!"#%$'&(
)+*,-.$'"#!/ $&(021435,768&9:$'*;*<$>=
)?&>@,,&*,,A@" B8C9>D
*<$FE0<$'DGC"#C&9
$&(H)+*,2
EI4(C
JK
LMNOQP:RTSVUWLXR?YZR\[]P
S^NDO_[`[R?Y`abMca`OQ]dP[
e J:f gO aZa`RhNiOQPkj;MhYZa`O_Mcl,mneWlpo;lgl f R?Pa]hm
aZq:RrY`RhsteWOQYZR f R?P ab[mn]dYXa`q:RTNDR?uY`R?R]hm
vX]wxa`]Y]hmyq:OglQ][
]j:q K
zXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]cm|}M[
q:OQPWuaZ]dP
~?d
SXj:j:Y`]h{RhN JK
y YZ]udYbM f SXe:a`q:]Y`OQ?R\N
aZ]k4,R+Y>vXR?uY`R?R
vMca`R
q;McOgYZj;R?Y[]P]cm4
e:j;R?YZ{O_[
]Y K ] ff OgaZa`R?R
Pj:Y`Rh[R?PaZOgP:uFaZq:O[XNDO[Z[
R?YZaMcaZOg]POgPjMcYZa`O_Mhlmne:lpolQl f R?Pa9]hmaZq:RTYZRhse:OgYZR f R+PDa[mn]Y>aZqWRvX]w
aZ]dYbMclNDR?udYZR?RMhaaZq:RzXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]cm|AMd[q:OgP:ua`]P<4TMcudYZR?RaZq;MhaaZq:R;O J YbMcY K [q;MhlQl f MhR
OQa[iwx]dj:OQR\[mnYZR?R?l K M?{dMcOgl_M J lQRimn]dYiOgP;[j;Rhw@aZOQ]dP<U!mne:Y`aZq:R?YFMhuY`R?RkaZq;MhaiR?aZR+P;[Og{Rkwx]j K OQP:u]hm
aZq:O[VNDO[Z[
R?YZaMcaZOg]PAO[VMhlQlQ]hM J lgR]P:l K mn]dY[Zwbq:]dl_McY`l K j:eWYZj;][
Rh[x.wx]P[O_[
aZR?Par4OQa`qmMhOQYVe[Rh M[j:YZR\[ZwxY`O J RhN¡OgPAaZq:R¢zVUp
;U ]dj K YZOguqaCM\rU}£¤R\ste:R\[ab[mn]YFwx]dj K OQPWu]YY`R?j:Y`]NDe;wxa`OQ]P]hm
aZq:O[NDO_[`[R?Y`abMhaZOQ]dP f M KJ RkY`RxmnR?YZY`RhN¡a`]¥zXP:OQ{R+Yb[Oga K¦ O_w@YZ]col f [@ ~x§¨¥© O_[R+P:q:]h9R?Yªyl_Mw@R
yU«VU¬9]h h® 4SXP:P!SXY J ]dY? ¦ §~?¨¯ 4aZ]¥4q:] f aZqWRMhe:aZqW]YFq;M[uYMcPaZRhN^ZaZqWRYZOguqa
aZ]YZR?j:Y`]NDe;wxRFMhP;NA[
R?lQl Mtwx]dj:OQRh[>]cm>aZqWR f McPe;[Zw@YZOQjWaXOgP f OwxYZ]hmn]Y f MhP;N±°+]Y J >j:YZOgPDa`RhN
wx]jWOQRh[9]hmaZq:R f MhPDe[ZwxY`OQj:a f MdNDRXmnYZ] ff O_wxY`]cmn]dY f U²
OQudP;Mca`e:YZR
vMca`R
zXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]cm|}M[
q:OQPWuaZ]dP
S J [aZYMwxa
³ ´µA¶·¸D¹»º¼½?¾d¸,¿?ÀÁ¸±ÂÃ'¼Ä·µkŸ,Æ!µÇ,ÈÉ
ÊËDµ¡Ã̾d¿hµDÇCÆ7½ÍÎÇ,ÈÉÅÏÐѵ½\¾ÒȾdÇ,¿h˾d¼ËDÇ'Ó
ÊÈÂ`µD¿hµÈÔ˵½ÕÂ`¿h¸,Æ Ö×µD¸CÄÔ´<À'½c¼ËDÇC·4Ø-µÇ,½hÙ¿cµÆ7µÈ<¾½
Ç,ÈÉ2ÊËDµA¶·¸D¹ Øڸɵ·½
J K LMdNDOQPWRVSTU:LXR?Y`Rh[]dP
q;McOgYZj;R?Y[]P]cm4
e:j;R?YZ{O_[
]Y K ] ff OgaZa`R?R
yYZ]cmnR\[Z[]dY qMcYZlgRh[>Û9U:£>M KDf ]dP;N
Ü R+]j:q K [
O_w?[4yY`]uYM f
OQjWlQRvX] f R D~dÝÞ¯®hß
; ~x§DÝÞ~xß |>O_[rMhPAO_wxRY`O_NDudR J R?a
.R?R?P¥
wxRk
aZY`RhM f [ McPNAv#]P
aZq:RF
OQjWlQR ]M[
a]cm.|¥Rh[aSXPabMcYwxaZOw?MDUàa[¤lg]w?Mca`OQ]dPP:RhMcY>aZqWRwx]M[aMcP;N J R?a
9R+R?Pka.]iOwxR
[a`YZRhM f [ f MhRh[OgaMXmM?{]YbM J lQR4jWl_Mw@R9mn]YaZq:R>[
aZe;N K ]cm<jMclQR+]càwxlQO f Mca`R4McPNÕj;MhlQR?]hOwxRxà[a`YZRhM f
Mwxa`OQ{OQa K UFá9q:RMcP;Mhl K [Rh[rj:YZR\[R?PaZRhNOgP¡a`q:O_[rNDO[Z[
R?YZaMcaZOg]PMhYZR J M[
RhN¡]dP¡udR?]j:q K [O_w+Mcl f RhM?
[e:Y`R f R?Pab[ f MNDRFMhai
Ogj:lQRFv>] f RFOQP ~?dc§ McPN ~?d¯ M[rj;McY`aV]hm>Mw@]lQlM J ]YMca`OQ{RFj:YZ]hâZR\wxa
M f ]dP:uaZqWRkzXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]cm|AMd[q:OgP:ua`]P<4
a?U¥XlM\m ]dlQlQR+uRMhP;N¡aZqWRkzXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]hm ]dlp
]YMND]WUá9q:R f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[Ô.R?YZR f MdNDRraZ]kwbq;MhYbMw@aZR?Y`OQ?Ra`q:RVa`q:RVudR?] f R?aZY K ]hm9a`q:RN] f R
OQP{Rh[a`OQuMcaZROQab[[
abM J OQlgOQa K OgPDmnR?YTj±][Z[
O J lgRwbq;MhP:uRh[OQP}aZq:RkO_w@Rk[a`YZRhM f wx]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]Pã4McP;N
[e:jWj±]dYZarMhPOwxRrwx]dYZRrj;MclgR?]càwxlgO f MhaZR>j:YZ]hâZR\wxa4MhaXa`q:R
OQj:lgRrvX] f Rr[e ff OQa+U
àPTaZq:O[<NDO_[`[R?Y`abMhaZOQ]dP<huR?]dj:q K [Ow?Mcl f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[;McY`R9e;[
RhN4OQa`qVse;Md[OpaZO f RxàNDR?j;R?P;NR?PDa
O_wxR9ä]c f ]NDR?l[McPNiOQP{R?Yb[
R f R+aZq:]N:[ÌaZ]VOgPDmnR?Ya`q:R4q:O[aZ]dY K ]hm<O_w@R9ä;]hÁMca4
OQjWlQR>vX] f R>McP;N
j:l_MdwxRrlQO f OQa[]dPkaZq:Rrj;Md[aMwxa`OQ{OQa K ]hmMdN?âbMw@R?PDa4OwxRr[
aZYZR\M f [ McP;NvVU;PDmn]Y f Mca`OQ]dPkM J ]eWa
j;M[
arO_wxRVä;]hÚO_[XOgPDmnR?YZY`RhNjWYZO f McYZOgl K mnY`] f a`q:RF[q;Mhj;Rh[]cm4OgPDa`R?YZPMcllM K R+Yb[>NDR?aZR\wxaZRhNMwxY`][`[
OQjWlQRv>] f RrmnYZ] f YbMdNDOQ]hRhwbq:][]de:P;NDOgP:u f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[xUá9q:RFwx]PaZOgPDeWOQa K ]cm.a`q:RVOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl
l_M K R?Y[iMhP;N7aZq:R×[q;Mhj;R]cmªM¡4MhYZj7mnRhMhaZe:Y`ROgP7aZqWRl_M K R?YjMcaZa`R?YZPÁMhaaZqWRNDOg{DONDR[e:uduRh[
a
aZq;Mha
OQjWlQRkND] f RFq;M[VP:]da J R?R?PA]h{R?Y
Y`e:P JK OwxR[
aZY`RhM f [r]h{R?YraZq:RjM[a ~?¨hå K RhMcY[McP;N
aZq;MhaVa`q:RFNDOQ{O_NRj±][OgaZOQ]dP¡qM[ J R?R+P¥[lQ]h4l Kf OguYbMhaZOgP:uP:]dYZaZq4MhYbNaZ]h4MhYbNA
wxRF
aZY`RhM f v
mn]Ya`q:Rj;Md[aVmnR?ÑaZq:]de;[ZMhP;N K R\McYb[@U Ü YbMdNDe;Mcl>aZqWOQP:P:OgP:u]hma`q:R J ]eWP;N:McY KJ R+a.R?R?P
OQjWlQR
vX] f R>McP;NMY`R?lQOwxajWOQRhwxR.]cm'
wxR>
aZY`RhM f j:YZOg]YaZ]rOQa[[abMhuP;MhaZOg]P f M KrJ RXY`Rh[j;]dP;[O J lQR4mn]Y
aZq:RNDOg{DONDR f OguYMcaZOg]P<Uªá9q:RijMcaZa`R?YZP¥]cmO_wxRa`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[wq;MhP:uRMw@YZ][`[aZq:R[]de:aZq¡ä±McP:]hm
OQjWlQRv>] f R;w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhNimnYZ] ff RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[Ô]hmO_w@Rä]cÚMhP;NMcPOgPDmnR?YZY`RhNkMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dP
j;Mca`aZR?Y`P<,O[¤OgPDa`R?YZj:Y`R?aZR\NMd[MiY`Rh[j;]P[RaZ]YZRhwxR+PDa `æ ®¨d¨ Mt>[
abMcudP;Mca`OQ]dP¡]hm.Mij:OgRhwxRr]cm
wxR
aZY`RhM f MN?âbMdwxR?ParaZ]
OQjWlQRFvX] f RUá9q:RFaZ]dj;]uYMcj:q K ]cm>[
e:YmMdwxRFlQOQPWRhMca`OQ]P[X]PAa`q:RF
wxR
aZY`RhM f v¤à[O_NRV]cm>
Ogj:lQRªvX] f ROgP;NDOw?Mca`Rh[¤Y`RhwxR?Pa Zæ ®d¨¨ Mt¤[abMhuP;MhaZOg]P¥]cmMcP:]daZq:R+YYZR?lgO_wxa
O_wxRª[a`YZRhM f Uá9q:R\[RVY`RhwxR?Pa[abMhuP;MhaZOg]P¥R?{R?Pab[ f M K YZR?jWYZRh[
R?PDaM f M+âZ]Y>YZR?]dYZuMhP:OQ\McaZOg]P]hm
aZq:R>O_w@R>[aZY`RhM f [ K [
aZR f MhYZ]de:P;N
Ogj:lQR>v>] f RM\mna`R?Y.MY`R?l_MhaZOg{R?l K [aM J lgRXj;R?Y`OQ]Ni4qWO_wbql_M[
aZRhN
[R?{R+YbMclCaZq:]de;[ZMhP;N K RhMhYb[xU
çFèéAêë ì7í î7ì!ï2ç}ëï^ç7ð
ñ9ònóxôFõDör÷4ò_øCùúhûó
ñ9ònóxôFõDörý.þ:ÿ ûó
þ ôhû
ú ;ôhúhõùôhònõ
~ U ~ ¬4MdwuY`]e:PN UTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
~ U ¦ ]daZOg{MhaZOg]PMcP;N Ü ]Mcl[VUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
~ U ¦ R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[ÔMhP;NS>P;Mcl K [
O_[ ¦ R+aZq:]N:[ÚUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
~ U §
K P:]dj;[O[7UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
þ ôhû
ú úhû ò ôhû Fø,û !kû"ô $#%&þ nûDóiö`õ;'ú #ãò (nû)kõ*û&þ +nþ&(
,-./#01
û Tõ±úhûóiò 2,Úûóx3ô .;ôhþ:4ú ôhò þ
DU ~
e ff MhY K UrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
DU PaZY`]NDe;wxa`OQ]PÁUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
DU S>uRTÛOQR+l_N Mhl_wxe:lMca`OQ]P ¦ R?a`q:]N-UrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
DU §
wxRÛlQ]h Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dPmn]Y
Ogj:lQRTvX] f RUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
DU ® S>uR Mclwxe:l_MhaZOg]Pmn]Y
Ogj:lQRvX] f RIUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
DU ¯ S>uR Mclwxe:l_MhaZOg]Pmn]Y>P:lMcP;N|¥SZ
UrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
DU ]dP;wxlge;[Og]P;[ UTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
þ ôhû.
ú 6
8û 7r9û nõò_!ô :7þ (<;^þ:ó?3ó =&þ nþ&ûõD>ö #ãò (nûkõ*û
DU ~
e ff MhY K UrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
üÌò
Ì ò
~
§
5
~+¨
+~ ¨
~
~@§
h~
~+
~
U
PaZY`]NDe;wxa`OQ]P UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ?
U Ü y9
kvMcabM ]lglQRhw@aZOQ]dP UVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ?
U § Ü y9
kvMcabMFyYZ]wxR\[Z[OgP:u UrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ®
OQj:lgRrvX] f A
R @R?lg]wxOQa K yMhaZa`R?YZP;[ UTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¨
U ® U ~ @R?lQ]w@OQa K MhP;N ¦ M[`[X¬4Mhl_McPwxRr]cm'aZq:R
e ff OQa.SXY`RhM UUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¨
U ® U LX]dYZaZq×Ûl_MhP:McP;N
OQj:lgRr
wxR
aZY`RhM f UVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ?
U ® U
]de:aZq×Ûl_MhP:kMcPNvXe;wb BÞ[9Û:]]da UVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¯
U ® U § á9q:R YZ][`[ààvX] f A
R @R?lg]wxOQa K yYZ]ho;lQR UVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ¯ ¦ Md[Z[>¬4MclMcP;wxRTSw@YZ][`[X
OQjWlQRrvX] f R UTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ¯ U ~ Mclwxe:lMcaZOg]Pk]cmÔÛlQe:vXOg{R?YZudR?P;wxR UrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ¯ U
j;MhaZOMcl'yMca`aZR?Y`P]hm ¦ Md[Z[>¬4MclMcP;wxRUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU D§
U ]dP;wxlge;[Og]P;[UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ® ¨
Ìþ&<ôhûú.C
;^ò_ø,úhþDô\ò õ kõDöÌ4ô D
û #<ò Eû kõ* Fû û ò_üÌò û G,-ûóxHô .;ôhþ:4ú ôhò J
þ I
§ U ~
e ff MhY K UTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ® § U PaZY`]NDe;wxa`OQ]P UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ® § U ¦ R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[UVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ®¯
§ U § ÛÌlQ]h ¦ ]NR?l_[rUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¯¨
§ U § U ~
a`RhMN K `
abMhaZR£4RxmnR?Y`R?P;wxR ¦ ]NDR?l×UVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¯D~
§ U § U KOQP:R f Mca`O_w>£¤R?jWYZRh[
R?PDaMca`OQ]Pk]hmÛlg]hÛOgR?l_N UrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¯ § U § U M[
R M~ L LX]dPD`;OQP:RhMhY>vXOQ{O_NRVv>Rxmn]Y f Mca`OQ]P UrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¯¯
§ U § U § M[
DR L Sw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dP ¦ OQP:O f e f McavXOg{DONDR UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¯
§ U ® qW]][OgP:ua`q:RT¬9Rh[a ¦ ]NDR+l9UrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ¯
§ U ® U ~ á9q:R © j;Rhwxa`RhN © YZY`]Y UrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~
§ U ® U á9q:RT|¡R?OguqaZOgP:uÛ:e:P;w@aZOQ]dP UUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU OgO
§ U ¯ £4Rh[
e:lQa[UrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU § U v>O_[Zw@e;[Z[
OQ]PUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU \
þôhûúI
#<ûó+ò ôhò_üÌò_ô!:õDöFô4ÌûNò_üÌòûN>õ±ó+ò ôhònõ^þDôO#<ò ûNkõ* ûGP,ÚûDóxô
.±ôhþWQú ô\Rò þôhO
õ =õ;ù (Ìþ:/ú :!÷<õ±4ú ò ø
S6
® U ~
e ff MhY K UrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ® U PaZY`]NDe;wxa`OQ]PÁUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU d®
® U á9qWRÕ;OgP:RhMhYZOQ+RhN
wxR
q:R?R+a © steMcaZOg]P UTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
® U § Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`OQ]dP]hmL>]Y f Mcl ¦ ]NRh[ UrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU d
® U ® © [
aZO f McaZOgP:uv>OQ{O_NDR ¦ ]daZOg]P UrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~
® U ¯ L>]Y f Mcl ¦ ]NDRh[4]cm4
OQj:lgRrvX] f R UrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ® U £4Rh[
j±]dP;[RTaZ]F¬9]de:P;N:MhY K © lQR?{dMca`OQ]dPyÌR?YZa`e:Y J MhaZOg]P UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
® U £4Rh[
j±]dP;[RTaZ]FSw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dP£>Mca`RTyR?YZa`e:Y J McaZOg]P UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~?¨~
® U ]dP;wxlge;[Og]P;[ UTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~?¨d®
þ ôhû.
ú T
UûtøCònõ &þ V#%&þ nû8.(ù *¥ù þDô\ò õ NXþô?ôhûQú 8þô #ãRò nûkõ* û WS
¯ U ~
e ff MhY K UrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~?¨d
¯ U PaZY`]NDe;wxa`OQ]PÁUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~?¨d
¯ U ¦ R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[UUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~~+¨
¯ U § vMcabMFSXP;Mhl K [O[AUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~~ ¯ U ®
wxRÛlQ]h ¦ ]NDR?lUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~~@§
¯ U ¯ £4Rh[
O_NDe;Mhl Mhl_wxe:lMca`OQ]P UrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~~h
¯ U £4Rh[
e:lQa[UrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ ¨
¯ U U ~ á9q:RTyYZRhNO_wxa`RhN
a`RhMN K `
abMhaZRSw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]PFyMhaZaZR+YZP UTUUrUTUU ~ ¨
¯ U U ] f j;McY`O_[]dPk4OQaZqk]daZq:R?Y ¦ R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[ UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ M
¯ U U á<R f j;]YMcl qMcP:udRh[XOQPka`q:R
j;Mca`O_MhlÌSw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PFyMhaZa`R?YZPUrUTUU ~ ®
OgOQO
R?P;[OgaZOg{DOga K a`]á<R f j;]dYbMcl q;McPWuRh[XOgPSw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PFvXO[a`YZO J e:aZOg]P^UrUrUVU ~
R?P;[OgaZOg{DOga K a`] qMcP:udRh[¤OgPw@Rrá9q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[UrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~ ¯
]dP;wxlge;[Og]P;[UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~
Ìþ&<ôhûúX
ý Zû YXüCõ nù<ôhò õ !õW[ö \û kõ* ûóVþ (<Uû nòR]ô 1û #,ôhúhû&þ *ó C6
U ~
e ff MhY K UTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~@§ U PaZY`]NDe;wxa`OQ]P UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~@§ U ÛÌOQP:OgaZRrvXO«CR?YZR?PwxR ]PaZOgPDeWOQa K¦ ]NR?lUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~@§¯
U § S>P;Mcl K a`O_w © {]lge:aZOg]P ¦ ]NDR?lIUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~+®c§
U ® L>e f R?Y`O_w4{:[@USXP;Mcl K a`O_w ] f j;MhYZO_[
]P8UTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~+®
U ¯ á<YbMdwOQPWuaZq:R
w?MhY>Û:RhMca`e:YZRh[kUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~+¯c§
U S>j:j:lQOw?Mca`OQ]dPaZ]k
OQjWlQRrvX] f R^UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~+¯¯
U v>O_[Zw@e;[Z[
OQ]PUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~+¯
U ]dP;wxlge;[Og]P;[UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~h~
Ì&þ <ôhû.
ú S
#:±4ô Ìûó?ò ó
&X&6
U ~ á9qWR ¦ ]NR?YZP Ü R+] f R?a`Y K ]cm.
OQjWlQRrvX] f RUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~h ^XO[aZ]dY K UrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~h?§
U z[OQPWuF£ ©
kPaZR?Y`P;MclÌCM K R?Yb[9a`]PDmnR?Y
wxRxàÛlQ]h_
U á9qW>R ^>O_[a`]Y K ]cm4
OQj:lgRrvX] f RAUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~hh¯
U U ~ á9q:RªvXO_[
abMcPa>yMd[a a ` ®¨¨d¨ MtªUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~hh¯
U U á9q:RªàPaZR+Y f RhNOQMhaZRyM[
a ~+¨¨/¨ b®d¨¨¨ Mt!UrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~h
U U yYZRh[
R?Pa>McP;N£¤Rhw@R?PDayM[
a Zæ ~+¨¨d¨ Mt>UrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~hh
U U § ] f j:lQO f R?PabMcY K
a`e;NDOgRh[XUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~hh
U § f jWlQO_w+McaZOg]P;[mn]dYyMd[a>Sw@aZOQ{OQa K ]hm.
wxRV
a`YZRhM f [ MhP;Nkv#UTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU ~hh
=òn
ÿ ònõ:ø,úh&þ :
S%
OQ{
¯ U
¯ U
¯ U ~?¨
.ÔûòV0
Áý>Ìû1cõ;úhòRdõ±ô\þ&e#Côhúhþ:ò7ý9ûÌó?õ;ú
56
SVU ~ ÛÌOQP;NDOgP:uFá<R?P;[]dY ] f j;]dP:R?Pab[9e;[
OQP:uk;RhM[
a`
se;McY`Rh[4UVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ?~ SVU yY`OQP;wxOgj;[email protected][4McP;N8@RhwxaZ]dYb[rUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ?~ d®
.Ôû òV0=.
+7rûDú?ôhòþ&f;2õ:ôhònõ7õDöô4û÷4ò ú4
5gX
{
êDh:ð4ç ì!í í.h&i_j+k8ë¥ð
~ U~
~ U ~ U U ~
U
U
U §
U ®
U ~
U
U
U §
U ®
U ¯
¦ Mhj]hm|¥SZ
F[
q:]h4OQP:uFaZqWRÕ
OQj:lgRVv>] f RrMhP;Na`q:R
OQjWlQR ]M[a
wxRV
a`YZRhM f [xU
S@E^£>£ O f McudRX]hm4
OQjWlQRrvX] f RUUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
£>MNOQ]cRhwbq:][]eWP;NDOQPWuij:Y`]co;lgRTMwxY`][Z[4aZqWR4ONDaZqk]hm4
OQjWlQRrvX] f RUÚUVUrUrUVU
¦ Mhjk]cm£¤][Z[>NDYbMhOQP;MhuRT[q:]h4OgP:uia`q:RudR?P:R?YMcl<lQ]w+McaZOg]Pk]cm.
Ogj:lQRrv>] f RrMhP;N
OgP:l_MhP;N|¥SZ
O_w@RVw@]YZRT[
OQaZR\[xU4UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
Ü Y`O_NYZR+j:YZRh[
R?PabMca`OQ]dP]cm.a`q:RVä;]h9lgOQP:RTe;[R\Nmn]YXo;PWOQaZRTR?lQR f R?Pa f ]NDR+lÌw?Mcl«
w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dP;[4McPN[R+lQRhwxa`RhNw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`RhNiOwxRrj;McY`aZO_w@lQRj;MhaZq;[@U#UrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
Sw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]PFYbMca`Rrq:O_[
aZ]Y`OQRh[9e[RhNimn]YNDR?jWaZqDàMcudRw?Mhl_wxe:lMca`OQ]P[xU UVUrUrUVU
S>uR>McPNiMhP:PDeMcl;l_M K R?YÌaZq:OwP:Rh[`[{R+Yb[e[NDR?j:a`qYZR?lMca`OQ]P[q:Ogj;[NDR?YZOg{RhNXmnYZ] f
Û © ¦ w?Mhl_wxe:lMca`OQ]P[Ômn]Yr
OQj:lgRrvX] f RUVUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
S>uR.McP;NTMcP:Pe;MhlDlM K R+Y,aZqWO_wbDP:R\[Z[,{R?Y[e;[<NDR+j:aZqrYZR+l_Mca`OQ]dP;[q:Ogj;[,mn]Y<aZqWR9OQPWl_McPN
|¥S
Õ[OQa`RU9UTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
S @E^£>£ O f McudRX]hm4
OQjWlQRrvX] f RrMhP;N
wxRV
aZYZR\M f [ McP;NvVU0UTUrUVUrUrUVU
¦ Mhj]hm[
e:YZ{R K j±]dlQRh[@UUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
v>R?abMhOQlQR\N f Mhj]cmaZq:R[e ff OQa>MhYZRhM[q:]h4OQPWu[eWYZ{R K j±]dlQRh[@YMN:MhYVj:Y`]co;lgR
lgOQP:R\[x:[
P:]hj:Oga>McP;NkO_wxRrw@]YZRT[
OQaZR\[x:MhP;Nw+M f jlg]w?Mca`OQ]dP;[xUUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
Ü y9
J M[R+lQOQPWRh[9P:RhMhY4aZq:RT[e ff OQa+UrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
@R?lg]wxOQa K {Rhwxa`]Yb[.McP;N[e:Y
mMwxRrR?lgR?{dMca`OQ]Pwx]dPDa`]e:Y[Ômn]Y>aZq:RT[
e ff OgaMcY`RhMDUkU
aZYbMhOQPR?lQlgOQj;[
Rh[McP;N[aZYMcOgPYbMhaZRTwx]dPDa`]e:Y[mn]dY4aZq:RT[e ff OQa.MhYZRhMU UVUrUrUVU
{DO
§
®
~~
~
?~ ®
~?¯
~?
?
§
®
?
~
{Rhw@aZ]Y[Ômn]Y4a`q:RrP:]Y`aZq:R?Y`PäCMhP:]hm4
OQjWlQRrvX] f RUUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU §
DU @R?lg]wxOQa K {Rhw@aZ]Y[4McP;Nk[
e:YmMdwxRVR?lgR?{dMca`OQ]PFmn]Y>aZq:RrP:]dYZaZqWR?YZP[Zw+McYMcYZR\MDUUTUU ®
DU @R?lg]wxOQa K {Rhw@aZ]Y[Ômn]Y4a`q:RT[]eWaZqä±McP:k]cm.
Ogj:lQRrv>] f RUÌUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
DU ~+¨ @R?lg]wxOQa K {R\wxaZ]dYb[ÌMcP;NF[e:Y
mMwxR4R+lQR?{dMca`OQ]dPmn]Y'aZq:R>[
]e:a`qÕäCMhP:V]hm
Ogj:lQRvX] f R
OgPkaZq:Rr{O_wxOgP:OQa K ]hmaZqWRa`]j;]udYbMhj:q:O_wmnR\McaZeWYZRh[9P:]h4PM[4aZq:Rkbv>e;w BÞ[4Û:]]dab DUl
DU ~d~ á9qWRVw@] f j;]PWR?PDa.]cm.[
e:YmMdwxRr{R?lQ]w@OQa K Mclg]P:uFaZq:RT[
e:YZ{R K j±]dlQRrlQOgP:RUCUUrUTUU §¨
DU ~ %v>O_[aMcP;w@R{dMhYZO_MhaZOg]P J R?a
9R?R?Pä;]h4lgOQP:Rh[@U^UUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU § DU ~
OQj:lgRFvX] f RVäe:ANOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@Rw?Mhl_wxe:lMca`RhN×mnY`] f a`q:RijMcaZa`R?YZP¥]cm>qW]YZOg?]PabMhl
{R+lQ]wxOga K U7UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU § DU ~@§ SN?âZe;[a`RhNq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl,ä;eWkNDOQ{R+YZuR+P;wxRU<UTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU §®
DU ~+® ÛÌlQe:NDOQ{R+YZuR+P;wxRrMhP;NOQPDmnR?Y`YZRhNkMdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]PFj;Mca`aZR?Y`P<U8UVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU §
DU ~+¯
e:YmMdwxRrj:YZ]ho;lQRh[ÔmnY`] f MVo;P:OgaZRrNOpCR?YZR+P;wxR f ]NDR?lC]cm.
OQjWlQRrvX] f RUUUrUTUU §
§ U ~ S @E^£>£7O f MhuR]hm9
Ogj:lQRTvX] f RrMhP;N
wxRV
aZYZR\M f [ McP;NvVU0UrUTUUrUTUU ®d®
§ U £>MNWMcY9jWYZ]colQRh[]cm<lgR?P:udaZq;[ ~?¨ f McPN § f ]cm
Ogj:lQRvX] f R4abMhR?Pij;R?Y`j;R?PD
NO_wxe:lMcY.aZ]FaZq:RTNDOg{DONDRrMca4a`q:RT[e ff OQa+UUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ®d
§ U ?
v8YZR+j:YZRh[
R?PabMca`OQ]dP]cmÌM ~?e¨ mª~?P¨ m~ f wxe J RwxR?PaZR?Y`RhNrMcaaZqWR
OQj:lgR>vX] f R
[
e ff Oga>[q:]h4OgP:u[
e:YmMdwxRR?lgR?{dMcaZOg]P}wx]PaZ]de:Yb[@ J RhN¡a`]j;]udYbMhj:q K McP;N¡a`q:R
[
q;Mcj;R>]cmC]PWRXj:Y`] f OgP:R?Pa<OQPaZR?Y`P;MclWl_M K R?YÌO_NDR?PaZO«o;RhNXmnYZ] f £ ©
f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[xU ®d
§ U § ] f j;MhYZO_[
]P J R+a.R?R?PO_[]wbq:Y`]P:RF[
q;Mcj;Rh[XjWYZRhNDOwxaZR\N JK M[aZR\MN K
[
abMhaZRO_w@R
ä]c f ]NDR?l:4OgaZqkMrP:]PDlQOgP:RhMhYÔä;]h8l_M?ÁMhP;NiaZqWRr[q;Mhj;Rh[9]cmÌOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl;l_M K R?Yb[
] J [R+YZ{RhNie[OQPWu£ ©
;U UrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ¯ § U ® ^>]YZOg?]PabMhl,{R?lg]wxOQa K [
q;Mcj;RmneWP;wxaZOg]P;[@UVUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ¯
§ U ¯ ¬9R\[ano;aTw?Md[RM[`[e f OgP:ukaZq:ROQPaZR?Y`P;Mcll_M K R?YrMcYZjWOQP:uO_[Vw+Mce;[
RhN¡j:Y`O f MhYZOQl K
JK P:]PDlQOgP:RhMhYXOwxRXä;]hrU UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU +§
{DOgO
DU
@R?lg]wxOQa K
§ U ¦ O[ f MhabwbqkOQP;NDR+)n!M[rMÕmneWP;wxaZOg]P]hm4RhMdwq f ]NR?ljMcYbM f R?a`R?Y¤mn]dY M[R ~ML
PW]PDlQOgP:RhMcY>O_w@RXä;]h%lM?rUUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU h ®
§ U ¬9R\[ano;arw+M[RM[`[e f OQP:ua`q:ROQPaZR+YZP;MhllM K R+YXMcYZjWOQP:ukO_[w?Mce;[
RhN JDK MilQ]w?Mhl
lg]h%OgPMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]P]h{R?Y.aZq:RTNDOg{DONDRUUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
§ U ¦ O[ f MhabwbqkOQP;NDR+) n!M[rMÕmneWP;wxaZOg]P]hm4RhMdwq f ]NR?ljMcYbM f R?a`R?Y¤mn]dY M[3R L
lg]w?MclÌMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]Plg]hrUÔUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU h
® U ~ ¦ hM j]cmr|¥Rh[aªSXPabMcYwxaZOw
Ogj:lQR ]M[
aiOwxRk[a`YZRhM f [V[
q:]h4OQP:uA
OQj:lgRkvX] f R
MhP;N
wxRT
aZY`RhM f [ McPNvVU^UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
® U
wxR[q:R?R+a4uR?] f R?aZY`OQRh[e;[R\N¢a`]w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRP:]dY f Mhl f ]NRh[xU UTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
® U
lQ]h9Rh[
aXPW]Y f Mcl f ]NDRh[9mn]Ya`q:R
Ogj:lQRTvX] f RVOwxR[
q:R?R?aMcP;N.M @OMclg]c{àL K R
OwxRr[
q:R?R?a UUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
® U § © {]dlQe:a`OQ]PT]cm;OwxR.[q:R+R?a<aZq:OwP:Rh[`[±mn]YMhPVOgP;[aMcPabMcPWR?]e;[ ~?¨¨ f R?aZR?Y<OgP;wxY`RhM[
R
OgPkR?lQR?{dMhaZOQ]dPk]cm'aZq:R f MhYZuOgPk]cm.
