep
and crashed into a tree.
Synonym: hit
Some others don't hit the
sun.
Some small asteroids hit the
Earth.
Synonym: crash
Poverty still exists in this
country.
crash into / against smth.
hit sb on his/her head
leg
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
v. (T / I)
Meaning
Collocation
if something burns up, or
if it is burned up, fire
completely destroys it
suddenly
unexpectedly
v. (T)
to keep something
somewhere for the future
machine
n. (C)
adventure
Word
burn up
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Some others don’t hit the
sun, but just burn up.
The house burned up in the fire.
store smth safely
carefully
A place to store food for
a long time
Nuclear waste should be stored
safely.
a device with several
moving parts to do a
particular type of work
by machine
An exercise machine
such as a rowing machine
You can get your tickets from
the machine on the platform.
The books are all packed by
machine.
n. (C / UC)
an exciting, unusual, and
sometimes dangerous
experience
a great adventure
adventure holiday
be looking for adventure
Sleeping in space is an
adventure, too.
The children were looking for
adventure.
Synonym:
venture
adventuro
us
adj.
keen to try new or
exciting things
an adventurous climber
diver
explorer
He’s much more adventurous
than his younger brother.
Synonym:
adventuresome,
daring
v. (T / I)
if a ball or other object
bounces, or if you
bounce it, it hits a
surface then immediately
moves away from it
to (cause something to)
become firmly fixed
together, or in position,
or closed
bounce high
burn up
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Reading 5
store
bounce
fasten
drop
v. (T / I)
n. (C)
a small round-shaped
amount of liquid
There is always a chance
of bouncing off a wall.
The ball bounced high and she
missed it.
They can even fasten a
pillow to their heads with
a strap.
Make sure you fasten the seat
belt before you start driving.
The drops of toothpaste
can float away.
There were little drops of paint
on the kitchen floor.
bounce off / towards smth.
fasten smth firmly
tightly
fasten smth to smth
with
fasten seat belts
(a) large drop(s) of rain
little
paint
Word
waste
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
n. (U)
waste v. (T)
garbage
n. (UC)
dump
v. (T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
unwanted materials that
are left after you have
used smth.
to use something
wrongly or use too much
of something
waste / rubbish (BrE)
industrial waste
chemical
The astronauts have to put
all the waste and garbage
in bags.
A lot of chemical waste goes
into the river.
Synonym:
rubbish, garbage
garbage disposal
can /container
collector
The astronauts have to put
all the waste and garbage
in bags.
Can you take out the garbage?
Synonym:
rubbish /waste
to get rid of something
unwanted, especially by
leaving it in a place
where it is not allowed to
be
dump smth. legally
illegally
They cannot dump them
into space!
People dump waste into the sea
and pollute it.
Synonym: throw
away
waste smth on smth/sb
____
dump smth into smth.
Don't waste time on
unimportant details.
He dumped the boxes down in
the kitchen.
OLR 1/ UNIT 3
Reading 1
nutrient
n.(C)
any substance that
plants or animals need
in order to live and
grow
nutrition
n. (UC)
the process of giving or poor/good nutrition
getting the right type of
food for good health
and growth
about food as
something that keeps
you healthy
efficient as food;
nourishing.
completely different
Unlike + (n.), sentence
from a particular person
or thing
nutritional
(adj.)
unlike
nutritious
(adj.)
linker
Nutrients are
substances in food
necessary for good
health.
Fish is a source of many
nutrients, such as protein,
vitamins and minerals.
Poor nutrition can cause
heart disease in later life.
Fast food has poor
nutritional value.
Unlike plants, our
bodies can’t make
nutrients.
Home-cooked burgers are a
nutritious meal.
He is extremely ambitious,
unlike me.
Synonym :
different from,
in contrast to
Antonym :
similar to
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
to absorb
v. (T)
cell
n. (C)
function
n. (C/UC)
important
adj.
importance
n. (UC)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
take in or soak up
(energy or a liquid) by
chemical or physical
action
the smallest living part
of an animal or a plant
body
to absorb smth. into
smth.
During digestion, the
body breaks food into its
nutrients, absorbs them
into our …..
Fats transport, i.e.,
carry, nutrients and they
are part of some body
cells.
This drug is quickly absorbed
into the bloodstream.
the purpose that
something has, or the
job that sb. or smth.
does
having great value or
influence ; very
necessary
to fulfill /perform a
function
There are more than 40
nutrients with specific
functions.
The function of the heart is to
pump blood through the
body.
important for sb. to do
smth.
important to sb.
…. and active because
they are an important
source of energy.
It is important for you to
understand this.
Spending time with my
children is important to me.
the fact of being
important
the importance of smth.
to sb.
to be of greatest/ utmost
importance
source of sth.
source
n. (C)
a thing, place, activity
etc that you get
something from
simple
adj.
not difficult or
complicated to do or
understand
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
The human body consists of
millions of cells.
Antonym:
unimportant
Synonyms:
main, key,
chief, crucial
,etc.
It is of the utmost importance
that you arrive on time.
Carbohydrates are the
body’s main source of
energy.
Beans are a very good source
of protein.
They are either simple,
called sugars, or
complex, called
starches.
I'm sure there is a perfectly
simple explanation.
Synonym :
easy
Antonym :
complex
Word
effectively
properly
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
adv.
in such a manner as to
achieve a desired
result
to use sth. effectively
Our bodies need
Children have to learn to
carbohydrates to use fats communicate effectively.
effectively.
effective
(adj.)
someone or something
that is effective works
well and produces the
intended result
appropriately for the
circumstances;
suitably
to be effective in doing
smth.
effective method/
way/means of smth.
to work properly
adv.
equal
proper
(adj.)
adj.
right, suitable, or
correct
being the same in
quantity, size, degree ,
or value
per
prep.
solid
adj.
totally
adv.
actually
adv.
Extra Examples
This is an effective way of
controlling children.
The brain can’t work
properly without
carbohydrates …..
Antonym :
ineffective
The brakes don't seem to be
working properly.
Synonym :
correctly,
suitably
Antonym:
improperly
She’s never had a proper job. Antonym :
improper
The two boxes are almost
Antonym :
equal in weight.
unequal,
Three feet is roughly equal to different,
one metre.
dissimilar
The meal will cost $20 per
person.
to be equal to sth.
to be equal in sth.
1 pound is equal to 456
grams.
used when expressing
rates, prices or
measurements to mean
for each
firm and stable in
shape; not liquid or
fluid
per hour /day / week /
month / year
This amount is equal to
1/3 pound (150 grams)
of sugar per day.
solid substances
Saturated fats are solid
at room temperature.
The lake was frozen solid.
completely; absolutely
totally + adj (new,
bad...etc.)
totally agree with sb.
Many people think that
fats are totally bad for
you, but the body
actually needs them.
The building was totally
destroyed by the fire.
I totally agree with you.
…..fats are totally bad
for you, but the body
actually needs them.
I didn't actually see her - I
just heard her voice.
in fact or really
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Synonym :
hard
Antonym :
liquid
Synonym:
completely
Antonym:
partly
Word
to transport
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
v (T)
take or carry (people
or goods) from one
place to another by
means of a vehicle,
aircraft, or ship
the action of
transporting sb.or
smth.
to transport sth./sb.
to transport sb./ smth. to
somewhere
Fats transport, i.e.,
carry, nutrients and they
are part of some body
cells.
162.000 passengers were
transported to Australia last
month.
transportation
n. (UC)
to keep
to provide
v. (T/I)
v. (T)
continue or cause to
continue in a specified
condition, position ,
course , etc.
to give someone
something that they
need
means of transportation
to keep smth./sb. adj.
to provide sth. (for
sb./sth.)
to provide sb./sth. with
sth.
to require
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
There are various means of
transportation in big cities.
They help to keep the
body warm and active
because they are ….
The noise from their party
kept me awake half the night.
Vitamins do not
provide energy, but
they help our bodies use
the energy from foods.
The hotel provides a
playroom for children.
v. (T)
to need or make
necessary
requirement
n. (C)
something that you
must do, or something
you need
existing in or yielding
great quantities;
abundant
a requirement for sth.
to meet/fulfill/ satisfy a
requirement
plentiful substance
/supply of food
The body has almost no
requirement for
saturated fat.
Protein is the second
most plentiful
substance in our bodies.
A good degree is a minimum
requirement for many jobs.
Strawberries are plentiful in
the summer.
Synonym:
abundant
to put something that
is damaged, broken or
not working correctly,
back into good
condition or make it
work again
to repair a machine
It is very important
because it builds and
repairs the body cells,
and it is also essential
for growth.
He repaired the roof after the
storm.
Synonym : to
fix, to mend
plentiful
adj.
to repair
v.(T)
Hemoglobin needs iron,
and several body
enzymes require zinc.
This job provided him with
the opportunity to meet
important people.
Three patients required
operations.
Synonym : to
supply sb. with
smth.
Synonym: to
need
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
essential
adj.
necessary; needed
to be essential for sth.
Water is essential for/to
living things.
process
n. (C)
a series of changes that
happen naturally
long/slow/chemical
learning process
to regulate
v. (T)
to control smth. by
making it work in a
particular way
to regulate economy
/temperature
to replace
v. (T)
to replace sth.(with sth.)
resistance
n. (U)
to take the place of
smth, or to put smth.
or sb. in the place of
smth. or sb. else
when something or
someone resists
….because it builds and
repairs the body cells,
and it is also essential
for growth.
Vitamins are necessary
for many different body
processes.
The body needs them in
small amounts to
regulate, or control,
internal chemical …
Each vitamin has a
specific job in the body
so one vitamin cannot
replace another.
Vitamin C from
vegetables and fruit
increases our resistance
to cold.
to resist
v. (T)
to oppose or fight
against someone or
something
to resist smth.
n. (C/U)
an article or substance
that is manufactured or
refined for sale
the process of making
or growing goods to be
sold
to buy/sell/promote
industrial/beauty
products
production of sth.
Dairy products such as
cheese and yogurt are
rich in vitamins.
the arrangement of and
relations between the
parts or elements of
something complex
body/sentence structure
…. are necessary for
internal chemical
reactions and they form
body structures.
Word
product
production
n. (U)
structure
n. (C/U)
resistance to/against sth.
Learning process takes time.
You can regulate the
temperature in the house by
adjusting the thermostat.
The factory replaced most of
its workers with robots.
There's a lot of resistance to
the idea of a united Europe.
Our body can resist
infections with the help of
vitamins.
People naturally resist
change.
I'm trying to cut down on
dairy products.
Plastic is used in the
production of many goods.
The structure of this protein
is complex.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Synonym:
necessary,
vital, crucial
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
to maintain
v. (T)
to make something
stay the same
to maintain strong bones
good balance
ideal weight
several
adj.
more than two but not
many
several students
For example, calcium
from milk, cheese and
yogurt helps build and
maintain strong bones
and teeth.
Hemoglobin needs iron,
and several body
enzymes require zinc.
It is difficult to maintain the
right balance between your
work and your home life.
You should do exercise to
maintain your ideal weight.
Several people have
complained about the
scheme.
Reading 2
region
n. (C)
to live in a coastal
/central region
n. (C)
The Quechua Indians
also live in this region
now, and they have ….
Potato plants have
flowers, leaves, stems,
tubers and roots.
These birds live in tropical
regions.
root
a particular area or part
of the world, of the
body, etc.
the part of a plant that
grows under the
ground, through which
the plant gets water
and food
the thin layer of tissue
forming the natural
outer covering of the
body of a person or
animal
the skin of a fruit/
vegetable
Potato skin also has
nutrients.
Babies have soft skins.
Word
the roots of a tree
vegetable/plant
skin
n. (C/U)
flesh
n. (UC)
the edible pulpy part
of a fruit or vegetable
the flesh of a fruit/
vegetable
Shown on a picture on
page 53.
to develop
v. (T)
grow or cause to grow
and become more
mature, advanced, or
elaborate
to develop under the
ground
… but it takes longer for
the potatoes, 100 to 140
days, to develop under
the ground.
development when someone or
something grows or
n. (U)
changes and becomes
more advanced
to develop into sth.
the development of sth.
Olive trees have deep roots.
These pears have a sweet,
juicy flesh.
Over time, their relationship
developed into a lasting
friendship.
