EXPANSION AND CONFLICT
JEFFERSON AS PRES
 Wins election of 1800, Burr is his VP
 Tried to integrate DR ideas into
existing Federalist policies
 Began paying off debt, cut government
spending, canned Whiskey tax, use local
militia instead of standing army
 Madison is Secretary of State
 Enforces an Embargo Act- bans trade
with both GB and France
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
 Napoleon wants to take over all
of Europe, but to do so he needs
money
 Land bought for $15 million
 .03 cents an acre
 Basically doubles the size of
the US, helps with trade
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
 Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark funded to explore the new
territory
 Ultimate goal being to reach the
Pacific
 Map the country
 Survey the land- plants, animals
 May 1804- September 1806
 Sacagawea helped guide them
OTHER FAMOUS EXPLORERS
 Zebulon Pike:
 1805 explored much of the upper Mississippi, the Arkansas River, and Colorado.
 The trip provided Americans with their first detailed description of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains.
 John C Fremont
 Followed after Lewis and Cark- explored West- mainly Oregon Trail
 Father Kino
 Missionary from Spain to explore Spanish territories in the West (CA, NM, AZ).
 Mapped the region.
 Discovered that Baja California was not an island- peninsula.
 Fur Traders
 Circuit Riders- clergy sent to make the rounds to western settlements, spreading religion
THE WAR OF 1812
WAR OF 1812 CAUSES
 British impressment of American sailors
 Impressment- legal form of kidnapping. British would force
Americans to work their ships until they could prove legal
citizenship of America- this process could take years.
 Internal conflict over commerce- Both countries stop US
from trading with one another
 GB forces countries to get OK through them to trade with France
 British military aid to Native Americans in the Northwest
 Natives were trying to fight off settlers, using the British support
ELECTION OF 1808- MADISON
 Since both France and England were
becoming a threat to the US, Madison
imposes Non Intercourse Act- bans
trade with countries, but leaves
door open for President to
reinstate trade with whichever
country removed its restrictions.
Supposed to pin GB and France
against each other- fails.
WAR OF 1812
Fought
between
United
States and
Great
Britain
WAR OF 1812
Battle of Washington
 British defeat Napoleon, full attention
to US. Troops march into Washington
and set buildings- including the
Capitol and the White House on
fire. Dolly Madison was able to save
important documents, GW portrait.
WAR OF 1812
Battle of Fort McHenry
 Baltimore. Brits unable to
penetrate the Fort. Flag
still standing in the
morning- “Star
Spangled Banner”Francis Scott Key
WAR OF 1812
Battle of New Orleans
 British want to finish off the US, New Orleans being a key port, newly acquired territory from France.
 Jackson rushes to New Orleans and requires the help of ‘every able bodied man’- so not a REAL army
vs 8,000 British, Brits unable to beat US line, Jackson wins- looks like a hero
HOWEVER
 This was all AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed- meaning??
END OF WAR OF 1812
Treaty of Ghent
 Signed by British and Americans in Belgium
 All won land to be returned and Canada to be worked
out in the future
 Solved issues that began the war? NOPE
Effects of War:
 Britain and France have newfound respect for US
 Growth in national pride
 US manufacturing increases
 Native American resistance decreases
RISE OF NATIONALISM
POST WAR OF 1812
 Rise in nationalism in the country- greater sense of national
pride- more loyalty to the United States as a whole opposed
to just state or region
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM
 American leaders came up with plan to bring country together. Program included
creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers from foreign
competition, and improving transportation in order to link the country together
 1816- John C Calhoun Second Bank of United States- Congress passed
 1816- Congress passes tariff to protect manufacturers- taxed imports to drive
up their prices, stay competitive
 1816- Calhoun proposed plan to improve nation’s transportation- Madison
vetoed, went to business owners, state and local governments paid for roads and
canals
JUDICIAL NATIONALISM
 1816-1824 John Marshall took on important cases established power of federal
government over the states
 Martin v Hunter: Supreme Court is the final court of appeal (land,Virginia Court
disobeyed)
 McCulloch v. Maryland: Second Bank was constitutional because the “necessary and
proper” clause meant that the federal govt could use any method for carrying out
its powers, as long as the method was not expressly forbidden in the Constitution.
States could also not interfere with fed govt exercising constitutional rights within their state.