OQj:lgRrvX] f RrP:RhMcY>
wxRT
aZY`RhM f vTU UVUrUrUVU
® U ® © {]dlQe:a`OQ]Pk]hm.NDOQ{O_NRR+lQR?{dMca`OQ]dPMhP;Nj;][OQa`OQ]dPmn]YMcPOQP;[
abMhPDaMcP:R?]de;[ ~+¨¨ f
OgP;wxY`RhM[
R]hma`q:RrO_wxR[q:R?R+a J ]de:P;N:MhY K U<UTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
® U ¯
aZRhMdN K à[aMca`RNDOg{DONDR f OQuYMca`OQ]PYbMhaZRh[¤mn]dY{dMcY`OQ]e[YMca`Rh[X]cm J ]e:P;NWMcY K R+lQRx
{dMhaZOQ]dP<UUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
® U © {]dlQe:a`OQ]Pk]hm4
v ¦ a`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[mn]YMcPOQP;[
abMcPabMhP:R?]de:l_[>wqMcP:udRVOQPka`q:RTMw?wxe
f e:lMcaZOg]PjMcaZa`R?YZPãUUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
® U © {]dlQe:a`OQ]PF]cm'NOQ{O_NDR.j±][OgaZOQ]dPimn]YMcPFOQP;[
abMhPDaMcP:R?]de;[4Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPVj;R?Y`aZe:Y
J McaZOg]P<UrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
® U
aZRhMdN K [abMhaZRªNDOQ{O_NDR f OQudYbMca`OQ]dPYMca`Rh[mn]dYX{dMhYZOQ]de;[XYMcaZR\[¤]hmOQP;w@YZRhMd[RrOQPMwb
w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPuYMNDOgR?PDa+UUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
{OQOgO
¯
®
t
~+¨¨
~+¨ ~+¨c§
~+¨¯
¯ U ~ S @E^£>£7O f MhuR]hm4
OQjWlQRTvX] f Rr[q:]h4OgP:uia`q:R[
e ff OgauY`O_NMcP;N f McOgPaZYM\
{R+Yb[R\[Ô4q:R?Y`RT£ ©
McP;N Ü y
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[.R?YZR f MdNDRUUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~~d~
¯ U £>MNOQ]cRhwbq:]F[]de:P;NDOgP:uFj:YZ]ho;lQRTMw@YZ][`[¤a`q:Rr4O_NDa`q]hm9
Ogj:lQRvX] f RU UUrUTUU ~~ ¯ U
f ]]a`q:RhNOQPaZR?Y`P;MclCl_M K R?Y[9NDR?a`Rhwxa`RhN JK YbMdNDOQ]hRhwbq:]F[
]e:P;NOQP:uWU#UTUUrUTUU ~~@§
¯ U §
aZRhMdN K à[aMca`RFMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]Pj;Mca`aZR?Y`P4q:O_wbqjWYZ]NDe;w@Rh[aZq:R J Rh[
aXo;araZ]a`q:R
] J [R+YZ{RhNilM K R?Y4[
q;Mcj;Rh[@U UrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ ~
¯ U ® Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`RhNl_M K R?Y.[q;Mhj;Rh[4MV[
j;Mca`O_Mclgl K wx]P[abMhPDaMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPj;Mca`aZR?Y`PkMcP;N
a`q:RT[j;MhaZOMclQl K {dMhYZO_M J lQRTMdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]Pj;MhaZa`R?YZP<U UTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ M
¯ U ¯ ] f j;MhYZO_[
]P J R?a
9R?R+PAaZq:ROQPDmnR?Y`YZRhN}Mw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]P¥j;MhaZaZR+YZP8MhP;NAaZq:Rä;eW
NOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@RNDR+YZOQ{R\NÕmnYZ] f0Ü y
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[@UUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ §
¯ U v>R?j:aZqNDO[a`YZO J e:aZOg]Pk]cm'YZRh[
O_NDeMcl_[Ômn]dYXlM K R?Yb[.[]eWaZqMhP;NPW]YZa`q]hma`q:RTNDOQ{O_NDRU ~ ¯
¯ U yÌ][Z[
O J lgRaZO f RxàwqMcP:udROQPMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPijMcaZa`R?YZP×MclglQ]h9RhN JDK a`q:RTN:McaMDU.UU ~
¯ U
twq:R f Mca`O_w9]cmÔ[R?P;[
OQa`OQ{OQa K aZRh[
a?U>UVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ ¨
¯ U ~+¨ ^ K j;]a`q:R?a`O_w?Mhl<Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPiqWO_[a`]Y K Mha
OQa`RT¬UÔUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ ~
f o3q9r?s {dMhlQe:Rh[>OQPa`q:RO_w@Rwx]dlQe f Pk{R?Y[e;[>aZq:RªNDeD
¯ U ~d~ ]dPDa`]e:Y[]cm f McO f e p
YMca`OQ]ZP t^McPN f RhMhPkMcudER u ß ]cmMcP×McP:] f Mclg]e;[>Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPijMcaZa`R?YZPãU UU ~ M
¯ U ~ %á9qWRjWYZRhNDOwxaZR\NNDR?j:a`qkaZ]MVuOQ{R+PO[]wbq:YZ]dP:RTM[`[e f OgP:u{dMcY`OQ]e[X[
j;Mca`O_MclÌMdw
w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPiq:O[a`]YZOgRh[xUÁUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU ~ §
¯ U ~ %á9qWRR@,R\wxa]cmT[ KDff R?aZY`O_wVOwxRk[qWR?R?aFaZq:OwP:Rh[`[Vwbq;McP:udR]dP7OQPaZR+YZP;Mhl9l_M K R?Y
[
q;Mcj;Rh[9mn]YM ®¨d¨ f R?a`R?Y4aZq:OgP:P:OgP:u4q:O_wbq J R?udOQP;H[ ¨d¨¨ K RhMhYb[ J Rxmn]dYZRrj:YZR\[R?Pa?U ~
¯ U ~@§ á9qWRiRxCRhw@a]cmMd[ Kff R?a`YZO_w>O_wxRF[
q:R?R?araZqWO_wbDP:R\[Z[wbq;McPWuRF]PAOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhll_M K R?Y
[
q;Mcj;Rh[9mn]Y>aZqWOQP:P:OgP:u4q:Owq J R?udOQP;H[ ¨d¨¨ K R\McYb[ J Rxmn]dYZRrj:Y`Rh[R?Pa?UUTUUrUTUU ~x§¨
U ~ S @E^£>£7O f MhuR]hm9
Ogj:lQRTvX] f RrMhP;N
wxRV
aZYZR\M f [ McP;NvVU0UrUTUUrUTUU ~x§d§
OQ
U t
wq:R f Mca`O_w]cmãaZq:R4OgP:OQa`O_MclMcP;NVo;P;Mhl,[
abMhaZRh[]cm[O f j:lQO«o;RhNO_w@R4ND] f R°?Y`R?lQOwxa<O_w@R
[
aZY`RhM f [ K [
aZR f U0UrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U
wxR¢[e:Y
mMwxRkj:Y`]co;lgRh[Vj:lQ]daZa`RhNAR?{R?Y K ¨¨ K RhMcY[mn]YFMhP7R?{]dlQ{OQP:uO_wxRND] f R
[
O f Ogl_MhYÔOgP[OQ+Ra`]
OQjWlQRTvX] f RU0UTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U §
wxR[e:Y
mMwxRTj:YZ]ho;lQRh[9jWlQ]a`aZRhNR?{R+Y K ¨¨ K RhMhYb[Ômn]Y>MF[ f MclQlCO_wxRND] f RUUrUVU
U ® yY`]j;MhuMca`OQ]dP¥McP;NNDOpCe;[
OQ]P]cm'aZq:OwR+P:OQP:uT4M?{RUÑUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ¯ © {]dlQe:a`OQ]Pk]hmMhPOwxRND] f R4q:R?YZRaZq:RrYZR+lQO_w@a f McYZudOQPO[9MhlQlQ]h.RhNiaZ]a`q:O_wbR?P
MhaXa`q:RTMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPiYMcaZRUUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ]dPDa`]e:Y[¤]hmuY`]h4aZqa`O f FR v\wyx{z|z r v ß UUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U SÁwx] f j;McY`O_[
]P J R+a.R?R?PFaZq:R>OQPWOQaZOMclCMcPNÕo;P;Mhl<[eWYmMw@RXj:Y`]co;lgRh[mnY`] f MhPkÛv
f ]NDR?l<w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dPMcP;NmnYZ] f MVj±R+YmnRhwxa`l K j:l_Md[a`O_wrMcj:jWYZ]hDO f Mca`OQ]dP<U UrUrUVU
U ] f j;MhYZO_[
]PÁ]cmªO_wxR×ND] f RR+{]lQeWaZOQ]dP8j:YZR\NDO_wxa`RhN JK a`q:Ro;P:OQa`RxàNDOpCR?Y`R?P;wxR
f ]NDR?lMhP;N JK MhPMcPMcl K aZOwMcj:jWYZ]hDO f Mca`OQ]dP J Md[RhN¡]dPAMj;R?Y
mnRhwxaZl K j:lM[a`O_w
OwxRr[
q:R?R?a+U<UUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ~?¨ @]dlQe f R>R?{]dlQe:a`OQ]1P }~ ubmn]dY ~?¨ ND] f Rd°h[a`YZRhM f R?{]dlQe:a`OQ]P¢w?M[
Rh[xU UVUrUrUVU
U ~~
e:YmMdwxRj:Y`]co;lgRh[mnY`] f a`q:RrÛv%R+{]lQeWaZOQ]dP f ]NDR?l:mn]Y>
OQj:lgRrND] f RMha ¨ ¨¨
§¨¨ 4McP;N ¯¨d¨ K RhMhYb[[
OQP;wxR¢[ K P;wqWYZ]PW]e;[F[aMcuPMcaZOg]P8]hma`q:RvXe;wbg B [VÛ:]]a
MhP;N
OQj:lgRr
wxR
aZY`RhM f U>UVUrUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVU
U ~ 8yY`RhNDO_w@aZRhNMhP;N Ü y9
OQPDmnR+YZYZR\N¢a`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:uMhlQ]dP:uia`q:RT[]de:aZqkäCMcP:CUÌUVUrUrUVU
~@§D
~+®¨
~+®D~
~+® ~+® ~+®¯
~+®
~+¯D~
~+¯ ~+¯t
~+¯
êDh:ð4ç ì!í çFè é}êë¥ð
§ U~
§ U ® U~
® U
U~
L>]abMhaZOg]P^UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
e ff MhY K ]cm£ ©
f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[xU0UrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
L>]abMhaZOg]P^UVUrUTUUTUrUVUrUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
£4Rh[
j±]dP;[RTaZO f Rw@]P;[
abMcPab[9mn]Y>[
lQ]h9R\[a4O_w@Rr[q:R+R?a f ]NDRh[@U0UrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
@]dlQe f R>R?{]dlQe:a`OQ]PaZO f Rx
[`w?MclgRh[xU^UrUVUrUTUUTUrUUTUrUVUrUVUrUVUrUTUUrUTUU
O
®h§
d® ¯
h§
d ¯
~?¯ è%î2ï ì êëi$
5ëï^ç7ð
9á q:O[NDO_[`[R?Y`abMhaZOQ]dPFMcP;NVa`q:R49]dYZrYZR+j:YZRh[
R?PaZRhN JDK OQaÌ9]de:l_NVPW]aq;M?{R J R+R?PVj;][`[O«
J lgR44OQa`q:]e:aa`q:RXqWR?lQjFMhP;N[eWj:j;]YZa.]cm[R?{R?YMcl:j;R?]dj:lQRU<9]eWl_NlQOQR.aZ]Tj;McY`aZO_w@e:l_MhYZl K
a`q;McP: fiK MND{O_[
R?Y? q;McY`lQOgR>£XM Kf ]P;NCxmn]Yq:O[[eWj:j;]YZa+R?P;wx]de:YbMhuR f R+PDa+cude:O_N:MhP;wxR
MhP;NOgP;[j:OgYbMhaZOQ]dPk]c{R+Y4aZq:Rrj;Md[a4o;{R K RhMcY[xU ^XRrq;Md[X[
j±R+PDawx]eWPDa`lQRh[`[9q:]e:Y[¤qWR?lQj:OgP:u
f RFaZ]mn]w@e;[ fFK YZR\[RhMhYbwbq<wxl_MhYZO«m KfiK a`q:]e:udqDa[x.McP;N J R?aZa`R?YVe:PNDR?Yb[
abMhP;N f MhP K
Md[j;Rhwxa[i]cmrudl_MdwxOQ]dlQ]u K U8TM f mn]Y`aZe:P;MhaZRa`]¡q;M?{Rkq;MdN aZqWR]jWj±]dYZa`e:P:OQa K aZ]}9]Y`
4OgaZqqWO f Mca>aZq:RªzXP:OQ{R+Yb[Oga K ]cm|}M[
q:OQP:udaZ]dP¥McP;NkOQPkaZq:Ro;R+l_NkMcar
OQjWlQRTvX] f RU © N
|}MN:NOQP:udaZ]PFOQPaZY`]NDe;wxR\N f R9a`]O_wxRä;]h f ]NR?lQOgP:uNe:YZOgP:u fFK o;Yb[
a K RhMcY'M[MXudYbMN
e;MhaZR[aZeNDR?PaMhP;NVwx]dPDa`OQPe:RhNaZ] J R>MXw@R?PDa`YbMhlj;McY`a]hm fiK RhNDew?Mca`OQ]PTaZq:Y`]e:udq:]eWa fiK
udYbMNe;Mca`Rw+McYZR+R?Y?UM f aZqMcP:mne:lÔmn]dY f MhP K R+P:lQOguqaZR?P:OgP:ukNDO[Zwxe[Z[Og]P;[V4OgaZqAqWO f U
P ~+t 4q;MNAa`q:Rimn]Y`aZe:PMcaZRk]dj:j;]YZa`e:P:Oga K aZ]¥wx]dlQl_M J ]YbMhaZRk4OQa`q£4O_wbq;McYON ^XOQPNt
f MhYb[
qMcaaZq:Rª¬9YZOQa`O_[
qSXPabMhYbwxa`O_wV
e:Y`{R K e:P;NDR?YMcP © Z
¦
Lá%R+:wbq;McPWuRVudYbMhPDa+Ur
lgRhMcY`P:RhN¥MaZY`R f R?PND]e;[rM f ]e:PaXmnY`] f q:O f NDeWYZOQPWu]eWYV]PWRx f ]PaZq}wx]lgl_M J ]dYbMca`OQ]dP
MhP;NM f udYbMca`Rxmne:l9mn]dYaZq:R f MhP K q:]de:Yb[q:RkNR?{]a`RhNAaZ] fFK YZRh[
RhMcYwqAOgPDa`R?YZR\[ab[@U¥
M f NDR?R?jWl K OQP;NDR J aZRhN¥aZ]aZqWRw@YZRhMhaZ]Y[V]cmaZq:RzX| YbMdN:McY[ K [a`R f ¬9YZewxR|¥R?R?YZa
f MhP< ]qWP q:OQP:Pã<SXPaZq:]dP KÜ MdNDRh[xãvM?{DON ¦ ]Y[R±a`q:Rj;R?]jWlQRV4qW] f MNRoR?l_N
f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[OQP ~+h§ MhP;N ~+¯ M[9jMcYZa4]hma`q:R
OQjWlQRvX] f R Ü R+]j:q K [
O_w?[j:YZ]\âZRhwxa
£¤] J R+YZa Mwx] J R+l4á<RhN
tw?M fFJ ][xSXPDa`q:]P K7Ü MNRh[McP
N ^X]h4MhYbN ]P4M K 4McPN
a`] fiK mnR?lQlg]c [a`e;NDR?Pab[TMcP;Nwx]dlQlQR\McueWRh[4q:] f MNDRFaZq:R\[RudYbMNe;Mca`R[`wqW]]l K RhMhYb[
j;MhYZa`O_wxe:lMcY`l K R?PhâZ] K M J lgRU
OQO
> PMj;R?Y[]dP;Mcl4P:]daZR'9]eWl_N¡lgOQRaZ]aZq;MhP:}á]dP KÜ MNDRh[V4qW]q;Md[[R?R?P f R
aZq:Y`]e:udqkMclgl:]cm fFK q:Oguq:R?YRhNe;w?Mca`OQ]dP[
OQP;wxR4.R49R?Y`R9mnYZRh[
q f R?PªMca4
a+UÔ>l_M?m ]lglQR?udR
McP;N84q:]q;M[ J R+R?PÁMcPÁRh[j;Rhw@O_Mclgl K O f j;]Y`abMcPaFj;McY`a]cm fiK lgOpmnRmn]YaZq:RlM[aFmnR?
K RhMcY[xUrMcl[]¥w?MhP:P:]daR?DjWYZRh[`[R?P:]de:uqudYbMca`OQa`e;NDRa`] fiK j;McY`R?PDa[McP;N¡mM f OQl K mn]Y
aZq:R?OgY4e:PDmMhOQlQOgP:ulQ]h{RrMhP;N[
e:j:j;]Y`a?U
á9q:O[,9]Y`4Md[±o;P;MhP;wxO_MhlQl K [
e:j:j;]Y`aZRhN JDK MXLMcaZOg]P;MhlD
w@OQR?P;w@RÛ:]e:P;NWMcaZOg]PTuYbMhPDa
aZ] UÛ.U£>M KDf ]P;N L
tÛZyy ~+¯¨ D ?{!a?VQ3a4yD ¢¡A£¢
¤ ¥/V?{!¦§¨©«ª\Ey£¬[®\¯\§\UÛOgP;McP;w@O_Mcl'[eWj:j;]YZamn]dYrwx]lgl_M J ]dYbMhaZOQ]dP4OQa`q
£¤Owq;MhYb3N ^XOQPN f McY[qM[j:YZ]h{O_NDR\N JK MruYbMhPDamnY`] f aZq:R © e:Y`]j;RhMcP
w@OQR?P;w@R4Û:]e:P
N:Mca`OQ]Pã © e:YZ]dj;RhMcPk
wxRr
q:R+R?a ¦ ]NDR?lgOQP:uTP:OgaZO_MhaZOg{R L>]:U d¯D~@§ bU4;]udO_[
aZO_w+Mcl<[
e:j:j;]Y`a
mn]Y>aZq:Ro;R?lN9]Y`4Md[¤jWYZ]h{DONDRhN JK SXPabMcYwxaZOw
e:j:j;]Y`arS[Z[
]wxO_MhaZRh[4e:P;NR?Y>Miw@]PD
aZYbMdwxa4mnYZ] f L
Û9U
OQOgO
ÍF´Ç,ľdµD¿1°
hï^çOk8ì±j-îAçOh:ì!ï
²g³²
´.µ¶\·¸¹9º»g¼½
á9q:Rr|¡R\[a4S>PDaMcYbw@aZO_ww@R
qWR?R?a |¥SZ
: f M KJ Rre:P;[
abM J lQR J Rhw+Mce;[
ROga9O[9uYZ]de:P;NDR\N J R?lg]h
[RhMrlQR?{R+lU<aq;M[ J R?R?PFq K j;]aZqWRh[Og?RhNVaZqMca9Y`R?l_MhaZOg{R?l K [ f Mclgl;wbq;McP:udRh[OQP[RhM?lgR?{R?lWwx]eWl_NFNDRx
wx]eWj:lQRraZqWROwxRXmnY`] f Ogab[ J RhNC:lQRhMdNDOQP:ua`]iYMcj:ONO_wxRrNYbMcOgP;McudRTMcP;NkR?{R?PaZe;Mhl<NDO[OQPaZR+uYbMhaZOg]P
]cmaZq:RO_wxR[q:R+R?a ¬[¾Q¦4a ~+t bU ]lQlMcj;[
R]cm|¥SZ
9]eWl_Nwx]Y`YZRh[
j;]P;NAaZ]¥M ¯ f R?aZR?Y
OQP;w@YZRhMd[RVOgP[
RhM\lQR?{R+l À ¿ \§Z¨&©NÁ« ¥¨Â ~?dD~ bUá9qWRVj:Y`Rh[R?Pa4ä;]h]cm.O_w@RmnY`] f |¥SZ
aZ]>aZq:R]wxR\McPVO[<ND] f OQP;MhaZRhN JK [R?{R?YMclwx]Md[abMhl[a`YZRhM f [Z 9]hm;{R?Y K mM[
a<O_wxR ~?M¨ Ã?Ä~?4¨ Å f ÂM Æ ~
ä;]h4OQP:ura`q:YZ]de:uq[lg]c!O_wxR ~ ~+¨ f M Æ ~\Ç ÛOQuWU ~ U ~ Ç9È \¨9 \§: ~+ bU4
OgP;wxR4O_w@R4[a`YZRhM f [Ìw?McY`Y K
M J ]eWa ¯d¨ É ]hmMclQl.aZq:RO_wxRä;]h4OQP:umnY`] f |¡R\[aS>PDaMcYbw@aZO_w+MDa`q:Rk[
abM J OQlQOga K ]cm>|¥SZ
f M K
q:OQPWuRV]dPa`q:RT[abM J OQlgOQa K ]cma`q:RrO_wxRr[
aZY`RhM f [ K [a`R f ¬E¾4¦Qa ~+t ÇEÊ ¨1©9\ Ê !\¨< ~? U
LX]a f e;wbqO[¤P:]h4P¥M J ]eWaa`q:R[
abM J OQlgOQa K ]cm.|¥SZ
FO_w@RV[
aZY`RhM f [@±a`q:R?OgY4j;M[
a J R?qM\{OQ]dY?;]Y
aZq:R f Rhwbq;MhP:O_[ f [94q:Owq¥w@]PaZYZ]dlaZqWR?OQY f ]aZOg]P<UTzXP;NR?Yb[
abMcPNDOQP:uka`q:Rq:O_[
aZ]dY K ]hm4a`q:Rh[ROwxR
[a`YZRhM f [99]de:l_NlQR\MNaZ] J R?aZa`R?Y4e:P;NDR+Yb[aMcP;NOQP:uF]cm'aZq:R+OQY4j:Y`Rh[R?Pa4MhP;N¢mneWaZe:Y`RV[
abM J OQlgOQa K U
á9q:RX|¥S
O_wxR[a`YZRhM f [ K [aZR f qM[R?j±R+YZOQR+P;wxRhNT[OQudP:Opo±w?McPawbq;McP:udRh[OQPY`RhwxR?PaqWO_[a`]Y K U
£XMdNDOQ]hR\wq:]![
]e:P;NOQP:u £ ©
:F]cm J e:Y`OQRhN8w@YZR?{dM[`[Rh[q;Md[k[q:]h4PÁaZq;MhaaZq:R¥lQ]h.R?YijMcYZak]hm
wxR
aZYZR\M f Rh[`[R?PaZOMclQl K [
aZ]jWj±R\N ä;]h4OQP:u×M[rYZRhwxR+PDa`l K Md[ ~ ¨ K RhMhYb[rMcud] ËÍÌ\{ÀÎϨ©
È \¨R y§ ~? tU9£ ©
iqM[4Mcl[] J R?R?Pke;[
RhNia`]FNDR?aZR+Y f OgP:R4YZRhw@R?PDa f OguYMcaZOg]P]hma`q:R f MhYZudOQP
]cm
wxR
a`YZRhM f ¬ Ð{aÑ«¨&© È y¨9R\§: ~+® bU7
MhaZR?lglQOgaZRFO f MhuRh[T[q:]hÑaZq;Mhaia`q:RlQ]h.R?Y
90
Byrd
B
South Pole
0
A
Tr
an
san
tar
cti
D
E
F
s
nt
West
Antarctica
c
M
C
Siple Dome
Ross
Ice Shelf
80°
McMurdo
180°
ÛOQude:YZR ~ U ~ML ¦ Mhj]hm|¥SZ
F[
q:]h4OQP:uFaZq:R
Ogj:lQRvX] f RTMhP;NaZq:R
Ogj:lQR ]Md[a
wxRV
a`YZRhM f [xU
jMcYZa]cmª
wxR¡
a`YZRhM f ¬#qM[4O_NDR+P:RhN JK § f McPN8[lQ]h.RhN JK ®d¨ÂÉ ]h{R?YFaZqWRj;Md[aZ ®
K R\McYb[ È V¨&©QÒy©9\¢¨© Ê \¨&\¦9\ ~?d ,4q:OglQRVa`q:RVeWj:j;R?Yj;MhYZa]hm4
wxRF
aZY`RhM f ¬%O[
a`q:OQPWP:OQP:u À ¿ \§8¨&©NÁ« {¨Â ~?dD~ U>aZqWR?Y>[ZMhaZR?lglQOQa`RrO f MhuRh[]cma`q:RVOwxRT[aZY`RhM f Y`R?uOg]P
[
q:]h^lQOQPWRhMcYa`]j;]udYbMhj:q:O_wVmnRhMhaZe:Y`Rh[XlQ]w+McaZR\N]e:a[O_NRj:YZRh[
R?PaXOwxR[
aZYZR\M f [@,[
] f RT]cm.4q:O_wbq
f M KTJ RXä;]h7mnRhMca`e:YZR\[]dYÔmn]dY f R?Y'O_wxR[a`YZRhM f f McY`uOQP[xUá9qWO_[ÔqM[ J R?R+P{R?YZO«o;RhNVOgPi]dP:Rrw?Md[R
JK £ ©
[a`e;NDOQR\[ a Ó !!!?Ô« ~?d¯ Uá9q:Rh[
RFMcP;N¥[O f OQlMcY>[
aZe;NDOgRh[X]hm9a`q:RP:RhMhYà[e:Y
mMwxR
udOQ{RTOQPDmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dPM J ]e:ara`q:RYZRhw@R?PDa4qWO_[a`]Y K ]cm[
j±R\wxOpoCwrO_wxRª[a`YZRhM f [xU © {O_NR?P;wxRmn]Y]l_NR?Y
wbq;MhP:uRh[ ` ~?4¨ Å 3M ÕgÖ, f e[a J RT[]de:uqa>OQPkaZq:Rª[a`YZe;wxa`e:YZRr]hma`q:RrOQPaZR?Y`P;MclÌ[
aZYbMhaZOguYbMhj:q K Mca
NR?j:aZqãU
²g³ ×
ØlºgÙ!ÚÜÛµgÙËÚ¯º¼-µ¼½+Ý8ºµÞVß
OQjWlQRTvX] f RO[XMFYZO_NuRr]cm.O_w@Rä]c4OgP:u[lQ]h4l K Ü à ~?¨ Æ ~ Ä8~+¨ ~ f M Æ ~ .OQPaZ]
wxR
aZY`RhM f [
McP;NFv ÛOgu:U ~ UtU¬9Rhw+Mce;[
R4]cmCOQa[lg]w?Mca`OQ]dP J R+a.R?R?Pa
9]O_wxR[aZY`RhM f [xD
Ogj:lQRvX] f R9O_w@R9ä;]h
f M K q;M?{R J R?R?P}M\CRhwxa`RhN OgP¡a`q:RFj;M[
a JK wq;MhP:uR\[OgP¡a`q:RMwxa`OQ{OQa K ]hm4aZqWRh[RFO_wxRF[
aZY`RhM f [@U
PmMw@a?;MlQ]PWuiq:O[a`]Y K ]cmOwxRT[aZY`RhM f Mwxa`OQ{OQa Kif M KFJ RrYZRhwx]dYbNDR\NOQP
Ogj:lQRvX] f R J Rhw?Mhe;[R
aZq:RTYZRh[
O_NDR+P;wxRVa`O f R]cm.O_wxRrO[¤lg]P:u Ü à ~+¨ å Mt>Ne:RVa`]k[lg]cä;]hrUr
OQj:lgRTvX] f RTO_[4aZq:R+YZRxmn]dYZR
McP!McjWj:YZ]dj:YZOMcaZRkj:lMwxRaZ]lQ]]d¡mn]YR+{DONDR?P;wxR]hmjM[aFwbq;MhP:uRh[VOgPAaZqWRkwx]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]P McP;N
Mwxa`OQ{OQa K ]cm'aZq:Rh[
RrO_wxRr[
aZY`RhM f [@U
OQj:lgR¥vX] f R f M K Mcl[]!wx]dPDaMcOQP MAq:OQudqDYZRh[
]lQeWaZOQ]dP%Y`Rhwx]dYbN8]cmF[
]e:a`q:R?Y`P%q:R f O_[
j:q:R?Y`R
wxlQO f Mca`RUÌS%NR?R?jOwxRw@]YZR4M[.[aMcYZa`RhNiP:R\McY4aZqWR[
e ff OgaOQP ~?d¯ U>XPwxRw@] f j:lgR?aZROQa4OQlgl
J RR+:M f OQP:R\N¢mn]YOgab[TwxlQO f Mca`RVYZR\wx]YN,UvXR?a`Rhwxa`OQ]P¥]cm>jM[aFwbq;MhP:uRh[rOQPAa`q:Rkwx]dPDo;ude:YbMhaZOQ]dP
McP;Nä;]h]cm.
Ogj:lQRrv>] f Rr4OQlgl<MhO_NOQPaZR?Y`j:YZR+abMca`OQ]dP]cmjWq K [Ow?MclãMcP;Nwq:R f O_w?Mhl;[a`YbMhaZOQudYbMhj:q:O_w
{dMcYZOMca`OQ]P[¤OgPaZq:RrOwxRrwx]dYZRU9>e:Y9o;R+l_Ni.]YZ¢McP;Nj:Y`R?lQO f OQP;MhY K MhP;Mcl K [
O_[9q;M?{R J R?R?Pke;[
RhNaZ]
McONOQP[
R?lQRhw@aZOQ]dP]cm'aZqWRVw@]YZRT[
OQaZRU
àPmn]Y f McaZOg]P×M J ]e:aTaZq:RFN K P;M f O_wq:O[a`]Y K ]cm>
Ogj:lQRªvX] f RTO_[XY`Rhwx]dYbNDRhNkOQPa`q:Rj:YZR\[R?Pa
uR?] f R?a`Y K ]cm J ]daZqaZq:R[eWYmMw@RkMcP;N[
aZYbMhaZOguYbMhj:q:Owil_M K R?Y[OgP¡a`q:ROwxR ÛOQu ~ áU tbUá9q:ROwxR
[q:R+R?a[
e:YmMdwxR[
q;Mcj;RkYZR\[j;]P;NW[VuYbMdNDe;MhlQl K aZ]×wqMcP:udRh[OgPAwxlgO f MhaZRªMcP;N¡a`]wbq;McPWuRh[TMcaVOgab[
J ]e:P;NWMcYZOgRh[xUÑá9q:RjWYZRh[
R?PDa¢[e:Y
mMwxRudR?] f R+aZY K a`qDe;[kwx]dPDaMcOgP;[[] f R8 f R f ]Y K ]hmTj;M[
a
R?{R?Pab[a`q;Mcaw?Mce[R>aZq:R>O_wxR>[
q:R?R?aa`]wbq;McP:udR[
q;Mcj;RU.S[aZqWO_[[e:Y
mMwxR>O_[ J eWYZOQR\NÕOgPia`q:RXOwxROga
J Rhwx] f Rh[M f McY`R?Y]cm'wx]dP;[aMcPa>McuR O_[]wbq:Y`]P:Ra`q;Mca.O_[9udYbMNe;Mclgl K NDRxmn]Y f RhN JDK O_w@R¤ä;]hrU
PDa`R?YZP;Mhl<[
aZYbMhaZOguYbMhj:q:OwlM K R?Yb[aZq;Mha4YZR?j:Y`Rh[R+PDa.O_[]wbq:Y`]P:Rh[4aZqWR?YZRxmn]dYZRrMhl_[
]Fwx]PabMhOQPMVYZRhw@]YbN
]cmjM[a>O_w@RXä;]hYZR+uO f Rh[xU
á9q:Rru]Mhl]hma`q:O_[4NO_[Z[
R?YZaMca`OQ]PkO[9aZ] ~ 9R+Da`YbMw@a9OQPmn]Y f McaZOg]P]hmjM[a>O_w@RXä;]hMha
OQjWlQR
vX] f RimnYZ] f f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pa[X]cmaZq:Rkj:Y`Rh[R+PDarä;]h MhP;NAuR?] f R?aZY K ]cmaZq:RO_wxRk[
e:YmMdwxRMcP;N
mnYZ] f aZq:RuR?] f R?aZY K ]hmOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl;l_M K R?Yb[OgPaZq:RO_wxRMhP;N ta`]OQPDmnR+YmnY`] f aZq:O[ä;]hÁq:O_[
aZ]dY K
OQPDmn]dY f MhaZOg]PM J ]eWaXa`q:Rrj;M[
aMdwxaZOg{DOga K ]cm'aZqWR J ]de:P;NDOgP:uiOwxRT[a`YZRhM f [xU
§
ÛÌOQueWYZR ~ U L SND{dMcP;wxR\Nâ@R?Y K ^>OQuq £¤Rh[
]lge:aZOg]P!£XMdNDOQ] f R?a`R?Y S(@E^£X£>O f MhuRk[
q:]h4OQP:u
OQj:lgRFvX] f R
wxR
aZYZR\M f [ McP;N}vVÌMcP;N¡Y`R?lQOwxaXä;]h^mnRhMca`e:YZRh[P;M f RhNA
OQjWlQRF
wxR
a`YZRhM f
MhP;NvXe;wbBÞ[Û:]]a]P¥aZq:RTP:]Y`aZq}McP;N[
]e:a`q äCMhP:W[]hm>
OQj:lgRvX] f RUÛOQR?lN f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[
.R?YZR.wx]dlQlgRhwxaZR\NOgP ~?h§ McP;N ~+¯ MclQ]dP:ua`q:R94q:OgaZR.lQOQPWRh[xUÌ f McudRwx]de:YZa`Rh[ K ]cmãá<RhNÕ
tw?M fFJ ][x
LMcaZOg]P;Mhl
P:]h^MhP;N
wxRrvMcabMFwxR?PaZR+Y?:z>P:OQ{R?Y[Oga K ]cm ]dlQ]dYbMN]:U
²³äã
Ølåµß&»¹åÂæçå¼Ù!ß.µ¼½0èé¼êµ&Þ®ëêß4ÚVß8ØåÙ캽ß
ÛÌOQR?lN f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[99R+YZR f MNDROgP ~+h§ McP;N ~+d¯ M[jMcYZar]hmMwx]dlQl_M J ]YbMhaZOg{Rj:YZ]hâZR\wxa
M f ]PWuaZqWRkzXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]hm>|AMd[q:OgP:ua`]P<4
a?UA>l_M?m ]lglQR?udRMhP;NAaZq:Rkz>P:OQ{R?Y[Oga K ]cm ]dlp
]dYbMdND]:Uá9q:RVOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl<l_M K R?Y[¤.R?YZR f Mhj:j;RhNe;[
OQP:uFYbMdNDOQ]hR\wq:][]de:P;NDOgP:u £ ©
:9]hmYZR@ä;Rhwxa
OgP:uq:]dYZOQ+]P;[4OQPaZq:RrO_w@R ÛOgu:U ~ U tU9á9qWRh[RTYZRxä;R\wxaZOgP:uVq:]dYZOg?]P;[>McY`RMd[Z[e f RhNaZ]FYZR?jWYZRh[
R?PDa
O[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rh[ L mn]Y f R?YO_wxRxà[qWR?R?a4[
e:YmMdwxRh[9a`q;Mca4q;M?{R J R?R+P J e:YZOgRhNMcPNNRxmn]Y f RhN JDK OwxR4ä;]h
¬E£D£¢yt ~?d¨ Çgí yy¨¨©îH/V¨< ~?h® U9S>lQl;]cmÌa`q:RYbMdN:McY>NWMcabMVjWYZRh[
R?PDa`RhNOQPa`q:O_[.NDO_[
ñ
20
40
To Ice Stream D (north) −−>
ü
û
üô ÿ
−20
0
Distance North of Summit (km)
ü
−60
−40
<−− To Ice Stream C (south)
ü
−80
þóóô
−800
Elevation (m)
4 Mhz
®
òóôñïð
ô öõ
ð ø÷
ð {úù
òóôñ ô û
ý {üð
öõ þ
ô üÿ
ñ ð üò û
úñ ð ñ ð
ó
ô ôü
þ óô úó
ú þ
ü
ô
ú ÿ
ô û û ðûÿ
úñ ð ü ô ô ð
ÿ
ô ð ô
ü
ö
ô
þ ô
óô ó ÿ
ú ö ôü ô ÿ
ð
600
3 Mhz
400
200
0
−200
−400
−600
60
¯
[
R?YZaMca`OQ]P}9R?Y`RFwx]lglQRhwxa`RhN JK SXPDa`q:]P K¡Ü MdNDRh[ zXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]cm>|}M[qWOQP:udaZ]PCrMcPNA£¤] J R?YZa
Mdwx] J R?l
a+U9>l_M\m ]dlQlgR?uRU ¦ MhP K ]hmÌaZq:Rr[
]cmna
4MhYZRjMwbMhuRh[4Ìq;M?{RXe;[
RhNia`]McPMcl K ?Ra`q:R
YMN:MhYrN:MhabMi.R?YZRr4YZOgaZa`R?P JDK SXPaZq:]dP KÜ MdNDRh[@U q;MhYZlQOgRT£XM Kf ]P;NkMhP;N1^X]h4MhYbN ]dPDM K
J ]aZq×zXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]cm|}M[
q:OQPWuaZ]dP,>[
R?aX]de:a[e:Y`{R K j;]lgRh[x f MdNDRr]j:a`O_w?MhlÌ[e:Y`{R Kf R\M[eWYZRx
f R?PDa[x f RhM[
e:YZR\NNDR?P;[
OQa K j:Y`]co;lgRh[4OQP[P:]h^j:Ogab[x;w@]lQlgRhwxa`RhNi4OQPNMcPNaZR f j;R?YbMhaZe:Y`RrN:McaMD
MhP;N qWR?lQj;RhNwx]dlQlQR\wxaVYMN:MhYkN:McaMDU8á<RhN7
w?M fiJ ][ zXP:OQ{R+Yb[Oga K ]cm ]lQ]dYbMdND]DFMhP;N8 f RhM\
[
e:YZR\NaZqWRVj;][
OQaZOg]P]hm4[
e:YZ{R K j;]dlQRh[4OQP ~?h§ McP;N ~+¯ 4OgaZq Ü lg] J Mhly][
OQa`OQ]PWOQP:uk
K [aZR f
Ü y
WYZR\wxR?OQ{R+Yb[xUF¬<âZ]dYZNP ]dq:P;[ zL(S @ r4MhP;NOQP qWOQP:P LS
SrMhP;N q:Y`O_[V
qeD
f McP LS
tS f MNDR Ü y9
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[<]cm'[
e:YZ{R K j;]dlQRh[4MhlQ]PWuaZq:R[]de:aZqäCMhP:i]hm9
OQj:lgR
v>] f ROgP ~? UkSXlglS @E^£>£ O f McudRh[Xj:Y`Rh[R+PDa`RhNOQP¥aZq:O[rNDO_[`[R?Y`abMca`OQ]dP¡.R?YZRFwx] f j:OglQRhN JK
á<RhN
w?M fFJ ][@U£4Rh[RhMhYbwbq:R?Y[<McazXPWOQ{R?Y[OQa K ]cmãLXR?â ^M f j[q:OgYZR] J aMcOgP:RhNVM ~?¯¨ f R?aZR?Y'wx]dYZR
PWRhMcY4a`q:R
OQj:lgRrvX] f Rr[e ff OQa'OQP ~+c§ f MdNDR f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[]PaZq:RTwx]dYZRWMcP;Nj:Y`]h{DONDRhN
e[94OQaZqaZq:RTN:MhabMU
á9q:R\[R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[r[qW]ca`q;Mcak
OQjWlQRkvX] f RkO_[M¡Y`O_NDudRM J ]e:a ~?¨¨ f 4ONDRMcP;N
¨¨ f lQ]dP:u]h{R?YZl K OgP:uTM J RhNYZ]wbij:lMca`RhMce<U.
wxR>aZq:OwP:Rh[`[9Mca4a`q:RT[e ff OQaMd[4NDR?a`R?Y f OgP:RhN
mnY`] f YbMNWMcY f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[O_[ ~+¨¨Á f e§?£D¨&©!F? Ô« ~+d® bUªá9q:RMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]P
YMca`RMhaÔa`q:R[e ff OQa ~+¨¨d¨ K RhMcY>M?{R?YMcuRd<O_[M J ]de:a ¨DÝg~~ f M Æ ~ O_wxR4R\ste:Og{dMclQR+PDa §Â !ÑQ
ËE? Ô« ~+d® bU¥Ûlg]h-OQP}aZq:RF{DOwxOQPWOQa K ]hm>aZq:R[e ff OQa>O_[rj:YZO f McY`OQl K a
9]h
NO f R?P[OQ]dP;MclOgPAM
{R+YZaZOw?Mcl'j:l_MhP:Rj;R?YZj;R?PNDO_wxeWl_McYTaZ]a`q:RYZONDuRUÛOQude:YZR ~ U [
q:]h>[VaZq:Rj;Mca`aZR?Y`PA]cmOQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl
[
aZYMcaZOguYMcj:q K UPDa`R?YZPMcl;l_M K R?Y[ÔMhYZRrw@]PaZOQPe:]de;[MwxY`][Z[9a`q:RXmne:lgl;4O_NDa`q]cmÌa`q:RN] f RMcP;NkMhYZR
NR?aZRhw@aZRhNia`]kM J ]de:a h¨ É NDR?j:a`q<U4á9q:Rrl_M K R?Y[4McY`RNDO[YZeWj:aZRhN4q:R+YZRVa`q:Rrj:YZ]ho;lQRªwxYZ][Z[
Rh[¤a`q:R
lgOQP:R\McYraZ]dj±]duYMcj:q:Ow¢mnRhMhaZe:Y`Rh[VMhj:j;MhYZR?PaVOgPAaZq:R¢[ZMca`R?lQlgOQa`RiO f McudR ÛOQuWU ~ U Ç Ó !!P!? Ô«
~+d¯ bU!á9q:Rkl_M K R?Y[VMhYZRMd[ Kff R?a`YZOgwM J ]de:aaZqWRNOQ{O_NDRF4OQa`q lM K R?Yb[r]P7a`q:R
wxR
a`YZRhM f
v4
[
O_NDR P:]Y`aZq,']cmãaZq:RrNOQ{O_NDR>Mhj:j;RhMcY`OQP:uFNDR+R?j;R?YaZq;MhPaZq:R[ZM f R>l_M K R?Yb[Ì]Pa`q:R
wxRr
a`YZRhM f
à[ONDR []de:aZq,US4a<aZq:R.NDOg{DONDR?a`q:R?YZRO[M>NDO_[
aZOgP;wxaÌwx]dPD{R?e:jr4McY`jmnRhMhaZe:Y`ROQPraZq:R.OQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl
lM K R?Y4[
q;Mcj;Rh[@U
à PmnR?YZY`OQP:uTj;M[
a4O_wxR9ä;]h8mnYZ] f a`q:Rr[qMcj;Rh[9]cmÌa`q:Rh[
ROQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl;lM K R+Yb[e;[OgP:uVOwxR4ä;]h f ]Nt
R?l_[TMcP;N¥OQP{R?Yb[
R f R+aZq:]N:[O[VMw@R?PDa`YbMhlÔjMcYZa]hm fiK NDO_[`[R?Y`abMhaZOQ]dP<UNR?{R?lQ]djAse;Md[OpaZO f Rx
NDR?j;R?P;NR?PDarOwxRä;]h f ]NDR?l[XaZ][O f eWl_Mca`RraZq:RNDRxmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dP]cmO_[]wbq:Y`]P:Rh[OgPaZq:RF{DOwxOQPWOQa K
]cm>a`q:R
OQjWlQRFvX] f RO_wxRFNOQ{O_NDRªMcP;N¡]dP¡a`q:RäCMcP:CUFá9q:R[O f e:lMcaZR\NO_[
]wqWYZ]PWR[
q;Mcj;Rh[TMcYZR
wx] f j;McY`RhNiaZ]FaZqWR f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa`[]cm'OQPaZR+YZP;Mhl,l_M K R?Y[Ôa`]NDR+aZR?Y f OQP:R4a`q:Rrq:O_[
aZ]dY K ]hmO_wxR>ä;]h
YZRhse:OgYZRhNaZ]R?j:lMcOQP¥aZqWRkN:McaMDUrMhl_[]¥NR?{R?lQ]dj¡OgPD{R+Yb[R f R?aZq:]NW[aZ]×steMcPaZOQaMca`OQ{R?l K NDO[à
aZOgP:ue:O[qM f ]PWuNDO«,R+YZR?Pa f ]NDR?l[xUk f ]NDR?l'aZq:RR@,R\wxab[r]cmwbq;McP:udOQP:u×wx]PNDOQa`OQ]P[VMcaTaZq:R
J ]e:P;NWMcYZOgRh[X]hm9
Ogj:lQRTvX] f R4OgaZqMÕa`O f R@
NDR+j±R+P;NDR?Pa.wx]PaZOgPDe:Oga Kf ]NDR?lÌMhP;Nj;R?Y`aZe:Y J Mca`OQ]P
f R?a`q:]N:[xUá9qWRh[Rwx]dPDa`OQPe:OQa K McPN j;R?Y`aZe:Y J Mca`OQ]dP f ]NDR+l_[V[
O f e:l_MhaZRFaZq:RkR?{]dlQe:a`OQ]dPA]cmaZq:R
ND] f RF[e:Y
mMwxRMcP;N}McYZRFe;[
RhN a`]NDR+aZR?Y f OQP:Rra`q:RiR+{]lQ{OQPWu J ]e:P;NWMcY K wx]dP;NDOQa`OQ]dP;[YZRhse:OQY`RhN
JDK aZq:RrOQP{R?Y[RMcP;Mhl K [O_[@:aZq:Rrj:Y`Rh[R+PDa[e:Y
mMwxRruR+] f R?a`Y K MhP;Na`q:R f ]NDR+YZPä;]h oR?l_N,U¬9R@
w?Mce[Ra`q:ROQPaZR+YZP;Mhll_M K R?Y[NR?aZRhw@aZRhN JK £ ©
¥MhYZRkMNDO_[`wxYZR+aZR[R?a+[ZM f j:lgOQP:u]dP:l K wxR?Y`abMhOQP
NDR?j:a`q;[McPN w@R?YZaMcOQP¥aZO f RFj±R+YZOQ]NW[xaZqWR?YZRkMhYZROgP:q:R?Y`R?PalgO f OgabMhaZOQ]dP;[aZ]e;[OgP:u¥£ ©
¥l_M K R?Y
[q;Mhj;Rh[9aZ]ªNDR?aZR+Y f OgP:R9a`q:R¤ä]c8qWO_[a`]Y K ]cm'McPO_wxR>[
q:R?R?a+UNDR?{R?lg]jF[
O f j:lgR>[R?P[OQa`OQ{OQa K aZRh[
ab[
aZ]se;McPaZO«m K a`q:RuR+P:R?YbMhllQO f OQaMca`OQ]P[Ômn]Yre;[OgP:uk£ ©
N:MhabMaZ]¢NDR?aZR\wxaXOwxRVä;]hÚwqMcP:udRh[XOQP
aZq:RTwx]dPDa`R?a4]cm.