The development in the third
world countries is very
important to may rich
countries.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Word
to depend
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
v. (I)
be controlled or
determined by smth. or
sb.
to depend on sth./ sb.
The color of the flower
depends on the variety
or type of the potato.
Extra Examples
Students’ future depends on
how well they do in the
exams such as ÖSS.
male
adj.
belonging to the sex
that does not give birth
a male giraffe/student
It contains both male
and female flower parts.
Male penguins
variety
n. (C/U)
the/a variety of sth.
The color of the flower
depends on the variety
or type of the potato.
The girls come from a variety
of different backgrounds.
unfortunately
various
(adj.)
adv.
moist
adj.
a lot of things of the
same type that are
different from each
other in some way
different, more than a
few
used to say that
something is sad,
disappointing or has a
bad effect
slightly wet, especially
in a good way
seed
n (C/U)
to prevent
v. (T)
prevention
n. (UC)
unfortunately + sentence
Unfortunately, broccoli
cannot be grown all over
the world ...
moist soil/skin
to become / keep
remain moist
…because it needs cool
climate and moist soil.
a small, hard object
produced by plants,
from which a new
plant grows
to stop something from
happening, or stop
someone from doing
something
to plant/produce /grow
seed
grass seed
It takes 100 to 120 days
for broccoli seeds to
grow into plants.
to prevent sth./sb. from
(doing) sth.
…. they prevent
carcinogens from
forming and stop these
from getting to our body
cells.
the act of preventing
smth., or things that
people do to prevent
smth.
accident/crime/fire/
pollution prevention
programs/projects
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
There are various ways of
solving the problem.
Unfortunately, I didn't have
my credit card with me, so I
couldn’t buy it.
Make sure the soil is moist
before planting the seeds.
My hands became moist with
sweat.
She grew all the broccoli
plants from seed.
Most seeds are spread by the
wind.
His back injury may prevent
him from playing in
tomorrow's game.
Studies on the prevention of
cancer show that it is a
genetic illness.
Antonym :
female
Antonym:
fortunately
Antonym: dry
Synonym: to
stop sb./smth
from doing
smth.
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
n. (C/U)
the importance or
usefulness of
something
to have value for sb.
to be of great/ high value
to sb.
In short, broccoli does
not only have a good
nutritional value but it
also helps …
valuable
(adj.)
very useful ad
important
valuable
advice/lessons/informati
on/resource/
friend
These plates are of great
value to archeologists.
The stolen watch had great
value for her.
In his new job, he gained
valuable experience.
disease
n. (C/U)
an illness which
affects a person,
animal, or plant
to have/prevent or suffer
from a disease
It gives you many ways
to help fight and prevent
diseases such as heart
disease, ….
She suffers from a rare
disease of the brain.
Reading 3
raw
adj.
not cooked
raw food/material
to eat/serve smth. raw
Cabbage can be eaten raw.
to handle
v. (T)
to touch something or
pick it up and hold it
in your hands
to handle smth.
gently/carefully X
carelessly
to thaw
v. (T/I)
to become softer and
ready to cook as a
result of warming up
to thaw frozen food
Never thaw raw meat
and poultry by leaving
them on the counter at
room ….
… it is important not to
let bacteria from raw
foods stay on our hands
when we handle , i.e.,
touch or hold, food.
The proper way to thaw
such products is to
either thaw them in the
refrigerator or thaw
them in a microwave…
Word
value
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
*invaluable:
very useful
The Internet is
an invaluable
resource for
students.
Synonym:
illness, ailment
Antonym :
cooked
We teach the children to
handle the animals gently.
The lake thawed in March.
Synonym :
melt
Antonym :
freeze
to thaw = to
thaw out
to suffer
v. (T/I)
to experience physical
or mental pain
to suffer from sth.
Every year, millions of
people suffer from
foodborne illnesses.
She's suffering a lot of pain.
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
illness
n. (T/I)
a disease of the body
or mind, or the
condition of being ill
to cause/have/
prevent/suffer from an
illness
These people do not
even know it was food
that caused their illness.
Stress can cause mental
illness.
Synonym:
disease,
ailment
safety
n. (U)
relating to how safe
something is, or
designed to make
something safer
… if you know the
basics of food safety
facts, this will help you
not to become victims of
….
not likely to cause any
physical injury or
harm
victim
n. (C)
a person harmed,
injured, or killed as a
result of a crime,
accident, or a disaster
the victims of Aids,
cancer/accident/
earthquake/disaster
Parents fear for the safety of
their children.
We were able to watch the
lions in safety.
These are basic rules for
home safety.
Is it safe to swim here?
In the house, they were safe
from attack.
Your money will be safe with
me.
The victims of the earthquake
were provided food and
medicine.
Synonym:
security
safe (adj.)
to fear for/improve
/guarantee the safety of
sb.
to do smth. in safety
for traffic/home/ food
/child safety
to be safe (for sb.) to do
sth.
safe with sb.
safe from smth.
level
n. (C)
a position on a scale of
amount, quantity,
extent, or quality
rapidly
adv.
very quickly and in a
very short time
safe X dangerous/ high
X low
increasing = rising
decreasing = falling
levels of smth.
above X below a/the
level
to grow/change/ rise
expand / increase /fall
rapidly
Therefore, if you know
the basics of food safety
facts, this will help you
not to become victims
of foodborne illnesses.
…because if they warm Her blood pressure has
up, bacteria may grow to returned to its normal level.
dangerous levels.
Radiation was below the
expected level.
Word
rapid (adj.)
Happening, moving,
acting very quickly
a rapid increase/fall/
change/growth/rise in
smth.
If we transfer those
The human population is
bacteria to the food, they expanding rapidly
will rapidly grow there.
Scientists are worried about
the rapid expansion of the
human population.
Antonym:
unsafe,
dangerous
Antonym:
slowly,
gradually
Synonym: fast
Antonym:
slow, gradual
Synonym: fast
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
especially
adv.
particularly; for a
particular reason
to let
v. (T)
let-let
not prevent or forbid;
allow
Word
Collocation
to let sb./smth. do smth.
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Similarly, some food,
especially raw food,
contains a certain
amount of bacteria in it
as well.
Therefore, it is
important not to let
bacteria from raw foods
stay on our hands ……
The children really liked the
museum, specially the
dinosaurs.
Synonym:
particularly
My boss let me leave early.
Synonym:
to allow sb. to
do smth.
to permit sb. to
do smth.
Antonym:
to forbid sb. to
do smth.
to forbid sb.
from doing
smth.
to prohibit sb.
from doing
smth.
contact
n. (UC)
a situation in which
people or things touch
each other
to come/be in contact
with smth.
Because we grow fresh
fruits and vegetables
outside, they may come
in contact with different
kinds of bacteria.
harmful
adj.
causing or likely to
cause harm
harmful bacteria
/products /chemicals
to be harmful to smth.
Most of these bacteria
are not harmful, but do
not forget to wash fresh
fruits ..
harm
v. (T)
to injure, damage, or
have a bad effect on
sb. or smth.
physical or other
injury or damage
to (seriously) harm sb. or
smth.
Human activities seriously
harm the environment.
Synonym: to
damage
to do /cause harm
Human activities cause
great environmental harm.
Synonym:
damage
harm
n. (UC)
Don't let that glue come into
contact with your skin.
Have you been in contact
with (= touched or been very
near) anyone with the
disease?
Most human activities are
harmful to the
environment.
Antonym :
harmless
Word
to consume
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
v. (T)
1. to eat or drink
2. to use
consumer
n. (C)
someone who buys
and uses goods and
services
the use of smth. such
as fuel, energy, food or
the amount that people
use
consumptio
n
n. (UC)
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
…do not forget to wash
fresh fruits and
vegetables well under
running water before
you consume them.
1. He consumes(eats)a huge
amount of food.
2. How much electricity do
you consume(use) per
month?
In developed countries,
there are organizations that
protect consumers.
Most people need to increase
their daily consumption of
fruit and vegetables.
The Solmonella begins
to multiply and grow at
a room temperature.
An increase in temperature
will cause micro-organisms
to multiply rapidly.
Our sales have multiplied
in the last 3 years.
Even reheating the food
cannot destroy the
toxins of some bacteria.
The school was completely
destroyed by fire.
to protect/persuade
consumers
to increase/ decrease
reduce/encourage/ the
cigarette/gas/
food/water/energy/
petrol consumption
to multiply rapidly
/quickly
to multiply
v. (T/I)
increase or cause to
increase greatly in
number or quantity
to destroy
v. (T)
to damage smth. so
badly that it no longer
exists or cannot be
used
to completely destroy
sth.
to be destroyed by fire/a
bomb ..etc
destruction
n. (U)
the act or process of
destroying something
or of being destroyed
to bring (about)/cause
lead to/result in/stop/
prevent the destruction
of sth.
environmental, forest,
habitat destruction
Half the world’s rainforests
have already been destroyed.
An earthquake destroyed the
town, killing about 20,000
people.
destructive
(adj.)
causing severe damage
or harm
to be highly/very/
environmentally
destructive to smth.
The bomb had an enormous
destructive power.
These substances can be
destructive to health.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
n. (C)
a small hole that lets
liquid or gas flow into
or out of something
Never eat canned food if
the can has a leak.
leak
v. (I/T)
if an object or
container leaks, or if it
leaks smth., liquid or
gas comes out of it
through a hole or crack
to have to cause/stop
/fix/repair/find/
discover a a leak in
smth.
to leak badly
There is a leak in the roof.
The boat had a small leak.
I called a plumber to repair
the leak in the pipe.
The house was old and the
roof leaked quite badly.
They discovered that the pipe
was leaking dangerous gas.
consequence
n. (C)
something that
happens as a result of a
particular action or set
of conditions
to accept/consider/
face/suffer/bear the
consequences of sth.
disastrous/serious/tragic
/unfortunate
consequences
The consequences of
foodborne illnesses are
not worth the money
you will save.
We should consider the longterm consequences before
deciding.
Climate change have serious
consequences for farmers.
Reading 4
to survive
v. (I/T)
to continue to live
after an accident, war,
or illness
Plants grow and
survive, i.e., continue to
live, using 16 chemical
elements.
Only 12 of the 140
passengers survived.
survival
n.(U)
the state of continuing
to live or exist
In addition, plants use
large amounts for their
growth and survival so
the soil usually lacks …
The doctors gave him only a
50% chance of survival.
Nitrogen (N), phosporus
(P) and potassium (K)
are the three major
ones.
Smoking is one of the major
causes of cancer.
Word
leak
the survival of species
chances of survival
major
adj.
important, serious,
large, or great
a major factor/problem/
change
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
As a
consequence=
as a result.
She didn’t
wear thick
clothes. As a
consequence,
she got ill.
Antonym :
minor
Word
to lack
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
v. (T)
to not have something
that you need, or not
have enough of it
to lack confidence/skills/
experience
… for their growth and
survival so the soil
usually lacks these.
Alex's real problem is that he
lacks confidence.
lack
(n.)(C/UC)
a situation in which
you do not have any,
or enough, of
something
become rotten; decay
or cause to decay
a lack of confidence
lack of support
to decompose
v. (T/I)
quantity
n. (C/U)
an amount of
something that can be
counted or measured
in large/small/vast
quantities
available
adj.
able to be used or
obtained; at someone's
disposal
to be/become (easily/
freely) available to/for
sb.
purpose
n. (C)
the reason for which
something is done or
created
to serve/achieve a
purpose
for different/various
purposes
The match was cancelled
because of lack of support.
…when organic matter
in the soil decomposes
,i.e., dies and breaks into
pieces.
…such as boron (B),
copper (Cu), iron (Fe)
and Zinc (Zn) in very
small quantities.
The needed amounts are
available in the soil; the
plants can get them
easily.
Plants use all these
nutrients for a variety of
purposes.
The body had begun to
decompose.
Add 50 grams of butter, and
the same quantity of sugar.
Computer labs should be
available to all students.
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OLR 1/ UNIT 4
Reading 1
existence
n.(UC)
when someone or
something exists
to cover
v.(T)
to put or spread
something over
something, or to lie on
the surface of smth
to believe in/
discover/explain/
threaten the existence of
smth.
to cover smth. with
smth.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
The oceans are central
to existence of life on
our planet.
They cover about 70%
of the Earth’s surface.