 Gibbons v Ogden: Federal govt control over interstate commerce including coast
and other waterways dividing states (steamboat monopoly)
NATIONALIST DIPLOMACY
 US wants to begin expanding borders and asserting itself in world
affairs
 Spain still owned Florida, slaves would escape southern states into Florida,
Americans not allowed to enter Spanish territory. They would use the escaped
slaves to help raid settlements in Georgia- of course the Americans hated this
 1818- General Jackson seized Spanish settlements in Florida and got rid of the
governors
 1819- Adams- Onis Treaty Spain ceded the territory. By 1824, all of
Spain’s territories had declared independence
NATIONALIST DIPLOMACY
 GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia (later France)=
Quadruple Alliance- stop movements against
monarchies in Europe
 All but GB proposed helping Spain get territories back
 US response? Monroe Doctrine- US would stop
foreign interference with Latin American affairs
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
 1819- Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state- initiates
discussion about slave states expanding westward
 The Union currently had 11 slave and 11 free states- allowing a
state on either side would upset the balance in the Senate
 Missouri Compromise allowed for Missouri to enter as
slave and Maine as free- also prohibited slavery in the
Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouri’s
southern border
ELECTION OF 1824
 Four men ran ‘favorite sons’- all heavily supported from leaders and members in their region,
all Republicans
WEST
 Henry Clay- Kentucky- National bank, protective tariff, nationwide internal improvements
 Andrew Jackson- Tennessee- undeclared, ran on his Heroism popularity
NEW ENGLAND
 John Quincy Adams- Massachusetts- internal improvements, not a tariff
SOUTH
 William Crawford- Georgia- States rights & strict interpretation of the Constitution
 Jackson wins popular vote, no one wins electoral college so vote goes to the House
 House picks Adams,
ELECTION OF 1824
 Jackson won popular vote- no one won Electoral College
 Election went to House of Representatives to pick from the top three
candidates
 Clay eliminated, began his support for Adams
 Adams won House vote
 Jackson’s nephew accused Clay of winning votes for Adams so
he could get Secretary of State position- ‘corrupt bargain’
PRESIDENCY OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
 Son of John Adams- which numbered President?
 Proposed a program of nationalist legislation
that included internal improvements, a
national university, astronomical observatories,
and funding for scientific research
 Instead, he only was granted money to improve
rivers and harbors and for extending the
National Road
 His opponents thought it would be extravagant to
spend the taxpayers’ money on such projects
ELECTION OF 1828
 John Quincy Adams v Andrew Jackson
 The campaign turned into mudslinging- candidates criticized each other’s
personalities and morals.
 Adams claimed that Jackson was incompetent.
 Jackson portrayed himself as the candidate of the common man and said that
Adams was an out-of-touch aristocrat
 Jackson won- support from the west and south, rural voters felt he would
represent their interests
JACKSON’S DEMOCRACY
 ‘Spoils System’- replaced cabinet members
with strong supporters (friends, not always
qualified for their job titles). “opened up
democracy to more average citizens”
 Supported new way of picking Presidential
candidates
 Previously chosen by caucus- congressional party chose
candidates
 Wanted to replace with national nominating convention-
state delegates met to chose candidates
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE
 Voting rights to landowning or taxpaying white men= only
rich men have a say in politics
 During the 1824 election- reason why Jackson did not win
 Jackson openly supported the idea of all men being allowed
to vote, regardless of owning land
 This made him super popular (quickly more southern and western
states allowed for all men to vote)
 Gave Jackson an easy win in 1828 because he seemed to relate to
those he wanted voting for him
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT
 Jackson supported moving Natives to the Great Plains
 1830- Indian Removal Act, which allocated funds to relocate Native Americans.
 Although most Native Americans resettled in the West, the Cherokee of Georgia refused.
 They sued the state, and the case reached the Supreme Court.
 Cherokee Nation v Georgia 1830- Georgia passed laws that denied them basic human
rights. Supreme Court ruled that they are a separate nation so their argument was void
 Cherokee & Georgia came to agreement, non Natives not allowed to live on Native
territory
 Worcester v Georgia 1832- Family refuses to leave Native territory. Ruled Georgia not
allowed to deny him the right to live here because it violates his rights, would fall under
international talks- so he technically sided with the Cherokee
TRAIL OF TEARS
 Jackson disagreed with this ruling
 Forced Natives to relocate to the West
 Trail of Tears
 16,000 people
 Many were forced to start marching in summer
 Many died from the heat and various other diseases
 The rest kept in stockades and were forced to leave
in the fall
 More death from diseases, the cold, and starvation
 Approx 4,000 died
NATIONAL BANK
 Jackson felt The Second Bank of the United States only benefitted the rich
 Bank was actually instrumental in keeping nation’s money stable
 However it stopped smaller banks from loaning too much money, needed gold or
silver. Helped inflation, but did not help people that needed easy credit (West)
 Many resented and distrusted such a central power seemingly made to only
help the already rich
 Again, Jackson opposed the Supreme Court’s decision, felt the bank was
unconstitutional and vetoed the renewal of their charter to extend another 20 years
NATIONAL BANK
 1832 Election
 Jackson removed the governments deposits, forcing
the bank to get back all of its loans
 Placed the deposits in smaller ‘pet banks’ in various
states
 Deposits were never returned to the Second Bank and
the charter never renewed
NULLIFICATION CRISIS
 Early 1800’s, South Carolina’s economy was weak- blamed the tariffs
 They purchased most of their goods from GB and GB purchased cotton from the South in
return- tariffs made these products very expensive- these were products not able to
be made in the South
 1828- Tariff of Abominations- another tariff on imported goods
 South Carolina threatened to secede (withdraw) from the Union
 John C Calhoun- VP- was torn between supporting the nation and supporting his South
Carolinians
 Instead he supported nullification- because the states had created the Union, they
had the right to declare a federal law null (not valid)
NULLIFICATION CRISIS
 1832- ANOTHER tariff passed and South Carolina called a convention
and declared the tariffs unconstitutional
 Jackson saw the declaration as an act of treason- sent a warship to
Charleston
 Force Bill passed- President can use military force to enforce
acts of Congress
 Henry Clay (Senator) push through a bill that would lower the tariffs
within two years, SC repealed its nullification of the tariffs