OQj:lgRTvX] f RN:McaMDU
²g³
뼺fß4ÚVß
© M wbqFwq;Mhj:aZR+Yq;Md[ J R?R?PT4YZOQa`aZR?PªM[M>[abMhP;NtàMclg]P:R f McPe;[`wxYZOgj:a?U qMcj:a`R?Yb[D § MhP;N ® q;M?{R
J R?R?Pkj:e J lgO_[
q:RhN ]Y4MhYZRrOQPj:YZRh[`[OgPaZq:R+OQY9jWYZRh[
R?PDamn]dY f OgP{dMcYZOg]e;[<âZ]de:YZPMcl_[@U qMcj:a`R?Yb[ ¯
McP;N McYZR f McPe;[`wxYZOgj:ab[9OgPj:Y`R?j;McYMca`OQ]Pmn]dYXjWe J lQOw?Mca`OQ]dP<U
] f Ro;ude:YZR\[McP;NNRh[ZwxY`OQj:a`OQ]dP;[
]cma`q:R f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[McY`Ra`q:R?Y`Rxmn]Y`RY`R?j;RhMca`RhNOQPkNOpCR?YZR+PDawq;Mhj:aZR+Yb[xUv>Rh[ZwxY`OQj:a`OQ]dP;[9]cm'aZq:R
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?PaaZR\wq:PWO_se:Rh[McP;NN:McaMiMhP;Mcl K [
O_[ f R+aZq:]N:[.McY`RjWYZRh[
R?PDa`RhNiOgPR\MwbqkwqMcj:a`R?Y4Md[
P:R?RhNRhN Ç a`q:R?Y`RO[9P:]aMF[R?j;MhYbMhaZRTwqMcj:a`R?Y>NDRh[`wxYZO J OQP:ua`q:R f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pa[xU
q;Mcj:a`R?3Y yyaÒ¨2ËE? Ô« ~+d¯ TNDRh[`wxYZO J Rh[rM¢o;P:OgaZRxR?lgR f R?Pa f ]NDR?lw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`OQ]dP¡]hm
aZq:RªMcudRV{R?Y[e;[>NDR?j:a`qj:Y`]co;lgRmn]dY
Ogj:lQRTvX] f R J M[
RhN]dP ~?dc§ o;R+l_N f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[@Uá9q:O_[
hM uRxàNDR?jWaZqYZR+l_Mca`OQ]dP;[q:OgjVO[e;[
RhNVOQPª[e J [Rhse:R?Pawbq;Mhj:aZR?Y[a`]j:lMwxRMcj:j:Y`]hDO f Mca`R9MhuRh[Ì]POQP
a`R?YZPMcl;l_M K R?Y[xU q;McjWaZR?Y NRh[ZwxY`O J Rh[ Ü y9
FN:McaMVwx]dlQlgRhwxaZOg]PªMcP;NMhP;Mcl K [
O_[McPNNDRh[`wxYZO J R\[a`q:R
jWYZRh[
R?PDa>{R?lg]wxOQa K o;R?l_NMcaV
OQj:lgRvX] f RU>á9q:Rh[
R f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[.McY`Rwx] f j;McY`RhNa`]ia`q:RF[jM\
a`O_Mhl:Mdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]Prj;Mca`aZR?Y`POQPDmnR+YZYZR\NmnY`] f £ ©
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[;OQP q;Mcj:a`R?Y ¯ a`]rNDR?a`R?Y f OQP:R
a`q:Rrj:YZR\[R?Pa>NDO_[
aZY`O J e:a`OQ]dP]cmaZq:OwR?PWOQP:uTMcPNaZq:OgP:P:OQPWuFMwxY`][Z[r
OQj:lgRrvX] f RU.àP q;Mhj:aZR+Y §
yyaÒ¨O!F? Ô« ~+d J 9e;[
RaZq:Rª[q;Mhj±RF]cm.a`q:ROQPaZR?Y`P;MclÌl_M K R?Y[9P:RhMhYaZq:RFNOQ{O_NDRraZ]NDR@
a`R?Y f OQP:R>aZq;MhaXa`q:R
OQjWlQRrvX] f RTNDOQ{O_NRq;M[ J R?R?P f OguYbMhaZOgP:uVa`]cMcYN
wxRV
a`YZRhM f v mn]dYXa`q:R
jM[a¢[R?{R?YMcl>aZq:]de;[ZMhP;N K RhMhYb[xU q;McjWaZR?Y ® \yaÒ¨+!3? Ô« ~?d MtF4Md[NDR?{R?lg]j;RhNOQP
w@]lQlM J ]YMca`OQ]Pk4OgaZq£¤OwqMcYbN ^XOQP;N f McY[qF]cm'aZq:RT¬9YZOgaZO[qSXPDaMcYwxaZOw
e:Y`{R K UyÌR?YZa`e:Y J MhaZOg]P
f R?aZq:]NW[MhYZR4e;[
RhNÕa`]rNDR?a`R?Y f OQP:R4qWR?aZq:R+YwqMcP:udRh[OQPFMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PTNDO[aZY`O J eWaZOQ]dP]h{R?Ya`q:R
N] f RT]Yrwbq;McPWuRh[XOgPR?lQR+{MhaZOg]PMhaOQa[ J ]e:PN:McY`OQRh[rwx]de:l_Nw?Mhe;[Ra`q:RFNDOg{DONDRraZ] f OQudYbMhaZRTMca
a`q:RrYbMhaZRTNDR?a`R?Y f OgP:RhNVOgP qMcj:a`R?Y § UP qMcj:a`R?Y ¯ yyaÒ¨)!f? Ô« ~+ bãÔMhP;Mcl K +Ra`q:R
[
q;Mcj;Rh[>]cma`q:RrOQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl<lM K R+Yb[9MdwxYZ][Z[Xa`q:Rmne:lQl<4ONDaZq]cma`q:RTND] f RaZ]FOQPDmnR+Y4aZq:RTlQ]PWucaZR?Y f
Mdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PTj;Mca`aZR?Y`PFMca4
OQjWlQR>vX] f R4MhP;NiNR?aZR?Y f OQPWRÔ4qWR?aZq:R+YaZq:R+YZR4O_[ÌR?{DONDR?P;w@RÔmn]Yj;Md[a
wbq;MhP:uRh[OQPFaZq:Rj;Mca`aZR?Y`P<[e;wbqkM[aZq:][RY`Rhse:OQY`RhNÕa`] f ]h{R.aZq:ROwxR>NDOg{DONDRUP q;McjWaZR?Y :
jWYZRh[
R?PDa.M f ]NDR?l:]hmÌaZq:R>R?{]dlQe:a`OQ]PF]cmMVND] f R>4q:O_wbqO_[äCMcP:R\N JK [aMcuPMcaZR\N¢OwxR>[a`YZRhM f [xU
á9qWR f ]NR?l;[qW]c>[9a`q;Mcaa`q:Rj:Y`Rh[R?PaR?lgR?{dMca`OQ]PF]cmÌa`q:R4ä;]h7mnRhMca`e:YZRh[ f MhYZOQP:uaZq:Rr
OQjWlQRw@R
aZYZR\M f McPNiaZq:RvXe;wbg B [Û:]]a ÛÌOQu:U ~ U O[9wx]dP;[O[aZR+PDa4OQa`qMT[qe:aàND]h4PkMhuR]hmÌlQRh[`[a`q;McP
®d¨¨ K RhMhYb[Mhu]:UTá9q:O[XYZRhw@R?PDa[qe:a
ND]h4P}McudRR?lQO f OQP;MhaZRh[aZq:Rq K j±]daZq:R\[O_[>aZq;Mhaa`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:u
Md[Z[
]wxO_MhaZRhNV4OgaZqraZq:R[qe:a'ND]h4PV]cmaZq:R>
OQj:lgR.w@R9
aZY`RhM f O[Y`Rh[j;]P[O J lQRmn]YÌaZq:R>
OQjWlQR.vX] f R
NOQ{O_NDR f OQuYMca`OQ]PãU q;Mcj:a`R?Y aZOQR\[9aZ]udR?aZqWR?YXa`q:RTwx]PwxlQe;[
OQ]dP;[9j:YZR\[R?PaZRhNOgPR\MwbqjWYZR?{OQ]de;[
wbq;Mhj:aZR?YaZ][q:]h a`q;Mca
Ogj:lQRFvX] f RMhP;N¡a`q:RFwx]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]P}]cm4Ogab[ J ]e:PNDOQP:uO_wxRF[
aZY`RhM f [
qM\{RTlQOgR?l KJ R?R+PA[
abM J lQRVmn]YaZq:R >® ÄÁ~?¨ dM¢jWYZOQ]dYaZ]kY`RhwxR?Pa `æ ®¨d¨ 8M ÕgÖ,>[
abMcudP;Mca`OQ]dP¡]hm
J ]daZqY`R?lQOwxa9OwxRr[
aZYZR\M f [äCMcP:OQPWu
Ogj:lQRvX] f RU
ÍF´Ç,ľdµD¿ ! 8
k ë±h:îAçAëZ è_iÁë "4ë ! ç$# ðîAèÁêë¡ðíì0k ðPh !
ê ë -ì 5
ë
èÁï- hï2êèÁï- è_h:ðph:î}ë î!ìk8ë¥ð hï ¥ë ð4ç
è%ï^çFèk8î}çOh:îAè
%'&)(+*',-&/.1032546'78.1*903:);3<=(+*>&34?@:3A3?)46'25&34B*-.DCE4'2>(=25<=4F(=AHGI4J03&LKL*5(=,M.1<ON'4*>4M.D6>,-&QP4252>465*BRS)TURRWVXYS3Z\[S\]
)S ZM[[)^Z\__[)^7'(=25&`,JDa5.D:32>&3J6>*cb'd\efdgh.D?)?3(=A3i2>JAO^jBdDkldMNm.\KnCoJA3?p^q.1A3?srtd\uYdvL.D,JW;3*5JWAO^.D<=<.12cGB4JW03&LKL*5(=,*
uY6>JiW6q.DC^3wmA3(=x46>*5(=2KyJDzlgh.D*5&)(+A)i25JWAOdmrF4<=0LzU:)<c6>4xL(=47{,JWCECo4AL25*l7946>4|0365JDxL(=?34?};nK}v/d~9JW<=M.DA.DA3?Nsd
rm(+A)?3CH.165*5&pd
׳²
»gææ0µ&¹ë
Ü R?]j:q K [O_w+MclWN:McaMMcY`R9e;[
RhN4OgaZqVOwxRä;]h f ]NDR?l[<McP;NruR?P:R+YbMclgOQ?R\NMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PqWO_[a`]Y`OQRh[
aZ]R\[aZO f Mca`RTMcuRFMhP;NMcPWPDe;MhllM K R?YXa`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[9{R+Yb[e[XNDR+j:aZqkmn]Ya
9]McPaZOwxOQjMcaZR\NO_w@RVw@]YZR
[OgaZRh[rOQP|¡R\[aS>PDaMcYbw@aZO_w+M L
Ogj:lQR¢vX] f R ~Ý ¯® ß
; ~x§ÝÞ~ ß |TMhP;NMcPOQP:lMcP;N}[OQa`R]P
aZq:R|¡Rh[
aSXPabMhYbwxa`O_wF
wxR
q:R?R?a |¥SZ
:U<á9q:O_[ f ]NDR?lQOgP:uR?j;R?YZO f R?Paj:Y`RhNDO_w@ab[aZq;Mha ~?¨ å
K RhMcY
]dl_NkO_wxRrO_[4Mha à ®¨ É NR?j:aZq×McP;N ~+¨ K R\McY]lNOwxRO_[>Mca à d¨ É NDR?jWaZqMha J ]daZq¥[OgaZRh[@U
¬9]a`q¡]hm9a`q:Rh[
RFwx]Y`Rh[rwx]e:lNwx]PabMhOQP¥wxlgO f MhaZRrOQPmn]Y f McaZOg]PaZq:Y`]e:udq¡a`q:Rl_Md[arulMwxOMclw K wxlgR
4OQa`q¥McP:Pe;MclÌYZR\[]lge:aZOg]Pa`q:YZ]de:uqa`q:3R ^X]lg]wxR?P:RUXá9qWRVj:Y`RhNDO_w@aZRhN[O f OQl_MhYZOga K OgPY`Rh[]dlQe:a`OQ]P
McP;NYZRhw@]YbN¥lQR?P:udaZq J R?a
9R?R+P¡a`q:Rka.]wx]dYZRh[[
e:uudRh[a[Õa`q;Mcaa`q:R K wx]eWl_N J Rw@] f j;MhYZRhNOQP
NDR?aMcOQlÌaZ]] J aMcOQP J ]a`q¥[j;MhaZO_MhlMcPN a`R f j;]YMclÌOQPDmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dPM J ]e:ara`q:Rj;MclgR?]càwxlgO f MhaZRTMcP;N
q:O_[
aZ]dY K ]cm'aZq:Rr|¥Rh[a>S>PDaMcYbw@aZO_w>O_wxRr[
q:R?R?a+U
~+¨
× ³ä×
4¼Ù!¹9º½
»¶Ù!Ú¯º¼
wxRTwx]dYZRh[4lQ]w+McaZR\N]PaZq:RTOQPaZR?Y`OQ]dY4]cma`q:RV|¥Rh[aSXPabMhYbwxa`O_w
wxR
q:R+R?a |¥SZ
:.McPN]Pa`q:R
OgPDa`R?YO_w@R[a`YZRhM f Y`O_NDudRh[P:RhMcYrOgab[XRhNuRh[rwx]dPDaMcOQP¥YZR\wx]YN:[]cm>[
]e:a`q:R?Y`P¡q:R f O_[
j:q:R?Y`RjMclQR+]c
w@lQO f McaZRTMhP;N OgPDmn]Y f Mca`OQ]dP¥M J ]e:aTaZq:RjM[a J R?q;M?{OQ]dYVMhP;N¥[abM J OQlgOQa K ]cmaZq:RFO_wxRª[q:R+R?a?UV|¥R
R\[aZO f Mca`RMhuRªMcP;NkaZq:OwP:Rh[`[Ô]cmÔMcP:Pe;Mcl<lM K R?Yb[{R?Yb[
e;[4NDR?j:a`qmn]dY4a.]FMcPaZOwxOQj;MhaZRhNOwxRrwx]dYZR
[
OQa`Rh[aZqMcaq;M?{R J R?R?P[R?lgRhwxaZR\Nmn]Ya`q:R?OQY'j±]daZR?PaZOMcl;aZ]rj:Y`]h{DONDR>[e;wbqOQPmn]Y f McaZOg]P L a`q:R>[e f
f OQa{DOwxOQPWOQa K ]cm.
OQjWlQRTvX] f R ~ÝÞ¯d® ß
~x§ÝÞ~ ß | J R?a
9R+R?Pw@RV
aZY`RhM f [ McP;NvV;McP;N
M[
OQa`RP:RhMhYaZq:R|¥S
NDOQ{O_NDRF4q:OwqAqM[ K R?araZ] J RNDR?aZR+Y f OgP:RhN È V¨&©QÒy©9\t ~?d®
ÛOQuWU DU ~ bU9>e:Y.YZRh[
e:lQa[9[qW]cÁaZqWRj;]aZR+PDa`O_MclCR?aZR?Pa]cmMcPWPDe;Mhl,Y`Rh[]dlQe:a`OQ]P]cm'[a`YbMhaZOQudYbMhj:q:O_w
{dMhYZO_MhaZOg]P;[.McP;NaZ]dabMhl,YZR\wx]YNilQR?PWuaZqmn]Y4R\Mwbqwx]dYZRr[
OQa`RUyYZOg]Y.aZ]NYZOQlglQOgP:u:aZqWRh[R>Rh[a`O f MhaZRh[
w+McPVqWR?lQjªNDR?aZR+Y f OgP:RMhj:j:Y`]j:Y`O_Mca`R4O_wxR@
[`M f j:lgOQP:u[a`YbMca`R?uOgRh[mn]dYj:q K [O_w+MclMcPNwq:R f O_w?MhldMcP;Mhlp
K [R\[McP;NFaZq:R4j;]a`R?PaZO_MhlDmn]YOgPDa`R?YO_wxRwx]Y`R>wx] f j;McY`O_[]dP;[xU'S¤mnaZR+YNDYZOglQlgOQP:uWc]de:Y9Rh[
aZO f Mca`Rh[w+McP
J Re;[
RhNMd[rMiYZRxmnR+YZR?P;w@RVMhuMhOQP;[
a4q:O_wbq f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[Ô]hm4MhuRFMhP;Nl_M K R?Y4a`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[
Rh[Xw+McP
J Rkw@] f j;MhYZRhNa`]q:R+lQj}NDR?aZR\wxaj;Md[awbq;MhP:uRh[rOQP¥O_wxR[qWR?R?aTwx]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]P McP;N¡a`]O f j:YZ]h{R
jMclQR+]càMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PYbMca`RrRh[a`O f MhaZRh[@U
á9q:Rw?Mhl_wxe:lMca`OQ]P[McY`R J M[
RhN ]dPM?{dMcOQlM J lgRVudR?]j:q K [O_w+MclN:MhabMYZR\M[]dP;M J lQRFuR?P:R+YbMclgOQ?R\N
Mdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PqWO_[a`]Y`OQRh[@McP;NVOwxRä;]h f ]NDR?l[xUÌÛ:]Y
OQj:lgR.vX] f Rw?Mclwxe:lMcaZOg]P;[@c.R9e;[
R4M ?
N
oP:OQa`RR+lQR f R+PDaOwxRXä;]h f ]NDR?l J Rhw+Mce;[
Ra`q:RVPWRhwxRh[`[ZMcY K N:MhabMVmn]Y f ]NDR+l<OQP:j:eWa4j;McYM f R?a`R?Yb[
MhYZRM?{dMcOQlM J lgRU
OQP;wxR¢M[j;RhwxO«oCwkwx]Y`R[
OQa`R]P!OQP:lMcP;N¡|¥S
×q;M[P:]a J R?R?P!NDR?a`R?Y f OQP:RhNC
.RVe;[
RM ~ àNO_wxRä;]h f ]NDR+lÌMcj:j:Y`]j:Y`O_MhaZRVa`]uR+P:R?YbMhlw@]P;NDOgaZOg]P;[4OQPaZq:RTabMcY`uR?a`RhNOgP:l_MhP;N
|¥S
ªYZR?udOQ]PãU
× ³äã
袸 å
HÚ¯å?Þ¯½EµÞ¯¶&»ÞRµÙ!Ú¯º¼$ØåÙ캽
9á qWRMhuR{ q' q u ß r]cmrOwxRMcaM du OQ{R?PAj;][OQa`OQ]dP -' q TMcaMuOQ{R+PAaZO f .R u ß O[mn]e:PN JK
OgPDa`R?uYMca`OQP:uTaZq:Rr{R?Y`aZO_w+Mcl;{R?lQ]w@OQa K t nm YZ] f Ogab[9]dYZOQudOQPkR?lgR?{dMcaZOg]P s Mha4aZO f RPuf u ß Ä 'aZ]
~d~
90
0
Inland
WAIS Site
Byrd
B
A
Tr
an
san
tar
cti
West
Antarctica
E
F
s
nt
D
c
M
C
Siple Dome
Ross
Ice Shelf
80°
McMurdo
180°
Û OQude:YZR«DU ~ML ¦ McjA]hmr£4][`[NDYbMhOQP;MhuRk[
q:]h4OQP:ua`q:RuR+P:R?YbMhl9lg]w?Mca`OQ]P}]cmr
Ogj:lQRvX] f RkMcP;N
OQP:lMcP;N|¥SZ
FO_w@Rrwx]Y`RT[OQa`Rh[xU
OQa[9R?lQR?{dMhaZOQ]dP q hM aXa`O f HR u ß MclQ]dP:uFOQab[Ôä]c j;Mca`q -Yg u q _ u ` L
DU ~
q' q u ß ` t - u ~ q u u 3 q Ý
@R?YZa`O_w?Mhl,{R?lg]wxOQa K t%O[4Mªmne:PwxaZOg]Pk]cmj;][OQa`OQ]dPMhP;Na`O f RUÛ:]dlQlQ]h4OgP:u.y!P?Ô ~? t
9RTM[`[e f RaZq;MhaXa`q:ROwxRr[qWR?R?a>McPN¢ä;]hÁuR?] f R?aZY K MhYZRraZO f RxOQP;NR?j;R?P;NDR?Pa?dMcPNaZR f j;]YbMhl
wqMcP:udRh[¤OgPMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PFYbMhaZR ub.[Zw?MhlQRraZqWRä]cÁYbMhaZRh[4OQP[abMhPDaMcP:R+]e;[
l K ;[
]ia`q;Mca
-' q ubB t -' q ub
ß
4q:R?Y`R ß O_[4MYZRxmnR?Y`R?P;wxR>{dMclge:RrabMcR+Pa`] J R u ß U
t
DUát
~
× ³
M ¶å
HÞ¯ºAµÞ¯¶&»ÞRµÙ!Úܺ¼º&¹ ÚfÞ¯å )ºæ<å
á<]Áw?Mhl_wxe:lMca`R¡t -' q .RAe;[R M7a.]càNDO f R?P;[Og]P;Mhla`O f RxOQPNDR?j;R?P;NDR+PDa+oP:OQa`RAR?lQR f R?Pa
f ]NDR?l Û © ¦ ]cm.O_wxRrä;]hÚNDR?{R?lg]j;RhN JK H§M£D¨&© ~+ tbUTá9q:RFÛ © ¦ w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dP;[MhYZR
J M[R\N]Pka`q:Rmn]lQlg]h4OQP:uFMd[Z[e f j:aZOg]P;[ L
~ U>á9q:RrO_wxR[q:R?R+a4uR?] f R?aZY K O[4[a`RhMN K à[abMhaZRU
DU>á9q:RO_wxRNDRxmn]Y f [:OQPrj:lMcP:R[
aZYMcOQPãwx]dP;[O[a`R?PDaC4OQa`qa`q:Rj:YZR\[R?Pa<Mhj:j:YZ]hO f MhaZRê\àNDO f R?P;[Og]P;Mhl
YZONDuRFuR?] f R?a`Y K ]cm J ]daZqAa`q:R[e:Y
mMwxRMcP;N J RhN¡]hm
Ogj:lQRFvX] f R (Ü\/Ôs¢ Ç !£D!Q
¨&© yyaÒ¨< ~+® Çm£ ®!\>! ? Ô« ~?d® ZbU
DU>á9q:R J ]aZa`] f ]cmaZq:RrO_w@Rr[q:R+R?a4O_[ÔmnY`]?R?Pka`]iOgab[ J RhN,U
§ U>á9q:RrO_wxR[e:Y
mMwxRTO_[4[a`YZRh[`[ànmnYZR?RU
® PU @R?lQ]wxOgaZOgRh[rwx]Y`YZRh[
j±]dP;NDOgP:u¡a`]l_M f OQP;MhYä;]h McY`Rj:Y`Rh[ZwxY`O J RhNAMhaaZq:RkRhNuRh[V]hmraZq:RFä;]h
ND] f McOQP¢[e;wbqkaZq;MhaXa`q:RraZ]aMclÌO_wxR{]lQe f RXOgPkaZq:RTND] f McOgPO_[4wx]dP;[aMcPa?U
¯ U>
wxRNRxmn]Y f [rMw?wx]dYbNDOgP:ua`] Ü lQR?P B [Xä;]h#lM\r ¤ ¥EÃ-¦ §s¨ Å 4q:Owq¥YZR?lMca`Rh[a`q:RRxCRhwxa`OQ{R
[q:R\McY[aZYMcOgPYMca`R ¤ DaZ]FaZqWRR@,R\wxaZOg{R[
q:RhMcY[a`YZRh[`[x v,U
U>á9q:Rrj;McYM f R+aZR?YE©-OgPa`q:Rä;]hl_M?ÁO_[4Mmne:PwxaZOg]Pk]cma`R f j;R?YMcaZeWYZRyª L
DUát
© ªB«© ßL¬ ¯® ªEª ° Ä ª² Ä ± ª´³µ
4q:R?Y`RªE°¶± ~+®® KÕª²o± Ý KÕ ± ¨DÝQ~+¯¯~ 3KQ·d¸ ~ÝQ~h ¬E4QÑd ~?~ U}© ß
O_[rMcP!MdN?âZe;[aM J lgRYZR@mnR?YZR?PwxR{dMclQeWRU|¡RND]P:]aFMdw?wx]eWPDamn]YTaZq:RRxCRhwxab[]hm>O_wxRmM J Y`O_w
O f jWe:YZOgaZOQR\[x]dYX]daZq:R?Y9mMdwxaZ]dYb[4]PaZq:Rä;]hÁl_M?rU
U>á9q:R¥Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dP7YMcaZRO[ ~?¨ w f ÂM Æ ~ O_wxRxRhse:OQ{dMhlQR?Pa §Â !ÑQî!? Ô« ~+® bUÑS
j;][Z[
O J lgRT[ f MhlQl<[
j;Mca`O_Mhl<{MhYZOMcaZOg]P ª/ÔeÁ« ¥¨ÂDй \a4ÔP!£D£¢ÔÞrO[¤OguP:]dYZRhNCU
U>á9q:RVa`R f j;R?YMcaZeWYZRrj:YZ]ho;lQRTO_[>[a`RhMN K [
abMca`RFM[NR?aZR?Y f OQPWRhNªmnY`] f aZq:Rªwxe:YZY`R?Pa f RhM[
e:YZR\N
[e:Y
mMwxRaZR f j±R+YbMca`e:YZR Ä ¯ ß b.Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPAYbMhaZRMcPÁM[`[e f RhN udR?]a`q:R?Y f Mcl4q:RhMha
ä;e:k]cm ¯d®DÝÞ® f | f Æ Ã Ü ¿ \§8¨&© È \¨R y§ ~+ bÌMcPNMi[
O f j:lgR ~
NO f R?P[OQ]dP;MclÌq:RhMha
~
;ä ]h f ]NDR?lU
~?¨ U>
wxRT[qWR?R?a>aZq:OwP:Rh[`[ ~?¨d¨ T f MhaXa`q:R[
e ff Oga H§M£D¨&©! ? Ô« ~+d® bCO_[4YZRhNDewxRhN
JK ~h U f aZ]rO_wxR@Rhse:Og{MhlQR?Pa<aZqWO_wbDP:R\[Z[ J M[
RhNÕ]dP[
P:]h8MhP;NªoYZPNDR?P;[
OQa Krf RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[
Ô|ºFÐ V!Ñ4 \\й \a4ÔH!£D£¢ÔÞbU
9á q:RE\àN ¯d¯Am ¨ o;PWOQaZR>R?lgR f R?PaudYZON,DR?aZR+P;N:[ ¨ f MhlQ]PWuFMlQOgP:R4j;R?YZj;R?PNDO_wxeWl_McY.aZ]
aZq:RY`O_NDudRFMcP;Nw@R?PDa`R?YZR\NMcaaZq:Rª[e ff OQa?U>á9q:R J RhNYZ]wbaZ]dj;]uYMcj:q K O_[NDR?aZR+Y f OgP:RhNÕmnY`] f
[e:Y
mMwxR@ J Md[RhNFYbMNOQ]cRhwbq:]T[]de:P;NDOgP:u £ ©
:McP;N Ü y
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[±mn]Ya`q:RXPW]YZa`q:R?Y`P ®d®
f ]cma`q:O_[4lQOgP:R e§?£D¨&©8!P? Ô« ~+d® Ç !£D!Q]¨&© \yÒ¨ ~+® >McPNR?aZR?PNDRhNaZ]
aZq:R[]de:aZqe;[OgP:ur]P:R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pa<]cmÌOwxR4aZq:OwP:Rh[`[ãmnY`] f MhOQY J ]dYZP:Rr£ ©
VPWRhMcYaZqWR f MhYZudOQP
]cmª
wxR
aZY`RhM f ¡DÔ È {¨ÂÑ\¨!Y>¹ \a4Ô_!£D£¢ÔÞbU!|8OQaZq!aZq:O[ÕudYZON uR+] f R?a`Y K R+YZYZ]dYb[
mnYZ] f a`q:R[
O_NDR J ]e:PN:McY K wx]PNDOQa`OQ]P[Ô4OQlgl:P:]da J Rr[OguP:O«oCw?MhPDa4OQa`q:OQP ¨ f ]cmÌa`q:R[e ff OQa
e§?£D¨&©, ~? Ç Á©©V¨?¦M¯¨)! ? Ô« ~?d¯ U
500 m
20 km
Ice Stream C
Ice Stream D
Û OQude:YZR[DU L Ü YZO_NFYZR?j:Y`Rh[R+PDaMcaZOg]P]hmÌaZq:R>ä;]h9lgOQP:R>e;[R\Nmn]dYÔo;PWOQaZRR?lQR f R?PDa f ]NDR+l,w+Mcl_w@e:l_M?
aZOg]P;[4MhP;N[R+lQRhwxa`RhNFw?Mclwxe:l_MhaZRhNO_w@RXj;MhYZa`O_wxlgR4j;Mca`q;[xU.¬9RhNaZ]j;]duYbMhj:q K O[9NDR+YZOQ{R\NmnYZ] f £ ©
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[@U
~@§
á9q:ROgP:OQa`O_Mhl>Û © ¦ w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dP8[
q:]h>[¢a`q;McaaZq:R f R\M[eWYZRhN[eWYmMw@RuR?] f R?aZY K O_[P:]a
w@]P;[
O_[a`R?PaX4OgaZqa`q:RVjWYZRh[`wxYZO J R\NMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PkYbMhaZR;4q:Owqwx]dPDa`YbMNO_wxa[XMd[Z[e f j:aZOg]P ~ U
á9qWR?YZRxmn]dYZRa`q:RO_w@R[
q:R?R?a.[eWYmMw@RrMcP;Nwx]Y`YZRh[
j±]dP;NDOgP:u{R?lQ]w@OQa K o;R+l_NFMcYZRMclQlg]h9RhNaZ]R?{]dlQ{R
eWPDa`OQlÌaZq:R K Y`RhMwbqM[
aZRhMdN K
[
abMca`Rw@]PDo;ude:YbMhaZOg]P<Ur|¡RZa`e:P:Rh aZqWR f ]NDR+l[
]aZq;MhaaZqWRFw?Mcl«
w@e:l_MhaZRhN[
aZRhMdN K
[
abMca`RruR?] f R?aZY KVJ Rh[
a f Mcawq:R\[a`q:R f R\M[eWYZRhNuR?] f R?a`Y KJK MdN?âZe;[a`OQP:ua`q:R
{O_[`wx][
OQa K j;MhYbM f R?aZR+Y}© ß © s;U DU bU|¥RaZq:R+Pj:e:arMi{R+YZaZOw?Mcl<{R+lQ]wxOga K j:YZ]ho;lQRrmnYZ] f i f
M?M K mnY`] f a`q:RNOQ{O_NDR4OgPDa`]VMT[O f j:lQR ~ àNDO f R?P;[Og]P;Mhl:q:RhMhaÔä;]h f ]NR?lDmn]lglQ]h4OQPWu £ Vya\¨
Ë? Ô ~+¨ a`]kNDR?a`R?Y f OgP:RTMP:R?^aZR f j±R+YbMca`e:YZRTj:YZ]ho;lQRUá9q:O_[P:R+2a`R f j;R?YMcaZeWYZRVjWYZ]colQR
O[4[Zw?MhlQRhNa`]ia`q:RrO_wxRa`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[4MhaXR\Mwbqj;][OgaZOg]P ;MhP;NMP:R?Á{R?lQ]w@OQa K oR?l_NO_[9jWYZRhNDOwxaZR\N
e[OQPWuaZq:RÛ © ¦ Uhá9q:O_[ÌOQaZR+YbMca`OQ{RjWYZ]wxRh[`[O_[<YZR+j±R\McaZR\NVe:PDa`OQla`q:Rh[R.{R?lQ]w@OQa K MhP;NVaZR f j;R?YbMhaZe:Y`R
jWYZ]colQRh[4MhYZRT[R?l«m_
w@]P;[
O_[a`R?Pa?U
á9q:RkY`Rh[e:lgaZOgP:u{dMclQeWR¢mn]dY»© ß ~Ý 1® m8~?¨ Æ J MhYFM ~q¼ Å rO_[VlMcYZudR?l K wx]dP;[O[aZR+PDa4OgaZqR?