People still argue about the
existence of UFOs.
Climate changes threaten the
existence of some animals.
Snow covered the hillsides.
How much of the Earth's
surface is covered with
water?
in large
quantities =in
large amounts
on purpose =
intentionally
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
approximately
adv.
used for showing that
an amount, number,
time etc is not exact
supply
n.(C)
an amount or quantity
of something that is
available to use
creature
n.(C)
living things such as
human beings, animals
but not plants
to rely
v.(T)
to rely on
to rely on sb./smth. for
sth.
recreation
n.(U)
to need a particular
thing or the help and
support of someone or
something in order to
continue, to work
correctly, or to
succeed
(activities done for)
enjoyment or
amusement
to affect
v.(T)
to have an effect on
sth.; to make a
difference to sth.
the result of a
particular influence
Word
n. (C/UC)
effect
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
They contain
approximately 97% of
the Earth’s water
supply.
The plane will land in
approximately 15 minutes.
There are approximately 100
students in the class.
Synonyms:
almost, about,
around,
roughly
They contain
approximately 97% of
the Earth’s water
supply.
Aquarium fish need a supply
of oxygen.
The largest creatures on
earth (whales) and the
smallest ones (bacteria
and viruses) live in the
same oceans.
We rely on the oceans
for many things.
Few living creatures can
survive without water.
The crocodile is a strange
creature.
recreation facilities
/activities/interests/
area/room/park
We also use them (the
oceans) for
transportation and
recreation (e.g.
swimming, surfing and
sailing).
His favorite recreations are
golf and rugby.
The fields next to the school
are used for recreation.
to affect sth.
The oceans affect the
weather and
temperature.
The weather began to affect
my health.
Synonym: to
influence
Smoking has negative effects
on one’s health.
Synonym:
(C/UC)
influence
a constant/endless/
steady/abundant supply
of smth.
food/ water/
electricity supply
living/simple/tiny
wild creature(s)
to have negative/
positive effects on smth.
We have to rely on the river
for water.
The school relies on families’
financial support.
Synonyms: to
depend on
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
to moderate
v.(T/I)
to moderate sth. (by doing
sth.)
They moderate the
Earth’s temperature by
absorbing solar heat.
The protester groups refused
to moderate their demands.
Synonym: to
lessen, to
lower
to distribute
v.(T)
to make sth. become
less effective or less
extreme;
to lessen the
extremeness of sth.
to give out sth. to
several places, people
etc.
to distribute sth.
equally/fairly/ randomly
to distribute sth.
between /among/to sb.
The ocean water
distributes this heat
energy around the earth.
disaster
(droughts,
floods, storms)
n.(C)
something bad that
causes great damage or
loss of life; such as
drought, flood, storm
DROUGHT: low
rainfall, shortage of
water
FLOOD: an overflow
of large amounts of
water
STORM: strong winds
usually with rain,
thunder, lightning or
snow
a disaster hits/strikes an
area
awful/big/ great
/major/terrible
disaster
to survive/face/ suffer a
disaster
Unfortunately, the
oceans may also change
weather and climate and
sometimes cause
droughts, floods and
storms.
The teacher distributed the
homework sheets.
We distributed the money
equally among the team
members.
The flood was a terrible
disaster; hundreds of people
died.
Helicopters are taking food
supplies to the disaster area.
force
n. (C/UC)
the physical strength
or energy that causes
motion or change;
active power
force of wind/ the
moon/explosion
Various forces can
cause ocean waves but
the most common cause
is the wind.
wave
n.(C)
the rising and moving
part or swell of a
sea/ocean
big/huge/small/tidal
wave(s)
Various forces can cause Several villages have been
ocean waves but the
destroyed by a huge tidal
most common cause is
wave.
the wind.
Word
The force of explosion broke
all the windows in the
building.
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
pressure
n.(UC)
the amount of force
that a gas or liquid
produces in an area or
container
….. undersea volcanoes,
atmospheric pressure)
but the most common
cause is the wind.
Scientific research shows
that smoking causes an
increase in blood pressure.
to blow
v. (I)
(blew,
blown)
(of wind) to move and
create an air current
atmospheric/air/
water/blood pressure
high/low pressure
pressure increases/
falls/builds up
to blow
hard/strongly/gently
The wind is blowing very
hard tonight.
to grab
v.(T)
to take or seize smth.
usually with one’s
hand suddenly
to grab smth. suddenly
phrasal verb
v.(T)
to collect or take smth.
that was left
somewhere else
to pick up smth.
to pick smth. up
friction
n. (UC)
to cause/generate/
produce/reduce friction
to result in
phrasal verb
v.(I)
the action of one
surface or object
rubbing against
another
to cause something, or
to produce something
I have to go back in the
house and grab my car keys.
He grabbed the money and
ran away.
Pick up all your things
before we leave the beach.
I picked up the magazine that
was lying on the table.
Oil in car engines reduces
friction.
Synonym: to
grasp
to pick up
As the wind blows
across the water surface,
air molecules from the
wind touch and grab….
….the water surface, air
molecules from the wind
touch and grab the
water molecules.
…..air molecules from
the wind touch and grab
–take or pick up- the
water molecules.
This force, or friction,
results in small waves
called ripples.
This force, or friction,
results in small waves
called ripples.
A sudden change in
temperature will result in
rain.
The crash resulted in the
deaths of 14 passengers.
result
n.(C)
to be the specific
outcome, effect
Synonym: to
cause, to lead
to, to bring
about
Antonym: to
result from
Smoking
results in
cancer.
Cancer results
from smoking.
Synonym:
effect
Word
to result in sth.
to have/produce/get
achieve/obtain(good/
positive) results
His illness is the result of his
bad eating habits.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
horizontally
adv.
parallel to the ground;
parallel to the horizon
to move horizontally
Waves of water do not
move horizontally.
Antonym:
vertically
rise
n.(C)
regular
adj.
an upward movement;
the act of going up
formed or arranged in
a constant and definite
pattern; following an
organized order
periodic rise and fall (of
ocean waves)
regular change/
meeting/study/ exercise
Tides are periodic rises
and falls of large bodie
….in other words, they
are regular changes in
the surface water level
of the oceans.
If you put the books
horizontally, they will take
less space.
We watched the rise and fall
of the waves……
They hold regular meetings
in the town.
This job has regular working
hours.
Word
Synonyms:
habitual,
periodic,
constant
Antonym:
irregular
rotating
adj.
sth. that rotates
rotating Earth
to rotate
v.(I)
to move or cause to
move around one’s
own axis
to seem, to have an
outward aspect
to rotate around sth.
to appear
v.(I)
to appear + adj.
blue/calm/rude/big
to reflect
v.(T)
to send back light, heat
and sound
to reflect light from
somewhere
to alter
v.(I/T)
to make something or
sb. different; to
become different
to alter sth.
smth. alter(s) greatly
/slightly
odd
adj.
not regular, not
normal, quite different
odd colors/ behavior
appearance
In 24 hours, the rotating
earth passes through
both of these bulges …..
The Earth rotates around its
axis once every 24 hours.
The ocean appears blue
because it reflects the
blue color of the sky.
The ocean appears blue
because it reflects the
blue color of the sky.
That’s why clouds or
sunset can alter the
water’s color.
The dog appears happy to
see its owner.
There are, of course,
some seas with odd
colors.
She had an odd look on her
face.
The people in the town were
odd.
Synonym: to
seem, to look
The sea reflected the clouds
above.
Our appearance alters as we
get older.
Synonyms: to
change, to
modify, to
remake
Synonyms:
unusual,
strange,
peculiar
Antonyms:
normal, usual,
ordinary
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
almost
adv.
close to the actual but
not completely the
same
to look almost + adj
The Black Sea looks
almost black because
there is little oxygen but
a lot of hydrogen ….
Look at the clock! It’s almost
midnight!
The school was almost empty
because of snow.
Synonyms:
approximately,
nearly
Antonyms:
absolutely,
completely
Reading 2
to reach
v.(T/I)
to arrive at
somewhere; get to a
place
to try to/fail to reach
some
She said “Goodbye” as she
reached the door.
The seashells reached the
shore and we collected them.
to float
v(I)
to float on the (surface
of) water/in the air
shore
n. (C)
to move slowly on the
surface of a liquid or
in the air
the land along the edge
of a sea, lake or a
bigger body of water
They can be found as far
down as 130 feet, or
even deeper if the
sunlight can reach
them.
It is thin and delicate
and often floats near the
shore or the beach.
It is thin and delicate
and often floats near the
shore or the beach.
to gain sth. again, after
losing it
to regain strength/ form /
appearance
Word
to regain
v. (T)
to gain
v(T/I)
to get or achieve smth.
usually as a result of a
lot of effort
appearance
n. (UC)
the way that someone
or something looks
throughout
prep.
in or to every part of a
place or an object
on the shores of….
to be from/off the shore
It gets crispy when
dried out, but regains its
soft, leafy appearance
when wet.
to gain fortune/
access/experience/ the
advantage of sth.
throughout + place
throughout Europe/
the world/the country
It gets crispy when dried
out, but regains its soft,
leafy appearance when
wet.
Ulva is found
throughout the world.
Will this material sink or
float?
We could see a boat a mile
from/off the shore.
We managed to swim to the
shore.
After the treatment in the
hospital, he regained his
strength.
Turkey gained independence
in 1923.
She gained experience by
working abroad for a year.
There was nothing unusual
about/in her physical
appearance.
Pollution is a problem in
major cities throughout the
world.
Synonym:
coast
Synonym: to
gain back
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
edible
adj.
stmh. that can be
eaten;
eatable
an edible organism
plant/animal
It is a beautiful and an
edible organism.
This is a plant with edible
leaves.
majority
n.
most of the people or
things in a group
a/the majority (of
students/employees)
A majority of the voters
support the policy.
depth
n.(C)
the distance from the
surface/top to the
bottom of smth.
at a depth of …meters
to be … meters in depth
They can be freefloating, but the
majority hold on to a
hard surface …..
They can be found to
depths of about 100 feet
(30 meters).
Synonym:
eatable
Antonym:
inedible
majority can
be followed by
a singular or
plural verb
deep
(adj.)
going a long way
down from the top or
the surface
not deep; having a
little depth
Word
shallow
adj.
except
prep.
not including; but not
widely
adv.
including a lot of
different places,
people, subjects, etc.
derivative
n.(C)
to restrict
v.(T)
smth. that is based on
another source; smth.
that comes from
another thing
to put a limit on; to
keep smth. within
limits
to be …meters deep
The shallow region of the
ocean/sea/lake
except for + (n.)
except that + sentence
Seaweeds live along the
shore in the shallow
region of the ocean ….
Seaweeds are found in
all of the oceans except
the waters of the tropical
western coast of Africa.
widely used/known/
available methods
to change/vary/ differ
widely
to be (a/the) derivative of
sth.
Carrageenan is the most
widely used derivative
of red algae.
to restrict sb./sth. to sth.
The use of carrageenan
is not restricted to food
products.
Carrageenan is the most
widely used derivative
of red algae.
These fish typically live at
depths of 500 feet or more.
The boat sank to a depth of
several hundred feet.
The river is quite deep here.
There were high hills and
deep valleys.
The shallow end of the pool
is only 3 feet deep.
Antonym:
shallow
Antonym:
deep
The stores will be open daily
except Sundays.
Everyone was at the party
except for Sally.
They look very similar except
that one is a little taller.
These books are widely read
by kids and adults.
The products of the company
are widely available.
The word “childish” is the
derivative of “child”.
Antonym:
including
I will restrict myself to one
glass of wine a day.
Synonyms: to
limit
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
present
adj.
to be present in sth.
linker
Carrageenan is also
present in toothpaste,
shampoo, ….
It is used in many of the
same ways as
carrageenan. However,
it is also used in
cosmetics …..
Oxygen and nitrogen are the
two important gases present
in the Earth’s atmosphere.
I don’t have any eggs; I
however, I can still make us
a nice breakfast.
Antonym:
absent
however
to be in sth. or in a
particular place; to be
existing in sth.
on the other hand; but
main
adj.
of greatest importance;
the most important
main road/idea/group
Our main problem is lack of
resources.
marine
adj.
related to or found in
the sea
marine species/ plants
/life
calm
adj.
(for things) not or
slightly moving
to be/become/look calm
There are three main
groups of seaweeds:
they are green, ….