j;R?Y`O f R+PDaMcl<YZR\[e:lgab[xÌ[
OQP;wxRTOQarO_[M J ]e:a §¨ É l_McY`uR?Y [a`OpCR?Y@Xa`q;McP ^X]]dR BÞ[XY`Rhwx] ff R?P;NRhN
{dMhlQe:R ¬E4QÑd ~?dD~ bÌMcP;N]PWl K M J ]e:a ® É [
aZO«,R+YaZq;MhPAy'McaZR+Yb[]dP BÞ[>YZRhwx] ff R?PNDRhNi{dMclge:R
í ?À\aÒ¨< ~+h§ :j;MhuR bUá9qWR f ]NDR?lgRhN[eWYmMw@RrNDOpCR?Y[mnYZ] f aZqWR f R\M[eWYZRhNF[e:Y
mMwxR JK
M f MhDO f e f ]cm f Zæ Q~ É ]cmO_wxRTaZq:OwP:Rh[`[.4OQaZqWOQP ¨ f ]hm9a`q:RFNDOg{DONDRCMcP;N JDK lQRh[`[
a`q;McP § f 4OQa`q:OQP ~?¨ f ]hm.aZq:RFNDOg{DONDRUá9q:RVo;P;Mhl J M[`Mcla`R f j;R?YMcaZeWYZRh[4YbMhP:uRVmnY`] f Ä ß
a`] Ä ß U
× ³½
袸 å¾EµÞ¯¶&»ÞRµÙ!Ú¯º¼¿aº¹À ÚfÞ¯å )ºæ<å
á<]kw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`RVa`q:RFMcudRVo;R?l_NÁ -' q u ß 9mnY`] f © se;MhaZOQ]dPDU ~ <9Rªwx]P;[
aZY`e;wxaEt -' q ubmnYZ] f
© se;Mca`OQ]dOP U e;[OgP:uka
9]MclgaZR?Y`P;Mca`OQ{RFMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPYMcaZRF[`wxR?P;MhYZOg][ ÛOgu:UDUát>4q:Owq¥Md[à
[
e f RÂ ubM[.[e J [
abMhPDa`O_Mclgl K lQ]h9R+Y9Ne:YZOgP:uVudl_Mw@O_MclCaZO f Rh[a`q;McPOgPDa`R?YZudl_MdwxO_Mhl±a`O f R\[ e/V¨
~+td Çmà V¾?3!H? Ô« ~?h§ AU @R?Y`aZO_w+Mcl<{R?lg]wxOQa K t qÄ q ub9O[XNDR+j±R+P;NDR?PaX]dPj;][OgaZOg]P J Rx
w+Mce;[
R]cmª[j;RhwxOMcl4ä;]h wx]dP;NDOgaZOQ]dP;[F[j;MhP:P:OQPWu7MmnR?O_wxRaZq:OwP:Rh[`[Rh[P:RhMhYkM ä;]hINDOQ{O_NR
H§M£D¨&©, ~?d Ç ¬E/V©yR¦; ~?d¯ bUá<]M?{]ON a`q:O_[Twx] f j:lQOw?Mca`OQ]POQPAa`q:RFOQPaZR?udYbMca`OQ]dP¡]hm
~+®
Normalized Accumulation Rate
© ste;MhaZOg]PDU ~ <9RFlQO f OQa4w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dP;[aZ]j;][OQa`OQ]dP;[VMhaa`q:RFNDOg{DONDR q ¨ >4q:R?Y`RaZq:ROwxR
aZYM?âZRhwxa`]Y K O[9{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl:MhP;NaZ]Fj;][
OQaZOg]P;[>uYZR\McaZR+YXa`q;McPéÕOwxRraZq:OwP:Rh[`[Rh[ÔmnY`] f aZq:RTNDOg{DONDR
WÅ IÅ ` s bU
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time Before Present (ka BP)
ÛOQude:YZRFDUá L Sw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PTYbMca`RXqWO_[a`]Y`OQRh[e;[
RhNªmn]dY4NDR+j:aZqDàMcudRw+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dP;[OQPÛOQude:YZR\[ U §
McP;<
N U ® U8á9q:R{R+YZaZOw?MclMcO_[VO[Õj:Y`Rh[R+PDa`RhNAOQPe:P:Ogab[]cmÆ ub r ß 4q:R?Y`RÇ ß O[VaZq:Rj:YZR\[R?Pa
Mw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPYbMhaZRU
Û OQude:YZRéDU § MA[qW]c>[a`q:Rj:Y`RhNDOwxaZRhNNDR+j:aZqDàMcudRYZR?lMca`OQ]P[q:Ogj8M[`[e f OQP:u}Mw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dP
YbMhaZR9qWO_[a`]Y`OQRh[Ì[q:]h4POgPÛOgue:Y`R U¤mn]dY J ]daZqVäCMhP:TMcP;NNDOg{DONDRj;][OgaZOg]P;[@UÔ>e:Yw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`OQ]dP;[
j:YZR\NDO_wxaOwxR9mnYZ] f ~?¨ å M ÕgÖiO[lQ]w?MhaZRhNMha.M J ]e:a ®d®¨ ¯d®¨ f ®® ¯d® É .NDR?j:a`q<McP;NFO_wxR9mnY`] f
~?¨/ NM ÕgÖ%O[ilQ]w+McaZR\N%MhaM J ]e:a ®¨ d®¨ f ® d® É kNDR+j:aZq<UÑÛOgue:Y`R DU § J [q:]h>[aZq:R
McP:Pe;MhllM K R+Y4aZq:OwP:Rh[`[Rh[j:YZRhNO_wxa`RhNimn]Y>RhMwbqw?M[
RU4SXP:Pe;Mhl<l_M K R?Yb[9Y`RhMwbq[e J
wxR+PDa`O f R?a`R?Y
aZq:OwP:Rh[`[Rh[>McaM J ]de:a ¯¨ h¨ É NDR?j:a`q<U m.MhP:Pe;Mcl'[a`YbMca`OQudYbMcjWq:O_wV]dYrwqWR f O_w+MclC[OguP;Mhl_[XR?O_[
a
McP;N¥q;M?{R J R+R?P¡jWYZRh[
R?YZ{RhNOgPaZq:RFO_w@R,aZqWR Kf M KJ RFYZR\[]lg{RhNaZqWYZ]eWuq:]de:aVa`q:.R ^>]lQ]w@R?P:R
À ¿ \§!P?Ô« ~? U
~+¯
0
100
200
200
300
300
400
400
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
100
0
a
500
600
700
1
800
2-3
500
600
1
4
700
800
2 3
4
0
50
100
150
Time Before Present (ka BP)
900
b
bed
900
bed
0
0.05
0.1
Annual Layer Thickness (m)
ÛÌOQueWYZRDU §L MtS>uRxàNDR?j:a`q%Y`R?l_MhaZOg]P;[
q:OQj;[NDR?Y`OQ{RhN mnY`] f Û © ¦ w?Mclwxe:l_MhaZOg]P;[mn]Y¡
OQj:lgR
v>] f RU ~ ªvXOQ{O_NR ubruOQ{R+P JK [
]lQON lgOQP:ROgP8ÛOgue:Y`RZDUU tªÛl_MhP:C ubT[ZM f RM[
~ U Ûl_MhP:,E u>udOQ{R?P JK N:Md[q:~ R\N¡lQOgP:ROQP¥ÛOgue:Y`R.UU § Ûl_MhP:,E u[`M f RFMd[ ~
4OgaZq J M[`Mcl f R?lQaYbMca`Ri]hFm ff M Æ U J SXP:Pe;McllM K R+YaZq:OwP:Rh[`[Rh[4mn]Yw+M[R\[V[qW]c4P}OQP
MtU M[R\[ FMcP;ZN iMhYZRrOQPNDO_[
aZOQPWue:O[q;M J lQRrMhaXa`q:Rrj:lQ]daZa`OQP:uF[`w?MclgRU
¥| R f e;[
a9w@]P;[
O_NDR?Ya`q:RXR@,R\wxab[]cmÌ]eWY4M[`[e f j:aZOg]P;[]P]e:Y.YZRh[
e:lQa[xU|¥RND]TP:]a.R?j±R\wxa
a`q;Mca
OQj:lgRkvX] f RO_[VOgP7[
aZRhMdN K
[
abMca`RudOQ{R?PAa`q:RN K P;M f OwÕPMcaZeWYZRk]cmr|¥S
×O_wxRk[
aZY`RhM f [
M[`[e f jWaZOQ]dP ~ bU^S0w@] f j;MhYZO[]P J R?a
9R?R?P!]e:YRh[a`O f MhaZRh[MhP;N7O_wxRwx]dYZR f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[
w@]e:lN J Re[RhNAaZ]¥aZR\[aVa`q:O_[Md[Z[
e f j:a`OQ]P McP;N!NDR?aZR\wxaVR?{O_NR?P;wxRmn]Yj;Md[aFwbq;McPWuRh[VOgP a`q:R
w@]PDo;ude:YbMhaZOg]P]hm4
Ogj:lQRrv>] f RU
SXPMcl K [O[¤]hm.aZq:RTOQPaZR?Y`P;MclÌl_M K R?Y4j;MhaZa`R?YZPmnY`] f £ ©
f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[9[eWuuR\[ab[a`q;Mcaa`q:R
ä]c NDOQ{O_NDRkq;Md[ f ]c{R\NAM×mnR+ DOglQ] f R?aZR+Yb[OQP!aZq:Rl_M[
a ~+¨ å K R\McYb[ (Ü\È Ç \yaÒ¨
ËE? Ô« ~+d J Uá9q:R?Y`Rxmn]Y`ROwxRi4OgaZq:OgPAMmnR? O_w@RaZq:OwP:Rh[`[Rh[]cm>a`q:R[e ff OQa f M K q;M?{R
R+Dj;R?Y`OQR?P;w@RhN ä;]hÑYZR?udO f Rh[TM[`[]wxOMcaZR\N 4OQa`q J ]daZqäCMcP:!MhP;N7NDOg{DONDRj;][
OQa`OQ]P[xU!àPa`q;Mca
~h
?w M[
R:aZqWRjWYZRhNDOwxaZR\NNDR?j:a`qDàMcuRª[Zw?MhlQR.]e:lNlgOQR J R+a.R?R?PkaZqWRVw@e:YZ{Rh[mn]Y9äCMhP:McP;NkNDOg{DONDR
lQ]w?MhaZOg]P;[>[q:]h4POQPÛOQude:YZRU § MU
àaO[Vj;][Z[
O J lgRa`q;McaFaZq:R J RhNA]cmª
OQj:lgRkvX] f RO_[w@e:YZY`R?PDa`l K P:RhMhY f R+lQaZOgP:uMcP;N;°?]YFq;Md[
R?j±R+YZOQR+P;wxRhN f R?lQa`OQP:uFw@]P;NDOgaZOg]P;[XOgPaZq:RTj;M[
a?Ì[OgP;wxRa`q:R J RhN]cm.P:RhMhY JK
wxRF
aZY`RhM f ¬%O_[
P:]amnY`]?R?P É ¨?¦9!©?AË? Ô« ~?d¨ U ~ S [
O f jWlQR f ]NDR?l'NDR?{R+lQ]j;RhN JK £ Vy\¯¨!?Ô
~+¨ Ì4M[Ìe;[RhNVa`]aZR\[aÌaZq:R[R?P;[
OQa`OQ{OQa K ]cmCa`q:R4NDR+j:aZqDàMcudR>[Zw?MhlQR.aZ] J Md[ZMhl f R?lgaZOQPWu:U ¦ R?lgaZOgP:u
YZR f ]c{R\[a`q:RX]dl_NDR\[aO_wxR>MhP;NF[q:]dYZaZR+P;[Ôa`q:RMhuR>YZRhw@]YbNCU ^X]h9R?{R?Y+ca`q:R>j:YZRhNO_wxa`RhNVMhuRxàNDR?j:a`q
YZR?lMca`OQ]P[q:OgjaZq:Y`]e:udq f ][a]cmÌa`q:RXlM[
a9ulMwxOMclCw K wxlQR4O[Ô{OQY`aZe;MhlQl K e:P;wbq;McPWuRhNi4OgaZqM J Md[ZMhl
f R?lgaÔYMca`RV]cm ff M Æ ~ ÛOgu:U DU § MbU
e:YmMdwxR¥aZR f j;R?YMca`e:YZR{MhYZOMcaZOg]P;[k]h{R?YaZO f R RU²u:Ug¤mnYZ] f ulMwxOMclpOQPaZR+YZulMwxOMcl>aZYMcP;[
Op
aZOg]P;[bTwq;MhP:uRka`q:ROQPaZR+YZP;Mhl9O_w@Ria`R f j;R?YbMhaZe:Y`RkMcPN a`q:R?Y`R JDK M?CRhwxaaZqWROwxRF{DO[Zwx][OQa K McP;N
aZq:RFw@]YZY`Rh[j;]dP;NDOQPWujWYZRhNDOwxaZR\N¢ä;]h2oR?l_N,Urá<]a`Rh[aa`q:RF[R+P;[OgaZOQ{OQa K ]hm4]de:YYZR\[e:lgab[Xa`]a`R f
j;R?YbMhaZe:Y`R9RFYbMhPAaZq:R¢Û © ¦ 4OQa`qMNOpCR?YZR+PDaT[a`RhMN K à[aMcaZRaZR f j;R?YMca`e:YZRFj:YZ]ho;lQRFq;M?{OQP:u
aZR f j±R+YbMca`e:YZR\[VM J ]de:a ® ß w@]l_NR?YMhaaZq:R J RhN,U¥á9q:Rkj:Y`RhNDO_w@aZRhN¥McudRh[ªmn]dYMudOQ{R?PNR?j:aZq
NDOpCR?Y>mnYZ] f a`q:][
RF[q:]h4POQP×ÛOQude:YZ]R DU § M JK lQRh[`[XaZq;MhP ~?¨ É mn]Y>aZqWRFNDR?R?j;Rh[
aXOwxRTMcP;NlgRh[Z[
aZq;MhP ® É mn]Y>aZq:Rre:jWj±R+Y4q;Mcl«m]cm'aZq:RrOwxRr[qWR?R?a?U
׳Ê
袸 åAµÞ¯¶&»ÞRµÙ!Ú¯º¼Ëº&¹»4¼ÞRµ¼½ËÌNè¯)
á]TRh[a`O f MhaZR>MhPkMcudRx
NR?j:aZq¢[Zw?MhlQR4mn]Y4MruR?PWR?YZOwX[
OQaZR>OQPFaZqWRXaMcYZudR?aZR\Ni|¥SZ
rO_wxRwx]dYZR>YZR?udOQ]P
ÛOgu:U U ~ bD.R4e;[RM ~ àNÕä;]h f ]NDR?lWNDR?{R?lg]j;RhN JK ¡¨Â¦ a©D¨&© Ó Q¨Â4\¨ ~?¯d U9á9q:R
f ]NDR?lM[Z[
e f Rh[a`q;Mcar{R?Y`aZO_w+MclÌ{R?lQ]wxOga K t- O[OQP;NDR+j±R+P;NDR?Pa]cm McPN¡O_[rNDR?a`R?Y f OQP:RhNimnY`] f
M {R+YZaZOw?Mcl[a`YbMcOgP7YMcaZR4q:O_wbqO_[wx]dP;[aMcPaM J ]c{R×[] f RkNDR?jWaZq s ÄÎÍ Va`q:R?P!NDRhw@YZRhMd[Rh[
lQOgP:RhMcY`l K aZ]F?R?Y`]FMca4aZqWR J RhNC;[]FaZq;Mha
ÏqÐ zU6>J4A|;4?|;4A34M.125&EÑL(=03<=4'emJCE4Y&/.1*;44A|(=A3?3404A3?)4AL25<=Kt(=ALzÒ4656>4?fzU65JWC{NFbÑ`654´Ó/4,2>(+xL(=2K|.DA/.1<+KL*>(+*
JDzB25&34};/4?ÔTÕ'Ö×WØÙ^mZM__WÚVf.DA3?zU6>JC;J6>4&3JW<+4}254Co0/46-.D2>:3654@CE4\.D*5:)654Co4AL25*yTUÛ`Ü'Ý'Þß1à+Ø-á3Öâ>×ãäFå3Ø\â-ÙÜ
æ-çèfè ÜéVd
~+
-' q ê ß s q Ä$ÄëÍ Í r r tt síì<qì Í
ß q Ã Í ìqhì ¨DÝ
DU §
t -' q ê
Í s ÄÍ r
|¥Re;[
RaZq:RF\àv^Û © ¦ w?Mclwxe:lMcaZOg]Pmn]Y>
OQj:lgRv>] f R>aZ]q:R+lQjNDR?aZR+Y f OgP:R9a`q:Rj;MhYbM f R?aZR?Y
Í Mhj:j:Y`]j:Y`O_Mca`Rmn]dYM|¥SZ
[OQa`RU.á9q:R ~
N f ]NDR?l f Mhabwbq:Rh[aZq:RTMcudRV{W[xU4NR?j:aZqj:YZR\NDO_wxa`OQ]dP
udOQ{R?P JK aZq:R\àNÛ © ¦ f ]NR?l,mn]YM
Ogj:lQRTvX] f RäCMcP:[
OQaZRTaZ]F4OQa`q:OQP ~?Q¨ Å K RhMcY[XMha d¨ É
NR?j:aZqk4q:R+P Í _
~ÝpM É ]cm'aZqWRa`]aMcl,a`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[@US^wx] f j;McY`O_[
]P J R?a
9R+R?PaZqWO_[Ô{dMhlQe:Rmn]Y Í
mn]dY4M
OQj:lgRv>] f R4äCMcPW[
OQaZRMcPNiaZq:R{MhlQe:R\['mn]dY Í e;[
RhNiaZ]ªN:Mca`Ra
9] Ü Y`R?R?P:lMcP;NFO_wxR>wx]dYZRh[@
M f j R+PDa`e:Y K ¡¨Â¦ a©8¨&© Ó Q¨Â4\¨< ~?d¯ MhP;N
e ff Oga Ü Z
y t° Ü £X
y9 ¡Q=î
Ó \¨Â4y¨çËE? Ô« ~?d Ç ¡Q=î Ó \¨4\¨P
¹ \a4ÔZ!£¢Ô. É ¡«Á¢,[
q:]h>[VMlgOQP:R\McYY`R?l_MhaZOQ]dP;[qWOQj
J R?a
.R?R?P Í MhP;NO_wxRraZqWO_wbDP:R\[Z[ s [
e;wbqa`q;Mca
t
DU ®
Í ¨DÝ § s Ä ¯ f Ý
|¥RTM[`[e f R © se;MhaZOQ]dP1U ® O_[9{dMclgO_Nimn]Y sIf ewqFuY`RhMca`R?Y4aZq;MhP1 ¯ f U
© se;Mca`OQ]P[AU ~ U § ÌMhP;N)U ® jWYZ]h{DONDRFMcP¥Rh[
aZO f McaZRr]hm>MÕäCMhP:¥NDR?jWaZqDàMcudR[`w?MclgRVmn]YrM
[
aZRhMdN K
[
abMca`RO_w@R>[q:R?R+aÔ]hmÌMruOQ{R+PaZq:OwP:Rh[`[ÔMhP;NFMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PYMca`RU|¥SZ
TO_wxR4a`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[
O[M J ]de:aH ®d¨¨ f ¡! \\§c ~+ MhP;NÕa`q:R>j:YZRh[
R?PaMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPVYbMhaZR>O_[ ßoï ¨ w f ÂM Æ ~
OwxRxRhse:OQ{dMclgR?Pa ¤ V/V¨ËR¨&© È ¾ ~?dt U9|8OQa`qkaZq:RrMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PqWO_[a`]Y K [q:]h4P JK
a`q:R[
]lgO_NlQOgP:RrOQPÛÌOQueWYZR DáU D © se;MhaZOQ]d1P U § j:Y`RhNDOwxab[9a`q;Mca>O_wxRmnY`] f ~?¨ å .M ÕgÖkO_[>McaM J ]eWa
~ ¨d¨ f R?a`R?Yb[ À à ®Â¨ É NDR?j:a`qMcPNO_wxRmnYZ] f ~?¨/ ¢M ÕÖO_[>McaM J ]e:[a ? ®d¨ f R?aZR+Yb[ Ü à ¨ É
NR?j:aZq ÛOgu:ÐU U ® MtbU}á9q:Rwx]Y`YZRh[
j;]P;NDOgP:ul_M K R?Yra`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[rj:YZ]ho;lQRjWYZRhNDOwxab[TMcP:Pe;Mhl4l_M K R?Yb[
udYZRhMhaZR?YFaZqMc<
P ¥w f a`q:O_wbAa`] ~+¨¨ f R?aZR+Yb[VNR?j:aZqã9]YFaZq:Y`]e:udq8aZq:éR ^X]lg]wxR?P:RMhP;N j;MhYZa
]hm.aZq:RlM[aul_MdwxO_Mhlj;R?YZOg]N ÛOQuWgU U ® J bUTÛOQude:YZ3R U ® Mhl_[
][
q:]h>[aZq:RFNDR+j:aZqDàMcudRFMcP;Nl_M K R?Y
a`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[j:YZR\NDO_wxa`OQ]dP;[Ômn]Y>Mj:l_Mhe;[O J lQRYbMcPWuRV]hm{dMclge:Rh[Ômn]Y Í U
~+
0
a
500
500
1000
1000
1500
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
0
b
1500
2000
2000
bed
2500
0
50
100
150
Time Before Present (ka BP)
bed
2500
0
0.1
0.2
Annual Layer Thickness (m)
Û OQude:YZRçDU ®9L Mt×SXuRxàvXR?jWaZq-Y`R?l_MhaZOg]P;[
q:OQj;[¥w?Mhl_wxe:lMca`RhN%mnYZ] f aZq:R vMcP;[
uMdMcYbNÜ]dq:P;[R+P
f ]NDR?l9mn]dYMäCMcP:|¥SZ
}[OgaZRU Û]dYMhlQl>w?Md[Rh[@ ubVO[ÕudOQ{R?P JK aZqWR[]dlQON lQOgP:ROgP8ÛOguc
e:YZRFDUáDU'á9q:R f O_N:NDlgR.wxe:YZ{Rwx]Y`YZRh[
j;]P;N:[aZ] Í r?s ¨Ý © s;UDU ® bU'á9q:R>e:j:j;R?Y.McP;NlQ]h.R?Y
wxe:Y`{Rh[Vwx]dYZY`Rh[j;]PN a`] Í r?s ¨Dݲ§ McPN Í rMs ¨DÝ ÔY`Rh[j;Rhwxa`OQ{R?l K U J rSXP:Pe;Mhl9l_M K R?Y
aZq:OwP:Rh[`[Rh[mn]Yw?M[
Rh[4[qW]c4POQP MbU
׳ð
º¼
¶4Þa»ß4Ú¯º¼ß
Û OQude:YZR\[>DU § McP;NNU ® [qW]cÑaZqMca J ]daZq%
OQj:lgRvX] f RMcP;NA|¥SZ
×wx]Y`Rh[ f M K udOQ{RkwxlgO f MhaZR
YZRhw@]YbNW[9]cm'[O f OQlMcYaZ]dabMhl<NDe:YMca`OQ]PãU9á9q:O[ÔY`Rh[e:lga9O[ÔP:]da>[e:Y`j:YZO[OQPWuF[OQPwxRaZqWRrwqMcYbMdwxaZR+YZO_[
aZOw
aZO f Rh[Zw+MclQR\[mn]Y.aZq:Rh[
RO_w@R[
q:R?R?a[9McY`Rrwx] f j;McYM J lgR ñ s¢r ï ~+¨ å MtUá9q:Rj:Y`RhNDO_w@aZRhNFNDR?j:a`qD
McudR[`w?MclgRh[Xmn]Y J ]daZqO_w@Rwx]dYZRk[
OQa`Rh[j:l_MdwxRia`q:Ra`YbMcP[OQa`OQ]dPAaZ]aZq:8R ^>]lQ]w@R?P:R À à ~+¨ å K RhMhYb[
ÕgÖ,TMcaM J ]de:a ®¨ É NDR?j:a`q7MhP;N a`q:Rkj:YZR+{DOg]e;[OQPaZR?Y`ulMwxOMclj;R?YZOg]N À à ~?¨ K RhMcYD
[ ÕgÖ,TMca
M J ]eWa ¨ É NR?j:aZqFuOg{R?PFMYZRhMd[]dP;M J lgRMd[Z[
e f j:a`OQ]PM J ]de:a9a`q:RMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PTYbMca`RXqWO_[a`]Y K U
¦ ]NDRh[
a J M[`Mcl f R?lgaZOQPWuVlQR\MN:[4aZ]Mi[
q:]Y`aZR?Y>uR+]wq:R f O_w?Mhl,Y`Rhwx]YN, J e:a>aZqWRNDR?jWaZqDàMcudRF[Zw?MhlQR
aZq:Y`]e:udq f ][a]cmãaZq:R>l_Md[aulMwxOMcl:j;R?Y`OQ]NiO[[O f OQlMcYÌaZ]VjWYZRhNDOwxaZOg]P;[Ì4OQaZqFP:] J Md[ZMcl f R?lgaZOQPWu:U
¨
PFMdN:NDOQa`OQ]dP<aZq:R4lM K R+Ya`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[<j:YZR\NDO_wxa`OQ]dP;[[qW]ca`q;Mca J ]a`qwx]dYZRh[wx]de:l_NVjWYZ]h{DONDR4MhP:Pe;Mcl
Y`Rh[]dlQe:a`OQ]dPi]hm'NDR?aZR\wxabM J lQR>[
aZYbMhaZOguYbMhj:q:OwX{dMcYZOMca`OQ]P[9Mca.lQRhMd[aaZqWYZ]eWuqkaZq:RF^X]dlQ]wxR?PWRUá9q:R\[R
[
O f Ogl_MhYZOQa`OQRh[r[
e:uudRh[aa`q;Mca¢NDR?abMhOQlgRhN7wx] f j;MhYZO_[
]P;[ J R?a
9R?R+P OwxRwx]Y`RY`Rhwx]YN:[ÕmnY`] f aZq:R\[R
[
OQa`Rh[iw@]e:lN J R{dMclQeM J lgROQP NDR?a`R?Y f OgP:OQPWu[jMcaZOMclrMhP;N7aZR f j;]YbMhl4YZR?lMca`OQ]P[q:Ogj;[ J R?a
9R?R+P
jM[awx]M[aMcl'McP;NkOQP:lMcP;NkwxlgO f MhaZR>wbq;McPWuRh[@U
ÍF´Ç,ľdµD¿»ò
h:îAë
ã³²
óëêì%îhçÔô èÁï- 5
è2ððHé}è%êèÁï îAë ì!í ðPh ! êë ì 5
ë
»gææ0µ&¹ë
Ü Ql ] J Mcly][
OQaZOg]P:OgP:u
K [
aZR f Ü y9
: f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[]cmT[
e:YZ{R K j±]dlQRh[FMcak
Ogj:lQRvX] f ROQP
~?dc§ ~+¯ MhP;N ~+t McYZRe;[R\N aZ]}NDR?a`R?Y f OQP:RFaZq:Rkj:Y`Rh[R+PDaOwxRä;]h P:RhMhYia`q:R[e ff OQa
McP;NMhlQ]PWu¡a`q:RiäCMhP::[Vj;R?Y`j;R?P;NDOwxe:l_MhYaZ]a`q:RYZONDuRU¡á9qWR f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[[
q:]h#a`q;McaOwxR
ä;]hO_[ f ][a`l K j;MhYbMhlQlQR+l<aZ]FMlQOQPWR]cm[e:Y`{R K j;]lgRh[4wxY`][Z[
OQP:uk
Ogj:lQRrv>] f Rj;R?Y`j;R?P;NDOwxe:l_MhY4aZ]
aZq:RYZO_NuRMcP;NAO_E[ ?
NDO f R?P;[
OQ]dP;MclOQP}aZq:RF{DOwxOQPWOQa K ]hm>aZq:R[e ff OQa+Uiá9qWR f RhMd[e:Y`RhN¡[
aZYMcOQP
YbMhaZRrMhP;Nkwx]Y`YZRh[
j±]dP;NDOgP:uq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl;ä;e:NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRXPWRhMcY.aZq:Rr[
e ff OgaMhYZRr[
lQOguqaZl K lMcY`uR?Y
aZq;MhPaZqWRrMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPYbMca`Rj;][Z[
O J l K OgP;NDOw?Mca`OQP:uraZqWOQP:P:OgP:ur]cm ¨ U ¨ f M Æ ~ U ^X]h9R+{R?Y?haZq:R
e:P;wxR+YZabMhOQPa K OQP¥aZqWR f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[>Mcl_[
]MclQlg]h>[a`q:RFj±][Z[
O J OglQOQa K aZq;MhaVaZqWR[
e ff Oga4YZR?udOQ]P
]cm
OQj:lgRv>] f RO[ÕOgP![aZR\MN K [aMca`RU7á9qWRYZR+lQO_w@aVO_w@Rk[a`YZRhM f [McaFR?OQa`q:R?Y f MhYZudOQPA]hm
OQjWlQR
vX] f RMcY`R f ]h{OQP:ulgRh[Z[4aZqMcP ¨ áU ¨ f M Æ ~ UÛlg]h%mnYZ] f a`q:RVPW]YZa`qäCMcPW]cm>
Ogj:lQRTvX] f RrO_[
wqMcP:P:R+lQRhN¥Mclg]P:u¥MkaZYZ]de:uq4q:Owq NDRxo;P:R\[a`q:R
Ogj:lQR
wxRk
aZY`RhM f f McY`uOgP<Uká9q:R{R?lg]wxOQa K
uYMNDOgR?PDaMw@YZ][`[iaZqWR f MhYZuOgP K OgR?l_N:[TMA[qWRhMcYFYbMhaZR]hm ¨ U ¨¨ AÂM Æ ~ U8á9q:R{R?lQ]w@OQa K jMcaZa`R?YZP
P:]Y`aZq]cm'aZq:RT[e ff OQa'O_[9uR+P:R?YbMhlQl K wx]dP;[O[a`R?PDa.4OQa`qa`q:RrlQ]dP:ucaZR?Y f Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPijMcaZa`R?YZP
OQPDmnR+YZYZR\NmnY`] f aZqWR4[qMcj;R4]cm;OgPDa`R?YZPMcll_M K R?Y[xh[
e:uudRh[a`OQP:ua`q;Mca'aZq:RP:]dYZaZqVä±McP:rO_[<OQPªMX[
aZRhMdN K
wx]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]PãU ^X]h.R?{R?Y?haZqWR?YZR4O[R+{DONDR?P;wxRmn]Y[OQudP:Opo±w?McPaaZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWuX]hmÌaZq:R>[
]e:a`qiäCMcPW,U
á9q:RjWYZRhNDOwxaZR\N¡aZq:OwR+P:OQP:ukO[VRh[j;RhwxOMclgl K j:YZ]dP:]e:PwxRhNAOQP!M?]P:R §¨ a`] h¨ f [
]e:a`q7]hm
aZq:RNDOg{DONDRP:R\McYaZqWRv>e;w BÞ[TÛ:]]aF4q:R?YZRka`q:Rkw?Mhl_wxe:lMca`RhN¡q:]dYZOQ+]PabMcl9äe:NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxRFO_[
P:R?uMcaZOg{RU
M
ã ³ä×
4¼Ù!¹9º½
»¶Ù!Ú¯º¼
á9qWR f MhuP:OgaZe;NRFMcP;NA[
j;Mca`O_MhlÔjMcaZa`R?YZP¥]cm f ]NDR?YZPa`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:uMcP;N¡a`q:OQPWP:OQP:uMdwxYZ][Z[Õ
OQj:lgR
v>] f R>w?MhP J RrNDR?a`R?Y f OQP:RhNmnYZ] f f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[<]cmÌaZqWRXj:Y`Rh[R+PDaä;]h7o;R?lNiMhP;NMhPOQPDmnR+YZYZR\N
Mdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]Prj;MhaZaZR+YZP (Ày ¯ Uá9q:Rä;]hAo;R?l_NrO_[NR?aZR?Y f OQPWRhN¤mnYZ] f aZq:RNDO_[
j:l_MdwxR f R?Pa
]hm[
e:YZ{R K j;]lQR\[¤]h{R?YM ~ 9]dYH\ K RhMcY>j;R?YZOg]NMd[ f RhM[
e:YZR\N JKkÜ lg] J MhlyÌ][OgaZOg]P:OgP:u
K [aZR f
Ü y
W4[
e:YZ{R K aZR\wq:PWO_se:Rh[xU'á9q:Rru]Mcl_[>]cm'aZq:O[Xwbq;McjWaZR?Y>MhYZRraZq:Y`R?Rxnmn]lN L ~ 9a`]]e:a`lQOQPWRa`q:R
Ü y9
FN:MhabMTwx]lglQRhwxa`OQ]dPFMcP;NNWMcabMMhP;Mcl K [
O_[aZRhwbq:P:Oste:R\[e;[
RhNÕmn]dY9aZqWO_[[a`e;N K t'aZ]re;[
RaZq:R\[R
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[,aZ]ªNDRh[Zw@YZO J R4a`q:R f ]NDR?YZPä;]h7o;R?lNMwxY`][`[X
OQj:lgR>vX] f R>McP;Ni]h{R?Y'aZq:R>YZR?lgO_wxa
ä]c^mnRhMca`e:YZR\[]dP¡Ogab[¤ä±McP:W[x'McP;N Xa`]OgPDmnR?YXmnY`] f a`q:O_[Xä;]h^o;R?l_N 4OQa`q f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[
]hmN] f RudR?] f R?aZY K McP;NMcPkOQPDmnR+YZYZR\NMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPij;MhaZa`R?YZP,a`q:RT[j;MhaZOMcl<j;MhaZaZR+YZPk]cm f M[`[
J Mcl_MhP;wxRTMw@YZ][`[
OQj:lgRrvX] f RU
ã ³äã
ÝhõÇ 1µÙµÇº&ÞVÞ¯å¶Ù!ÚÀº¼
>L OQP:R?a K [a`R?R?l.[eWYZ{R K j±]dlQRh[r9R?Y`RijWl_Mw@RhNOQP¥aZq:RFo;YZP}McaF
OQj:lgRFvX] f ROQP ~?h§ aZ]×MNDR?jWaZq
]hmTM J ]de:a ~ U ® f R?aZR?Y[OQP!M ~+¨ f [Zse;McY`RkuYZON7[
e:YZY`]e:P;NOQP:uAa`q:R[e ff OQa+MhlQ]dP:uMlQOQPWR
a`YbM?{R?Y[OQPWua`q:RP:]dYZa`qiäCMcPWi]hmÌaZq:Rr[
e ff Oga?dMcP;NFOQPkMT[ f MhlQlQR+YuY`O_Nwx]dPDo;ude:YbMhaZOQ]dPk]c{R+YÔa`q:R
Y`R?lQOwxaÔä]cÁmnRhMca`e:YZRUá9qWRVj;][
OQaZOg]P]cmRhMdwqkj;]lgRVM[ f RhM[
e:YZR\Nie;[OgP:u Ü lg] J MhlyÌ][OgaZOg]P:OgP:u
K [
aZR f Ü y9
:'McP;N]j:a`O_w?MhlC[e:Y`{R K a`RhwqWP:O_se:Rh[@U<PLX]h{R fFJ R?Y<MhP;NvXR\wxR fFJ R+Y ~?d¯ aZq:R?OgY
j;][OQa`OQ]dP;[4M[>YZRx f RhMd[e:Y`RhNMhP;)N ® MN:NDOgaZOg]P;Mhlj;]lQR\[X9R?Y`Rj:l_MdwxRhNkOQPaZqWRVo;YZP¥MhlQ]PWua`q:R
[
]e:a`q ä±McP:]cm
OQj:lgRvX] f RCMwxY`][Z[r[
R?{R?YbMhl[`w?McYmnRhMhaZe:Y`Rh[XP:R\McYr
wxRF
aZY`RhM f <McP;NP:RhMhY
a`q:RV]dYZOguOQPMcl[
e ff Oga9uY`O_N,Urá9qWRlQOQPWRV]cm.j;]lgRh[XR?aZR+P;NDOQPWuMhlQ]PWua`q:RF[]de:aZqä±McP:]hmX
OQj:lgR
v>] f R>9R?Y`RXY`Rxà[e:Y`{R K RhNOQPvXRhwxR fFJ R?Y ~+t JK ¬<âZ]YZ«P ]q:P;[ zL(S @ rÌMcPNOQP q:R?P
LS
SrbU
ÛOgue:Y`3R DU ~ [qW]c>[a`q:R Ü y9
j;]lgRlQOgP:Rh[XY`R?l_MhaZOQ{Ra`]kaZq:R
Ogj:lQRFv>] f RY`O_NDudRMhP;N a`]j;]c
udYbMhj:q:O_wb[`w?McY ¢mnRhMhaZe:Y`Rh[rMcaraZqWR J ]eWP;N:McY`OQRh[r]cmr
Ogj:lQRFv>] f RUªÛOQude:YZRhE[ U kMcP;N DU k[
q:]h
M
ÛOQude:YZRU ~?L S(@E^£X£8O f MhuR]hm9
OQj:lgRVv>] f RrMhP;N
wxR
a`YZRhM f [ McP;NvVU;á9q:RrYZR?lgO_wxa>
OQjWlQR
wxRi
a`YZRhM f MhP;NvXe;wbgB [Û:]]arMhYZRR?{O_NR?PDaM[>lQOQPWRhMcY>aZ]dj±]duYMcj:q:OwÕmnRhMhaZe:Y`Rh[X]Pa`q:RP:]dYZaZq
McP;N[]de:aZqkäCMcP:k]hm9
Ogj:lQRTvX] f RU
aZq:Rªwx]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]P]hmaZqWR[eWYZ{R K j;]dlQRh[@±a`q:Rrj±]dlQRTl_M J R?lgOQP:uwx]dPD{R?PaZOg]P<WMcP;NkaZq:RTlQ]w?Mhlw@]c
]YNDOQP;MhaZR¥[ K [
aZR f MdND]jWaZRhN mn]dYaZq:O[i[
aZe;N K U7|¥Rwbq:]][
RaZq:RlQ]w?Mhl wx]]dYbNDOgP;Mca`Ra`]AYZe:P
Mcj:jWYZ]hDO f Mca`R?l K .Rh[a
RhMd[aTMclg]P:uka`q:RNOQ{O_NDRTYZO_NuR4OQa`q¡a`q:R]Y`OQudOQP}McaraZq:RF[
e ff Oga?Urá9q:R
lQ]w?Mhl'öFwx]]YNDOQPMcaZRO_[Ôj;R?Y`j;R?P;NDOwxe:l_MhY9a`]VaZqWRYZONDuR]dYZOQudOQP;MhaZOgP:uFMca.aZq:Rr[
e ff Oga?dMcP;N J R\McY
OQP:u ~?¯ U § NR?uY`R?Rh[RhM[
amnY`] f aZY`e:RudR?]udYbMcjWq:O_wiPW]YZa`q<U|¥RiY`RxmnR?YraZ]aZq:R¥ZP:]dYZa`q; äCMcPW¡]hm
OQjWlQR>vX] f R>M[aZqWR>[O_NRX]hm<aZqWR4YZO_NuR44OQa`qij;][OQa`OQ{REör{MhlQe:R\[ÔMhP;NFwxlQ][Rh[
aaZ]T
wxR
a`YZRhM f vVU
O f OQl_MhYZl K ca`q:R[]eWaZq; VäCMcPWiO[ÔaZqWRr[ONDR]cmÌa`q:RY`O_NDudR4OQa`qP:R?uMcaZOg{R@ö{dMclge:Rh[9MhP;Nwxlg][
Rh[a
aZ]
wxRV
a`YZRhM f U
Ü y9
N:MhabMi.R?YZRTwx]dlQlgRhwxaZR\Ni4OQa`qá4£> ¦ ¬X ©7§¨¨d¨
W
© NDe;MhlmnY`RhsteWR?P;w K Y`RhwxR?Og{R?Yb[.McP;N
§
60
1994
1996
"Y" − line
40
Distance North of Summit (km)
20
0
−20
−40
−60
−80
−20 −10
0
10
20
Distance East of Summit (km)
30