…the red algae, contains
more marine species
than the brown algae.
At depths such as this,
the water is much
calmer and the algae are
more delicate.
probably
adv.
almost certainly;
seems reasonably true
or expected
Together with the kelp,
this group probably
contains the most
economically …
Look at the clouds, it will
probably rain today.
This was probably the best
concert I’ve ever been to.
Reading 3
smooth
adj.
having an even and
regular surface
Their skin is smooth,
and it is like a hardboiled egg without the
shell.
The rocks on the beach are
quite smooth because of the
wind and waves.
Word
However can be used at
the beginning of, in the
middle of or at the end of
a sentence.
a smooth skin/surface
He loves collecting little
marine creatures at the
beach.
The sea looks much calmer
today.
The weather will become
calmer this week.
“However”
gives us the
meaning that
among the two
statements
said; the
second will be
of
opposite/differ
ent meaning
from the first.
Synonyms:
primary, chief,
Antonym:
rough
Antonym:
rough
Word
to breathe
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
v.(I)
to take air into one’s
lungs and expel it
They breathe through
their blowholes, i.e. the
openings in the …..
Always breathe your nose.
He wants to live where he
can breathe clean air.
breath
n. (C)
to breathe through
nose/mouth
to breathe deeply/
quickly / fast/slowly
to take a (deep /big)
breath
to migrate
v.(I)
the air that goes in and
out of your body
through nose or mouth
to move from one
to migrate from .. to ..
region or habitat to
to migrate North/ South in
another according to
groups
seasons/temperature
to feed
v.(I)
(fed,
fed)
to satisfy one’s
hunger; to eat
particular things in a
particular area.
v.(T)
to give food to sb. or
sth.
journey
n. (C)
the act of travelling
from one place to
another
to make/go on/start a
journey from…to…
The journey begins in
the cold waters of the
Chucki and Bering Seas.
It will be an 8-hour train
journey.
to view
v.(T)
to look at smth.
usually attentively
to view smth.
to view smth. from
smth./somewhere
……the coast, many
people enjoy going out
on boats to view them.
The building is more
impressive when you view it
from the front.
shelter
n. (C)
a place that gives
temporary protection
from bad weather or
danger
to find/need/build /make
a shelter
in/under the shelter of
Gray whales, also called
California whales, head
south for two reasons: to
find shelter and calve.
We made a shelter from
branches.
People ran for shelter when
the rain started.
to feed in a place
to feed on sth.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Take a deep breath and try to
relax.
Gray whales migrate
south for the winter after
feeding in the northern
waters.
He migrates from New York
to Florida each winter.
Many workers migrate to this
area in summer.
….he winter after
feeding in the northern
waters.
….by small parasites
that feed on their dead
skin.
The birds usually feed on
worms.
He feeds the horses with
apples, oats and hay.
Synonym: to
watch, to see
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
predator
n. (C)
an animal that lives by
hunting other animals
a natural predator
A natural predator of
gray whales is the orca,
or killer whale.
Wolves are one of the main
predators of small mammals.
to bother
v. (T)
to disturb, to cause
trouble, to annoy
to be bothered by sth.=
(to be disturbed by sth.)
Gray whales are also
bothered by small
parasites that feed on
their dead skin.
predator vs.
prey
prey: an
animal that is
caught by
another animal
and eaten
Synonym: to
disturb, to
trouble sb.
to remove
v. (T )
to take sth. away or off
the position that it was
in/on
to remove sth. from
somewhere
to enter
v. (I/T)
to go or come in a
place
to enter somewhere
through/by ..
to kill
v.(T)
to cause the death of
sth. or sb.
to kill sth./sb.
to be killed in a war/
accident etc.
to hunt
v.(T)
to follow and kill an
animal for sport or
food
an animal or person
who hunts animals
to hunt an animal
Word
hunter
n. (C)
I called your office because I
didn’t want to bother you at
home.
Are the children bothering
you?
They can remove these
He removed his child from
parasites by entering the the class.
mouths of rivers.
Will you remove your makeup now?
They can remove these
We entered through a large
parasites by entering
iron gate.
the mouths of rivers.
Knock on the door before
you enter the classroom.
Fresh water kills the
The disease killed thousands
parasites.
of people.
He was killed in a car
accident.
In the autumn, they hunt
deer.
… of gray whales has
been the human
hunters.
Hunters must have a license
to shoot deer.
Antonyms: to
exit, to depart,
to leave
When a
person’s life
ends, he
“dies”. If
somebody else
causes his life
to end, he is
“killed”.
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
species
n.(C)
a group of living
organisms who share
the same genes and
biological family
endangered
adj.
species whose number
is too low and whose
existence might end
sewage
n. (UC)
waste, dirty water and
human excrement in
sewers
pollution
n. (UC)
Word
to observe
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
There are approximately
8000 species of ants.
species (both
plu. and sing.)
In 1946, the United
States added the gray
whales to the
Endangered Species
Act.
Pandas are among the
endangered species and
hunting them is banned now.
The number of
the endangered
species is very
small; they are
becoming
extinct or they
are dying out.
to dump/pump/treat
sewage
Cities dump sewage,
garbage and chemicals
into the oceans, …..
In some parts of the country
raw sewage is pumped
straight in the sea.
damage caused to
water, air, etc. by
harmful substances or
waste
air/water/noise pollution
to cause/avoid,
prevent/control/ fight
pollution
Another problem is the
The level of air pollution is
noise pollution—whales rising every day.
use sounds mainly to … Lots of fishes die because of
water pollution.
to pollute
(v.)
to make an area or
substance, usually air,
water or earth, dirty or
harmful to people,
animals and plants
to pollute the
environment
v.(T)
to look at or watch
smth. carefully to
understand
to observe smth.
carefully/closely from
smwh.
living x extinct common x
rare endangered/wild
threatened species
animal/bird/fish/plant/tre
e species
Substances
that are
harmful to the
environment
are called
pollutants.
Some
companies
dump
e.g. air,
chemical waste, and this
environmental,
pollutes the environment.
water,
chemical,
industrial
pollutants
…whales use sounds
mainly to observe their
world and hearing is the
most important sense..
We use telescope to observe
stars.
The doctors will observe the
patient.
Synonym: to
watch
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
sense
n.(C)
Human beings have five
senses.
His senses were quite clear;
even though he was ill.
n.(C)
a sense of hearing
seeing/sight/touch
smell/taste
to have/lose/regain
senses
sixth/poor/good senses
to hear/make/emit
produce a/the sound of
smth.
…whales use sounds
mainly to observe their
world and hearing is the
most important sense for
them.
sound
an ability to
understand something,
especially any of the
five physical abilities
to see, hear, smell,
taste and feel
a thing that can be
heard
Gray whales may be
affected by the sound of
the heavy boat traffic
that exists on their
migratory routes.
Light travels faster than
sound.
… called the Devil’s
triangle, is a strange and
mysterious place in the
North Atlantic Ocean …
In other words, there
was no one on board and
so there was no
evidence to solve the
mystery.
In other words, there
was no one on board and
so there was no
evidence to solve the
mystery.
A mysterious person
provided the money for us.
We heard a mysterious noise
outside our tent.
His disappearance still
remains a mystery.
It is roughly the shape
of a triangle and has its
three points at Florida,
Puerto Rico and
Bermuda.
There were roughly 300
people in the place.
The cost of the two systems is
roughly equal.
Word
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Can you hear that annoying
sound that she is making?
deafening/loud/soft/
clear/powerful sound
Reading 4
mysterious
adj.
difficult or impossible
to understand, explain,
define or identify
a mysterious place/
death/event
mystery
n.(C)
a secret, unclear thing
that people cannot
easily understand or
explain
a mystery about smth.
a mystery to sb.
to solve/explain/
understand a mystery
to solve
v.(T)
to find an answer to
sth; find an
explanation to sth.
to solve a problem/a
mystery
roughly
adv.
used for showing that
an amount, number,
time etc is not exact
They are working to solve the
traffic problem.
Synonym:
almost
Word
happening
disappearance
rescue
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
n. (C)
smth. that happened
unexplained/strange/my
sterious
happenings
many unexplained
happenings in the area
since the mid-19th ….
She gave the details of the
happenings of the weekend.
to happen
v(I)
to take place, usually
without being planned,
to occur by chance
a situation in which
the (mysterious
someone or something sudden)disappearance of
can no longer be found smth. from smwh.
or seen
when someone in a
rescue team/unit/ service
dangerous situation is
/operation
helped and made safe
to help someone or
to rescue sb./an animal
something out of a
from smwh.
dangerous, harmful or
unpleasant situation
a place, thing or a
an abandoned ship/house
person that is left
forever
to leave a place, thing
to abandon sb/sth.
or person forever
Synonyms:
occurrence,
event
Synonym: to
occur, to take
place
n.(C/UC)
n.(C/UC)
v. (T)
to rescue
abandoned
adj.
to abandon
v(I)
evidence
n. (UC)
the available facts or
information that tell
sth. is true or valid
to occur
v.(I)
to happen, to take
place
strong/good evidence
of/for sth.
What happened at school
today?
The first recorded
disappearance of a ship
in the Bermuda Triangle
occurred in March 1918.
However, when the
rescue teams reached
there, they could not …
…. ships or planes or all
they could find was an
abandoned ship.
Nobody could explain the
disappearance of the money
from my desk.
Lifeboats carry out many
rescues every month.
The police rescued the
survivors of the ship.
The lifeboat rescued the
sailors from the sinking boat.
Children played in the
garden of the abandoned
house.
We had to abandon the car.
He was abandoned by his
mother when he was a baby.
Synonym: to
leave
In other words, there
was no one on board and
so there was no
evidence to solve the
mystery.
There is no evidence that he
killed his wife.
He couldn’t find enough
evidence to support his
theory.
Synonym:
proof
…disappearance of a
ship in the Bermuda
Triangle occurred in
March 1918.
The accident occurred at
about 3.30 pm.
Synonym: to
happen, to take
place
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
to react
v.(I)
to act in a particular
way as a direct result
of something else
to react with/to smth.
According to the theory,
the waves in the ocean
react with the currents,
winds and other waves,
and form new waves.
to sink
v.(T/I)
(sank, sunk)
1. to go down below
the surface of a liquid,
usually the sea,
without control
2. to make sth. sink
to sink a ship
These huge and
dangerous waves can
break up and even sink
very large ships.
The workers reacted angrily
to the job losses at the
factory.
Many people react (badly) to
penicillin.
Potassium reacts (= changes
when mixed) with water.
The enemy sank three ships
last night.
Word
a ship/boat sinks
current
n. (C)
a body of water or air
that moves in a
definite direction
ocean/sea tidal current(s)
phenomenon
n. (C)
a fact or situation that
happens, but the cause
is usually not found or
is not clear
natural/strange/new
phenomena/
phenomenon
to agree
v.(I)
to have the same
opinion (agree with )
to collectively reach a
decision (agree on)
to agree with sb.
to agree on sth.
n. (C/UC)
agreement
when people have the same opinion, or
when they approve of or accept smth
to be in (full/mutual)
agreement with sb.
about/on smth.
According to the theory,
the waves in the ocean
react with the currents,
winds and other waves,
and form new waves.
…Gulf Stream is the
fourth theory, which
tries to explain the
phenomena in the area.
Scientists cannot agree
on a single theory to
explain the mystery of
the things going on in
the area.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
The ship sank off the coast
during a storm.
The current is strongest in
the middle of the river.
They are talking about
natural phenomena like
lightning and earthquakes.
Your body language doesn’t
agree with what you’re
saying.
We can all agree on one
thing: the law must be
changed.
The whole family was in
agreement with her about/on
what they should do.
More
commonly
used version
of the word is
“phenomena”,
the plural
form.
Antonym: to
disagree
Antonym:
disagreement,
dispute
Word
to apply
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
v.(I)
to be relevant to a
particular person or a
thing
to apply to sth.
Perhaps, more than one
theory applies to the
Bermuda Triangle.
This rule does not apply to
our case.
The questions apply only to
married men.
That section of the form is for
UK citizens - it doesn't apply
to you.
Those were old regulations they don't apply any more.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
OLR 1/ UNIT 5
Reading 1
pioneer
n. (C)
to design
v(T)
success
a person who is the
first to do, research or
develop smth.
to do or plan sth. with
a specific purpose
to be a pioneer in sth.
to design sth.
Charles Babbage was a
pioneer in computer
science.
Still others designed
gliders, and then the
Wright Brothers made
the first airplane.
He was one of the early
pioneers of color
photography.
A team of engineers designed
the new engine.
n.(C/UC)
the desired, wanted
outcome; the
accomplishment of an
aim or purpose
a path to success
a real success
to have a success in
smth.
In 1891, Otto Lilienthal
had the first real success
in controlled glider
flight.
The growth of the tourism
industry is the city’s greatest
success.
full
adj.
containing, having as
much as possible;
having no empty space
to be full of sth.
In 1891, Otto Lilienthal
had the first real success
in controlled glider
flight
We bought a full set of
dishes.
This bin is full of corn.
to record
v(T)
information kept about
something that has
happened
the last recorded
case/jump
Many years passed
before the next
recorded jump.
The levels of recorded crime
are increasing day by day.
Record (n): the
noun of
“record” is
pronounced
differently
from the verb.
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
steam
n. (UC)
the vapor of water
when it is heated; the
gaseous form of water
to produce steam
to run on steam
The boat runs on steam.
The bowl of water on the fire
soon produced lots of steam.
rigid
adj.
not flexible, unable to
bend or fold
a rigid box
Then another
Frenchman flew a
balloon that moved with
steam.
They flew at 18 mph
and had a rigid metal
frame.
fixed
adj.
a fixed wing/shelf
n. (C)
smart
adj.
to try
v(T)
to make an effort or
attempt to do sth.
to try to do sth.
He knew that the only
way a man could fly was
to use a fixed wing…
He knew that the only
way a man could fly was
to use a fixed wing…
They were smart and
they taught themselves
the principles of filght.
A physician, Abbas İbnFirmas, tried to fly
using wings.
That’s a fixed shelf, so you
cannot change its place.
wing
being securely in
position; cannot
change
a part of a bird, bat or
insect that allows it to
fly
clever, intelligent
to invent
v(T)
to create or design sth.
that didn’t exist before
sth. that was invented
to invent sth.
Word
invention
n. (C)
a fixed wing
to be smart (enough to
do sth.)
a real/important
invention
in fact
connector
A connector used to
emphasize that sth. is
true
In fact + sentence
to attach
v(T)
to join, add or fasten to
sth. else
to attach sth. (to sth.)
to attach wings/a
document
With these tries theories
developed and these
theories turned into real
inventions.
He jumped from a tower
using two large hats. In
fact, Emperor Shin did
not really fly…
He covered himself with
feathers, attached wings
and flew for some
distance.
Plastic is a seat rigid
material.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Synonym:
hard
The parrot’s wings are blue,
red and yellow.
He’s smart enough to know
that he can’t run the business
without help.
She tried to lose 10 kg in a
week.
Thomas Edison invented the
phonograph.
The light bulb was one of the
most important inventions of
the 19th century.
She knew him well. In fact,
he was one of her old friends.
The handle attaches here, on
the top.
She attached a note to the
package.
Synonyms:
intelligent,
clever, witty
Synonym: to
attempt
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
distance
n. (C)
the length of the space
between two points
to fly a long/short
distance
What is the distance between
the Earth and the Sun?
to injure
v(T)
to do physical harm or
damage to sb.
to injure one’s
back/arm/leg etc.
principle
n. (C)
the laws or facts of
nature
to discover the principle
of …
to discover
v(T)
to find sth.
unexpectedly or during
a search
to discover smth.
He covered himself with
feathers, attached wings
and flew for some
distance.
He tried to land like a
bird and crashed to the
ground, injuring his
back.
During Greek times, a
great mathematician,
Archimedes, discovered
the principle of
buoyancy, i.e., ability to
float.
…Archimedes,
discovered the principle
of buoyancy, i.e., the
ability to float.
able
adj.
having the power,
skill, means,
opportunity to do sth.
the quality or state of
being able
to be able to do sth.
Word
ability
n. (C)
to have the ability to to
sth
engine
n. (C)
a machine with
moving parts that
converts power into
motion
to use/have an engine
frame
n. (C)
a rigid structure that
surrounds sth. such as
a picture, door or
window
a metal/steel frame
The explosion injured several
people.
You first have to learn the
principles of hydraulics.
Firemen discovered a body
in the river.
He was able to read Greek at
the age of 8.
… Archimedes,
discovered the principle
of buoyancy, i.e., the
ability to float.
About fifteen years
later, a German man,
Zeppelin, used an
engine to fly balloons
for the first time.
They flew 18 mph and
had a rigid metal frame.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
She was a beautiful young
woman with many
remarkable musical abilities.
The car has a four-cylinder
engine.
I need new frames for my
glasses.
I will buy a picture frame for
my brother’s birthday.
Synonym: to
be capable of
doing smth.
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
vehicle
n. (C)
a thing for transporting
people or goods,
especially on land,
such as car or lorry
motor/sport
utility/recreational
vehicles
The first manned
heavier-than-air flight
vehicle in history was
built by George Cayley.
to base on
phrasal verb
v. (T)
to base smth. (up)on sth.
Hang-gliders of today
are based upon
Lilienthal’s plans.
to stretch
v. (T)
to stretch
out/across/to/away sth.
v. (T)
bottom
n. (C)
the lowest part of
something
the bottom of sth.
Blimps are large
balloons stretched out to
look like an egg or
cigar.
Blimps are large
balloons stretched out to
look like an egg or
cigar.
By adding a wooden
keel along the bottom of
the blimp, this problem
was solved and larger
blimps could be built.
Rubber will stretch easily
when it is pulled.
to look like
to use particular ideas
or facts to make a
decision, or develop a
theory
be made or be capable
of being made longer
or wider without
tearing or breaking
to have the appearance
or give the impression
of being
The vehicle’s driver was
seriously injured in the
crash.
Have you seen this car? It’s
a good-looking vehicle.
The film is based on a series
of books by J.K. Rowling.
v(T)
(bent, bent)
to shape or force into a
curve or angle
difficult/easy to bend
to bend back/ forward/
down/
The problem was….they
would bend if there was
a heavy weight on them.
Can you bend the wire into a
circle, please?
She bent down to pick up a
piece of paper, and then she
straightened up again.
v. (T)
to move something
from a lower to a
higher position
to lift sth.
These larger blimps
were able to lift many
people and much more
weight.
Could you help me lift this
table, please?
Word
Reading 2
to bend
to lift
to look like sth./sb.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
The home looked like a
prison.
He stood at the bottom of the
stairs and called up to me.
Antonym: top
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
passenger
n. (C)
to carry a passenger
This is a large box or
room under the blimp
for carrying passengers.
The passengers got off the
train and filled the station.
power plant
n. (C)
a person who is
travelling in a vehicle
but is not driving it or ,
flying it
an engine or other
apparatus which
provides power for a
machine, building, etc.
Power plant is the place in
which the energy is
generated.
engine
n. (C)
a machine that uses the
energy from fuel to
produce movement
a jet/diesel/steam engine
The third part of the
blimp is the power
plant, or engines, which
are at the end of the
gondola.
The engines are big
enough to move the
blimp in all directions.
to run on
phrasal verb
to work, to operate
to run on
gas/oil/batteries
The first engine was
steam, but today all the
blimp engines run on
gas.
This engine runs on
batteries.
direction
n. (C)
directional
(adj.)
a course along which
someone or something
moves
to move/go in a direction
The engines are big
enough to move the
blimp in all directions.
He was going in the direction
of the bedroom.
to allow
v. (T)
let (someone) have or
do something
to allow sb./sth. to do
sth.
The controls of the
blimp allow it to go up,
down and forward
smoothly.
You're not allowed to talk
during the exam.
forward
adv.
towards the direction
that is in front of you
to go/move/walk forward
The controls of the
blimp allow it to go up,
down and forward
smoothly.
Troops moved forward and
attacked the enemy.
Word
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
My car's engine is causing
trouble.
Synonym: to
operate on
smth.
Synonym: to
permit sb. to
do smth.
to let sb. do
smth.
Word
vertical
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
adj.
vertically
(adv.)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
standing or pointing
straight up or at an
angle of 90° to a
horizontal surface or
line
a hinged flap on the
tailplane of an aircraft,
typically one of a pair,
used to control the
motion of the aircraft
about its lateral axis.
to make smth. full
vertical movement
Controls include
propellers, rudders
(horizontal movements)
and elevators (vertical
movements).
Controls include
propellers, rudders
(horizontal movements)
and elevators (vertical
movements).
Planes move vertically
when they take off the
ground.
Antonym :
horizontal
Today, blimps are filled
with helium, which does
not burn.
…. the largest blimp
ever built, called the
Hindenburg, blew up at
the New Jersey Naval
Air Station ……
They are much safer and
are mainly used for
advertising, aerial
photography,
sightseeing, and as a TV
platform for sporting
events.
The office was filled with
reporters.
elevator
n. (C)
to fill
v. (T)
to blow up
phrasal verb
(I/T)
to explode
smth. blows up (I)
to blow up smth. (T)
advertising
n. (U)
the business of trying
to persuade people to
buy products or
services
to be used for advertising
to make something
known generally or in
public, especially in
order to sell it
anything that happens,
especially something
important or unusual
to advertise sth.
to advertise for sth.
event
to advertise
(v.) (T/I)
advertiser
(n.)
n. (C)
to fill smth. with smth.
a sporting event
They are much safer and are
mainly used for advertising,
aerial photography,
sightseeing, and as a TV
platform for sporting events.
Elevators are responsible
for vertical movements to
control the blimps.
The car blew up when its
door was opened.
Terrorists threatened to blow
up the school.
Advertising is an important
of running a business.
We advertised our car in the
local newspaper.
I'm going to advertise for
someone to clean my house.
This year's Olympic Games
will be the biggest ever
sporting event.
Antonym: to
empty
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
adj.
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
keeping or showing a
balance ; in good
proportions
to keep sth. balanced
…of a boat that forms
part of its structure and
helps to keep the boat
balanced in the water.
She assembled a balanced
team.
balance
(n.)
a state where things
are of equal weight or
force
to keep /lose balance
to involve
v (T)
to have or include as a
necessary and
important part
to involve sth.
to involve doing smth.
thrust
n.(UC)
the push or drive done
with force
balanced
She lost her balance and
fell.
Reading 3
to oppose
v (T)
to be resistant to sth.
to contrast or
counterbalance
drag
n. (UC)
the pull done with
force
to push
v (T)
to press sth. with force
so that it goes forward.
to oppose sth.
to push sth.
The flight of an airplane
involves four forces:
lift, drag, thrust, and
weight.
The thrust forces the
pane forward in the
direction of flight and
the drag force opposes
the thrust.
The thrust forces the
pane forward in the
direction of flight and
the drag force opposes
the thrust.
Renovating the house
involved hiring a plumber.
The thrust forces the
pane forward in the
direction of flight and
the drag force opposes
the thrust.
Can this device resist the
drag of the sea current?
… and this force pushes
the plane up against the
weight.
He slowly pushed the door
open.
He thrust his fist into the air.
You should thrust the knife
into his heart.
The governor opposes the
death penalty.
She pushed her chair back
and stood up.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
flow
n. (C)
(of a liquid, gas, or
electricity) the steady
and continuous move
in a current or stream.
air/water flow
There are two air
She watched the flow of
movements, or air flows, water in the pond for 3
around a typical wing.
hours.
curved
adj.
having the form of a
curve; bent.
to combine
v (T)
to bring two or more
things/pieces together
in one.
to combine sth. with sth.
net
adj.
what remains after all
the contributions are
left out.
the net weight/ score
either … or
paired
conjunction
one of the two options
given
either sth. or sth.
either (v) or (v)
to overcome
v (T)
to succeed in dealing
with sth.
to overcome sth.
/difficulty/problem
Word
to defeat sth.
Extra Examples
Modern aircraft have a
curved upper surface on
the wing ….
Birds with long curved
beaks are usually
hunters.
When the two forces
combine, the net force
is lift, which pushes the
plane upwards.
When the two forces
combine, the net force is
lift, which pushes the
plane upwards.
They push fast-moving
air out behind the plane,
by either propeller or
jet.