ÛÌOQueWYZRPU L ¦ Mcj]hmã[e:Y`{R K j±]dlQRh[Ìj:l_MhPDa`RhNVOQP ~?h§ []lgO_NTwxOQYwxlQRh[b<MhP;N ~?d¯ ]dj;R?Pw@OQYbw@lQRh[bbU
yÌ]lQR\[R\[abM J lQO[q:R\NOQP ~?h§ 9R?Y`RYZRxà[eWYZ{R K RhNOgP ~+d¯ Uky]dlQRh[r[]de:aZq}]cm4 ~?® f .R?YZRFYZR@
[
e:YZ{R K RhNiOQP ~?dt Urá9qWR\÷ ÕlgOQP:Rr]h{R?Y4aZqWRVP:]dYZaZqWR?YZP×[Zw?MhY J R?uOgP;[XMha §§ f PW]YZa`q]cma`q:R
[
e ff OgaMcPNwx]dPDa`OQPe:Rh[ ¨ f MdwxYZ][Z[4aZq:R
Ogj:lQRT
wxRV
a`YZRhM f f MhYZuOgP<U
®
to Ice Stream D
Distance from Summit (km) (N-S Local Coordinates)
6
True North
N50W50
4
N50
N50E50
RES profiles
survey
poles
160m core
2
Deep Ice Core
0
W50
E50
1996/1997Camp
region of optical
surveying
−2
1994 Camp
−4
S50W50
S50
S50E50
−6
Snow Pits
−6
to Ice Stream C
−4
−2
0
2
4
Distance from Summit (km) (E-W Local Coordinates)
6
ÛOQude:YZRHU L vXR?aMcOglQRhN f MhjV]hm,a`q:R>[e ff OQaÌMhYZRhM[q:]h4OQPWuV[
e:YZ{R K j;]lgRh[xYMN:MhYj:YZ]ho;lQR4lgOQP:Rh[@
[P:]hjWOQa>McPNO_w@Rrwx]Y`RT[OQa`Rh[xWMcP;Nw?M f jlQ]w?MhaZOg]P;[@U
¯
~ ° Ü R+]NDR?aZOw9SXPaZR+P:P;M[Ìe;[OgP:urMwx] fiJ OQP;MhaZOQ]dPr]cmCDOgP:R f MhaZOwMcP;NmMd[a.[aMca`O_wÔa`Rhwbq:P:O_se:Rh[
RU uWUQ9¡AøM¨ ~+D~ Ç ¬E¾{F¨&©Á« {¨Â ~+ D ~+h§ bUfKOQP:R f Mca`O_wÔa`Rhwbq:P:O_se:Rh[Ì9R?Y`RXe;[
RhN
4qWR?YZR4a`q:R4j;]lQR[jMwxOgP:ur4M['[ f MhlQlh]YOgPj:l_MdwxRh[4q:R+YZR>NDR?aMcOglQRhNVa`]j;]udYbMcjWq K 4Md[ÔNRh[OgYZRhN,U
Û;Md[a>[aMca`O_wXa`RhwqWP:O_se:Rh[9R?Y`RXe;[
RhNOQP[jMcYb[
RT[Rhwxa`OQ]dP;[Ô]hma`q:RruYZON4q:R?YZR[e:Y`{R K a`O f R4M[
lgO f OgaZRhN JK j;]lgRxaZ]cj;]lgRia`YbMcP[OQara`O f RªMcP;N4q:R?Y`Rwx]dYZY`RhwxaZOgP:uimn]dYj;][Z[O J lQRF hlQ][Z[]hm4lg]wW a`]aZq:RT[`McaZR+lQlQOgaZRh[9.]e:lNq;M?{R J R?R?PkR?WwxRh[Z[
OQ{R?l K aZO f Rw@]P;[
e f OQPWu:U
á9q:RrOQP:R f Mca`O_w9aZR\wq:PWO_se:RXM[4e;[R\N¢a`]F[e:Y`{R K aZq:RruY`O_N4OQa`q:OQ«P Õ f ]hma`q:RT[e ff OQa+U
á9.] J M[R>[
abMhaZOQ]dPYZRhw@R?OQ{R?Y[:9R?Y`R9j;][
OQaZOg]P:R\NVMca'j±]dlQRh[
® McP;N © ® Uá9.]YZ]h{OQP:u>YZR\wxR?OQ{R+Yb[
f ]e:PaZRhN]dP![P:]h f Mdwq:OgP:Rh[X.R?YZRFe;[
RhN¡aZ]]w+wxe:j K MclQlj;]OgPDa[VOQP¥aZq:«R f uYZON,Uá9q:O[
jWYZ]wxRh[`[94Md[9YZR?j;RhMhaZRhNÕmn]dY J M[
RT[abMhaZOg]P;[4Mha4_
| ¨ McPNFL ¨ U © Mwbqj;]OgPDa4OgPaZq:[R V f uY`O_N
M[ f RhMd[e:Y`RhNMca.lQRhMd[a]dP;wxR4mnYZ] f RhMwbqi]hm<a`q:R § J Md[Rr[
abMhaZOQ]dPilg]w?Mca`OQ]dP;[xUSXlgl:j;]lgRh[4OQaZqWOQP
V f ]hma`q:Rr[e ff OQa.R?YZR f RhM[
e:YZRhNYZR+l_Mca`OQ{R>aZ] § NDOpCR?Y`R?Pa J Md[RT[aMcaZOg]P;[>Mca>lQR\M[a.]P;w@RU
Û;M[
a[aMca`O_w9aZR\wq:PWO_se:Rh[<9R?Y`R9e;[
RhNVaZ]T[eWYZ{R K aZqWR4]e:a`R?Yj;MhYZa]hm<aZqWR4[e ff OQa<udYZON,U © Mwbq
se;MdNDYbMhPDa M ® f [Zse;McY`RMcY`RhMV4OQa`qMwx]dYZP:R+YMha4aZq:Rª[e ff OQaxã4M[>[eWYZ{R K RhN[R?j;MhYbMhaZR?l K
4OgaZq J M[
RF[abMhaZOg]P;[MhEa i]hm9a`q:R J M[Rj;]dOQPab[ RU uWUQ;L ¨ McP;N © ¨ mn]dYXa`q:RFL © se;MNYbMcPaxU
á9qWRXa
9]TYZ]h{OQP:urYZR\wxR?OQ{R+Yb[<9R?Y`RXe;[
RhNaZ][
e:YZ{R K aZq:R>j;R?YZO f R?aZR+Y]hmÌaZq:RsteMNDYMcPa9OQPMlgRhMcj
mnY`]umM[
q:OQ]dP<Ur|¡Ra`O f RhN]de:YYZ]h{OQP:u¢[Rh[`[OQ]dP;[aZ]]h{R?Y`l_Mhj]h{R?YrwxR+YZabMhOQP×[R?u f R?Pab[>[]a`q;Mca
.Rkwx]de:l_N¡] J abMhOQPaZqWRYZ]h{R?Y
Y`]c{R+Y f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?PaMd[V9R?lgl.M[VaZqWRa
9]Y`]h{R?Y J M[
Rk[aMca`OQ]P
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[xUr|8OQa`q¡a`q:O_[raZRhwbq:P:Oste:R±RhMdwq¥j;]lgR]PAa`q:RF]e:a`R?YruYZON O[VMd[Z[]w@O_Mca`RhN¡4OgaZq
a`q:YZR+RX]dY9mn]e:Y.OQP;NDR+j±R+P;NDR?Pa f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[xUãS[O f OQlMcYa`RhwqWP:O_se:R44Md[9e;[R\NiaZ]F[
e:YZ{R K a`q:R
j;]dlQRh[j;][
OQaZOg]P:R\NMca MhP;N f RhM[
a9MhP;Ni.Rh[a]cmãaZq:RNDOg{DONDR>Mclg]P:uTaZq:R>YZONDuRU'ÛOQude:YZHR U §
[
q:]h>[¤a`q:RTwx]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]P]cm J M[R+lQOQPWRh[9] J aMcOgP:RhNOQPkaZqWR{O_w@OQP:Oga K ]hma`q:RT[e ff OQa+U
á9q:RFlQOgP:Rh[X]hm>[
e:YZ{R K j;]lgRh[R?aZR?P;NOQP:uk[
]e:a`qMcPN P:]dYZa`q mnY`] f aZqWRF[e ff OQa49R+YZRF[eWY
{R K RhNie;[
OQP:ukMwx] fFJ OQPMcaZOg]P]hmwx]PaZOgPDe:]de;[ ~?® [Rhwx]dP;N±.DOgP:R f MhaZOwMcP;NmMd[a[aMcaZOwa`Rhwq
PWO_se:Rh[xUá99]FYZ]h{DOgP:uFYZRhwxR+OQ{R?Y[Ô9R+YZRr]j;R?YMcaZR\NOQP×MÕlgRhMcj mnY`]uimMd[q:Og]P¥Mclg]P:uaZq:RrlQOgP:RTMcP;N
R\Mwbqij;]lgR4Md[Ô]w?w@e:j:OQR\NilQ]dP:uVR?PW]e:udqa`] J Rj:Y`]wxRh[`[RhNMd[ÔmM[
aà[abMhaZOwX]w?wxe:jMcaZOg]PkYZR+l_Mca`OQ{R
South−north distance from summit (km, local y)
6
4
2
0
−2
−4
−6
−5
0
5
West−east distance from summit (km, local x)
ÛOQude:YZRU §&L ]Po;ue:YMca`OQ]P]cm Ü y9
J M[R+lQOQPWRh[9wx]dlQlgRhwxaZR\NiP:RhMhY4aZq:R
Ogj:lQRrv>] f Rr[
e ff OgaOQP
~?dc§ MhP;N ~+¯ U
aZ]a`q:R]a`q:R?Y.YZ]h{DOgP:uVY`RhwxR?Og{R?Y?UÌá9q:R\[R f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[.R?YZRe[RhNia`]OQP:OgaZOMclQOg?R4aZqWRrwx]PaZOgPDe
]e;[>DOgP:R f MhaZO_w[R?u f R?Pab[xUá9q:O_[4aZRhwbq:P:OsteWRR?P;M J lQRhNkaZq:Rªwx]PaZOgPDeW]e;[4DOgP:R f MhaZOwXj:YZ]ho;lQRTaZ]
wx]P[O_[
aV]hm[q:]dYZa J M[R@lgOQP:Rh[ J R?a
9R+R?P¡a`q:R[e:Y`{R K j;]lQR\[xUá9q:O_[aZR\wq:PWO_se:R4Md[Vwx]dPDa`OQPe:RhN
]h{R?Y4aZq:RT[`w?McY9mnRhMhaZe:Y`Rh[4M J ]de:a ®/¨ b:\¨ f mnYZ] f aZq:RT[e ff OQa+U
á9q:RVudYZO_Nk]PaZq:R f MhYZuOgPk]cma`q:R
OQj:lgRTw@RV
aZY`RhM f 4M[Mcl_[
][
e:YZ{R K RhNie;[
OQP:uMiw@] fFJ Op
P;Mca`OQ]dPi]hm<OQP:R f McaZOwMcP;NVmM[
a9[
abMhaZO_w9a`Rhwbq:P:O_se:Rh[@UÌá99] J M[
R>[aMcaZOg]P;[9R?Y`R9lg]w?Mca`RhN ~ U ® f
]c×aZq:R f McOQP¥\÷ lQOgP:RUXPWRXY`]c{OQPWuVYZR\wxR?OQ{R+Y]w?wxe:jWOQRhNRhMwbqj;]lgRrMclg]P:ua`q:R f McOgPilgOQP:R4mn]Y
M J ]eWa ~?¨ f OgPDe:a`Rh[<OQPwx]PaZOgPDe:]de;[ÔOQPWR f Mca`O_w f ]NDRU'S¤mnaZR?Y'q;Mcl«mÌ]cmÌaZqWRXudYZO_NF4M[.wx] f j:lQR?a`R
J M[
Rr[aMca`OQ]P[.R?YZR f ]c{R\NaZ]ra
9]r]daZq:R?Ylg]w?Mca`OQ]P[9McPNÕa`q:RXY`R f MhOQP:OgP:uXlgOQP:R4M[ f RhMd[e:Y`RhN
4OQa`qia`q:RXY`]h{DOgP:uVY`RhwxR?Og{R?Y?U<v>e:YZOgP:uraZq:Rh[
R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[xdMXmn]e:Y`aZqY`RhwxR?Og{R?YM[.wx]lglQRhwxa`OQP:u
NWMcabMFMca4a`q:RT[e ff OQa+U<á9q:O_[9R+P;M J lgRhNia`q:R
OQj:lgRr
wxRV
a`YZRhM f uY`O_Nia`] J RrlQOgP:RhNaZ]a`q:R f McOgP
[
e:YZ{R K udYZO_NMca4a`q:RT[e ff OQa?U
P ~?d¯ Da
9]rMdN:NDOgaZOQ]dP;MclC[
e J uYZON:[9R?Y`R9Rh[
abM J lQO[q:RhNVPWRhMcYaZqWR>[e ff OQa,OgPFMcPaZOwxOQj;MhaZOg]P
]hmãMX{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl:[
aZYMcOQPR+Dj;R?Y`O f R?Pa?UCá9q:Rh[
R>[e J udYZO_NW[ÔMhYZR § f [Zse;McY`R4uY`O_N:[wxR?PaZR+YZRhNrMcaL h¨
MhP;N
\¨ U.á9q:Rh[
RXudYZO_NW[Ô9R+YZR[e:Y`{R K RhNe;[OgP:uVa`q:RXOQPWR f Mca`O_waZRhwbq:P:Oste:R44OgaZq J M[R[abMhaZOg]P;[
MhaL \¨ _
| ¨ MhP;NL h¨d© ¨ McP;NV4OgaZqT]c{R+YZl_Mhj:j:OgP:uXY`]h{DOgP:uX]w+wxe:j;MhaZOQ]dP;[xUá9qWR4lQOQPWRÔR+Da`R?P;NDOgP:u
MhlQ]dP:uaZq:R[]de:aZqäCMhP:F]cm.
OQj:lgRv>] f R>4Md[ f RhMd[e:Y`RhNOQPFaZq:Rr[`M f R4mM[
a>[aMcaZOwc°hw@]PaZOQPe:]de;[
OQPWR f Mca`O_wXmM[
q:OQ]dPAMd[VNDR\[ZwxY`O J RhNmn]Yra`q:RP:]Y`aZq¡ä±McP:CUFàP ~+d¯ McPN ~?dt Ì]P:l K aZq:RVmMd[a
[
abMhaZO_wa`RhwqWP:O_se:R>4M[4e;[
RhNMhlQ]PWuia`q:RrlQ]PWuP:]Y`aZq:R?Y`PMhP;N[
]e:a`q:R?YZPklgOQP:Rh[@U
ã ³
ÝhõÇ 1µÙµ{õ>¹º(¶åMß4ß4ÚR¼g¸
Ü 9y
ÁN:MhabM9R?Y`Rj:YZ]wxR\[Z[R\N%e;[OgP:u7a`q:R}á4£X ¦ ¬X © Ü y9
e:Y`{R K U ¨ []hmnaMcY`RAj;MwbdMcudRU
tMcaZR+lQlQOgaZRj;][
OQa`OQ]P}OQPDmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dP4Md[] J abMcOgP:RhN mnY`] f a`q:R J Y`]MNWw?M[
aVR?j:qWR f R?Y`O_[>N:McaMo;lQRU
S>lQl J M[
R?lQOgP:Rh[9R+YZRj:Y`]wxRh[`[RhNi4OgaZqkMhPkR?lQR?{dMhaZOQ]dP f M[]hm ~+¨ NDR?udYZR?Rh[@McP;NkMcPkOg]P:][j:q:R+YZR
w@]YZY`Rhwxa`OQ]PkM[>Mcj:j:lgOQRhNFaZ]MclQl J M[R+lQOQPWRh[9lQ]dP:uR?Y4a`q;McP ® f U'á9q:R[
]cmna
4MhYZRTMclglQ]h>[4MÕ4ONDR
YMcP:udRr]cm[]lge:aZOg]Pka K j;Rh[.NDR?j;R?P;NOQP:u]dPa`q:RTsteMclQOga K McP;Na K j;Rr]cm'NWMcabMFwx]dlQlQR\wxaZRhNCUá9qWR]djD
a`O f e f []dlQe:a`OQ]Pa K j;R OQ]dP:]cnmnYZR?R@ o;RhN±'4Md[Ô] J abMcOgP:RhNÕmn]dY4MhlQl<
OQjWlQRvX] f R J M[R+lQOQPWRh[xUá9q:O[
f RhMcP;[<aZqMcaMhlQl J M[
R?lQOgP:R4[
]lQeWaZOQ]dP;[wx]dPDaMcOgPVP:]Og]P:][j:qWR?YZOw J O_Md[Rh[@4OQa`qMw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`RhNR+YZYZ]dY
a K j:O_w+MclQl K lQRh[`[9aZq;MhP ~ ff UÌá9q:RTMw@aZe;Mhl f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pae:P;wxR+YZabMhOQPa K O[9uYZR\McaZR+Y ® ~?¨ ff
J Rhw+Mce;[
Ra`q:RR?Y`YZ]dY9YZR+j±]dYZa`RhN JDKkÜ y
e:YZ{R K O_[.M f RhMd[e:Y`RX]hma`q:Rr[Zw+McaZa`R?Y4]cmÌa`q:RTw?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\N
[
]lge:aZOg]P<McPNND]Rh[P:]a.YZRxä;R\wxa[ K [a`R f MhaZO_w9R+YZYZ]dYb[McY`O_[
OQP:umnYZ] f O f j:Y`RhwxO_[
RR?j:q:R f R?YZO[N:MhabM
]dYXO f j:Y`RhwxO_[
Rw@]]YbNOQP;MhaZRh[4]cma`q:RVY`RxmnR?Y`R?P;wxRr[
abMhaZOQ]dP<U4á9.] J Md[R?lgOQP:R\[99R?Y`R f RhM[
e:YZRhN4OgaZq
J ]daZq Ü y9
}McP;NA]dj:aZOw?Mcl[e:Y`{R K a`Rhwbq:P:O_se:Rh[@U¡>{R?YM ~ U ® f NO_[aMcP;w@RÔa`q:Re:PMN?âZe;[
aZRhN
J M[R+lQOQPWR Ü y
MhP;N © v ¦ NDO[aMcP;wxR\[9McudYZR?Rra`]4OQaZqWOQP ¨ U ¨ f US4mnaZR?Y[R?j;MhYbMhaZRTMN?âZe[a f R?PDa
]hm Ü y9
kMhP;N]dj:aZOw?MclÌNWMcabM±a`q:RTMcudYZR?R f R?PDaO f j:YZ]h{Rh[a`]4OQaZqWOQP ¨ U ¨D~ w f U
á9q:RP:R?a
9]dYZ]cmT]h{R?3Y ¨¨ J M[
R?lQOgP:Rh[O_[e;[R\N aZ] w?Mclwxe:l_MhaZRkaZqWR]jWaZO f Mcl4j;][
OQaZOg]P8]hm
RhMwbq [e:Y`{R K j;]lgR¡Y`R?l_MhaZOg{RaZ]]daZq:R?Ykj;]lgRh[OgP8aZq:R}[eWYZ{R K U lQ][
e:YZR}NDO[ZwxY`R?j;McPwxOQRh[McYZR
w?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\N mn]Y¢[R?a[Õ]hmVudR?] f R?aZY`O_wio;ueWYZRh[iOgP7a`q:RudYZO_NCUá9q:Rj;][
OQa`OQ]P[i]cmTaZqWRj±]dlQRh[OQP
aZq:RP:R?a
9]dYZ}McYZRaZq:R?P MN?âZe;[
aZRhNAa`] f OQP:O f OgxRTaZq:R¢wxlQ][e:Y`RkNDO_[`wxYZR+j;McP;w@OQRh[@Uá9q:O[j:Y`]wxRh[`[
O_[Fw?MclglQRhNÁZP:R?a
.]YZ MN?âZe;[
a f R+PDa+UÞ á9q:R Ü y9
eWYZ{R K L>R?a
9]Y`SN?âZe[a f R?PDa ¦ ]NDeWlQRM[
e;[R\N a`]kMN?âZe[araZq:R
OQj:lgRFvX] f RTP:R?a
9]dYZCUVS>lQl
OQj:lgRvX] f R[
e:YZ{R K uY`O_N:[>9R?Y`RFMN?âZe;[
aZRhN
Mw?w@]YbNOQP:uraZ]TMr f OQP:O f Mclgl K wx]P;[
aZYMcOQPWRhNiMdN?âZe;[
a f R?Pab >4q:R?YZR4]dP:R4o;DR\NVj±]dOQPaO_[[
j±R\wxOpo;R\N,
McP;N¥aZq:RFP:R?a
9]dYZO[MdN?âZe;[
aZRhNAMhYZ]de:P;NAaZq:O[Xo;DR\N j;]OgPDare;[
OQP:uOQP:PWR?YTwx]P;[
aZYMcOQPab[@USXP
q:]eWY]w?wxe:j;MhaZOg]P]cmaZq:R¢[e ff OQa>OQP ~+c§ Rh[
abM J lQO_[
q:RhN¥M J M[
R?lQOgP:R J R?a
9R+R?P
OQj:lgRvX] f R
e ff OQaMcP;N ¦ w ¦ e:YbND]
aMca`OQ]PãuOg{DOgP:uMk[e ff OQa>j±][OgaZOQ]dP a`]kaZq:Ra`]j¥]cm>a`q:R[
e:YZ{R K
j;]lQRd,]hm ~ U ¯d®c§ § ß
; ~@§ U ¨dD~ ß |5McP;NTMcPrR?lQR+{MhaZOg]Pr]cm ¯ MDU ~d~x§ f YZR?lMcaZOg{RaZ]4a`q:R| Ü
h§
R?lQlgOQj;[
]ON,,4OQa`q¡qW]YZOg?]PabMhl.McP;N{R?YZa`O_w?MhlR?Y`YZ]Y[]cm ¨ U ¨d® f McPN ¨ U ~ f YZRh[
j;RhwxaZOg{R?l K UVá9q:R
[e ff OQaO_[9qWR?l_NÕoDRhNkMhaXa`q:Rh[RTwx]]dYbNDOgP;Mca`Rh[9mn]Y4aZqWRPWR?a
9]Y`kMN+âZe;[a f R?Pa9]cm ~?h§ NWMcabMU
Û ]dY ~+d¯ N:McaMD.RM[`[e f R¤
OQj:lgRvX] f RÔO[,OQPT[a`RhMN K [aMcaZRMcP;Nre;[Ra`q:R.[ZM f Rq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl
wx]]YNDOQPMcaZR\[MhP;NXo;aZqWR9[
e ff Oga:j;]lgRÔqWR?OQudqDaãMca ¯ MDUá? f R?aZR+Yb[:aZ]Mw?w@]e:Pa±mn]dY<aZq:R.MNWNDOQa`OQ]P
]cmãM ~ U ® \ f R?a`R?Yj;]dlQR9R+Da`R?P;NDR?YÌMhP;NVRh[
aZO f McaZR\NX{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]a`OQ]dP]hm;aZqWR9j;]lgR4]c{R+Y<aZq:R \ K RhMcY
j;R?YZOg]N,Uá9q:RF{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]a`OQ]dP4M[Rh[
aZO f Mca`RhNkM[Z[
e f OgP:uio;Y`PANDR+P;[Oga K Mhaa`q:R J Md[RF]cm.aZq:R
j;]lQRr]hm §¨¨ u f Æ Å MhP;NkMcPMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPYbMhaZRr]cm ¨ U ~?¨ f M Æ ~ À ¿ \¨&©ø È bU ^X]h.R?{R?Y?
aZq:RMwxa`e;Mcl;o;YZPkNR?P;[Oga K Mca9a`q:R J M[
R]hmÌaZq:R>j;]lgRO_[.wxlQ][R?YaZ]] §¨ Du f Æ Å MhP;Nia`q:R f ]NDR+YZP
Mw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPiYMcaZRrO[ ¨ U ~ f M Æ ~ § !ÑM!P? Ô« ~?d® U4á9q:O[4NDOpCR?Y`R?P;wxR f RhMhP;[Ôa`q;Mca
aZq:Rro;RhNj;]lgRq:R?Oguqa4O_[4j:YZ] J M J l K MhP]c{R+Y4Rh[a`O f MhaZR JK ¨ U ~+¨ f R?a`R?Yb[@U4á9q:RTRxCRhwxa>]cma`q:O_[
j;][Z[
O J lgRR?Y`YZ]dY]P7a`q:RPWR?a
9]Y`AMdN?âZe;[
a f R?PaYZR\[e:lgab[VO_[VPWR?ulgOQuO J lQRUÛ]dY ~?dt N:MhabM9aZq:R
[ZM f RiqW]YZOg?]PabMhl4wx]]dYbNDOgP;Mca`Rh[mn]dYVa`q:Rk[e ff OQa>9R+YZRFe;[RhN}McP;N¡a`q:Rk[
e ff OgaXj;]lgRq:R?Oguqa
4Md[¤o;RhNMha ¯ MDU §® f U4¬9Rhw?Mhe;[Rr]hm9a`q:R[
aZRhMdN K
[
abMca`RFM[`[e f jWaZOQ]dPMhP;Nmn]YwxRhN f McabwbqMca
aZq:R[e ff OQa;mnYZ] f^K RhMhYaZ]h K RhMhY?hOQPDmn]dY f MhaZOg]PTM J ]eWaÔa`q:R4M J []dlQe:a`R4{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]daZOg]P;[Ìw?McPWP:]a
J R] J aMcOgP:RhN mnY`] f aZqWR Ü y9
¥N:MhabMDU>P:l Kf RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[4]cm{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]a`OQ]dPYZR?lMcaZOg{RaZ]
aZq:RTNDOg{DONDRrMhYZRVj;][Z[O J lQRU
¨
9á q:RMN+âZe;[a f R?PaYZRh[
e:lQa[XuOg{RYZR?lMca`OQ{RVj;]dlQRFj±][OgaZOQ]dP;[4OgaZq:OgPaZq:R[e ff OQa4udYZON 4OgaZq
Y`Rh[ONDe;Mhl_[9lQR\[Z[Ôa`q;McP ¨ U ¨D~ f U£4Rh[ONDe;Mhl_[mn]dYXj;]dlQRh[4MhlQ]PWuia`q:RrP:]Y`aZqäCMcPWMhP;NOQPkaZqWRÕ
OQj:lgR
wxR
aZYZR\M f udYZON .R?YZRlMcYZudR?Y ¨ U ~ aZ] ¨ Uá f >[OgP;wxRa`q:O_[XudYZON¡NDON PW]arq;M?{RF [
aZYZR+P:ua`q¡]hm
oue:Y`Rh McPNiNDONVP:]awx]PabMhOQPYZR\NDe:P;N:MhPDa f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[xUC£4Rh[ONDe;Mcl[Mclg]P:ura`q:R>[]de:aZqVäCMhP:
]hm4
Ogj:lQRTvX] f R9R+YZRTM J ]eWa ¨ U ¨ f OgP ~+¯ McP;N ¨ U ¨ f OgP ~?dt eU @R?Y`aZOw?MclCj±][OgaZOQ]dP;[MhYZR
udR?P:R?YMclgl K lgRh[Z[9.R?lQl«
NDR+aZR?Y f O«P:RhN4q:R?YZRmnR? J M[
R?lQOgP:Rh[99R+YZR f RhMd[e:Y`RhN,ÐU @R?YZa`O_w?Mhl,Y`Rh[ONDe;Mcl[
MhYZRM J ]eWa ¨ U ¨D~ f mn]YaZq:R[e ff OQa<udYZON ~?h§ MhP;N ~?d¯ Ç ¨ U ¨® f mn]Ya`q:RXPW]YZa`qiäCMhP:FMcP;N
OQj:lgRV
wxRT
aZY`RhM f uY`O_N ~?dc§ MhP;N ~+d¯ Ç MhP;N ¨ U ¨ f ~+¯ >McPN ¨ U ~+¨ f ~? 9mn]dYXa`q:R
[
]e:a`qäCMhP:McP;NkvXew BÞ[4Û:]]a+U
Û:]YNDO_[
j:l_M K j:e:Y`j±][Rh[@aZq:R>MdN?âZe;[a`RhNV| Ü
h§ wx]]YNDOQP;MhaZRh['McYZR4jWYZ]hâZRhw@aZRhNraZ]rMCM fiJ R?Y`a
]dPDmn]Y f Mcl f McjT4OQaZqa`q:R4OQPaZR+Yb[R\wxaZOgP:u4lQOgP:Rh[<]cm<lMca`OQaZeNDR4Mha ~ McPN NR?uY`R?Rh[[
]e:a`q<Uá9q:R
jWYZ]hâZRhw@aZRhNwx]]dYbNDOgP;Mca`Rh[9MhYZR>aZq:R+PYZ]aMca`RhN[]ra`q;Mca.aZq:R ~+c§ j;][OQa`OQ]dPi]hmÌj±]dlQRL ¨ O[lQ]w?MhlQl K
`P:]Y`aZq; ]cmaZq:RT[e ff OQa'j±]dlQRU
ã ³½
Ú fÞ¯å )ºæ<å$ùeåMÞ¯º¶4Ú¯ÙRë¿õAµÙ/Ù/åM¹Â¼ß
9¢ ÔUú9Ôû Ê !{4/ §8¨&© Q! È ?{¨DüEV¾£D£D ¿ !
ÛÌOQueWYZRfDU ® [
q:]h>[aZq:Rw?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\NMhP:Pe;Mcl{R?lQ]w@OQa K ]cmCRhMdwqrj;]lgR9OQPra`q:R4[
e ff Oga±Y`R?uOg]P<U'á9q:R
{R+lQ]wxOga K j;MhaZaZR+YZPO_[4uR+P:R?YbMhlQl K \àNDO f R?P;[Og]P;MhlÌMcP;Nj;R?Y`j;R?P;NDOwxe:l_MhYXa`]aZqWR[eWYmMw@Rwx]dPDa`]e:Y
lgOQP:R\[xUÌá9q:R4q:]dYZOQ+]PabMcl[aZYMcOgPYbMca`R4MhP;NiNOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@RÔ]hmCq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl;[
e:YmMdwxR4{R?lQ]w@OQa K O[[qW]c4P
OgPXo;ude:YZR DU ¯ UÌá9q:R{MhlQe:R\[,9R?Y`Rw?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\N¤mnYZ] f M9lQRhMd[a
[`ste;MhYZRh[Ì[a`YbMhOQPDYbMhaZRo;a<aZ]4j;]dl K u]P[
OgPkaZq:RruY`O_N À ¿ \¨&©ø ¿ bU
á9q:R\[R f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[w?MhP J Re;[
RhNiaZ]ªNDR?a`R?Y f OgP:R94qWR?aZq:R+YÔa`q:Rr[
e ff OgaO[ÔaZqWOQP:P:OgP:ur]Y
a`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:u:U;R?a -ý'Dþ tÌNDR?P:]daZRa`q:R qÄ ö q wx] f j;]dP:R?Pab[]cm'[
e:YmMdwxR{R?lg]wxOQa K U ]PaZOgPDe
Oga K ]hmO_wxR f M[`[9YZRhse:OQY`Rh[
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
DU ~
Í Ä
~
N−S Distance from Summit (km)
6
605
4
615
2
0
0.5 m/a
615
−2
−4
605
−6
−6
−4
−2
0
2
4
E−W Distance from Summit (km)
6
ÛOQude:YZRU ®9L @ R?lg]wxOQa K {Rhwxa`]Yb[.McP;N[e:Y
mMwxRrR?lgR?{dMca`OQ]Pwx]dPDa`]e:Y[mn]dY4aZq:RT[
e ff OgaMcY`RhMDU
4q:R?Y`R Í O[¤a`q:RrO_wxRra`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[@ O_[9a`q:RMdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]PYMcaZR;McP;N 4MhYZRw@] f j;]PWR?PDa[
]cmq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMclÌO_wxRrä;e:CUVS[`[e f OQP:uFO_wxRTaZq:OwP:Rh[`[ Í ND]Rh[P:]da{dMcY K [OguP:O«oCw?MhPDa`l K 4OQa`q:OQP
f ]cm>a`q:Rk[
e ff Oga?;aZq:RqW]YZOg?]PabMhlÔä;eW¥NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRw+McP J RR?j:Y`Rh[Z[
RhN OgPAaZR+Y f [X]hm>aZq:R
q:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl<{R?lg]wxOQa K NDOg{R?YZudR?P;ÿ wxR L ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
DUát
Í ý þ
4q:R?Y`R Á
ù r ù 4O[9aZq:RrYMcaZOg]]cma`q:RTM?{R?YbMhuRrq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl<{R?lg]wxOQa K ]hma`q:RrO_wxRTwx]dlQe f P ùA aZ]
aZq:RT[
e:YmMdwxRV{R?lg]wxOQa K ù @U
¬4M[R\N ]dPwbq:R f Ow?MclMhP;Mcl K [
O_[r]cm[P:]hÑj:OQa[VMcPN [
q;MclglQ]hÑwx]dYZRh[ JDK wx]lglQRhMhue:R\[VMcaTaZq:R
0$
+
',
$
&+
99
6
& (
$
,
'
&
3
'$
,4
$+
) 6
6
$
9
)%
(
8(
#
,4
)(
3
−4
−2
0
2
4
W−E Distance from Summit (km)
%,
'
'
,
1.8
2
)
−6
−6
$+
6
−2
',
−4
−2
0
2
4
W−E Distance from Summit (km)
$
,
−4
0
6,
−2
&(
45 $ 0
+
4
4
S−N Distance from Summit (km)
2
,3
'$
!
"
$#
%&
'
*)(
*,+
)./
0//
1
&
)
& $
'
((
)%
)
&) 2
S−N Distance from Summit (km)
6
( + ' $
)
, + &
5< ,
'& $ %*,(
) ( $$
& $ 3
' ' $
& +
$
9
' ' $
' $) ,
, $#
# +
./ )
= :
& > &
=?
, #
@+ 6
' +
& 9 +
(A $ +
8 1
, $ B
C 9& (
%& 9
$$ & (
$
', 3
) # ;
& $
$+
' %&
& $ '
7 & )
1
−6
−6
,
) )
9, *,) +
)' )5 9,
$
'
'$ ,$
- $ )
,
& + $#
) 6
2
1.6
1.4
−4
6
M
M
zXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]cmLXR?0^M f j;[qWOQYZRca`q:RM?{R?YMcudR>Mw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PrYMcaZR>]h{R?Ya`q:R4j;M[
a ~?¨¨d¨ K RhMhYb[
Mca ~ U ® f P:]Y`aZq]hm<aZqWR>[e ff OQa<q;Md[ J R?R+PM J ]de:a ¨ÝQ~d~ f MÆ ~ OwxR4Rhse:OQ{dMhlQR?Pa?h4OQa`qF[lQOguqaZl K
q:OQudq:R?YkYbMhaZRh[]h{R?YFaZq:R f ][aY`RhwxR?Pa. ¨ K RhMcY[¢]hmFM J ]de:a ¨ÝQ~ f M Æ ~ §Â!ÑMî!? Ô«
~?d® U9|¥RrM[`[e f RaZq;Mha4aZq:O[9Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPiYMca`RO[9[
j;Mca`O_Mclgl K wx]P[abMhPDa4OgPkaZq:RO ff R+NDO_MhaZR
{DOwxOQPWOQa K ]hm.aZq:Rª[e ff OQa?U
wxRTaZq:OwP:Rh[`[ Í f RhMd[e:Y`RhN §¨¨ f R+aZR?Y[9[]de:aZq]hm.aZq:Rª[e ff OQaO_[
~?¨d¨c§§ f R?a`R?Yb[ ¬Ô É ¨?¦? a©?ê¹ \Ë4Ôe!£D£¢ÔÞbUá9q:O[¤{dMclge:RrO_[9Y`RhNDe;wxR\N JK ~h U f R?a`R?Yb[
aZ]ªMw?wx]de:Pamn]dY9a`q:R>NDR?P;[
OQa K {dMcY`O_Mca`OQ]dPiOgPia`q:R¤oYZPwx]lge f P §Â !ÑM Ë? Ô« ~?d® .[
]Va`q;Mca
Í dt@!§ f OgPkO_wxRrRhse:OQ{dMhlQR?Pa9e:PWOQab[@U>á9q:RVY`OQuqaq;MhP;N[
O_NDRT]cm © se;Mca`OQ]P DU ~ w?McP J R
w?Mclwxe:lMcaZÿ R\NmnY`] f ÿ a`q:Rh[
R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[ L
þ ê tE§ Z ~Ýp\®Q!¨ÝQ~+¨ m~?¨ Æ å ¨DÝQ~@§}ÁÝ ¨® f M Æ ~
Í ý
¨DÝQ~d~ a`] ¨ÝQ~ f M Æ ~ Ý
á9q:RVmMw@aZ]YD
O_[M[Z[
e f RhNa`]YbMhP:uRVmnY`] f ¨ U ¨ O_[]daZq:R+Y f MhlDlM f OgP;McY9ä]crC4OQaZqkä;]h9lM?
j;]c.R?YDE
_ta`] ¨ U ® NR?aZR?Y f OQPWRhNmnYZ] f Mo;P:OgaZRR?lgR f R?Pa f ]NR?l;]cm'O_wxRXä]c (Ü\ Ç
yyaÒ¨)!H?Ô« ~?d¯ U4á9q:RVeWP;wxR?Y`abMcOgPDa K OQPkaZqWRqW]YZOg?]PabMhl<{R?lQ]w@OQa K NOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@RXO[4NDR?aZR+Y
f OQPWRhN¢mnY`] f a`q:RYbMhP:uRF]cm.Y`Rh[e:lgab[X] J abMhOQP:R\N 4q:R+P{MhYZOg]e;[j;]lgRFwx]PDoue:YMcaZOg]P;[TMcY`Re;[RhN
aZ]w?Mhl_wxe:lMca`RaZq:R{R?lg]wxOQa K NOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@RMcara`q:RF[e ff OQa+USXlgaZq:]de:uq¥aZq:RVäe:¥NDOQ{R+YZuR+P;wxRrO_[
[lgOQuqaZl K q:OQudq:R?YÌaZq;MhPaZq:R.lQ]PWucaZR?Y f Mdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PrYbMhaZR[e:uduRh[
aZOQPWur[lgOQuqaÌaZq:OgP:P:OQPWurMcaÌaZq:R
[e ff OQa+aZq:R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PaR?YZY`]YMclQlg]h>[9aZq:Rj;][Z[O J OQlgOQa K aZq;Mha4aZq:RV
OQj:lgRrvX] f Rr[e ff OQaÌO_[
OQP[a`RhMN K [
abMhaZRU
¢9ÔUú9Ô5F !V £ {¨ÂѨ© Aªy y£
Û OQude:YZR DU [q:]h>[a`q:R9{R+lQ]wxOga K o;R?lNVMhlQ]PWuaZq:R.P:]Y`aZqlgOQP:R.McPNMwxY`][Z[ÌaZq:R.aZ]j;]duYbMhj:q:OwX[`w?McY
mnRhMca`e:YZRU4ÛlQ]hÁO_[4j;McYMclglQR?l<a`]ia`q:RT[e:Y`{R K j;]lgRVlQOgP:Rre:PaZOQlãM J ]eWa> ¨ f mnY`] f aZq:RT[
e ff Oga?