The fast-moving air
overcomes weight and
drag and causes the
plane to move forward.
The two companies combined
force and made a bigger
company together.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
The net weight is then, 8,7
kg.
I am not sure. She either
likes me or hates me.
He overcame his pain after a
long time.
due to
connector
thanks to, because of,
as a result of
due to + noun
It may also develop due
to the velocity of the
plane.
The classes are cancelled
due to heavy snow.
Due to his uptight parents, he
lost his job.
carefully
adv.
sth done in an
attentive, careful,
concerned way.
to listen to sb. /smth.
carefully
Airplane engineers
consider all these point
carefully to reduce the
drag.
She always drives carefully,
yet she had an accident last
week.
Synonym: to
deal with,
to cope with
Antonym:
carelessly
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
Reading 4
angle
n. (C)
the space between two
lines or surfaces at the
point at which they
touch each other
at an angle
from all angles
Therefore, a boomerang
must be thrown almost
vertically at an angle of
50 to the right or left,
facing the wind.
In any triangle, the longest
side is opposite the largest
angle.
backward
adj.
directed behind or to
the rear
to go/ move backward
Thus, the forward
moving wing
experiences more lift
than the backward
moving wing.
She left the room without a
backward glance.
be subject to
adj.
to have or experience a
particular thing,
especially something
unpleasant
to be subject to sth.
As with anything flying
through the air, a
boomerang is subject to
drag and its own weight.
In recent years, she has been
subject to attacks of
depression.
circle
n. (C)
a round plane figure
to sit in a circle
to draw a circle
As the spinning
boomerang flies through
the air, it begins to turn
in a wide circle.
We sat in a circle.
to connect
v. (I/T)
connected
(adj.)
connection
(n.)
to join or be joined
with something else
to connect sth. to sth.
The boomerang looks
like two curved wings
connected together.
Can I connect my printer to
your computer?
Synonym: to
link,
to combine
device
n. (C)
an object or machine
which has been
invented for a
particular purpose
useful/complex/
simple device
The boomerang is a
simple device, but it
relies on complex
aerodynamics and
physics.
A scales is a measuring
device.
Synonym :
tool
Word
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Antonym :
forward
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
difference
n. (C/U)
different
(adj.)
point or way in which
people or things are
dissimilar
the difference between
sth./sb. and sth./sb.
to make a difference
The difference in
pressure causes lift.
Exercise can make a big
difference to your state of
health.
effect
n. (C/U)
to affect
(v.)(T)
the result of a
particular influence
negative/long-term effect
The spin has two effects
on the boomerang as it
travels through the air.
I tried taking tablets for the
headache but they didn't
have any effect.
enemy
n. (C)
to attack/kill enemy
The killer-stick could fly Max stole Lee's girlfriend
very far to strike and kill and they've been enemies
an animal or enemy.
ever since.
to face
v. (T/I)
a person who hates or
opposes another
person and tries to
harm them or stop
them from doing
something
be positioned with the
face or front towards
to face windows/the
door/the screen
He turned to face her.
to get away
phrasal verb.
to leave or escape
from a person or place,
often when it is
difficult to do this
to get away from sth.
to hunt
v. (I)
The real weapon used
by Aborigines,
Australian natives, was
the killer-stick.
The killer-stick is like
the boomerang but it
does not return!
The natives of Africa live in
tribes.
to return
pursue and kill (a wild
animal) for sport or
food
a person born in a
specified place or
associated with a place
by birth
to come or go back to
a previous place
to hunt an animal for
food
native
v. (I/T)
hunter
(n.)(C)
n. (C)
Therefore, a boomerang
must be thrown almost
vertically at an angle of
50 to the right or left,
facing the wind.
Thinking that it was a
hawk, they would fly
down to get away and
fly directly into the
waiting nets of the
hunter.
It was used as a toy and
for hunting birds.
Word
native of a place
to return to sth.
I'll get away from work as
soon as I can.
Some animals hunt at night.
He returned to America in
the late autumn.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
Part of
Speech/
Different
Forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR1
Extra Examples
to spin
v. (I/T)
spin, spun,
spun
spin (n.)(C)
turn or whirl round
quickly
to spin around smth.
The Earth spins on its axis.
stick
n. (C)
to strike
v. (I)
weapon
n. (C)
Many people think the
boomerang is a weapon.
Iran is keen on using
nuclear weapons.
wild
adj.
a thin piece of wood
walking stick
that has fallen or been
long stick
cut off a tree
hit forcibly and
to strike sb./smth. on
deliberately with one’s
smth.
hand or a weapon or
other implement
any object used in
nuclear weapons
fighting or war, such
as a gun, bomb, sword,
etc.
uncontrolled, violent
wild animals/
or extreme
plants/nature
However, with enough
spin and velocity the
boomerang may circle
above the thrower’s
head
The killer-stick is like
the boomerang but it
does not return!
The killer-stick could fly
very far to strike and
kill an animal or enemy.
When an Aboriginal
hunter saw a flock of
birds, he would make
the sound of a hawk (a
kind of wild bird).
We picked some wild
strawberries.
Word
The old man was carrying a
load of sticks.
The ball struck him hard
on the shoulder.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
OLR 1/ UNIT 6
Reading 1
rate
to beat
to heal
n. (C)
v (I)(beat,
beaten)
beat (n)
v (T/I)
healing (adj)
1. the speed at which
something happens over
a period of time
2. the number of times
something happens
when your heart beats,
it moves in a regular
rhythm
to cure someone who is
ill or make a wound heal
conversely
adv
converse (adj)
used when one situation
is the opposite of
another
excessive
adj
excessively
(adv)
much more than is
reasonable or necessary
to raise
v (T)
to increase an amount,
number, or level
to lower
v (T)
to reduce something in
amount, degree, strength
etc, or to become less
heart rate
birth rate
crime rate
unemployment rate
to heal cuts/bruises/
wounds/the body
a wound heals
Conversely, +
sentence
excessive amount
consumption of sth.
excessive noise/
drinking/ exercise
to raise blood
pressure
to lower blood
pressure
Our heart rate can speed up or
slow down to match the
music we hear.
Children learn at different
rates.
The crime rate is increasing in
big cities.
The slower the music, the
more slowly the heart will
beat.
Lower heartbeat creates less
stress and helps the body get
better and heal itself.
Lower heartbeat creates less
stress .... Conversely, …..after
listening to loud rock music
by the Rolling Stones,
students had increased heart
rates.
Excessive noise may raise
blood pressure by as much as
10 %.
He is still alive – I can feel his
heart beating.
His wife left him because of his
excessive drinking.
***excessive has a
negative connotation
Excessive noise may raise
blood pressure by as much as
10 %.
Listening to soft music can
lower the blood pressure.
We have no plans to raise taxes
at present.
Synonym: to increase
Antonym: to lower,
decrease
Synonym: to reduce,
decrease
Antonym: to raise,
increase
It took three months for the
doctor to heal the wound
properly.
Some wrong answers were
marked right. Conversely, some
right answers were rejected.
After 20 minutes, you need to
lower the temperature to 325º.
Register: formal
Word
patients
choice
to operate
Part of
Speech
n (C)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
someone receiving
medical treatment from
a doctor
Hospitals and clinics around
the world use music therapy,
and not only on their patients.
n (C/U)
to choose (v)
chose,
chosen
v (I)
the right to choose or the
chance to choose
between several things
to examine/see/treat
a patient
AIDS/cancer/
seriously ill patient
of someone’s choice
have a choice
give sb a choice
make a choice about
operation (n)
accurately
adv
accurate
(adj)
emotional
to enable
adj
emotion (n)
emotionally
(adv)
v (T)
to expose
v (T)
to cut open somebody’s
body in order to remove
or repair a part that is
damaged
the process of cutting
to have an operation
into somebody’s body in
order to remove or repair
a part that is damaged
correctly
connected with your
feelings and the way you
control them
emotional
development/state
to give someone the
ability or opportunity to
do something
to provide someone with
the opportunity to
experience new ideas,
activities etc so that they
can learn about them
to enable sb to do sth
to expose sb./smth.
to sth
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The doctors said that there is
nothing left to do for the
treatment of the patient.
It was found that surgeons
who listened to the music of
their choice while operating
had lower blood pressure.
It was found that surgeons
who listened to the music of
their choice while operating
had lower blood pressure.
It is not uncommon to see
patients listening to soft
music while having an
operation.
It was found that surgeons …
could perform mental
activities quickly and
accurately.
The natural healing chemicals
… enable the body to create
its own anaesthetic.
It was difficult for him to
make a choice about his
future.
The natural healing chemicals
… in music enable the body
to create its own anaesthetic.
The studies show that
patients who are exposed to
15 minutes of soothing music
require only half the
recommended doses of
sedatives….
Money from her aunt enabled
Jan to buy the house.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym etc.)
It’s serious. We’ll have to
operate immediately.
She had to have a heart
bypass operation.
It is impossible to predict the
weather accurately.
Antonym: inaccurately,
incorrectly
We monitor the physical and
emotional development of the
children.
Children are exposed to
different cultures and
languages when they travel
abroad.
Antonym: to disable
Word
to
recommend
Part of
Speech
v (T)
Meaning
Collocation
to advise someone to do
something, especially
because you have
special knowledge of a
situation or subject
to recommend (doing)
sth.
to recommend sb. to do
smth.
to recommend that +
sentence
recommended dose
The studies show that
patients …. require only
half the recommended
doses of sedatives …drugs..
to stimulate growth
Due to the fact that music
demand/ the economy stimulates endorphin
levels…
stimulating music
recommend
ed (adj)
to stimulate
v (T)
stimulating
(adj)
stimulation
(n)
to encourage an activity
to begin or develop
further
expression
n (C/U)
distraction
n (U/C)
to distract
(v)
n (U/C)
painful
(adj)
when you say what you
think or show how you
feel using words or
actions
smth. that makes you
stop paying attention to
what you are doing
the feeling you have
when part of your body
hurts or when you have
emotional suffering
the feeling of being very
worried about something
that may have happened
or may happen
pain
anxiety
n (U)
anxious
(adj)
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym etc.)
dictionaries
The manufacturers recommend
Synonym: to advise
changing the oil after 500 km.
doing smth.
The patient was told not to
exceed the recommended dose of
the drug in order not to suffer
from stomachache.
An inspiring teacher can
stimulate students to succeed.
He wrote her a poem as an
expression of his love.
physical pain
be in (severe) pain
painful operations
Psychologists have found
that nonverbal expression
of angry …can provide a
valuable emotional release.
Music provides a
distraction from pain and
anxiety
Music provides a
distraction from pain and
anxiety.
anxiety to do sth
to be anxious about
smth.
Music provides a
distraction from pain and
anxiety.
There is anxiety among staff
about job losses.
a facial/nonverbal
expression of …
to provide a distraction
from smth.
I have to study in the library –
there are too many distractions
at home.
Take these tablets if you’re in
pain.
Synonym: worry
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
to prescribe
v (T)
prescription
(n)
to say what medicine or
treatment a sick person
should have
instead of
adv.
in place of somebody or
something
to prescribe music
to prescribe pills
to prescribe sb.
smth.
instead of + noun
Instead + sentence
to suggest
v (T)
suggestion
(n)
to tell someone your ideas
about what they should do,
where they should go, etc.
to vibrate
v (I/T)
vibration (n)
to shake something or make
something shake
continuously with small fast
movements.
response
n (U/C)
something that is done as a
reaction to something that
has happened or been said
external
to respond
(v)
adj.
to react to something that
has been said or done
connected with the outside
of a surface or body
to generate
v (T)
to produce or create
something
to suggest smth.
suggest doing sth.
to make a
suggestion
a response to sth
in response to sth
a positive /negative
/angry /emotional
response
to respond to sth
external events
to generate alpha
waves/ideas/
electricity
Use in OLR
They prescribe harp
music instead of
painkillers for cancer
patients.
They prescribe harp
music instead of
painkillers for cancer
patients.
Dvorak’s ”Humoresque” is
suggested for headaches
and migraines.
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,)
If these tablets don’t work, I may
have to prescribe you something
stronger.
We should do something instead of
just talking about it.
If this is not convenient, please
suggest another date.
Our brain waves vibrate
at different speeds during
different activities.
The vocal cords vibrate as air
passes over them.
This prepares us for quick
responses to external
events.