4q:R?Y`RiOwxR J R?uOgP;[a`]ä;]h-.Rh[a
McYbNaZ]hMcYbN¥aZq:R£¤][Z[Tw@R
q:R?l«m`Uî@R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[McYZRFl_MhYZudRh[a
~ f M Æ ~ ¤Mca §d§ f P:]Y`aZq]hm9a`q:RFNDOg{DONDRU>ÛlQ]h^O_[wq;MhP:P:R?lgRhNkMclg]P:ukaZqWRlQR?P:udaZq]cm.aZq:R
§
70
10.0 m/a
N−S Distance from Summit (km)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
−20
−10
0
10
E−W Distance from Summit (km)
20
ÛÌOQueWYZRDU L @R?lg]wxOQa K {Rhwxa`]Yb[9mn]YaZq:RTP:]Y`aZq:R?Y`PäCMhP:]hm>
OQj:lgRTvX] f RUXÛÌlQ]hO_[4j:Y`O f MhYZOQl K
MhlQ]dP:uia`q:Rrj;]lQRrlgOQP:ReWPDa`OQlÌM J ]de:a ¨ f P:]dYZa`q]cm'aZqWRV[
e ff Oga?U
®
Distance Perp. To Y Line (km)
10
8
a
Map View
6
5.0 m/a
4
2
0
−2
"Y" Line
250
b
Elevation (m)
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
0
Cross−Section View
5
10
15
20
25
Distance from N440 Along Y Line (km)
30
Û OQude:YZRéDU 9L MtD@R?lg]wxOQa K {RhwxaZ]dYb[mn]dYaZq:RkP:]dYZa`q:R?YZPÁ[`w?McYMcY`RhMDU OgYbwxlgRh[iMhaia`q:RR+P;N ]hm
aZq:Rr{R?lg]wxOQa K {Rhwxa`]Yb[.NDR?P:]daZRTR?YZY`]Yb[@U J á<]j;]udYbMcjWq K ]cm'aZq:Rª[Zw?MhY9mnRhMca`e:YZRrYZR+l_Mca`OQ{Ra`]aZq:R
| Ü
h§ R?lQlgOQj;[
]ON,UÛ;M[a`Rh[a4{R+lQ]wxOgaZOQR\[Ô]w?wxeWYXOgPa`q:RraZY`]e:udq]cma`q:RT[Zw?MhY¤mnRhMhaZe:Y`RU4
OQj:lgRr
wxR
aZY`RhM f ]Pa`q:RrYZOguqa a` ¨ f ÌO_[9P:R\McYZl K [aMcudP;McPa?U
¯
a`YZ]de:uq]cmaZqWRaZ]dj±]duYMcj:q:Ow¢mnRhMhaZe:Y`RkNDRxoP:OQP:uaZq:R
OQj:lgRk
wxRk
aZY`RhM f f McY`uOgP<U@R?lQ]w@OQaZOgRh[
OgP7a`q:Ra`YZ]eWuqÁMcY`Rl_MhYZuRU%á9qWR?YZRO_[lQOQa`aZlgRNR?aZRhw@abM J lQR f ]a`OQ]dP `æ ¨DÝg~?¨ f MÆ ~ T]P8a`q:R
Y`R?lQOwxa4O_w@R[a`YZRhM f Ogab[R+lpm ÛOQuWU DU >[
q:]h4OQP:uwx] f j:lQR+aZRT[aMcuPMcaZOg]P¥4OQa`qP:]kYZR f PMcPa9ä;]h
MharYZRhNDewxRhN{R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[4Md[] J [R?Y`{RhNmn]YraZqWRe:j:j;R?Yrj;McY`ar]cm>
wxR
aZYZR\M f Á. {¨Â¨©
Ò¨O©9\ Ê !\¨< ~+ Ç ¿ ¨¨&©QÑM\®!¨&¨N¨&© ¿ y§ ~?dt Uká9q:Rj:Y`Rh[R?PaT[q:R\McYrO_[XOgP¡a`q:R
]dj:j;][
OQaZR[R+P;[R4a`]4qMca]P:R>9]de:l_NVR+Dj;RhwxaÌmn]YMhPMdwxaZOg{R9O_w@R4[a`YZRhM f f McY`uOgP<UÌá9q:R4j:YZR\[R?Pa
[
q:RhMhY9YbMhaZRTMw@YZ][`[9aZq:R f McY`uOQPFO_[.M J ]eWa ¨ U ¨d¨ FÂM Æ ~ U9
aZYbMhOQPYMca`Rh[9OQPFaZq:RaZYZ]de:uq[
q:]h%a`q;Mca
a`q:RaZY`]e:udqAMhYZRhMFO_[XR?aZR+P;NDOQPWuMhlQ]PWuOgab[XlgR?P:udaZq<Urá9q:RR+Da`R?P;[Og]P;Mhl[a`YbMhOQPYbMhaZRFMhlQ]PWua`q:R
a`YZ]de:uqO_[ DÝÞ¯ ¨DÝ ¯ m!~+¨ Æ å ÂM Æ ~ Ì4q:OQlgRaZqWRwx] f j:Y`Rh[Z[
OQ]PMcl.[a`YbMcOgPAYbMhaZRj;R?Y`j;R?P;NDOwxe:l_MhY
a`]aZqWRaZYZ]de:uq¥O_[ Ýg~o ¨DÝ m}~?¨ Æ å M Æ ~ Urá9q:RP:R?aqW]YZOg?]PabMhl{R?lg]wxOQa K NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxR f M K
w@]PaZYZO J e:a`RaZ]FaZq:Rrj;R?Y[O_[
aZR?PwxR]cmaZq:RraZY`]e:udqa`]j;]udYbMcjWq K aZq:Y`]e:udqaZO f RU
¢9ÔUú9ÔU¢
¾Í
£
{¨Ñ8¨&©D¡¾9!ÑG
£
4?
ÌÛ OQueWYZREU [q:]h>[9aZqWR{R+lQ]wxOga K {R\wxaZ]dYb[9MhlQ]dP:uia`q:Rr[
]e:a`qäCMhP:]cm
OQj:lgRv>] f RrMhP;NMdwxYZ][Z[
a`]j;]udYbMhj:q:O_wXmnRhMhaZe:Y`Rh[9P:RhMhY4
wxRr
aZY`RhM f :w+MclQlgRhNaZq:RvXe;wbgB [9Û:]]a DU.ÛOQude:YZR[DU ~+¨ [q:]h>[
a`q:R9{R+lQ]wxOga K {RhwxaZ]dYb[ÌMcP;N[
e:YmMdwxR9jWYZ]colQRÔmn]dYaZqWR>vXe;wbgB [<Û]]da.McYZR\MDUPTuR?P:R+YbMclcä;]h!Mclg]P:u
a`q:R[]eWaZqiäCMhP:O_[[
lQ]h9R?Ya`q;McPa`]raZq:R>P:]Y`aZq Ç M f MhDO f e f {R?lg]wxOQa K ]cm f ÂM Æ ~ O_[YZR\Mwbq:RhN
M J ]e:a §® f [
]e:a`qi]hm<aZqWR>[e ff OQa?UCá9q:R>{R?lQ]w@OQa K {Rhwxa`]Y[]Pa`q:R>[]de:aZqiä±McP:ªMcYZR>j;MhYbMclglQR?l
a`]aZq:Rj±]dlQRxlQOgP:RXmn]dY4OQab[R?PaZOQY`RXlgR?P:udaZq<OQP;NDOw?Mca`OQP:uTaZq;Mha4aZq:RYbMNWMcY>j:YZ]ho;lQRh[.wx]lglQRhw@aZRhNFMclg]P:u
a`q:O_[VlgOQP:Rwx]dOQP;wxONDR4OgaZq!McPO_w@Rx ä]cÑlQOgP:RU¥
wxRiä;]h [lg]c>[Va`]¥M J ]eWa ¨ áU ¨ f M Æ ~ Md[Õa`q:R
v>e;w BÞ[TÛ:]]aMcYZR\M O[VMcjWj:YZ]Mwbq:RhN,U!á9q:Rkj:YZR\[R?Paä;]hNOQYZR\wxaZOg]PMhP;N f McudP:OQa`e;NDRO[VP:]a
w@]YZY`R?l_MhaZRhN¥4OQaZq}aZq:R[ f MclQl«
[`w?MclgRia`]j;]udYbMhj:q K ]hma`q:RkvXe;wb BÞ[VÛ:]]da?UAá9qWR¢ä]c NDOgYZRhwxa`OQ]dP
MhP;N f McudP:OQa`e;NDRVOgPaZq:O[rMcYZR\MiO_[{R?Y K eWP:Opmn]dY f CMcP:udlQOgP:u[lQOguqaZl K a`]kaZq:R.Rh[aa`]h4McYN a`q:R
£4][`[X
wxRT
q:R?l«m`U
0
−10
1.0 m/a
N−S Distance from Summit (km)
−20
−30
−40
−50
−60
−70
−80
−90
−20
−10
0
10
E−W Distance from Summit (km)
20
ÛOgue:Y`R>U L Ô@ R+lQ]wxOga K {Rhwxa`]Y[mn]Y>aZqWRV[
]e:a`qäCMhP:]hm4
OQjWlQRrvX] f RU
Local W−E Coordinate (km)
10
8
a
Map View
6
4
2
0
1.0 m/a
−2
200
Cross−Section View
b
Elevation (m)
180
160
140
120
100
55
60
65
70
75
80
Distance from Summit Along South Line (km)
85
ÌÛ OQueWYZR8U ~?¨L ME@ÔR+lQ]wxOga K {R\wxaZ]dYb[mn]dYaZq:R[
]e:a`q ä±McP:]cmT
Ogj:lQRvX] f ROQPaZqWR{DOwxOQPWOQa K
]hm>aZq:RFaZ]dj;]uYMcj:qWO_wimnRhMca`e:YZR\[P:]h4PMd[aZqWRAbvXewBÞ[rÛ:]]a DU OQYbw@lQRh[MhaVa`q:RR?P;N]cm>a`q:R
{R+lQ]wxOga K {R\wxaZ]dYb[4NDR?PW]aZRra`q:R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PaR?YZY`]Y+U J 4
eWYmMw@RR+lQR?{dMca`OQ]dPjWYZ]colQRU
9¢ ÔUú9Ô È ºgDQ!îR¡£¢ Ê !{4/ § í aIH
Û:]YZ\àNDO f R?P;[Og]P;Mhl>O_[]daZq:R+Y f Mhl9lM f OgP;McYiä]cra`q:Rj;MhaZaZR+YZPÁ]cmFq:]dYZOQ+]PabMcl{R?lQ]wxOga K þ M[`[e f OgP:u Ü lQR?P%BÞ[9O_w@RXä;]hl_M?Á4OQa`qJE
_VO[9uOg{R?P JDK
ÿ
DUát
þ q E L K N MO Q P SR P Í PUT ~
4q:R?Y`R R ö:4O[XaZq:R[eWYmMw@RR?lQR?{dMhaZOQ]dPj:YZ ]ho;lQRNDR?a`R?Y f OQP:RhNimnY`] f Ü y9
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[x:OwxR
NDR?P;[
OQa K M ~c Du f Æ Å :uYM\{OQa K O DÝ f y[ Æ Ã ;McP;N K O_[>McPR@,R\wxaZOg{RNDR+j:aZqDàM?{R?YbMhuRhN
ä;]hj;McYM f R?a`R?Y í ?À\aÒ¨< ~+c§ bU Ü OQ{R?P!£ ©
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[]hmVOwxRa`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[mnY`] f
MwxY`][`[¡
OQj:lgR¥vX] f RXa`q:O_[Rhse;Mca`OQ]dPw?MhP J RAe[RhN8aZ]!j:YZRhNO_wxa{R+lQ]wxOga K {R?Yb[
e;[NDO[aMcP;wxR
mnYZ] f aZq:R¢NDOQ{O_NDRUÛOgue:Y`8R DU ~~ [q:]h>[Va`q:Rkwx] f j;]P:R?PaV]hm f RhMd[e:Y`RhN¡{R?lg]wxOQa K MhlQ]dP:uaZq:R
Ü y
×j±]dlQRlgOQP:RFMhP;N¡a`q:Rw+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhN{R?lg]wxOQa K mnYZ] f R\ste;MhaZOg]P DáU tUká9q:Rw+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhN¥McP;N
f RhMd[e:Y`RhNi{R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[.[q:]hud]]NMcuY`R?R f R+PDa4q:R?P9RTwbq:]][
V
R «K _
ÝÞ¢® m¥~?¨ Æ ~XW yM Æ Å ÂM Æ ~
wx]dYZY`Rh[j;]PNDOQP:uTaZ]TM.R?OQudqDa`RhNM?{R?YbMhuR4OwxR4aZR f j±R+YbMca`e:YZR.]cmM J ]e:a Ç&í ?Ü\aÒ¨ ~?h§
R?WwxR?j:a4q:R?Y`RaZqWRä]cÁNR?{DOMca`Rh[mnY`] f aZq:Rj;]dlQRrlQOgP:RMhPa ¨ f P:]Y`aZqMcPN ¯d¨ f []de:aZqk]hm
aZq:R[e ff OQa+U<á9q:R f RhMd[e:Y`RhNä;]h7OgPia`q:O_[ ¯¨ f a`] ¨ f YZR+uOQ]dPiO[uR?P:R+YbMclgl K wx]P;[
O_[
aZR?Pa
4OQa`q ?
Nkl_M f OQP;MhYÔä;]hrU
ã³Ê
Ø µßQß3´.µ&ÞRµ¼¶åZè1¶4¹9ºßQ߯ÚfÞ¯åÁ )ºæçå
¢9ÔZYÔû ?{/¾{?V¨)ü £ {¾ øD¡AVQ\R¦\¨&
]PaZOgPDe:Oga K ]hmO_wxR f M[`[4M\{R+YbMcudRhN]h{ÿR?Y9a`q:RrO_wxRrw@]lQe f PYZR\ste:OgYZRh[
DU §
Í Ä\[ Ã ÿ Ý ÿ
4q:R?Y`Ra`q:RVqW]YZOg?]PabMhl,ä;e:kNOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@R [ Ã ]^ U bU.á9q:RVqW]YZOg?]PabMhl,ä;e:kNOQ{R?Y
uR?PwxR [ Ã w?McP J Rw?Mhl_wxe:lMca`RhN mnYZ] f f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[¤]hmR+OQaZqWR?YV{R?Y`aZOw?Mcl{R+lQ]wxOga K jMcaZa`R?YZP
R f R?YZudR?P;wxR{R+lQ]wxOga K r]YFaZqWRq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl>{R?lQ]wxOga K j;MhaZa`R?YZP<U áYMNDOgaZOg]P;MhlQl K [ Ã O_[Fw?Mhlp
wxe:lMcaZR\N×mnY`] f f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[9]hm>q:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl{R?lg]wxOQa KkJ Rhw?Mce[R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[9]cm>{R+YZaZOw?Mcl
§¨
10
Horizontal Velocity (m/a)
8
6
4
2
0
−2
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
Distance North of Summit (km)
20
40
ÌÛ OQueWYZRDU ~d~?L á9q:RVPW]YZa`qDMcYNwx] f j;]dP:R?PaX]hm.[e:Y
mMwxR{R+lQ]wxOga K Mclg]P:uaZq:RTj±]dlQRlgOQP:R [
]lgO_N
w@e:YZ{RU<á9q:R.{R?lQ]wxOga K wx] f j;]P:R+PDaÌw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`RhN¤mnY`] f Rhse;Mca`OQ]P UtCO_[<Mhl_[
]r[q:]h4PªM[Z[
e f OgP:u
ä]c}j;McYM f R?a`R?Y<{dMclge:Rh[ «K < ÝÞ®Ðm~+¨ Æ ~XW yMÂÆ Å MÂÆ ~Q~ W N:Md[q:RhN;<~ MhP;N K ~Ý ® m~?¨ Æ ~XW yMÆ Å MÂÆ ~
ND]a
NWM[qãlQ]h9R+Y,{R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[bb@McP;N K _ Ý ® m~?¨ Æ yMÂÆ Å MÂÆ ND]a
N:Md[q<dq:OQudq:R?Y<{R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[bbU
f ] aZOg]P]dPMVudl_Mw@OQR?Y>MhYZRrP:]a[e`_kwxOgR?PaZl K Y`R?lQOM J lgRU^X]h9R?{R+Y?q:OQudqkj:YZRhw@O_[Og]P Ü y9
k[eWYZ{R K
a`Rhwbq:P:O_se:Rh[ f M K R?P;M J lQRF{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]a`OQ]dP¡a`] J R f RhMd[e:Y`RhN4OQaZq [ea_¢wxOQR+PDaY`Rh[]dlQe:a`OQ]dPAaZ]
NOQYZR\wxaZl K w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZR4O_w@R9ä;e:CÐU ^XR?Y`R.Rwx] f j;MhYZR [ Ã w?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\NmnYZ] f Ü y9
f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[
]hmÌq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl;{R?lg]wxOQa K MhP;NÕmnY`] f OQP;NDR+j±R+P;NDR?Pa Ü y9
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[]hmÌ{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]daZOQ]dPFMca
OQj:lgRrvX] f RU
£
QÒ¾y\£¢y¨9Í
|¥R>M[`[e f R4aZq;MhaÔa`q:R4ä;]h7lQOgP:R4O_[Ìj;McYMclQlgR?l:a`]a`q:R4lQ]w+Mcl9öVwx]]dYbNDOgP;Mca`RrMca ¨ OwxR4{R?lQ]w@OQa K
j;R?Y`j;R?P;NDOwxe:l_MhYaZ] ö O[i?R?Y`] ý K ¨ Xa`q:R{dMcY`O_MhaZOQ]dP%]hmTO_wxRaZq:OwP:Rh[`[iMhlQ]PWu O[i?R?Y`]
?¥/¾Â¥?À©
a£ ¬[\®ÌÒ¨9¯? Ê !{4/ §
§W~
ÿ
Í ¨ ,MhP;N ù K b
Cù?U|8OQaZqka`q:Rh[RªM[`[e f jWaZOQ]dP;[x:a`q:R\àNq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl,ä;eWNOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@R
4YZOgaZaZR+POgPkaZR?Y f [Ôh] mq:]dYZOg?]PabMhl<{R?lQ]wxOga K j;Mca`aZR?Y`PO_[
ÿ
ÿ
DU ®
dc -þ Í Í ý Qe
[ Ã 4q:R?Y`R ý McP;N þ McY`RVNR?aZR?Y f OQPWRhNªmnY`] f0Ü y9
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[]hm[
e:YmMdwxRr{R?lQ]w@OQa K OQPkaZqWR
McP;N$öNDOgYZRhwxa`OQ]dP;[McPN Í O[XuOg{R?P JK £ ©
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[9]hm.O_wxRa`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[@U|¥RMd[Z[
e f R
¨DÝÞd® M[ij:Y`RhNDOwxaZRhN JK M¡o;P:OQa`RR?lgR f R?Pa f ]NDR+lX]hmi
OQj:lgRvX] f Rä;]h (Ü\JF Ç
yyaÒ¨!?Ô« ~+d¯ .McPNiaZq:R>{dMcY`O_Mca`OQ]dPi]hm ý MclQ]dP:u O_[YZR?lMca`RhNVaZ]TaZq:R>[
j;MwxOgP:u J R?a
.R?R?P
MN?âbMdwxR?Pa9ä;]hlQOgP:Rhg[ f ö í ?À\aÒ¨< ~?h§
ÿ
ÿ
ý þ f Ý
DU ¯
f
9á q:R
OQjWlQRTvX] f RY`O_NDudRVO[¤P:R\McYZl K a.]NO f R?P[OQ]dP;MclCP:RhMhYaZq:Rª[e ff OQa.McPNaZq:RTYbMNOQe;[
]cmwxeWYZ{dMca`e:YZRF]cm[
e:YmMdwxRiR+lQR?{dMca`OQ]dPAwx]dPDa`]e:Y[q:R+YZRFO_[P:RhMhYOgPDo;P:Oga K UÛ;McYmnY`] f aZqWRNDOg{DONDR
- `E`ih 44q:R+YZR h O_[[] f Ra`YbMhP;[OgaZOQ]dP;McllQR?P:udaZqÁ[`w?MclgRb9.RR?j;Rhwxaä;]haZ] J R f ]dYZR
NDOQ{R+YZuR+PDarMdw?wx]dYbNDOgP:ukaZ]a`q:RFYbMNOQe;[r]cm>w@e:YZ{dMca`e:YZRk j]cm>a`q:R[e:Y
mMwxRFR?lQR+{MhaZOg]P}wx]PaZ]de:Yb[
aZq:R+YZRUA|¥Rkwbq:]][
RMj;McYM J ]lgO_wimne:P;wxa`OQ]dP a`]¡Y`R?j:Y`Rh[R?Pla f ö[]¥aZq;MhaiP:R\McYaZqWRNOQ{O_NDR
f ö:O_[4wx]dP;[aMcPaMhP;NM?4M K mnYZ] f a`q:RTNDOQ{O_NRm
f ö.NOQ{R?Y`uRh[ L
ö Ã ~dÝ
f ö:
DU
o
n
hDp f ¨
|8q:R?PÆö h ;MN?âbMdwxR?Pa¤ä;]hÁlQOgP:Rh[4McY`RVa
4O_w@RrM[9mMcYMcj;MhYZaM[>McaHö ¨ Uá9q:RrlQR?P:udaZq×[Zw?MhlQR
h O_[9wbq:][R?Pa`] J Ra`q:RXYMNDOge;[9]cm'w@e:YZ{dMca`e:YZRMca4a`q:R J ]de:P;N:MhY K ]hm
OQjWlQRvX] f q
R j f OgPDe[aZq:R
q;Mcl«m_4ONDaZq]hm.aZq:RFND] f sR r L h j Ä r ï ®¨ f U¤|¥RVe[R h ® f aZ]¢Mw?wx]de:PaXmn]Y
R?YZY`]Y[¤OgP h U
á9q:Rk[ZMhaZR?lglQOgaZRFO f MhuRh[X]hmV
OQj:lgRFvX] f R ÛÌOQu:U U ~ [e:uduRh[
aaZq;MhaVa`q:Rk[eWYmMw@RR?lQR+{MhaZOg]P
wx]PaZ]de:Yb[ f M KJ R[lgOQudqDa`l K wx]Pw?M?{Rx]de:a
4MhYbNPW]YZa`q]cma`q:RNOQ{O_NDR:OgP;NDOw?Mca`OQP:uFaZq;MhLa f ö:
f M K NDRhw@YZRhMd[R4OgaZqÁNDO[aMcP;wxRkmnYZ] f a`q:R¥NDOg{DONDRU8á9q:R+YZRxmn]dYZR9.R¥Mcl[]wx]dP;[ONDR?Yt
M f ö:
§
Scaled Flow−Line Separation W(y)/W(0)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
Distance North of Summit (km)
20
40
ÛÌOQueWYZRNU ~ L S»[Zw?MhlQRhN%mne:P;w@aZOQ]dP;[]hmNDO[abMhP;wxRA{dMhYZO_MhaZOg]P J R?a
9R?R?P MN?âbMdwxR?Paä;]h4lQOQPWRh[
f ö r f ¨ Xe[RhNa`]w?Mhl_wxe:lMca`RVaZqWRiq:]dYZOg?]PabMhlä;e:¥NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxR ÛOgu:UU ~ tbUFá9q:RFYbMhP:uR
J R?a
.R?R?PraZq:R\[R4a
9]wxe:Y`{Rh[,OQP;w@lQe;NDR\[ãä;]h9lQOgP:R4NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxR []lgO_NTwxe:YZ{R © s;UMDU ÌMcPN[lQOguqa
ä]c9lQOgP:RTwx]P{R?Y`uR?P;w@R N:M[
q:RhNw@e:YZ{R © s±U DU bU
mneWP;wxaZOg]P!aZq;MhaMhlQlQ]h>[Vmn]YM¡?]dP:Rk]cmª[lgOQuqaZl K w@]P{R?YZudOQP:uä;]h P:RhMhYia`q:RNOQ{O_NDRMcPN P:]
w@]P{R?YZudR?P;wxR>]YNDOQ{R+YZuR+P;wxRrM?4M K mnY`] f a`q:RTNDOQ{O_NR ö `A`vu L
f ö
DU
f ¨
~ ö r u à © Ý
á9qWRlQR?PWuaZq¢[Zw?MhlQR u _
¨ f NRxo;P:Rh[a`q:R?]dP:R]cm'w@]P{R?YZudR?P;wxR>MhP;NO_[9MhY J OgaZYMcYZOgl K wbq:][
R?P
a`] J R¥M J ]eWJa r r DU á9q:R¥w@]P;[
abMcPab[¯ ¨ÝÞ® MhP;N © ¨DÝÞ® NDRxo;P:Ra`q:R f MhuP:OgaZe;NDRk]hm
a`q:RFwx]dPD{R?Y`uR?PwxRTMcP;N¥McY`RFwq:][R?P¥[
e;wbqaZq;Mhay © ~ UVÛÌOQueWYZ3R DU ~ [
q:]h>[a.J] f ö:
mneWP;wxaZOg]P;[94qWO_wbq J YbMwbR?a.aZq:RrR?j;RhwxaZR\NiYbMhP:uRT]cmÌä;]h9lgOQP:RT[R+j;McYMcaZOg]Pkmne:P;wxa`OQ]P[xU
§
0.25
From Horizontal Velocity
From Vertical Velocity
0.2
Flux Divergence (m/a)
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
−0.1
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
Distance from Summit (km)
20
40
Û OQude:YZRZU ~ L
OQj:lgRv>] f Riäe:!NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRw+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhN¡mnYZ] f aZqWRjMcaZa`R?YZP!]cmq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl
{R?lQ]w@OQa K © s±UDU ® :uYM K McP;NmnYZ] f aZq:Rrj;MhaZaZR+YZPk]cm{R+YZaZOw?Mcl;{R?lg]wxOQa K © s;UDU ~?¨ ,ND]dab[bbU
£
QÒ¾9!\£¢\¨9V
á9q:Rq:]dYZOg?]PabMhlä;e:}NDOQ{R+YZuR+P;wxRw+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhNmnY`] f f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[4]cm{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]daZOQ]dPt O_[.w?MclglQRhNia`q:RR f R?YZudR?P;wxR.{R?lQ]wxOga K [e J:f R?Y`uR?P;w@R4{R?lQ]wxOga K OQP¢McPMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPMhYZRhMbUÛ:]Y
\àNiä;]hMd[Z[e f OQP:ura`q:RO_w@RXO[mnYZ]d?R?Pa`]VOgab[ J RhN \!aÒ¨!f? Ô« ~+d¯ Ç ¤ ©9a ~?d :aZq:R
q:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl,ä;eWuYMNDOgR?PDa>O_[ í ?À\aÒ¨< ~?dc§
ÿ
DU
ÿ l w þ q ÿ
[ Ã
§
DU ~?¨
þ SRJ l w þ q
§
4q:R?Y`R© O[¤a`q:R J RhNR?lgR?{dMca`OQ]Pã R O_[4aZq:Rª[e:Y
mMwxRTR?lQR?{dMhaZOQ]dP mnYZ] f wx]dPDa`OQPe:]e[ Ü y9
f RhM?
?{/¾{?Ü©
a£ Ê \!¯V!? Ê !¥QÒ ¯§
§d§
[
e:YZR f R?Pab[McPN þ O_[a`q:Rÿ {R?lg]wxOQa K ÿ Mclg]P:uhöMha9aZqWRO_wxR>[
e:YmMdwxRUS[`[e f OQP:uraZqWRXa`YbMcP[{R?Y[R
[
aZYMcOQPkYMcaZRTO_[9?R+YZ]:aZq:R+P þ Ä t2MhP;N
ÿ
DU ~d~
[ Ã þ Ä t Ý
ÿ
R
á9qWRA[
e:YmMdwxRA[
lQ]dj±R R O[P:R?uMhaZOg{RMhP;N%aZqWR Ü y9
f RhM[
e:YZR\N {R?Y`aZOw?Mcl>{R?lQ]w@OQa K t O[
PWR?uMhaZOQ{RFMhP;NOQP¥O_wxRxRhse:OQ{dMhlQR?Pa4e:P:Ogab[xUFS[`[e f OQP:uFaZq:RNDR?P[OQa K j:Y`]co;lgRiOgPaZq:Ro;YZP¥O_[>P:]a
wbq;MhP:uOgP:uOgP¡a`O f R;aZqWRi{R?Y`aZOw?Mcl f ]aZOg]P]hm>aZq:R[e:Y
mMwxRo;Y`Pw?McP J Rw@]YZY`Rhwxa`RhN a`]Y`Rxä;Rhwxa
{R+YZaZOw?Mcl f ]daZOg]Pk]cm'aZq:RrOwxR JK aZq:RrY`R?l_MhaZOQ]dP À ¿ y¨&©ø È
DU ~ t
t x5xZy _
t w!x=² P M M w x Ý
¬4Md[RhN7]dP f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[mnYZ] f [P:]hIj:OQa[x49R¥wbq:]][
R M w §¨ Du f Æ Å UÚSXlQa`q:]eWuq
{dMhYZO_MhaZOg]PM f ]dP:ur[PW]c!j:OQa[McPNiwx]dYZRh[mnY`] f
OQj:lgR>vX] f R[q:]h>[aZqMcaaZq:O[{dMclge:Rw+McPYbMhP:uR
mnY`] f ¨¨ a`] §¨¨ u f Æ Å ¬>Ô ¨YÐ §L¹ yË4Ô]!£D£¢ÔÞb,]de:YY`Rh[e:lgab[MhYZRP:]daT[R?P;[
OQa`OQ{RraZ]
a`q:O_[9YMcP:udRU
£ \®Ò¨8ü £ {¾ø¢¡AVQ\R¦\¨&3?{/¾{?V¨Â
á9qWRVq:]dYZOQ+]PabMcl,äe:NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRrw?Mhl_wxe:lMca`RhNimnYZ] f R?OQa`q:R?Y4aZqWRqW]YZOg?]PabMhl{R+lQ]wxOga K j;MhaZaZR+YZP
© s±4U U ® ã]YÌaZq:R.{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl{R?lg]wxOQa K j;Mca`aZR?Y`P © s;4U DU ~?¨ [q:]de:l_N J R.Rhse:OQ{dMclgR?Pa?UÌÛOQude:YZR DU ~ t
[
q:]h>[XaZqWRVä;e:NOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@RVw+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhNimnYZ] f0J ]a`q f R?aZq:]NW[xU © f R+YZuR+P;wxRr{R?lQ]w@OQa K R+YZYZ]dYb[
MhYZRrl_MhYZudR?Y[
]e:a`q]hma`q:RTNDOQ{O_NDRj:YZO f McY`OQl KJ Rhw+Mce;[
R f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[ÌaZq:R?Y`Rr9R?Y`R f MNR]h{R?Y
M ~ K RhMhYj±R+YZOQ]N4q:OglQR f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[,a`]Va`q:R4P:]Y`aZqk[
j;McPEM \ K RhMcYj;R?Y`OQ]N,U¬9]daZq f R?aZqW]N:[
MhuY`R?Rmn]dY4{MhlQe:R\[¤P:]dYZa`q]cmaZq:RTNDOg{DONDR ~?dc§ MhP;N ~+d¯ N:McaMtUX
]eWaZq]cm'aZqWRNDOg{DONDR ~+d¯
MhP;N ~?dt N:MhabMt4aZq:R¥[
q;Mcj;R]cmTa`q:Rj;MhaZa`R?YZP8O[Õa`q:R[`M f R J e:aFaZq:R?Y`RMhj:j;RhMcY[¢a`] J RM
[ K [
aZR f McaZOwVNDO[ZMhuYZR+R f R?Pa J R?a
.R?R?PaZqWRia
9]ä;eW¥NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`OQ]dP;[xUF¬9Rhw?Mhe;[Ra`q:R
qW]YZOg?]PabMhlj;][OgaZOg]P;[<]cm;a`q:R.[e:Y`{R K j±]dlQRh[ÌMcY`R9R?lglpàNDR?aZR+Y f O«P:RhN>McPN J Rhw+Mce;[
R9aZqWRÔqW]YZOg?]PabMhl
f ]aZOg]P;[MhYZRrl_MhYZuRwx] f jMcYZR\NÕa`]aZq:R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDaÌR?Y`YZ]Y+Da`q:RXä;e:NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxRw?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\N
§®
0.25
From Horizontal Velocity
From Vertical Velocity
Flux Divergence (m/a)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
−0.1
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
Distance from Summit (km)
20
40
Û OQude:YZR3U ~@§&L ^X]Y`OQ?]dPDaMclä;eW¥NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`RhN¢mnY`] f f \R M[eWYZR f R+PDa[Ô]cmq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl
{R?lQ]w@OQa K MhP;N¡mnYZ] f {R+YZaZOw?Mcl'{R?lQ]wxOga K U ~+t {R?Y`aZO_w+Mclj;][
OQa`OQ]P f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[4q;M?{R J R?R?P
[q:O«mnaZRhNe:j4MhYbN ¨ U ~+® f YZR+l_Mca`OQ{Ra`]aZq:RT[
e ff Oga?U
§¯
mnY`] f aZq:R\[R f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[ © s±UU ® 'O_[ f ]Y`R4YZR?lgO_M J lQR>aZq;MhPaZq:Rw?Mclwxe:l_MhaZOg]PmnYZ] f {R?Y`aZO_w+Mcl
f ]aZOg]P<U
9á q:R ~+¯ ~+ [
e J:f R+YZuR+P;wxR4{R?lg]wxOQa K McjWj±R\McYb[4aZ] J RraZ]]qWOQuqkY`R?l_MhaZOQ{R>aZ]a`q:Rrw?Mhl_wxe
lMca`RhNq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMclä;e:NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRU<á9q:R.NDO[ZwxY`R?j;MhP;w K wx]de:l_N J R4w+Mce;[
RhN JDK [ K [
aZR f McaZOwR+YZYZ]dYb[
Md[Z[
]wxO_MhaZRhN4OgaZqY`RhNDe;w@aZOQ]dPk]cm Ü y
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[@mnY`] f McPW] f MhlQ]e[¤e:j4MhYbN f ]a`OQ]Pk]hm
a`q:Rr[
e ff Ogaj;]lQR J R?a
9R+R?P ~?d¯ McP;N ~?dt :]dY¤mnY`] f McP:] f Mclg]e;[4N]c4P4MhYbN f ]daZOQ]dP]cmMclgl
j;]dlQRh[Rh[
abM J lQO_[
q:RhNOQP ~?d¯ Mclg]P:uTaZq:R[]de:aZqFäCMcP:CU ^X]h9R+{R?Y?haZq:R>YZR\[e:lgab[McY`RP:]a.[
R?P;[OgaZOg{R
a`]aZqWRVj;MhYbM f R?aZR?Y[9e;[R\NOQPaZq:RTP:R?a
9]dYZMN+âZe;[a f R?Pa4j:YZ]wxR\[Z[
RhwU U § U ma`q:R[
e ff Oga
j;]dlQR>4M[.McP:] f Mclg]e;[
l K q:Oguq ]dY9aZqWRXY`Rh[a]cmãaZq:R>j;]lgRh[9MhP:] f MhlQ]de;[l K lQ]hta`q:R>j±]dlQRh[.Mclg]P:u
a`q:R4äCMcP:F9]de:l_N J ROQPaZR+YZj:Y`R?aZRhNTM[q;M?{DOgP:uMhP:] f MhlQ]de;[l K q:Oguq{R?Y`aZOw?Mcl f ]a`OQ]dPiY`R?l_MhaZOQ{R.aZ]
a`q:RT[e ff OQaj;]lgRUá9q:RV] J [R+YZ{RhNkNDO[ZwxY`R?j;McPw K .]e:lNY`RhsteWOQYZRMiND]h4P4MhYbNk[q:O«mnaX]hmj;]dlQRh[
MhlQ]dP:ukaZq:R[]de:aZqäCMcPW JK M J ]de:a ¨ U ~+® f UÛOQude:YZ3R U ~@§ [
q:]h>[a`q:RO f jWYZ]h{RhNMhuY`R?R f R?Pa
a`q;Mca>YZR\[e:lgab[4M\mna`R?Y4aZqWO_[4wx]dYZYZR\wxaZOg]P<U
XS PW] f MhlQ]e[ f ]a`OQ]P]cm;a`q:R.[e ff OQa;[
e:YZ{R K j±]dlQR.wx]de:l_Nr]w?wxe:Y<O«m:a`q:R J M[
R9]cmWaZqWR9j;]lgR9NO_N
PW]aMclQM K [ f ]h{R>{R?YZa`O_w?MhlQl K 4OQa`qkaZq:Ro;Y`P<U9PkaZqWO_[4w?Md[R;[
] f R]hma`q:RTMcj:jWYZ]hDO f Mca`R?l K ¨Ý f R?aZR?Y[±]hm;R?j±R\wxaZRhNrMhP:PDeMcl{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]daZOQ]dPmnYZ] f OwxRä;]h Md[Z[e f OQP:u ¨DÝQ~+¨ f M Æ ~ McP;N
M w <
®¨ Du f Æ ~ <9]de:l_NrP:]a']w?wxe:Y'McP;NVa`q:R4[
e ff Oga,j;]lgR9.]e:lNMcj:j;RhMhYMcY`aZOpo±wxO_MhlQl K q:OQudq<U
v>OpCR?YZR+PDa`O_MclC[
R?aZa`lQR f R+PDaÌ]cm'aZq:R[e:Y`{R K j;]lQR\[4wx]e:lNMcl[]Fwx]dPDa`YZO J e:aZR>aZ]R+YZYZ]dP:R?]de;[9OQPDmnR+YZYZR\N
{R+YZaZOw?Mcl f ]a`OQ]dP<UP ~+d¯ ,a`q:R J Md[RT]cma`q:RT[e ff OQaj;]lQRrM[M J ]de:Ea f R?a`R?Yb[ J R?lQ]ha`q:R
[
e:YmMdwxR4q:OQlgRaZq:RP:R?4l K Rh[
abM J lQO_[
q:RhNr[]de:aZqräCMcPWj;]dlQRh[<YZRhMdwqWRhNrM4NDR?j:a`qV]cm±M J ]e:a ~ f R?aZR+Y?U
v>OpCR?YZR+PDa`O_Mcl[R?a`aZlQR f R?Pa<]cm ¨ U ~?® f ]c{R+Y]P:R f R?a`R?Y'wx]e:lNÕ]w+wxe:Y9O«m<a`q:R>NDR?P;[
OQa K Mcaa`q:R J M[R
]hma`q:Rk[
e ff OgaXj;]lgRkO_[ ~+® É udYZRhMhaZR?Ya`q;McPa`q:RkNDR?P[OQa K MhaaZq:R J M[Rk]hmj;]lgRh[Mclg]P:ua`q:R
[
]e:a`qäCMcPW,Urá9q:O[XNOpCR?YZR+P;wxRVO[¤jWl_Mce[O J lQRVudOQ{R?PM?{dMcOgl_M J lQRNR?P;[Oga K àNDR?j:a`q f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[
MhP;Nse;MclgOQaMcaZOg{R4R?{O_NDR?PwxRX]hmÌlQ]h8NR?P;[Oga K o;YZPkMhlQ]dP:uaZq:R[]eWaZqiäCMhP: ÔH§?£D¨©)¹ yË4Ô
!£D£¢ÔÞ
§
9¢ ÔZYÔ5F ?¯V? í ?RÜ\\¨)ü Q! È ?¥¨&
S[Z[
e f OgP:u¡a`q:Räe:!NDOQ{R?Y`uR?PwxRkj;Mca`aZR?Y`PÁw?Mclwxe:l_MhaZRhNAmnYZ] f f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[]hmrq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl
{R?lQ]w@OQa K haZq:R4j;MhaZa`R?YZPF]cmãaZq:OwR?PWOQP:u>]YaZqWOQP:P:OgP:uTMwxY`][`[ÔaZqWR>ND] f R>w+McP J R>w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhNmnY`] f
aZq:RTwx]dPDa`OQPe:OQa K Rhse;Mca`OQ]Pã
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
DU ~
Í Ä dc -þ Í Í ý e Ý
á9q:RFMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPj;MhaZaZR+YZP ö:.O_[4abMcR+PaZ] J RaZq:Rª[a`RhMN K à[abMhaZRj;MhaZa`R?YZPOQPDmnR?Y`YZRhNimnY`] f
aZq:R£ ©
Fl_M K R?Y.[qMcj;Rh[ (Ü\Y?bUá9qWRq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMclC{R?lQ]wxOga K wx] f j;]dP:R?Pab[ þ McP;N ý McYZR
mnYZ] f0Ü y
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[xMcP;NiOwxRa`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[ Í O_[4NDR+aZR?Y f OQP:R\NmnYZ] f £ ©
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[
MwxY`][`[aZqWRND] f R (Ü\lY?UiÛÌOQueWYZR DU ~+® M e:j:j;R?Yrj;MhP:R?ln[
q:]h>[aZq:Rw?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\Nä;e:
NDOQ{R+YZuR+P;wxRmnYZ] f R\ste;MhaZOg]P DU ® 9mn]dYaZq:RTYbMhP:uR]hm94ONDaZqkmne:P;wxa`OQ]dP;z[ f ö[q:]h4POgPÛOguc
e:YZZR U ~ MhP;NAaZq:RkYMcP:udR]hmrMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]P¥j;Mca`aZR?Y`P;[VOQPmnR?YZY`RhN mnYZ] f £ ©
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[
McaTaZq:8R |{7wx]dPDoCNDR+P;wxRFlQR?{R?l (Ü\}Y?Uká9q:R?OgYNDO«,R+YZR?P;w@R<aZq:RFOQPDmnR+YZYZR\N YMcaZRF]cm>a`q:O_wb
R?P:OgP:u:9O[[q:]h4P8OgP a`q:RklQ]h9R+Yj;McP:R+lU!LX]¡a`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:u]dYia`q:OQPWP:OQP:uO[ÕjWYZRhNDOwxaZR\NAMcaFaZq:R
[e ff OQa+UASXlgaZq:]de:uqaZqWRMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dP¡YMca`RMcaFaZqWR[
e ff OgarO_[o;RhN7Mhaia`q:R ~?¨d¨¨ K RhMhY
M?{R?YbMhuRmnY`] f O_w@RVw@]YZR f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[ § !ÑMP!P? Ô« ~?d® b<aZq:RrY`R?uOg]P;Mhlä;eWNOQ{R?Y
uR?PwxRiO[rMwx] f j:lQR+aZR?l K OQP;NR?j;R?P;NDR?Pa f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pa?UTá9q:RkMhuYZR+R f R?PaXO[rwx]P;[
O_[
aZR?Par4OQaZq
aZq:RªNDR?aMcOQlgRhN f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[]cma`q:DR ?