The attack provoked an angry
response.
Our heart responds to
music.
This prepares us for quick
responses to external
events.
Relaxing music can
generate alpha waves.
Clive responded to my suggestion
with a laugh.
The external walls were in need of
repair.
The program would generate a lot
of new jobs.
Synonym: to
answer
Antonym: internal
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to focus
v (T/I)
to focus on sth
n (C/U)
aware
adj
awareness
(n)
if you are aware that
something such as a
problem exists, you realize
that it exists
to make sb aware of
sth
to be aware of sth.
to raise/gain
awareness
Playing music at home
can help a person to
focus.
If you are daydreaming or
unfocused, a little Mozart
background music can
help to make you more
aware.
If you are daydreaming or
unfocused, a little Mozart
background music can
help to make you more
aware.
Modern medicine focuses too much
on complicated surgical techniques.
background
to pay special attention to a
particular person or thing
instead of others
the sounds that you can
hear apart from the main
thing that you are listening
to
mental
adj
affecting the mind or
happening in the mind
mental development
image/picture/
illness
I tried to get a mental picture of him
from her description.
release
n (U)
freedom to show or express
your feelings
emotional release
… a little Mozart
background music can
help to increase your
mental organization.
Aggressive feelings can
provide a valuable
emotional release.
to release
v (T)
to express or get rid of
feelings such as anger or
worry
to give money, help, ideas,
etc to something that other
people are also involved in
to make something better or
to be better
to improve
v (T/I)
contribution
(n)
v (T/I)
attitude
n (C/U)
to contribute
the opinions and feelings
that you usually have about
something
background music/
noise/information
Miscellaneous
(antonym,synonym
The background music that I used
for my presentation was by Beatles.
Somebody should make him aware
of the effects of his actions.
***not used before
a noun
Music has always provided me with
a form of emotional release.
Physical exercise is a good way of
releasing tension.
to contribute to sth
to make a
contribution to smth.
to improve one’s
attitude/strength/
skills/ability
an attitude towards
smth.
By slowing the tempo of
music, you can contribute
to your own calmness.
Those who listened to
music …improved their
attitude as well as their
strength.
.. they… improved their
attitude as well as their
strength.
The volunteers contribute huge
amounts of their own time to the
project.
A new course has been opened for
students who want to improve their
English.
Pete’s attitude towards women
really scares me.
Synonym: to
develop
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Reading 2
widespread
adj
existing or happening in
many places or situations,
or among many people
widespread concern
/support /use
The topic of the next meeting is the
widespread use of chemicals in
agriculture.
concern
n (C)
something that worries you
to behave
v. (I)
to do things in a particular
way
the way that someone
behaves
serious/major/
public /common
concern
to express/voice/
cause concerns
to behave badly/well
to behave like sb.
behavior towards sb
There is widespread
concern about the
possible negative effects
of listening …
There is widespread
concern about the
possible negative effects
of listening …
behavior
n (U)
behavioral
(adj)
relating to behavior
behavioral problems
adolescent
n (C)
a young person who is
developing into an adult
closely
adv
if you look at or study
to study/look at/
something closely, you look examine sth closely
at it trying to notice
everything about it
relationship
n (C)
the way in which two or
more things are connected
and affect each other
treatment
n (C/U)
a method that is intended to to get/receive/
cure an injury or illness
respond to treatment
to be under treatment
the relationship
between two things
Miscellaneous
(antonym,synonym
The main concern is that the health
of the employees will be at risk.
She sometimes behaves like a child.
…. negative effects of
listening to certain types
of music on behavior.
… patients under
treatment for various
behavioral problems.
… negative effects of
listening on the
adolescents.
The topic has not been
studied closely.
Can TV violence cause aggressive
behavior?
The authors studied the
relationships between
listening to heavy metal
and rap music …
They were patients under
treatment for various
problems.
The experts are now trying to see
the relationship between poor
housing and health problems.
She studied behavioral psychology
at college.
Adolescents often quarrel with their
parents.
The detective was watching him
closely, waiting for a reply.
She is now receiving treatment for
skin cancer.
Synonym:
connection
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to reveal
v (T)
v (T)
to reveal smth.
to reveal that
+sentence
to draw sb to sth
sample
n (C)
Questionnaires revealed
differences between
teenagers.
These types of music may
draw troubled students.
The sample does not
represent adolescents in
the United States.
The newspaper story revealed a
scandal related to some politicians.
to draw
to represent
v (T)
to represent a group
The sample does not
represent adolescents in
the United States.
The protestors represented only a
small section of public opinion.
error
n (C/U)
to make/correct/
find/ discover/spot
an error
The questionnaires are
subject to some error.
With something as delicate as brain
surgery, there is little margin for
error.
Synonym: mistake
obviously
adv
obvious (adj)
to make known something
that was previously secret
or unknown
to attract attention or
interest
a group of people who have
been chosen to give
information or answers to
questions
to say or do something that
expresses the feelings,
opinions etc of a group of
people
a mistake, especially a
mistake in speaking or
writing or causing serious
problems
used to mean that a fact can
easily be noticed or
understood
Obviously, more research
is needed.
We’re obviously going to need more
help.
Synonym:
apparently,
evidently
v.(I)
to start to develop in a
particular place or from a
particular situation
v (T/I)
communicati
on
(n)
to express your thoughts
and feeling clearly, so that
other people understand
them
Jazz has often been called
the only art form to
originate in the United
States.
Singing became the safest
and the only way they
could communicate.
This is a custom which originated in ***always +
Chinese culture.
adv/prep and not
used in progressive
to
communicate
to originate in
somewhere
to originate from
smth.
to communicate with
sb.
a means of
communication
labor
n (U)
effort or work, especially
physical work
a day’s exhausting
labor
manual labor
After a day’s exhausting
labor, these people would
gather together.
Building still involves a lot of
manual labor.
Reading 3
to originate
a random /
representative
sample of sth
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
He's an excellent speaker who
always draws a crowd.
The sample consisted of 344
elementary and secondary school
teachers.
He learnt how to use sign language
to communicate with deaf
customers.
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to gather
v (I/T)
When people or animals
gather, they come together
in a group
After a day’s exhausting
labor, these people would
gather together.
A crowd gathered to listen to her
speech.
combination
n (C/U)
the mixture you get when
two or more things are
combined
to gather together
(for sth)
to gather around
sb/sth
a combination of two
things
A combination of tiredness and
boredom caused me to fall asleep.
training
n (U)
the process of learning the
skills you need to do a
particular job or activity
to do/have/get/
receive/give training
in smth.
Jazz music in the 1800s
thus grew from a
combination of African
folk music and dance
rhythms.
…by black musicians
who had little or no
formal training in
Western music.
to influence
v (T)
influence (n)
to affect or change how
someone or something
develops, behaves or thinks
Its sound was influenced
by white musicians.
She's very good at making friends
and influencing people.
background
n (C)
your family and your
experience of education,
living conditions, money,
etc.
to be influenced by
sb/smth.
to influence sth/sb,
the European
influence,
negative/positive
influence of sth
family/academic
background
Its sound was influenced
by white musicians with
classical backgrounds.
The school has pupils from many
different ethnic/cultural/religious
backgrounds.
immigrant
n (C)
immigrate
(v)
a person who has come to a
different country in order to
live there permanently
…were all part of the
Illegal immigrants are sent back
cultural baggage that
across the border if they are
immigrants brought from caught.
their countries to America
apart from
adv
except for or not
considering
Apart from the musical
beginnings in Africa,
European influence and ..
New staff receive a week's
training in how to use the
computers.
Apart from you and me, I don't
think there was anyone there under
thirty.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to evolve
v (I/T)
to evolve from sth.
to evolve into smth.
A musical style called
Ragtime evolved from
jazz.
Darwin believed that human beings
evolved from apes, and apes
evolved into human beings.
to spread
v (I)
to develop gradually, or to
cause something or
someone to develop
gradually
to (cause to) cover, reach or
have an effect on a wider or
increasing area
to spread out/across
/on/over somewhere
Ragtime quickly spread
to all parts of the country.
It started off as cancer of the liver
but it spread to other areas of the
body.
to emphasize
v (T)
emphasis (n)
to show or state that
something is very important
or worth giving attention to
This new music style
emphasized formal
composition.
Dr. Jones emphasizes the
importance of exercise in addition
to a change in diet.
attitude
n (C/U)
v (T)
contribution
n (C/U)
contribute
(v)
Young Americans began
to rebel against the oldfashioned attitudes of
their parents.
Today, people appreciate
jazz as an important art
form.
Musicians are making
major contributions to
jazz.
It's often very difficult to change
people's attitudes.
to
appreciate
initially
adv.
a feeling or opinion about
something or someone, or a
way of behaving that is
caused by this
to recognize or understand
that smth. is valuable, or
important
smth. that you do or give to
help produce or achieve
smth. or to help make smth.
successful
at the beginning
to emphasize the
need/importance of
sth,
to emphasize that +
sentence
to put/place an
emphasis on sth
to have a good/bad
attitude towards/to
sth
to notice
v (T/I)
to see or become conscious
of smth.or sb.
Initially, most people accepted the
new scheme.
I noticed a crack in the ceiling.
tool
n (C)
a piece of equipment which
you use with your hands to
make or repair something
They had nothing to do
with music initially.
The idea started when
someone noticed the
twang.
You can find all of them
in the tools man used for
everyday activities.
to appreciate sth .
to make major
significant/ valuable
substantial
contribution to sth.
to notice smth./sb.
to notice that +
sentence
garden/farm/
industrial tools
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
There's no point buying him
expensive wines - he doesn't
appreciate them.
We appreciate the contributions
that you make.
In the garden, you can find the box
full of tools for bike repair.
Synonym:
instrument
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
n (C)
the beginning or cause of
something
the origin(s) of sth
It's a book about the origin of the
universe.
originally
(adv)
at first
to satisfy
v (T)
to satisfy a need/
desire/demand
to facilitate
v (T)
to have or provide
something that is needed or
wanted
to make possible or easier
Take the origins of
musical instruments, for
example.
Originally, these were
kitchen vessels like
pots…
They were just simple
devices to satisfy his
most basic need.
He created tools to
facilitate the job.
to approach
v (T/I)
to come near or nearer
tosmth. or sb. in space,
time, quality or amount
to approach an
animal/a person/a
place
The hunter approached
the animal easily.
to scare
v (T/I)
scary (adj)
to (cause to) feel frightened
He scared the animal
away to catch it in an
open area.
to intend
v (T)
to have as a plan or purpose
to scare an animal,
to be scared of
sth/sb,
a scary movie
to intend to do sth
If you look out of the window on the
left of the bus, you'll see that we're
now approaching the Tower of
London.
Sudden noises scare her.
to seem
v (I)
to give the effect of being;
to be judged to be
ancestor
n (C)
to ease
v (T)
easy (adj)
ease (n)
a person related to you who
lived a long time ago
to make or become less
severe, difficult,
unpleasant, painful
Reading 4
origin
to facilitate learning/
a job
to seem that +
sentence
to seem adj.
to ease the pain
/stress,
to do sth. with ease
All he intended to do was
to leave it there for some
time to let it dry.
It seems this was the way
our ancestors played one
of the
Our ancestors had other
clever ways of making …
It was easier to use.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Originally it was a bedroom, but we
turned it into a study.
She satisfies all the requirements
for the job.
The new ramp will facilitate the
entry of wheelchairs.
Synonym: to
frighten
We intend to go to Australia next
year.
It seems (that) he isn't the right
person for the job.
There were portraits of his
ancestors on the walls of the room.
To ease the problem of
overcrowding, new prisons will be
built.
Antonym:
descendant
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
OLR 1/ UNIT 7
Reading 1
imagination
n (C/UC)
to imagine
(v)(T)
the ability to form pictures
in the mind
to have a
(great/creative)X to
lack imagination
The computer lacks
imagination.
I can never make up stories - I have
absolutely no imagination.
We transmit our values to our
children.
We have to transmit data from one
system to another.
Do you have any
information about/on train times?
to transmit
(v)(T)
to pass information, beliefs,
or attitudes to other people
to transmit
information/data
from … to …
The brain uses
electrochemical energy to
transmit information…
information
n (UC)
to inform
(v)(T)
facts about a situation,
person, event, etc
to have/contain/
store/find/get/
obtain information
about/on sth.