Nä;eWNOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@ROQPaZq:Rª[e ff OQauY`O_N,U>SXlg]P:uFaZq:R
P:]Y`aZqäCMhP:,aZq:R4ä;e:NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxR>MhP;NkMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PYMca`RrMcY`R]cm'[
O f Ogl_McY f McudP:OQa`e;NDR[
e:uc
uRh[
aZOgP:uilgOQa`aZlQRaZq:OwR?PWOQP:ur]Y>aZqWOQP:P:OgP:uO_[9]w+wxe:YZY`OQP:uFaZqWR?YZRU'á9q:Räe:kNDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxROgP;wxY`RhM[
Rh[
[q;MhYZj:l K Mca ¨ f P:]dYZa`q]cm4a`q:RF[e ff OQa44qWR?YZRa`q:R?YZRO[Mk[a`R?jOQP J RhNDY`]wa`]j;]udYbMhj:q K
McP;N¥McPOgP;wxY`RhM[
ROQPOwxRVa`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[4uYMNDOgR?Pa?Urá9q:O[[ f MhlQl«
[`w?MclgRmnRhMhaZe:Y`RVO_[>P:]arMhlQlg]c.RhN JK
aZq:R>mne:P;wxa`OQ]Pe;[RhNa`]NDRh[`wxYZO J RaZq:RMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PjMcaZa`R?YZP (À\qY?bU © [a`O f MhaZRh[]cmÌOwxR
aZq:OwP:Rh[`[4wqMcP:udR J R K ]P1N ¨ f P:]dYZaZq]hmaZqWR[e ff OQa.MhYZRVPW]ar[
q:]h4P J Rhw?Mhe;[ROwxRä;]h
aZq:R+YZRkNDR+{DOMcaZR\[V[OguP:O«oCw?MhPDa`l K mnYZ] f a`q:Rkj;]lQRlQOQPWRU
]e:a`q ]hma`q:RkNDOg{DONDRÌaZq:Riäe:ANOQ{R?Y
uR?PwxRO_[ f e;wbqlQRh[`[9aZq;MhPkaZq:RrMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PFYbMhaZRTMcP;N J Rhwx] f Rh[P:R?uMhaZOg{RMha>M J ]e:a §¨ f
§
Flux Diverg. or Accum. rate (m/a)
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
−0.1
Inferred Rate of Thickness Change (m/a)
Inferred Accumulation Rate
Calculated Flux Divergence
0.25
−80
−60
−40
−20
Distance from Summit (km)
0
20
0
20
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
−0.1
Accumulation − Flux
Continuity Model
−80
−60
−40
−20
Distance from Summit (km)
ÌÛ OQueWYZRDU ~+®9L M>Ûlge:NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxRrOgPDmnR?YZY`RhN¢mnY`] fIf RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[Ô]hm.O_wxRT{R?lQ]wxOga K McP;NO_w@R
a`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[mn]Ya`q:R[]eWaZq ä±McP:]cmT
Ogj:lQRkv>] f R J l_Mwb;rMcPN a`q:RkOQPDmnR+YZYZR\N Mdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]P
jMcaZa`R?YZPmnY`] f McP;Mhl K [O_[>]cm£ ©
OQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl<lM K R?Y[
q;Mcj;Rh[ uYbM K bU J ¤á9q:ROQPDmnR+YZYZR\Nj;MhaZaZR+YZP
]hmraZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWuMcPN7aZq:OgP:P:OQPWuYbMca`Rh[FMwxY`][Z[FaZq:R×ND] f R uYM K 4McP;N7a`q:RkaZq:OwR+P:OQP:uYbMhaZRh[
w+Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZRhNVmnYZ] f M f ]NDR?l:]hm
OQjWlQRvX] f R>R?{]dlQe:a`OQ]Pmn]Y ~?¨d¨ ¨d¨ ¨¨ §¨¨ MhP;N ®¨d¨ K RhMcY[
[
OQP;w@Rr[aMcuPMcaZOg]P]cm'aZq:Rrv>e;w BÞ[.Û:]]aMcP;N
Ogj:lQRr
wxRr
a`YZRhM f N:Md[q:R\N±bUy][OgaZOQ{R]YbNOQP;MhaZR
NR?P:]a`Rh[9j;][
OQaZOg]P;[4P:]dYZaZq]cma`q:RTNDOQ{O_NRU
§
mnYZ] f aZqWRF[e ff OQa?U>á9q:O[NDO«,R+YZR?P;w@R[eWuuR\[ab[a`q;Mcaa`q:RF[]de:aZqäCMhP:O[XaZq:OwR+P:OQP:u4OgaZq¥M
f McO f e f YbMca`RV]hm ¨ U ~?¨"bt¨ U ~ f MÆ ~ MhaM J ]de:a ® f []de:aZq]cma`q:RT[e ff OQa+Uá9qWO_[4YZR?udOQ]P
]cm f McO f e f j:YZRhNO_wxa`RhNa`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:uO_[âZe[arP:]Y`aZq¥]cm.aZqWROQP:P:R+Y f ][a>aZ]j;]duYbMhj:q:Ow¡b[`w?McY mnRhMca`e:YZRr]hmaZq:RTvXew BÞ[.Û]]da?U
á9q:Rj;Mca`aZR?Y`P]hm;aZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWu9MhP;NaZq:ÿ OgP:P:OgP:u4O_[<[
] f R?4qMca<[
R?P;[
OQaZOg{Ra`]M9Y`RhM[
]P;M J lQR.wbq:]OwxR
]c~m f öUrP;wxYZR\M[OgP:u NDRhwxY`RhM[
OQP:u f OQP;wxY`RhM[
Rh[ NDRhw@YZRhMd[Rh[b4aZq:RVäe:NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxRªMcP;N
j:YZR\NDO_wxa[X[
lQOguqaZl K lgRh[Z[ f ]dYZR.aZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWuVaZ]ka`q:R[
]e:a`qAMhP;N f ]Y`R lQR\[Z[aZq:OgP:P:OQPWuia`]aZq:R
P:]Y`aZq< J e:akaZqWRuR?P:R+YbMcl>j;MhaZaZR+YZPÁO_[ie:Pwq;MhP:uR\N,U-S4a §¨ f []de:aZqÁ]cmTaZqWR¥NDOQ{O_NDR9aZq:R
ä;e:kNOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@R J R\wx] f R\[ÔP:R?uMca`OQ{RU © Y`YZ]dYb[9OQPaZq:ROgPDmnR?Y`YZRhNMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]Pj;MhaZa`R?YZPk9]de:l_N
P:]aTwbq;McPWuRVa`q:RF[OguP]hm9a`q:Rj:Y`RhNDO_w@aZRhNaZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWuq:R?YZRU © {R?PO«m.aZq:RªMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PkYMcaZR
Mcj:jWYZ]MdwqWRhN¡?R?Y`]Mhaa`q:RkvXew BÞ[rÛ:]]a+aZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWu]cmM J ]de:a ¨ U ¨t f ÂM Æ ~ .]e:lNA[a`OQlQl J R
j:YZR\NDO_wxa`RhNMhaM J ]de:aX ®t f U
Distance above bed at divide (m)
1000
800
600
Surface
400
200
0
−200
Bed
−400
−80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
40
60
<−Ducks Foot Distance from divide (km) Siple Ice Stream−>
ÛOQude:YZRDU ~?¯L
eWYmMw@Rj:YZ]ho;lQRh[XmnY`] f Mio;P:OgaZRFNDO«,R+YZR?P;w@R f ]NDR?lÌ]cm
OQj:lgRFvX] f RR?{]lge:aZOg]P
NDRh[`wxYZO J R\NOQP q;Mhj:aZR?Y UiyY`]co;lgRh[r[q:]h4P}McYZRFMha ¨ ¨d¨ §¨¨ McPN ¯d¨¨ K R\McYb[[OQPwxRF[ K PD
wqWYZ]PW]e;[>[aMcuPMcaZOg]P]hma`q:RrO_wxRT[a`YZRhM f [Ô]dP J ]a`qäCMhP:W[xU
®d¨
mÌaZqWRrvXe;wbgB [Û]]daXY`R?j:Y`Rh[R?Pab[Mmn]dY f R?YY`R?uOg]P]hmmMd[a9ä;]h84q:OwqqM[9YZR\wxR?PaZl K [aMcuc
PMcaZR\N,ÔOgab[rR?{]lge:aZOg]P f M K¥J RNRh[ZwxY`O J RhN JK a`q:Rkwx]dPDa`OQPe:OQa K R?{]dlQe:a`OQ]P f ]NDR?lNDO_[`wxe;[Z[
RhN
OgP q;McjWaZR?Y UÑá9q:R f ]NDR?le[Rh[aZqWR¥[ f ]]daZq:RhN
Ogj:lQR¥vX] f R J RhN8aZ]j;]duYbMhj:q K NDR+aZR?Y
f OQP:RhNmnY`] f £ ©
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[ (ÀyY?baZqWRrMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPj;Mca`aZR?Y`Pk[q:]h4PkOQP¢ÛOQuh
eWYZR U ~+® MtMcP;NMj;MhYbM J ]dlQO_w9OgP;wxY`RhM[
R9OQPFNO_[aMcP;w@R J R?a
9R?R+PMN+âbMwxR?Paä;]hlQOgP:Rh[ÌMw?w@]YbNOQP:u
a`]Rhse;Mca`OQ]d1P DU 4OQa`q h ®d¨ f U4á9q:R f ]NR?l<O_[9o;Yb[
ae;[
RhNa`]kw?Mclwxe:lMcaZRTM[
aZRhMdN K [aMcaZR
N] f RTj:YZ]ho;lQRFaZq;MharO_[wx]dP;[O[a`R?PDar4OgaZqaZqWRMdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]Pkj;Mca`aZR?Y`PAMd[Z[
e f OQPWulM f OgP;McY>O_w@R
ä]c Mw?wx]dYbNDOgP:uaZ] Ü lQR?%P BÞ[Ôä;]hÁl_M?rUÛ:]Y>aZq:RT[R\wx]P;N f ]NDR?lCYZe:PãDäCMca4OwxRT[aZY`RhM f [Rhwxa`OQ]dP;[
MhYZRMNWNDRhNAaZ]a`q:R J ]de:P;N:MhYZOgRh[V]cmaZq:RND] f RkMhP;NAaZq:RkN] f RO[MclglQ]h9RhN¥aZ]R?{]dlQ{RF4q:OQlgR
a`q:RmMcY f MhYZudOQP;[V]hmraZq:RkOwxRk[a`YZRhM f [VMhYZRq:R?l_N}McaFaZq:R?OgYVOgP:OQa`O_Mcl.R?lQR+{MhaZOg]P;[@UÛOQude:YZZR DU ~?¯
[
q:]h>[¤a`q:RVOgP:OQa`O_Mhl<ND] f R°h[
aZY`RhM f jWYZ]colQR J Rxmn]dYZRrR?{]dlQe:a`OQ]P J R?udOQP;[>McP;N[
e J [
RhsteWR?PDa4jWYZ]colQR
R+{]lQeWaZOQ]dP<UFÛOQude:YZR DU ~?® J lQ]h9R+Yj;McPWR?l [qW]c>[raZq:RFaZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWuj:YZR\NDO_wxa`RhN JK aZq:R f ]NDR?l
mn]dY ~+¨¨ ¨d¨ ¨d¨ §¨¨ ;McP;N ®¨¨ K RhMcY[[OQPwxR[ K Pwq:Y`]P:]de;[9[
abMhuP;MhaZOQ]dPk]cmÌaZqWRvXew BÞ[Û:]]a
MhP;Na`q:R
OQjWlQRT
wxRV
a`YZRhM f Uá9q:RªwqMcYbMdwxaZR+Y4]cma`q:Rrj:YZRhNO_wxa`RhNiaZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWuVO_[4[
O f Ogl_MhYÔa`]ia`q:R
a`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:uOgPDmnR?Y`YZRhN¡mnYZ] f aZq:R{R?lQ]wxOga K¡f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[4OgaZqaZqWR f MhDO f e f a`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:u
]w+wxe:YZY`OQP:uMca>aZqWRmn]dY f R+YÌâZe:P;wxa`OQ]Pk]hmaZq:RªND] f RrMcP;NOwxRr[
aZYZR\M f U.á9q:RMhuY`R?R f R?Pa9O[ J Rh[a
4qWR?PkaZq:RraZO f R[OQPwxRT[abMhuP;MhaZOg]POQPaZq:R f ]NDR+l,O_[4M J ]e:Ea ¨¨ §¨¨ K RhMcY[xU
ã ³ð
º¼
¶4Þa»ß4Ú¯º¼ß
á9qWRij;][
OQa`OQ]P[]hm ~ ® [
e:YZ{R K j;]lgRh[YZR?lMcaZOg{RVa`]a`q:RNDOQ{O_NDRT9R?Y`RFNDR?a`R?Y f OgP:RhNimnYZ] f Ü y
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[¤a`]4OQa`q:OQP ¨ U ¨~ f OgPAaZq:R¢[e ff OQa>YZR?udOQ]P!MhP;N¡aZ]4OgaZq:OgP ¨ U ~?¨ f OQPAa`q:R
{O_w@OQP:Oga K ]hmraZqWRPW]YZa`q:R?Y`P7MhP;N8[]de:aZqWR?YZP![Zw+McYmnRhMca`e:YZRh[@U ¦ R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[]h{R?Y ~ ªMcP;N0\
K R\McYj;R?Y`OQ]N:[ruOQ{Ra`q:R{R?lg]wxOQa K o;R?lN Y`R?l_MhaZOQ{RTaZ]kaZqWRNDOg{DONDRUT
wxRVä;]h O_[XjWYZO f McYZOgl K a
9]h
NO f R?P[OQ]dP;Mcl'P:RhMcYa`q:Rk[
e ff Oga?U
wxRä;]hÑO_[jMcYbMhlQlgR?laZ]aZqWRij;]lgRklQOQPWRMdwxYZ][Z[VaZqWRkND] f R
J R?a
.R?R?P ¯¨ f [
]e:a`qAMhP;N¡M J ]e:]a ¨ f PW]YZa`q¡]hm.aZq:RNDOQ{O_NRUÕ>e:a[ONDR]cmaZq:O[XYZR?udOQ]dP<
ä]c!aZe:Y`P;[9Rh[
a
4McYNVaZ]TaZq:R>£4][`[Ô
wxR
q:R?lpm`U @R?lQ]wxOgaZOgRh[MhlQ]dP:uraZq:R>j;]lQR4lgOQP:R4OgP;wxY`RhM[
R>M\M K
®~
mnYZ] f a`q:RTNDOQ{O_NRrMcP;NY`RhMwbqM f McO f e f {dMclge:Rr]cm.M J ]e:a ~ f MÂÆ ~ Mca §§ f PW]YZa`q<U4S4a
aZq:R
Ogj:lQRw@RV
aZY`RhM fÑf MhYZuOgP<DOwxR4ä;]h^wqMcP:P:R+l_[ÔOgPDa`]Va`q:RraZ]j;]duYbMhj:q:OwaZY`]e:udqMhP;N¢ä;]h>[
aZ]h4MhYbNkaZq:RT£4][Z[>
wxRr[
q:R?lpm`U9>PaZq:RrYZR+lQO_w@aX
Ogj:lQRr
wxRT
aZY`RhM f aZq:Rr{R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[MhYZRVlgRh[Z[9a`q;McP
¨ U ~?¨ f M Æ ~ U9
]e:a`q]hma`q:RTNDOQ{O_NRX{R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[OgP;wxYZR\M[RaZ]FM J ]de:a f M Æ ~ Mha §¨ f [
]e:a`q
McP;NkaZq:R+PNRhwxYZR\M[Rra`]ilgRh[Z[aZq;MhP ¨ áU ¨ f M Æ ~ MdwxYZ][Z[4aZq:RTvXew BÞ[4Û:]]a+U
á9q:Rh[R f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[CMcY`RXe;[
RhNaZ]rNDR+aZR?Y f OQP:Ra`q:R¤äe:NDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxR.OQPa`q:R>[e ff OQaÌMhYZRhM
McP;NMdwxYZ][Z[a`q:R4N] f RU<|8q:R+Pwx] f j;McY`RhNaZ]a`q:R4Mdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PrYbMhaZRhaZqWR9YbMhaZR.]cmCaZq:OwR+P:OQP:u
McP;Na`q:OQPWP:OQP:uFMhaXa`q:Ri
OQj:lgRrvX] f RV[
e ff Oga.McP;NMclQ]dP:uOgab[ÔäCMhP::[>w?MhP J RVOgPDmnR?YZY`RhN,U.S¤a.aZq:R
[e ff OQa+aZq:R>ä;e:kNDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxR>O_[.[lgOQuqaZl K qWOQuqWR?Y9a`q;McPkaZqWRVMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]PFYbMhaZRW[e:uduRh[
aZOQPWu
[lgOQuqa<aZqWOQP:P:OgP:u4]cmM J ]de:a ¨ U ¨ f M Æ ~ (U ^>]c.R?{R?Y+ f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pa:R?Y`YZ]dYb[<MclglQ]h¥aZq:Rj;][`[O J OQlQOga K
aZq;Mha
OQj:lgRrvX] f RO_[9OgP[
aZRhMdN K [aMcaZRU
á9q:R9q:]dYZOg?]PabMhlä;e:rNDOg{R?YZudR?P;wxRw?Mclwxe:l_MhaZRhN4mnYZ] f f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[:]cmWq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl{R?lg]wxOQa K
]YXmnY`] ff RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[]cma`q:R{R?Y`aZO_w+Mcl,{R+lQ]wxOga K w?McP J RFw@] f j;MhYZRhNa`]aZq:RªMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dP
j;Mca`aZR?Y`P7a`]NDR?a`R?Y f OgP:RF4q:R?aZqWR?Yia`q:R?Y`RMhYZR×McYZR\M[]cmTaZq:OwR+P:OQP:u]YFaZq:OgP:P:OgP:uAMdwxYZ][Z[aZq:R
ND] f R±Y`R?l_MhaZOg{Ra`]aZqWRNDOg{DONDRUá9qWRq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl<ä;e:NOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@RVMhP;NR f R+YZuR+P;wxR{R?lg]wxOQa K
w?Mclwxe:lMcaZR\NmnY`] f Ü y9
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[CND]>P:]a'McudYZR?RUÌ|¡R[e;[
j;RhwxaÌR?YZY`]Yb[<OQPT{R?YZa`O_w?Mhl f ]daZOg]P
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[rMcY`RY`Rh[j;]P[O J lQRmn]dYia`q:RNO_[Zw@YZR?j;MhP;w K U Mcl_w@e:l_MhaZOQ]dP;[]cmä;eW7NOQ{R?Y`uR?P;w@R
mnYZ] f aZq:R4q:]dYZOg?]PabMhl:{R?lQ]w@OQa Krf RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[<[
e:uudRh[a.aZq;MhaaZq:R4P:]dYZa`qÕäCMhP:O_[ÌuR?P:R+YbMclgl K OQP
J MclMcP;w@R ]Yj;R?YZq;Mhj;[Ôa`q:OQPWP:OQP:u<4q:OglQR4aZqWR>[]eWaZqiäCMhP:O_[lgOQR?l K aZq:OwR+P:OQP:uWU<á9q:OwR?PWOQP:u>O_[
Rh[j;Rhw@O_Mclgl K j:YZ]dP:]e:PwxRhNFMca.M J ]eWa ®t f []de:aZq]hm<a`q:R[
e ff Oga?hMhj:j:YZ]hO f MhaZR?l K wx]OgP;wxO_NR?PDa
4OQa`qa`q:RrP:]Y`aZq:R+YZPD f ][
a4aZ]dj±]duYMcj:q:OwmnRhMhaZe:Y`RTNDRxo;P:OgP:uaZqWRrvXe;wbg B [4Û:]]a?U.á9q:RTwbq;McYMwxa`R?Y
]cm.aZqWRVj:Y`RhNDO_w@aZRhNia`q:O_wbR?P:OgP:uF[]de:aZq]hmaZqWRNDOg{DONDRrO_[>wx]P;[
O_[
aZR?Pa44OQa`qaZqWR f ]NDR+l<]cm.ND] f R
R?{]lge:aZOg]PNDRh[`wxYZO J R\NÕOgP q;McjWaZR?Y Uá9q:R f McuPWOQaZeNDRX]hmÌaZq:R>aZqWO_wbR?P:OQPWuO_[.wx]P;[
O_[
aZR?Pa4OQaZq
aZq:R×ND] f RR?{]lge:aZOg]P f ]NDR+l4M[`[e f OQP:ua`q:RvXe;wbg B [Û]]daiO[iMmn]Y f R?Yª[aZY`RhM f OQP:uYZR?udOQ]P
4q:O_wbq[aMcuPMcaZR\N ¨d¨ ®¨d¨ K R\McYb[4Mhu]WU
ÍF´ÇCľdµ¿l
h&i_k8èçOh:ì!ï
ì!í ç#^ë Pð h ! êë -ì
5ë :h îAë
èÁï^çiè_k8îAçOh:î}è
+hó±hë
ë¥ð4ç
%'&3(=*B,q&.D032>46s(=*B(+A}03654*>*t:)A3?346s2>&34f*q.DCo4s25(=2><+4`zUJW6 2>&34fvJ:)65A/.1<JDzFGB< .D,(=JW<+JWiK|7'(=25&,J1a.1:325&3JW65*sjBd
9k d3Nm.\KLCEJA)?yT wFA)(+xW465*>(=2K|JDzgh.D*>&3(=A3i2>JA/V^nb'd3efdLgh.1?3?3(=A3i2>JAyTwFA3(=x465*5(=2KoJDzcgh.1*5&3(=A3iW25JWA/V9.1A3?yNsdWg{d
vn.D,J;4< TÒÑL2Mdgm< .\z8jlJW<=<+4i4MVd efdeB.D&3<éav4A)*54Ah.1A3? N`drF([email protected]*>&y036>JDxn(=?34? &34<+0 zU:3<6>4xL(+47{,JWCECE4An2>*
7'&3(=,q&@<=4?@25Jf*5(=iWA3(/,M.DAL2'(=CE0)65JDx4CE4AL25*Y2>J|25&34B0/.10/46\d
% ³R² »gææ0µ&¹/ë
á9qWRiP:]dPDlQOQPWRhMcY`OQa K ]cm4a`q:RFO_wxRrä;]h-l_M?Ú]YTMlQ]w?MhlMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPlQ]hÚ]c{R+YMhP¡OwxRFNDOQ{O_NR
w+McPkw?Mhe;[RrO[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rh[ OgPDa`R?YZPMcl;l_M K R?Y[ÌaZ] J Rr[
q;MclglQ]h9R?Y.e:P;NDR+Y9aZqWRVNOQ{O_NDR>YZR?lMca`OQ{R4aZ]a`q:R
ä±McP:W[xmn]Y f OQPWuMbNOQ{O_NDR J e f j; >OQPaZqWR4OQPaZR?Y`P;Mcll_M K R?YÌj;Mca`aZR?Y`P<Uá9q:O[NDOQ{O_NR4[OguP;MhaZe:Y`RXO[
MhP;Mcl K +RhNe;[OgP:uO_wxR>ä;]h f ]NR?l_[.McP;NkOQP{R?Yb[
RXa`RhwqWP:O_se:Rh[aZ]NDR?a`RhwxaMcP;Nste;MhPDa`Opm KFf ]a`OQ]dP
]hmCaZq:R
Ogj:lQRvX] f R4O_wxRNDOQ{O_NDR.OQPT|¡Rh[
aSXPabMhYbwxa`O_w?MUá9q:R4j:Y`OQP;w@OQj;MhltmnRhMhaZe:Y`R4OQP;NO_w?MhaZOQPWuXa`q;Mca
f OQuYMca`OQ]PqM[]w?wxe:Y`YZRhNO_['MNO_[a`OQP;w@aaZOglQa]hm<aZqWR>McO_[]cmãaZq:R4j;RhMh:[]cmãaZq:R>4MhYZj;RhNOQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl
lM K R?Yb[ J R?P:RhMhaZqkaZqWRrNDOQ{O_NRUá9q:RTw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`RhN f OQudYbMca`OQ]dPYbMhaZRO[ ¨DÝ ¨® Ä¥¨DÝ ®¨ f M Æ ~ aZ]hMcYbN
wxR
aZYZR\M f vMcP;NNDR?j;R?P;N:[.[lgOQuqaZl K ]dP4q:R?a`q:R?YaZq:RNDOQ{O_NDR J e f jO_[.w?Mce[RhN JDK aZqWRXP:]dPD
lgOQP:R\McYZOga K ]cmO_wxRrä;]h2]dY JDK MilQ]w?MhlMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPlg]crUV>e:YTw?Mhl_wxeWl_Mca`OQ]dP;[XMhl_[
][
e:uudRh[aTM
[
aZY`]P:ur[
]e:a`qDP:]Y`aZqMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PuYbMdNDOQR+PDaÌ]cm g® Ä~+¨ mr~+¨ Æ
ÂM Æ ~ OgPMXPMcYZY`]hA?]PWR9P:]dYZaZq
]hmaZqWRNDOg{DONDRU4SÚwx]P;[
Rhse:R?P;wxRr]hm4NOQ{O_NDR f OguYbMhaZOg]PkO_[4aZq;Mhaj:Y`RxÜ ^>]lQ]w@R?P:RrO_wxRrO[¤a`q:O_wbRh[a
M J ]e:a ¨ U ® f []eWaZqk]cmÌa`q:Rj:Y`Rh[R?Pa4NOQ{O_NDR4j;][
OQa`OQ]PãU9vXOg{DONDR f ]a`OQ]PFOQPNDO_w?MhaZRh[a`q;Mca4P:]dPD
[
aZRhMdN K j:Y`]wxRh[Z[
Rh[xÌj;][Z[
O J l K M[`[]wxOMcaZR\N¡4OQa`q¥Mwxa`OQ{OQa K ]hm4aZqWR J ]de:P;NDOgP:uO_w@R[a`YZRhM f [xÌMhYZR
M?CRhwxaZOgP:uaZqWRuR?] f R?a`Y K ]cmT
OQj:lgRv>] f RU¥á9q:R f OguYMcaZOg]P¥YbMhaZRkO_[[
ae _kw@OQR?PaZl K [lg]h#a`q;Mca
a`q:RTNDOQ{O_NR J e f jO_[ f McOgPDaMcOQPWRhNÕOgPkaZq:RrOQPaZR+YZP;Mhl,l_M K R?Y.j;Mca`aZR?Y`PMhaMhlQl,] J [R+YZ{dM J lgRNDR+j:aZq;[@U
®
á9q:O_[[
e:uudRh[a[iaZqMca f M?âZ]dYMd[ K P;wqWYZ]PW]e;[FwqMcP:udRh[VOQPaZqWRR+lQR?{dMca`OQ]dPA]Yj;][
OQa`OQ]P!]cmaZq:R
J ]e:P;NOQP:uOwxRr[
aZYZR\M f [.McYZRTe:P:lgOQR?l K ]h{R?Y>Mca4lgRhM[
aXa`q:Rrj;M[
a ~?¨4Å aZ] ~?¨ å K RhMcY[xU
³ × 4¼Ù!¹9º½
»¶Ù!Ú¯º¼
9á q:R[
abM J OQlgOQa K ]hmaZqWR|¥Rh[
aSXPabMhYbwxa`O_w
wxRT
q:R?R?a |¥SZ
:q;Md[ J R?R?PkOgPse:Rh[
aZOg]P[
OQP;w@RaZq:R
RhMcY`l K ~+t\¨ [4q:R+POÁ1!\!¯£D¨ ~??§ f MNDRÌaZqWR9MhYZude f R?Pa,a`q;McaÌO_wxR[q:R?R+ab[,uY`]e:PNDRhN J R?lg]h
[RhMlQR+{R?l4MhYZReWP;[aM J lgRMhP;N8wx]de:l_Nwx]dlQl_Mhj;[Rw?MhabMd[aZY`]j:qWO_w?MhlQl K OgP Y`Rh[j;]dP;[Ra`]AM f ]NDRh[
a
OQP;w@YZRhMd[RVOgP¥[RhMFlQR?{R?lU q;McYMwxa`R?YZOg?OQP:uFaZqWRj:YZRh[
R?PaMhP;N×mneWaZe:Y`R[aM J OglQOga K ]hm9a`q:R|¥SZ
FO_[
wx] f j:lQOw?Mca`RhN JK aZq:RjWYZRh[
R?P;wxR]hm[
R?{R?YMcl,OwxR[aZY`RhM f [xUá9qWR?OQY>w?Mhj;Mw@OQa K aZ]a`YbMcP[j;]Y`a f M[`[
YbMhj:O_NDl K mnY`] f a`q:ROgPDa`R?YZOg]YaZ]a`q:RT[RhMVj;][`[O J l K OQP;w@YZRhMd[Rh[aZq:Rrj;]a`R?PDa`O_Mhl±mn]Y4YMcj:ONkwx]lgl_Mcj[R
]cmaZq:RF|¥SZ
;UÌzXP;NR?Yb[
abMcPNDOQP:uaZq:RFj;Md[a J R?q;M?{OQ]YT]cm>a`q:Rh[RO_wxR[a`YZRhM f [r[q:]de:l_N¡jWYZ]h{DONDR
O f j;]dYZabMhPDa>w@lQe:Rh[aZ]FaZq:R+OQY9Y`]lgROgPk|¥SZ
F[aM J OglQOQa K U
àPaZR+YO_wxR[a`YZRhM f YZO_NuRh[FMcY`Ru]]N8j:lMwxRh[aZ]}lQ]]Amn]dYR?{O_NDR?PwxR]cmj;M[
aO_wxR[
aZYZR\M f
Mwxa`OQ{OQa KkJ Rhw?Mce[RM¢Y`Rhwx]dYbN]cm¤wqMcP:udRh[XOQP¥O_w@Rä;]h MharaZq:RRhNuRh[]cm.a`q:Rh[RFYZONDuR\[ f M KkJ R
YZRhw@]YbNRhNVOQPa`q:R?OQYÌuR+] f R?a`Y K McPNÕOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl:[
aZYMcaZOguYMcj:q K U9
Ogj:lQRvX] f R.O_[a`q:R4YZONDuR J R?a
.R?R?P
wxRX
a`YZRhM f [ McP;Nv7OgPV|¥Rh[a'SXPabMhYbwxa`O_w?M ÛOgu § U ~ bUá9qWR?YZR.O_[R?{O_NR?P;wxRmn]dYYZR\wxR?PaÌwq;MhP:uR
McaTOQab[ J ]eWP;N:McY`OQRh[@U !VÌ\{ÀÎϨ&© È \¨9 \§ ~?d re;[RhNO_w@Rj±R+P:R?aZYMca`OQP:uYbMNWMcYVa`]NDR?aZR\wxa
J e:Y`OQRhNkwxY`R?{dM[Z[
Rh[9]cmaZq:RXmn]dY f R+Y4[qWRhMcY f McY`uOgPkMcP;NN:Mca`RraZq:RT[qe:a
ND]h4P]cmw@RV
aZY`RhM f
Mca.M J ]de:a ~ ¨ K RhMhYb[Mhu]WU Ó !!!Ð?Ô ~+d¯ '[q:]h.RhNVaZq;MhaOQPaZR?Y`P;Mcll_M K R?Y[MhYZR4aZY`e:P;w?MhaZRhN
J R?P:RhMhaZqFMXlgOQP:RhMhY,mnRhMca`e:YZR.]Pa`q:R4L © ä±McP:T]cm<
Ogj:lQR.vX] f R4MhP;N[eWuuR\[aZR\NVaZq;Mhaa`q:O_[,mnRhMca`e:YZR
O_[.Mmn]Y f R?Y`l K Mwxa`OQ{R f McY`uOgP<UÌàa.O_[j;][`[O J lQRa`q;Mca.aZq:Rh[
RX]dY9]daZq:R?Y.j;M[
a4R?{R?Pab[qM\{RMclgaZR?Y`RhN
aZq:RrOwxRXä;]h^Mha
Ogj:lQRvX] f RMcP;Nkq;M?{RlQRxmna>M[
OQudP;MclÌOQPkaZqWRjMcaZa`R?YZPk]hmOQPaZR?Y`P;MclCl_M K R?Y[xU
àPa`q:O_[rj;Mcj;R?Y+Ô.Rj:YZR\[R?PaVR?{O_NR?P;wxRVmn]dY f OQudYbMca`OQ]dPA]cmaZq:R
OQj:lgRv>] f RkNOQ{O_NDRF]h{R?Y
aZq:RTj;M[
a[
R?{R?YMcl,a`q:]e[ZMcPN K RhMcY[XMhaMYbMhaZRr]cm ¨ÝÞ¨dA® ĨÝÞ®¨ f ÂM Æ ~ P:]Y`aZq4McYNa`]cMcYN
wxR
aZY`RhM f vVU<>e:Y>YZRh[
e:lQa[XMhYZR J M[R\N]P¥MhP;Mcl K [
O_[4]cma`q:R[
q;Mcj;R]hmOQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl<lM K R?Yb[9] J abMhOQP:RhN
mnYZ] f YbMNWMcY f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa`[4OQPa`q:Ri{O_w@OQP:Oga K ]cm4a`q:RNDOQ{O_NDRU
wxRä;]h f ]NR?l_[>McP;N¥OQP{R?Yb[
R
®h§
áÌM J lgR § U ~ML LX]dabMhaZOQ]dP
9.D6>( .D;3<=4
@4M.1A3(=A3i
T/V
.D,,:3C|:3< .D2>(+JWA|6q.1254
Ï
<=4A3i2>&@*5,M.1<+4*lzUJ6'0/.1652>(+2>(=JA3(=A3iBzÒ:3A3,2>(+JWAqYT*V
?3(=xL(+?)4FCE(=iW6q.D2>(=JAf6q.D2>4
JA34B<=4*>*'25&/.1AHAL:3C|;46lJDzYzU6>44B0/.D6-.DCE42546>*
&3J6>(=JAL2q.1<x4<=JL,(=2K
T Q V
x46>25(=,M.1<Ox4<+JL,(=2K
T* X V
?3(=*52-.DA3,4s.1<+JWA3i`Ó/JD7¯zÒ65JC¾?3(=xn(=?34
*5,M.1<=4?@?3(=*52q.1A3,4
&34(=i&L2'.D;JDx4B;4?