The brain uses
electrochemical energy to
transmit information; …
wire
n (UC/C)
a long thin piece of metal
that carries electricity
… they travel even faster
through the wires in a
computer.
The workers accidentally damaged
the telephone wires.
memory
n (UC/C)
the part of a computer in
which information,
instructions, and programs
are stored
The computer stores
memories on chips, discs
and CD-ROMs; …
Brain has a memory that can grow,
but a computer does not.
n (C/UC)
to connect
(v)(T)
when something joins or is
joined to something else, or
the part or process that
makes this possible
connections between
two (or more)
things
Connections between
neurons enable the brain
to do the same thing.
It's no wonder your shaver isn't
working. There's a loose
connection in the plug.
prefix: -dis
to disconnect,
disconnection
n (C/UC)
the total amount that can be
contained or produced, or
the ability to do a particular
thing
to have the capacity
to do sth,
memory capacity
The memory capacity of
the computer can be
increased by adding new
chips.
The stadium has a seating capacity
of 50 000.
prefix: -in
connection
capacity
prefix: -mis
to misinform sb.
incapacity
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
adv.
happening or done at the
same time.
task
n (C)
something that you have to
do, often something that is
difficult or unpleasant
multi-task
(ing)
n (UC)
(of a computer ) the ability
to do several different
things at the same time
decade
n (C)
advance
n (C/UC)
a period of ten years,
especially a period such as
1860 to 1869, or 1990 to
1999
an improvement or
development in smth.
content
n (C)
everything that is contained
within something
the contents of sth
nevertheless
linker
despite a fact or idea that
you have just mentioned
Nevertheless, +
sentence
component
n (C)
a part which combines with
other parts to form
something bigger
simultaneously
to perform/carry
out/do/accomplish a
(complex/difficult/
challenging X
easy/simple) task
to make an advance
in/towards sth
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym,etc.)
The computer can do
many complex tasks
simultaneously.
Two children answered the
teacher's question
simultaneously.
The computer can do
many complex tasks
simultaneously.
She failed to carry out the task she
was given.
The brain also does some
multi-tasking using the
automatic nervous
system.
They have been around
for only a few decades.
Multi-tasking makes computers
inevitable in many areas.
Rapid technological
advances have made
computer faster.
The delicate contents
inside the computer are
protected by a hard cover.
Recent advances in medical science
mean that this illness can now be
cured.
The contents of his bag spilled all
over the floor.
Nevertheless, the external
and internal components
of the computer can be..
It is a difficult race. Nevertheless,
many runners participate every
year.
…the external and
internal components of
the computer can be
damaged.
The factory supplies electrical
components for cars.
The number of obese people have
increased dramatically in the last
decade.
***content is
used in plural
form as
‘contents’ to
give this
meaning
Synonym:
nonetheless,
despite the fact
that
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
to damage
v (T)
to harm or spoil something
damage
(n)(UC)
harm or injury
to damage smth.
seriously/severely/
badly/slightly
to cause/to do
damage to sth
v (T)
to pass harmful programs
from one computer to
another, or within files in
the same computer
to infect
replacement
n (UC)
someone or something that
takes the place or does the
job of another
to repair something
to fix
v (T)
to
investigate
v (T/I)
to
transplant
v (T)
disorder
n (C/UC)
hardware
n (UC)
the physical and electronic
parts of a computer, rather
than the instructions it
follows
n (C/UC)
the process of calculating
an answer or amount by
using a machine
computation
to try to find the facts about
smth. in order to learn the
truth about it
to take an organ from one
body and put it into another
body
an illness of the mind or
body
Use in OLR
The external and internal
components of the
computer can be damaged.
…. damaged parts are
replaced or the viruscause damage is
removed,…
to infect smth. with
If you infect your
computer with a virus,…
smth.
to be/become/get
infected with a virus
a replacement for
sb./smth.
to investigate
why/what/whether
…
to transplant an
organ from … into
… (successfully)
to have/suffer
from/treat a (blood/
mental) disorder
to do computations
… there are no
replacement parts to fix
the damaged brain tissue.
There are no replacement
parts to fix damaged brain
tissue.
…the scientists are
investigating ways to
transplant nerve cells…
…the scientists are
investigating ways to
transplant nerve cells…
…ways to transplant
nerve cells for certain
neurological disorders.
The computer only
changes when new
hardware or software is
added or something is
saved in memory.
The computer is faster at
doing computations.
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Many buildings
were badly damaged during the
war.
Strong winds had caused serious
damage to the roof.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: to
harm
Synonym: harm
An unseen computer virus may
infect the machine's data files.
He spent a lot time finding a
replacement for me.
They couldn't fix my old computer,
so I bought a new one.
Synonym: to
repair, to mend
The research aims to investigate
why some schools are doing better
Synonym: to
look into, to
research
Organs are transplanted from
donors into patients who need
them.
The family have a history
of mental disorder.
New hardware is needed for this
computer to function more
properly.
There is seemingly a problem with
this machine as the computations it
does are not correct.
Synonym:
ailment, illness
Antonym:
software
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
The brain is better at
interpreting the outside
world.
The brain is capable of
imagination.
It's difficult to interpret these
statistics without knowing how they
were obtained.
A force 10 wind is capable of
blowing the roofs off houses.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
prefix: -mis
Antonym: to
mis interpret
Antonym:
incapable
Synonym:
clever
to interpret
v (T)
to decide what the intended
meaning of something is
to interpret smth. as
smth.
capable
(adj)
able to do things effectively
and skillfully, and to
achieve results
to be capable of
doing sth
Reading 2
intelligent
adj.
able to learn and
understand things easily
Are men or women more
intelligent?
Intelligent students usually do well
in maths.
intelligence
(n)(UC)
the ability to learn,
understand and make
judgments that are based
on reason
to discover the facts or
truth about something
Absolute brain size may
not be the best measure of
intelligence.
He is so different from the other
kids in his class. He is a child of
high intelligence.
Studies that have tried to
determine the differences
in the brains of males ..
Absolute brain size may
not be the best measure of
intelligence.
Moreover, recent studies
suggest that women …
Many other claims have
been made that the corpus
collosum is bigger in
women.
The police never actually
determined the cause of death.
The differences become
apparent after a person is
four years old.
This is involved in
biological rhythm and
reproduction cycles.
Her unhappiness was
apparent to everyone.
to determine
v (T)
absolute
adj
recent
adj.
claim
n (C)
to claim
(v)(T)
apparent
adj
able to be seen or
understood
cycle
n. (C)
a group of events which
happen in a particular
order, following each other
not depending on anything
else; true, right, or the
same in all situations
happening or starting a
short time ago
a statement that smth. is
true or is a fact, although
other people might not
believe it
to (actually/exactly)
determine smth.
in recent years/
decades/ months
to accept/deny/
reject/support a
claim
to make a claim
about smth.
It is apparent that +
sentence
to be apparent to sb.
I have absolute faith in her
judgment.
***used before
a noun
Business has boomed in recent
years.
Can you give any evidence
to support your claim?
For his assignment, he will do his
project on the life cycle butterflies.
Synonym:
clear, obvious
Word
Part of
Speech
to imagine
v (T)
related to
adj.
individual
adj
Reading 3
continuously
adv.
continuous
(adj)
Meaning
to form or have a mental
picture or idea of
something
to be about smth. or to be
connected with smth.
belonging or relating to, or
suitable for, people or
things that are different or
particular in some way
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to imagine that
+sentence
As you might imagine,
larger animals have larger
brains.
…many cognitive
behaviors… are related
more to individual …
Differences in many
cognitive behaviors are
related more to
individual differences.
Imagine Robert Redford when he
was young - that's what John looks
like.
The occurrence of the disease is
apparently related to the standards
of hygiene.
Marion has a very individual
writing style.
Sleep itself is an active
state because of the
continuously changing
brain activity.
Stage 1 is the initial stage.
You can't work continuously for six
hours without a break!
to be closely/partly/
directly related to
smth.
individual styles/
differences/needs
at every point
initial
adj.
of or at the beginning
dream
n.(C)
to dream
(v)(T)
a series of events or images
that happen in your mind
when you are sleeping
to have a dream
It is the most active sleep
stage because of
dreaming.
n (C)
the final part of something
in conclusion
summary of the second
paper and its conclusions
I found the conclusion of the film
rather irritating.
to conclude
(v) (T/I)
1. to end a speech, meeting
or piece of writing
2. to judge or decide
something after thinking
carefully about it
The authors concluded
that the greater number of
glial cells per neuron
indicated the neurons in
Einstein’s brain had…
The jury concluded from the
evidence that the defendant was
innocent.
the first part of something
introduction of the topic
The song's great, but the
introduction is a bit too long.
Reading 4
conclusion
introduction
n (C)
to introduce
(v)(T)
Initial reports say that seven people
have died, though this has not yet
been confirmed.
I had a very odd dream about them
last night.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
***used before
a noun
synonym: first
Word
Part of
Speech
implication
n (C)
to imply
(v)(T)
description
n (C)
to describe
(v)(T)
n (C/U)
to evaluate
(v)(T)
evaluation
Meaning
Collocation
the effect that an action or
decision will have on
something else in the future
something that tells you
what something or
someone is like
the act of judging or
calculating the quality,
importance, amount or
value of something
to look at or consider a
person or thing
job description,
a detailed/full
description of sth
to examine
v (T)
hemisphere
n (C)
half of a sphere, especially
the Earth
attention
n (U)
notice, thought or interest
detail
n (C)
a single piece of
information or fact about
something
to indicate
v (T)
to show, point or make
clear in another way
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
summary of the
implication for further
research
The company is cutting back its
spending and I wonder what the
implications will be for our
department.
Write a description of your favorite
seaside resort.
description of the first
paper and its conclusion
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
***usually
plural
evaluation of the evidence Evaluation of this new treatment
provided by the first paper cannot take place until all the data
has been collected.
…studies that have
examined Einstein’s brain
belongs to Thomas
Harvey.
The research examined the effects
of alcohol on long-term memory.
cerebral hemisphere,
left/right
hemispheres
to pay attention to
sth/sb,
to have sb’s
attention,
to draw sb’s attention
to sth
area 9 of the cerebral
cortex on the right and
left hemispheres
Area 9 is thought to be
important for planning
behavior, attention, and
memory.
The planet Earth is split into the
northern hemisphere and the
southern hemisphere.
Wait a moment and I'll give you
my full attention.
in detail
The numbers were
examined in detail with
statistics.
She insisted on telling me every
single detail of what they did to her
in hospital.
The authors concluded
that the greater number of
glial cells per neuron
indicated the neurons in
Einstein’s brain had…
She indicated to me (that) she didn't
want me to say anything.
synonym: show
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
genius
n (C/U)
hasty
adj
hastiness (n)
to assign
v (T)
to account for
phrasal v.
to explain the reason for
something or the cause of
something
concerning
prep.
about
to construct
v (T)
to build something or put
together different parts to
form something whole
to construct
personality
creativity
n
creative (adj)
the act of producing or
using original and unusual
ideas
to form creativity
very great and rare natural
ability or skill, especially
in a particular area such as
science or art, or a person
who has this
describes something that is
done in a hurry, sometimes
without the necessary care
or thought
If you assign a
characteristic to something,
you state that it has it.
Collocation
Use in OLR
Extra Examples from dictionaries
artistic/ creative/
mathematical genius
Can Einstein’s genius be
related to a particular
brain region?
From the age of three, she showed
signs of genius.
That would perhaps be
too hasty a statement.
He warned against making hasty
decisions.
To assign a particular
behavior or personality to
a single brain area is too
simplistic.
Einstein was able to pack
more neurons in a given
area of cortex, which
possibly accounted for his
genius.
The most recent study
concerning Einstein’s
brain was published…
There are still many
questions about how the
brain constructs
personality,...
There are still many
questions about how the
brain constructs
personality and forms
creativity.
I would assign the most soulful
poets to that district, all heavily
armed with their poems.
to assign a particular
behavior/personality
to sth
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
***plural:
geniuses
Can you account for your absence
last Friday?
synonym:
explain
I've had a letter from the tax
authorities concerning my tax
payments.
The walls are
constructed of concrete.
synonyms:
about/
related to
Too many rules might deaden
creativity.