T*V
*5,M.1<=4?y.DCE0)<+(=2>:3?34'JDz,JW*5(=A34B,:36>x4
|T*V
(=An2>4i6-.D<JDxW46'?3(=*52-.DA3,^4 EJ1z .1,,:3C|:3< .125(=JA|6-.D254
*5,M.1<=4?y.D,,:)C|:3< .D25(=JWA|i6q.1?3(=4AL2'*5JW:325&y.DA)?HA)J652>&@JDzc?)(+xL(=?34
(=,4B25&3(=Q, ¡LA34*5*
¢
CE(=*[email protected]>,q&f0/.16q.DCo42546
£
AL:3C|;/469J1zcJ;)*546>x4?y< .\KW465*
¤
*5,M.1<=4?@?3(=xn(=?34BCo(+iW6q.125(=JAf6q.1254 *T ¥WV
¦
AL:3C|;/469J1zc0J(=AL25*F.D<=JWA3i .`< .\K46
§ T* ¨ V
*5&/.10/4BJ1z .`< .\K46'7'(=2>&H.\x46q.DiW4B&34(=i&L2 ¨
©
25JW2q.D<AL:3C|;46lJDzY*q.DCo03<=4F0J(=AL25*
4¬«L0/4,254?,JWC|;3(=A34?|46>65J6m(=AH< .\KW469*>&/.D04*
ª
78.\xW4<=4A3iW25&EJ1z,J*>(+A)4 ,:365xW4
YT/V
?3(=xL(+?)4 ®\Ó .1SA ¡fÓ/JD7¯0.D652>(=25(=JA3(=A3i`zU:3A),25(=JA
654*>(=?3:/.D<p794(+iW&L25(=A3iBzU:)A3,25(=JWA
¯
° T* X V
&3J6>(=JAL2q.1<x4<=JL,(=2K|*5&.D04BzU:3A3,25(=JA
±²´³µ T V ±¬¶ T V ?3(=xL(+?)4 .DA)?EÓ.DSA ¡o*5&/.10/4mzU:3A),25(=JA)*
·'T/V
(=An2>4i6-.D<JDxW46'(=,4B25&3(=Q, ¡LA34*5 * JDzc*>&/.D04BzU:)A3,25(=JWA °
Ñ :30|®Ñ :3;3*5,65(=032 @4M.1A3(=A3i
(=AECEJDxL(=A3i1a ?3(=xL(=?34l654-zU4654A3,4szU6-.DCo4
¸
CEJL?34<x.D<=:34
¹
J;3*>465xW4?yx.1<+:)4
®d®
Û OQude:YZR § U ~ML S(@E^£X£#O f McudR]hmi
OQj:lgRvX] f RMhP;N%
wxR¥
aZY`RhM f [ McP;N8vVU£XMdNDOQ]hRhwbq:]
[]de:P;NDOgP:uijWYZ]colQRh[ f R\M[eWYZRhNiOgP ~?h§ MhP;N ~+d¯ MhYZRT[q:]h4P JDK aZq:Rr4q:OgaZRrlQOgP:Rh[@U ]eWYZaZR\[ K
]cm.áU,
tw?M fFJ ][xWLMca`OQ]dP;Mcl
PW]c McP;Nw@RrvMcaM R+PDa`R?Y?WzXP:OQ{R+Yb[Oga K ]cm ]dlQ]YMND]WU
®d¯
á M J lQR § U L
e ff McY K ]cm£ ©
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[xU
jl4AL2546 k)654¬ºL:34A),KT*@&3\V hg .\xW4<=4A3iW25&E(=A¼»,4ET C@V rFJW65(=JAL2-.D<OÑL0/.1,(=A3i@T CHV
R
Ú¥
R¥
R
Ú¥
Z½¥¥
¾
S ¾
R¥
¿
R ¾
R¥
a`Rhwbq:P:O_se:Rh[McYZRFe;[
RhN¡aZ]kRh[
aZO f Mca`RaZq:RFYbMhaZRF]cmNDOg{DONDR f ]a`OQ]dPAMhP;N¡OQa[r[R?P;[
OQa`OQ{OQa K aZ]a`q:R
jMcaZa`R?YZP]hm.Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPkP:RhMcYaZq:RªNDOQ{O_NDRU9|¡RFN]iP:]darMca`aZR f j:aXa`]iONDR?PaZO«m K aZq:Rª[j;RhwxO«oCw
w+Mce;[
R]cm.NDOg{DONDR f OQuYMca`OQ]PkOgPaZq:O[XMhP;Mcl K [
O_[xU \!aÒ¨âËH? Ô ~?d Mt (Ü\úcmn]e:P;N
a`q;McaÌaZqWO_[NDOg{DONDR f OguYMcaZOg]Pªwx]e:lN J R>w+Mce;[
RhN JK R?OQa`q:R?YÌMcPOgP;wxY`RhM[
R NDRhwxY`RhM[
RCOQPrR?lQR+{MhaZOg]P
]hm.aZq:Rªw@RÕ
aZYZR\M f v
wxRF
aZY`RhM f >[ONDR J ]de:P;N:MhY K ]cm>
Ogj:lQRTvX] f R JDK lgRh[Z[Xa`q;McP ~+¨¨
f R?aZR?Y[x]Y JDK M f ]NDRh[awbq;McP:udROgP7aZqWRMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPj;Mca`aZR?Y`P7]h{R?YFaZq:Rj;M[
ak[R?{R+YbMcl
a`q:]e[ZMcPN K RhMcY[xU
%³äã Ølåµß&»¹åÂæçå¼Ù!ß
¦ R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa[Ô]cm.a`q:R[
e:YmMdwxR J R\N,,MhP;NOQPaZR+YZP;Mhl<l_M K R?Y4uR+] f R?a`Y K OgPa`q:RV{O_wxOgP:OQa K ]hm9a`q:R
OQj:lgRvX] f R[e ff OQa:.R?YZR'] J aMcOQPWRhNe;[OgP:u Ü lQ] J Mcly][OQa`OQ]dP:OQP:u
K [
aZR f Ü y9
:ã[e:Y`{R K [CMcP;N
YMNDOg]cRhwbq:][
]e:P;NOQP:u £ ©
: f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[<OQP ~?h§ McP;N ~?d¯ Md[Ôj;MhYZa.]cm'MVw@]lQlM J ]YMca`OQ{R
jWYZ]hâZRhw@aVM f ]PWuaZq:RzXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K ]hm>|AMd[q:OgP:ua`]P<4
a?U¥XlM\m ]dlQlQR+uRMhP;N¡aZqWRkzXP:Og{R?Yb[
OQa K
]hm ]dlQ]dYbMN]:U!vXR?abMhOQlgRhN£ ©
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[X.R?YZR f MNDRR?{R?Y K 3¨ Ä^~?¨¨ f MhlQ]PWuAM §
f j:Y`]co;lgRMwxY`][Z[aZqWR[
e ff OgarMca[R+{R?YbMhlÔmnYZR\ste:R+P;wxOQR\[ M?{R?lQR?PWuaZâq ¢® ÄÁd¨ f OgPO_wxR
áÌM J lQR § U bU;]h-mnYZRhse:R?PwxOQRh[49R+YZRFwbq:][
R?P¡a`]kYZR?{RhMhlNDR?R+jOQPaZR?Y`P;McllM K R?Yb[X4qWOQlQRqWOQuqWR?Y
mnY`Rhse:R?P;wxOgRh[±.R?YZRwq:][R?Pra`]XY`R?{RhMcl[q;MhlQlg]c.R?Y<l_M K R?Y[xU © MdwqT£ ©
f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pa:O_[<M4{]lgabMhuR
a`O f R'[R+YZOQR\[a`q;McaÌO_[±o;lgaZR?Y`RhN4OQa`qVM>?R?YZ]hjWq;M[
R § aZqD]YNDR?Y¬9eWaZaZR+YZ9]dYZa`qolQaZR+YÌMca 9~ ÄF~?¨ ¦ q:
a`]YZR\NDe;wxRrq:OguqmnYZR\ste:R+P;w K P:]dO_[
RMcPNlQ]h%mnYZR\ste:R+P;w K wx]de:j:lgOQP:uF4OQa`q:OQPaZq:RTYbMNWMcYT[ K [a`R f U
á9qWR[
OQuPMcl{]lgabMcudRiO[ f Mcj:j;RhNa`]wx]lg]Y?Uk
Rhse:R?PaZOMcl;Rhse;Mclgl K
[
j;Mw@RhN f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[9]hm
®
M j:Y`]co;lgRkMcY`Rj:lg]aZa`RhNaZ]udR?aZqWR?YVa`]YZR+{RhMclaZqWR[
q;Mcj;Rk]cm>a`q:R J RhNDY`]w¥MhP;NAOQPaZR?Y`P;Mcll_M K R?Y
j;Mca`aZR?Y`P<Uá9q:RiOgPDa`R?YZPMcll_M K R?Y[McY`Rkw?Mce[RhN JK {dMcY`O_Mca`OQ]dP;[]hm>R?lQRhw@aZYZOw?MclÌj:Y`]j;R?YZa`OQRh[rOQP¥aZq:R
O_wxR ¬[\®Ò¨ ~+t Ç 4yE!f? Ô« ~?d bU.á9q:R K MhYZRTM[`[e f R\NiaZ] J RrO_[
]wq:Y`]P:R\[x:aZqMca4O_[@
mn]Y f R?Y9OwxRr[
q:R?R?a>[
e:YmMdwxRh[94q:OwqqM\{R J R?R?P J e:YZOgRhNkMcP;NNDRxmn]dY f RhN]h{R?Y9a`O f R JK O_wxR>ä;]h
¬[£D£¢\ ~?d¨ U
á9q:R f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pa[[
q:]h7a`q;Mca>
OQj:lgR>vX] f R4O_[Ma.]càNDO f R?P;[Og]P;MhlDY`O_NDudRX]h{R?Y`l K OQP:u>äCMca
J RhNDYZ]wbF4OQaZqFO_w@RXa`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[ ~+¨¨d`A f Mcaa`q:Rr[e ff OQa H§M£D¨&©¢!? Ô« ~?d® Ç !£D!Q
¨&© yyaÒ¨< ~?d® Ç Ó !!Ð!P?Ô« V¨îy!bbUÛOgue:Y`R § U dMi[
q:]h>[XM ~+¨ f wxY`][Z[>[R\wxaZOg]P
]cm.
OQjWlQRvX] f R>] J abMcOgP:RhNÕmnY`] f £ ©
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[4OgaZqkMr4M?{R?lgR?P:ua`qi]hm à ¨ f OQPO_wxRU
S#NR?abMhOQlQR\N § f jWYZ]colQR f RhM[
e:YZR\Ne;[
OQP:uM[
q:]Y`aZR?YrM\{R+lQR?P:udaZq ï ® f .O_[r[qW]c4P¥OQP
ÛOQude:YZR § U J Uá9q:R>OQPaZR+YZP;MhlDlM K R+Yb[<McY`RNOQuOgaZOg?RhNXmn]Y[
q;Mcj;RMcP;Mhl K [O[ JK [R?lgRhwxa`OQP:u>aZq:R>[
OQudP;Mcl
aZYM\{R+lpaZO f RM[`[]wxOMcaZR\NV4OQaZqa`q:R f McO f e f ]Y f OgP:O f e f Y`Rxä;Rhw@aZOQ]dPM f j:lQOgaZe;NRÔOgPMXqMcP;Nt
j:YZR\[ZwxY`O J RhNa`O f R4OQP;ND]hrU © MwbqNDOguOgaZOQ+RhNOQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl<lM K R+Y9O_[4aZqWR?P[ f ]]a`q:RhNqW]YZOg?]PabMhlQl K
4OQa`q¡R?OgaZq:R+YM ~?¨d¨ f R?a`R?Y J ]h
w?MhYo;lQa`R?Y mn]dYrj:YZ]ho;lQRh[>4OQaZq ¨ fIf RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pa>[jMwxOgP:uD
]YM?R?Y`]cj:q;Md[Rlg]c9j;Md[Z[Ôo;lgaZR?YYZ]de:aZOgP:R>4OQaZq¢wxe:aZ]hkmnYZRhse:R?P;w K Mca A® mk~+¨ Æ å f Æ ~ mn]dY9lg]P:u
j:YZ]ho;lQR\[94OQaZq ~?¨¨ fÑf RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pa'[j;MdwxOQP:ubUá<YbM?{R?l«a`O f R.O_[9w@]P{R?YZa`RhNÕa`]FNDR?j:a`qe;[
OQP:uFM
YbM K a`YbMw@OQP:uTj:YZ]duYbM f a`q;Mca.OQP;w@lQe;NDR\[MVwx]dYZY`RhwxaZOg]Pmn]YaZqWRX{dMcY`O_MhaZOQ]dP]cm'NR?P;[Oga K 4OQa`qNR?j:aZq
Á1!\y£D¨< ~?d bU.ÛOQY`PkNDR?P;[
OQa K O_[ J M[R\N¢]dP f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[]hm'M ~?¯¨ f R?a`R?Ywx]dYZRrabMhR?P
P:RhMhYXa`q:RTNDOQ{O_NDROQP ~?dc§ § !ÑM ! ? Ô« ~?d® bU
ÛOQude:YZR § U ¥[qW]c>[aZqMcaFaZq:ROQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl.l_M K R?Yb[VqM\{RM¥[q;Mhj;RaZqMca{dMcY`OQRh[V4OgaZq NDR?j:a`q<
4OQa`q¡P:]kY`R?l_MhaZOQ]dPaZ][eWYmMw@R]Y J RhN a`]j;]udYbMhj:q K Uiá9qWRilM K R+Yb[>McYZRF4MhYZj;RhN¥wx]P{R?eWjOQP
M ï f 4O_NDRF?]dP:R J R+P:RhMca`qaZq:RNDOg{DONDRi4OgaZq!M f MhDO f e f e:j4McYNNDO_[
j:l_MdwxR f R?Pa]hm
M J ]eWa ®¨ f R?a`R?Yb[ \!aÒ¨¨&©¢e§?£D¨&©, V¨¢y!bbUá9qWRjMcaZa`R?YZPO_[.M[ Kff R+aZYZOwU<á9q:R
NDR?j:a`qaZ]kMFuOQ{R+PlM K R?Y4]Pa`q:RP:]Y`aZqäCMhP:k]cm>
Ogj:lQRªvX] f RrO[¤udYZRhMhaZR?Ya`q;McPOgab[>NDR?j:a`qaZ]
aZq:R[]de:aZqãUÛOQude:YZR § U k[qW]c>[a`q;Mcar{dMcY`O_Mca`OQ]dP¡OgP¥[q;Mhj±RFO_[[ f MhlQl'MclQ]dP:ua`q:RFNDOg{DONDRVY`O_NDudR
[]TaZq;Mha9aZqWRl_M K R?Y[
q;Mcj;Rh[.McY`Rl_MhYZuR+l K ?
NO f R?P[OQ]dP;Mcl;OgPMr{R?YZa`O_w?MhlDj:lMcP:Rj±R+YZj;R?P;NDOwxe:lMcYaZ]
Elevation above WGS84 Ellipsoid(m)
®d
600
Surface
400
200
0
−200
Bed
−400
Elevation above WGS84 Ellipsoid (m)
−10
−5
0
5
10
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
−2
−1
0
1
2
<− South
Distance from Summit (km)
North −>
<− To Ice Stream C
To Ice Stream D −>
ÌÛ OQueWYZR § U L M>S ~?¨ f YbMNWMcYrj:YZ]ho;lQRT]cm
OQj:lgRTvX] f R f RhMd[e:Y`RhNj;R?Y`j±R+P;NDO_w@e:l_MhYaZ]a`q:R
NOQ{O_NDR×McakaZq:R¥[
e ff Oga?U ¦ RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[V9R?Y`R f MNRR?{R?Y K ~?¨¨ f R+aZR?Y[Õ4OgaZqÁMwxR?PaZR?Y
mnY`Rhse:R?P;w K ]hm ¦ q:U J 9
qMclQlg]h%j;MhYZa.]cmMNDR?abMhOQlgRhNÕYMN:MhY4j:YZ]ho;lQRr4q:R+YZR f R\M[eWYZR f R+Pab[
.R?YZR f MdNDRkR?{R?Y K ¨ f R?aZR?Y[4OgaZq8M¥wxR?PaZR+YVmnYZRhse:R?P;w K ]cm ® ¦ q:U8á9q:R×N:McaM¡OQP J ]aZq
jMcP:R?l[9q;M?{R J R?R?Pwx]dYZYZR\wxaZRhNmn]Y Ü y9
NR?aZR?Y f OQPWRhNÕa`]j;]udYbMhj:q K MhP;N J MhP;NDj;Md[Z[9o;lQa`R?YZR\NMca
~ Ä^~?¨ ¦ qWUá9q:R J lMwb J MhP;NA]h{R?YraZq:Ra`]j 3¨ Ä^~?¨¨ f R?aZR?Y[]cmaZq:RjWYZ]colQRh[NDR+P:]a`Rh[
E
a`q:RVj;]dYZaZOg]P]hmaZq:RTYZR?a`e:YZPWRhN£ ©
k[OguP;Mhl] J [Zw@e:YZRhN JK a`q:RNDOgYZRhw@a>McOQY`4M?{RU4á9qWRMcj;R?k]hm
[
R?lQR\wxaZRhNOQPaZR+YZP;Mhl,l_M K R?Y[9MhYZR f McY`RhNi4OgaZq J lMwbkND]dab[9OQPka`q:RrlQ]h9R?Y.j;McPWR?lUá9q:RT[
]lQONlQOQPWR
[
q:]h>[¤a`q:RraZY`R?P;N]cma`q:RTMcj;R?kMhDO[xU
®d
61
5
61
0
60
5
0
62
5
61
610 5
4
0
62
60
0
-4
280
250
220
-370
-380
-390
4
N
0
-4
4
0
-4
Û OQude:YZR § U L \àv-YZR+j:YZRh[
R?PabMca`OQ]dP]hmM ~?¨.m¥~?¨.m¥~ f w@e J RwxR?PaZR+YZRhNMha4aZq:RF
OQjWlQRrvX] f R
[e ff OQaT[qW]c4OgP:u¥[eWYmMw@RR+lQR?{dMca`OQ]dP7w@]PaZ]eWYb[x J RhNAaZ]dj±]duYMcj:q K 4MhP;N a`q:R[q;Mhj±R]cm]P:R
j:YZ] f OQPWR?PDa4OgPDa`R?YZPMclÌl_M K R?Y4O_NR?PDa`Opo;R\NmnY`] f £ ©
f RhM[
e:YZR f R?PDa[xUP^>]YZOg?]PabMhlÌwx]]YNDOQPMcaZR\[
McY`RiOgPDOglQ] f R?aZR?Y[4McP;N¥NDR?PW]aZRNDO[abMhP;wxR`P:]Y`aZq; McP;N8ZRhMd[a ¢]hm4a`q:RF[e ff OQa4Y`R?l_MhaZOQ{RTaZ]
aZq:RkRhMd[a
.Rh[aa`YZR?P;NOQP:u×NDOQ{O_NDRYZO_NuRU¥á<YZe:RkuR+]uYMcj:qWO_wP:]Y`aZq!O_[ ~+¯ U § NDR+uYZR+Rh[.Rh[a]hm
lQ]w?Mhl4ZP:]dYZa`q; DU @R?Y`aZOw?Mclãwx]]YNDOQP;MhaZRh[>McY`RrOQP f R?a`R?Yb[M J ]h{RraZq:Rr| Ü
c§ R?lglQOgj;[]dO_N,U
¯d¨
a`q:RY`O_NDudR a Ó !!(Ë ?Ô«V¨î!a!bbU'á9q:Rrj;][OgaZOg]P;[9]hmÌaZq:RrMhj;R?]cm'RhMdwqwxe:Y`{RhNil_M K R?Y.MhYZR
PW]a9{R+YZaZOw?Mclgl K MclgOQudP:RhN Ç aZq:RMcO_[O_[aZOglQaZR\NVaZ]h4MhYbNia`q:RP:]dYZaZq¢[O_NRX]hm
OQj:lgRv>] f R JK M J ]eWa
¯d¨cß mnY`] f {R+YZaZOw?Mcl ÛOQuWU § U J Ç \yaÒ¨1¨©îH§M£D¨&©,V¨¢!a!bbU
£4R?uMhYbNDlgRh[Z[4]cmaZq:RTw?Mhe;[Rr]cmaZq:RTlQ]w?Mhl<4McY`j:OQPWui]hmaZq:RrOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl<l_M K R?Y[xDa`q:Rr4MhYZj:OgP:uiO[
lgOQR?l K MmnRhMhaZe:Y`RrM[`[]wxOMcaZR\Ni4OQa`qaZq:R>j:Y`Rh[R?PwxRX]hmÌaZq:RNDOQ{O_NDRUá9qWR?YZRxmn]dYZR>9ROgPDa`R?YZjWYZR?aa`q:R
a`OQlga]cmaZq:RFMhj±R+¥McO_[rM[rNDOgYZRhwxa>R?{O_NDR+P;wxRmn]dYTNDOQ{O_NDR f OQuYMca`OQ]Pã>U ^X]h.R?{R?Y?;OQPmnR?YZY`OQP:ua`q:R
YMca`R]hm f OQuYMca`OQ]PO_[9P:]da>NDOQY`Rhwxa?US>PO_wxR>ä;]h f ]NR?l,j:Y`RhNDOwxab[aZq;MhaMVlM K R+Y4Mca ¯d¨ É NDR?jWaZq
O[4M J ]eWa ~+¨cå M]lN (À\qF Ç yyaÒ¨)!H?Ô« ~?d¯ Uá9q:RTq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMclÌNDO[j:lMwxR f R?PDa]hm
Ogab[rMcj;R?mnY`] f a`q:Rj:YZR\[R?PaTNDOQ{O_NDRTj;][OgaZOg]PAO[M J ]e:a h¨¨ f R?a`R?Yb[@±4q:Owq f OQuqar[
e:uudRh[a
M f OQuYMca`OQ]PYMcaZRk]hm ¨ U ¨t f M Æ ~ NU ^X]h9R?{R+Y?a`q:O_[[
O f jWlQRMcP;Mhl K [O_[VmMcOgl_[Va`]OQP;wxlge;NDRa`q:R
OgPDa`R?uYMca`RhNRxCRhwxa9]hmO_w@RXä;]h]Pka`q:RT[q;Mhj±R\[X]cm'O_[
]wq:Y`]P:R\[¤]h{R?Y.aZO f RU
%³ HÞ¯ºJØlº(½êå?ÞVß
> e:Y>u]MclÌO_[4aZ]NDR?a`R?Y f OgP:Ra`q:RrYbMca`RV]hm.NDOQ{O_NR f OQuYMca`OQ]PMhP;NOgab[>[R?P;[
OQa`OQ{OQa K a`]ieWP:DPW]c4P
jMcYbM f R?a`R?Yb[@U<á9q:O_[<u]MclYZRhse:OgYZRh[CMÔmn]YZMcYN f ]NDR+laZqMca<j:Y`RhNDO_w@ab[,aZqWR9[
q;Mcj;R.]cmMcPVO[]wbq:YZ]dP:R
lM K R?YYZR\[e:lgaZOQPWu¢mnY`] f Ogab[rNDRxmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dP¥[OgP;wxRNDR?j;][
OQaZOg]P}McP;N¥OQP;wxlge;NDRh[rMP:RhMhYàNDOQ{O_NRNDR@
mn]dY f MhaZOg]Pj:Y`]wxRh[`[¤4q:Owqkj:Y`]NDe;wxR\[¤e:jMcYZj;RhNkO_[
]wq:Y`]P:RrlM K R+Yb[xU
£>M KDf ]dP;N ~?d .[q:]h9R\NiaZq;Mha9a`q:RXPW]PDlQOgP:RhMcYwxYZR+R?ji]hmÌj;]l_MhY4O_wxR4lgRhMNW[ÔaZ]ªMcPMcPW] f M?
lg]e;[Xä;]h j;MhaZa`R?YZP[
j;McPWP:OQP:u×M¢mnR?ÚO_wxRa`q:O_wbP:Rh[Z[
Rh[ J R?P:R\McaZq McP¥O_wxRNDOQ{O_NRUFvXR?R?j¥O_wxRO[
Y`R?l_MhaZOg{R?l K BÞ[
aZOp B.NDe:RaZ]}lQ]hNDR?{O_MhaZ]dYZO_wk[
aZYZR\[Z[x[]Aa`q;Mca¢ND]h4PDMcYbN f ]h{OQP:uO[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rh[
MhYZRkj:Y`RhNDO_w@aZRhNaZ]}NDYbMhj;R]h{R?YTaZq:O[[a`Op8+]P:RMcPN J Rhw@] f RMcY`j±R\N w@]P{R?te:j<U¥S a
9]h
NO f R?P[OQ]dP;Mcl:[
aZRhMdN K à[aMca`RoP:OQa`RR+lQR f R+PDa f ]NDR+l Û © ¦ .]cmaZq:O[4NDRh[Zw@YZOQjWaZOQ]dP]hmO_wxR>ä;]h
O[Õe[RhN8Md[M¡YZR@mnR?YZR?PwxR f ]NDR+l>McuMhOQP;[
ak4q:O_wbq7a`q:R] J [R?Y`{RhN lM K R?YF[q;Mhj;Rh[McY`ROQP:OgaZOMclQl K
w@] f j;MhYZRhNCU|¥RrND]rP:]da4MhaZaZR f j:aa`]Mw+wx]e:Pamn]Y.RxCRhwxab[[
e;wqM[aZq:R>lQOgP:RhMhY J R?qM\{OQ]dY]cmÌO_w@R
eWP;NDR?Y.lQ]h[
q:RhMhY>[aZY`Rh[Z[ !{E¨&©Ôº a\± ~?d¯ Ç ¡4QÑF¨&©Á? Î} ~+® Ç ¿ \§: ~? Ç
ÁZ©©V¨?¦?¨ !? Ô« ~+d¯ T]YaZqWRNR?{R?lQ]dj f R?Pa]cmwxY K [aMclÔmM J YZOw?[V]Pa`q:RNDRxmn]Y f Mca`OQ]dP
¯~
]cmrO[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rh[@U8£XMhaZq:R+Y?9Rwx]P[O_NR?Yia`q:R[j;RhwxOMcl>NDOg{DONDRä;]h YZR+uO f Rij:Y`RhNDOwxaZRhN JK McP
O_[
]aZY`]j:Ow:P:]dPDlgOQP:R\McY9ä;]hlM\ M[4]PWRj;][Z[O J lQRªw?Mce[Rr]cmMcY`j±R\N¢O[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rh[@U
zXjD4McY`j;RhNÕO[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rh[w?MhPMhl_[] J Rw?Mce;[
RhN JDK [lQ]h J e:YZOMcl;MhP;NlQ]h{R?YZa`O_w?MhlD{R?lg]wxOQa`OQRh[
M[`[]wxOMcaZR\N4OQa`qMÕlg]w?Mcl f OgP:O f e f OgPkaZq:RT[jMcaZOMclÌMdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]PFj;Mca`aZR?Y`P]h{R?Y9a`q:RrNDOg{DONDR
Md[mn]e:PN JDK £ ®!\ Ë? Ô ~?d MhaSXuM[Z[
OQw@R McjCbUá9q:O[O[M[
Rhwx]dP;NVj;][Z[
O J lgR9j:Y`]wxRh[`[
lQRhMdNDOQPWuaZ]Fe:jD4McY`j;RhNO[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rh[xU
á9q:R¥Mwxa`e;MclNDRxmn]dY f MhaZOg]P7]hmrO_[
]wqWYZ]PWRh[iP:RhMhYiOwxRNDOQ{O_NRh[ f M K¥J R¥w?Mce[RhN JDK [] f R
wx] fFJ OgP;Mca`OQ]P]cm.MhP:] f MhlQ]de;[Ôä;]h%mnYZ] f P:]dPDlgOQP:R\McY4O_w@RVNRxmn]Y f Mca`OQ]P¢McP;NmnYZ] f aZq:RT[jMcaZOMcl
Mw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPj;MhaZaZR+YZP<U|¥RRh[a`O f MhaZRNOQ{O_NDR f OguYMcaZOg]PYbMca`RMha
OQj:lgRFvX] f R[R+j;McYMcaZR+l K
mn]YTRhMwbqNDRxmn]dY f MhaZOg]P¥j:YZ]wxR\[Z[xUá9q:RYMcP:udR]cm>a`q:RY`Rh[e:lgab[O_[TM[`[e f R\N a`] J ROQPNDO_w?MhaZOg{R
]cm'aZq:Rre:PwxR?YZaMcOgPDa K 4q:OwqkMhYZO[Rh[ÔmnY`] f ]e:Y4lMwbi]hmP:]h4lQRhNuRrM J ]de:a>aZq:RrR?WMwxa.P;Mca`e:YZRr]hm
NDRxmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dPkP:RhMcY4a`q:R
OQjWlQRrvX] f ROwxRTNDOQ{O_NDRU
á9q:RrÛ © ¦ f ]NDR?lWj:YZ]h{O_NDRh[a`q:R J M[O[mn]Y.wx]P[aZY`e;wxa`OQP:uªMOQPWR f Mca`O_wä;]h f ]NDR+l:4q:O_wbq
O_[e;[RhNFaZ] f ]NDR?l:a`q:RR?{]dlQe:a`OQ]PF]cmÌO[]wbq:YZ]dP:Rr[
q;Mcj;Rh[Ômn]dY9RhMdwqw?M[
RUá9q:RXä]c7oR?l_NOQPFaZq:R
DOgP:R f MhaZOw f ]NDR?lÌO_[>[qWOpmnaZR\NaZ]¢[O f e:lMcaZRNDOQ{O_NDR f OQudYbMhaZOQ]dPMcP;NMdN?âZe;[a`RhNaZ]¢Mw?wx]de:PaXmn]Y
[j;MhaZOMcl9{dMhYZO_MhaZOg]P;[OQP}Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPYbMhaZRUá9q:RiR+{]lQeWaZOQ]dP]cm>O[]wbq:YZ]dP:R[
q;Mcj;Rh[VO[Xmn]e:P;N
JDK aZYMwbDOgP:urj;McY`aZOwxlQRh[ÌOQPa`q:RXY`Rh[eWlQaZOgP:uVa`O f R@
NDR+j±R+P;NDR?Paä]c7oR?l_N,U'á9q:RrNDOg{DONDR f OguYbMhaZOg]P
YbMhaZRO_[4aZqWR?P¥NDR?a`R?Y f OgP:RhN JK aZq:Rª[q:O«mnaX]hm.aZq:R f ]NDR?lgRhNiä;]h oR?l_NkYZRhse:OQY`RhNa`] f McabwbqkaZq:R
[q;Mhj;RV]cmOQPaZR?Y`P;MclCl_M K R?Yb[] J [
R?YZ{R\NMha
OQj:lgRrvX] f RU
ÈgÔ ÈgÔû Ü©§)îR?ÜAFÒü4\yy¨& Q©9Ë
á9q:RYZR@mnR?YZR?PwxRio;P:OgaZRR?lQR f R?PDa f ]NDR?l Û © ¦ VOgP;wx]dYZj;]YMcaZR\[iaZq:Rkmn]lglQ]h4OQP:u}M[`[e f j:aZOg]P;[
(Ü\\F Ç yyaÒ¨)! ? Ô« ~?d¯ L
~ U>á9q:RTO_wxR[q:R?R+a4uR?] f R?aZY K O_[9a
9]h
NO f R?P[OQ]dP;MclãMcP;N[a`RhMN K à[abMhaZRU
DU>á9q:R J ]aZa`] f ]cm'aZqWROwxRr[
q:R?R?a4O[ÔmnYZ]+R?PkaZ]FOQab[ J RhNCU
¯
f [Mw+wx]YNDOQP:uaZ] Ü lgR?PB [PW]PDlQOgP:RhMcYrä;]h l_M?r ¤ Ïv r © P 4q:Owq¥YZR?lMca`Rh[
aZq:RTRxCRhwxa`OQ{Rr[
q:RhMcY[aZYMcOgPYbMca`R ¤ ;aZ]FaZqWRRxCRhwxaZOg{Rr[qWRhMcYr[
aZY`Rh[Z[Hv4OgaZqaZqWRNDR?udYZR?Rr]hm
P:]PlgOQP:RhMhYZOga K NDRh[`wxYZO J RhN JDK E
ç
DU
§ U>á9q:Rj;MhYbM f R?aZR?Yy© OgPaZq:RVä;]h^l_M?^O_[>Mimne:P;wxa`OQ]dP]cm.aZR f j±R+YbMca`e:YZR ªmn]lQlg]h4OQP:8u ¬E4QÑ
~+D~ bU
® U>á9q:RkaZR f j±R+YbMca`e:YZRFo;R?l_N¥O_[[a`RhMN K [
abMhaZRM[FNDR?a`R?Y f OgP:RhNmnYZ] f aZq:RwxeWYZYZR+PDa f RhM[
e:YZR\N
[e:Y
mMwxRaZR f j±R+YbMca`e:YZR Ä ¯ ß b.Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPAYbMhaZRMcPÁM[`[e f RhN udR?]a`q:R?Y f Mcl4q:RhMha
ä;e:F]cm ¯d®DÝÞ® f | f Æ Ã Ü ¿ y§¢¨&© È y¨9R\§: ~+ b;MhP;NMV[
O f jWlQR ~
vÁq:RhMcaä;]h f ]NDR?l
£ V!a\¨8!? Ô« ~+¨ Rhs;U § U¡á9qWO_[ f ]NDR?lj:YZR\NDO_wxa[ J Md[ZMhl4aZR f j;R?YMca`e:YZRh[YMcP:udOQP:u
mnYZ] f Ü aZ] ß U
¯ U>á9q:R>Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPrYbMca`R4O_[Md[Z[
e f RhNraZ] J R ¨DÝQ~+¨ f M Æ ~ OwxRxRhse:OQ{dMclgR?Pa §Â !ÑM(!ê? Ô«
~?d® U
DU>
wxRNRxmn]Y
Û Ogue:Y`R § U § M[qW]c>[Va`q:RFO_[]wbq:Y`]P:Rk[
q;Mcj;Rh[rj:YZR\NDO_wxa`RhNmn]YVa`q:O_[r[
aZRhMdN K [
abMhaZRkw?Md[RMcP;N
a`q:R[q;Mhj;R]cm] J [
R?YZ{RhNAOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl9lM K R+Yb[mnY`] f a`q:RkYbMdN:McY f RhMd[e:Y`R f R?Pab[@U¡á9qWR f ]NDR?lQR\N
MhP;N¡] J [R?Y`{RhNl_M K R?Y[¤mn]YTRhMwbqj;MhOQY[
q:]h4PAq;M?{RaZqWR[`M f RFM?{R?YMcuRNDR?jWaZq<UÛOQude:YZR § U § J
[
q:]h>[9aZq:RNDOpCR?Y`R?P;wxR J R?a
9R?R?PFaZqWR f ]NDR?lCMhP;NiaZqWRrN:McaM Ç N:MhYZwx]lg]Y[4[q:]h McYZR\M[Ô]hmlMcY`uR
NO_[Zw@YZR?j;MhP;w K Uá9qWO_[>[abMhP;N:MhYbN,C[a`RhMN K à[abMhaZRªNDRh[Zw@YZOQjWaZOQ]dPk]cmOwxRXä;]hj:Y`RhNDOwxab[4[
OQuPWOpoCw?MhPDa`l K
f ]YZR4McY`j:OQPWu f MhDO f e f M f jWlQOQa`e;NDR ï ~?¨¨ f 'aZq;MhP9Rr] J [R?Y`{R ï ®d¨ f U
gÈ Ô gÈ Ô5F ÀV¨\£D?V>¯!a4\¨9?¯V¨1ü £ { £ R!¥©
á9qWRVÛ © ¦ O[9wx] f j:e:aMca`OQ]PMclQl K OQPaZR?P[OQ{RMcPNN]Rh[9P:]aMclglQ]h7mn]Y4a`O f R@
NDR+j±R+P;NDR?PaRxCRhwxa[
[
e;wbqMd[ f OguYbMhaZOg]P]cmÌa`q:RNDOQ{O_NDR9ä]c7oR?l_N,U'S OQPWR f Mca`O_w f ]NDR?l:O[wx]P;[
aZY`e;wxaZR\NÕa`] f Mhabwbq
a`q:RT[j;MhaZOMcl<{dMcY`O_Mca`OQ]dP]cmaZq:Rä;]h8o;R?l_NimnY`] f a`q:Ro;P:OQa`RrR?lQR f R?PDa f ]NDR?lãw?Mclwxe:l_MhaZOg]P<Uá9q:O[
OQPWR f Mca`O_wiä;]h f ]NDR+lO_[kwx] f j:e:aMcaZOg]P;MhlQl K R _¢wxOQR+PDaMcP;N MclQlg]h>[[
O f e:l_MhaZOg]P7]hmNDOQ{O_NR
f OQuYMca`OQ]PãUaÌO_[a`O f R@
NDR+j±R+P;NDR?Pa<OQPTaZq:R>[
R?P;[R4a`q;Mca'OQa'w?Mclwxe:l_MhaZRh[<aZqWR4RxCRhwxaÌ]cmãM f OQudYbMca`OQP:u
NOQ{O_NDR.]PFO_[]wbq:Y`]P:R>NDR@mn]Y f McaZOg]P<U'á9q:R f ]NDR+l:ND]R\[PW]a.MclglQ]hAmn]Y{dMcY K OQPWuYMca`Rh[]cmNDOQ{O_NR
Normalized Distance Above Bed (z/H)
Normalized Distance Above Bed (z/H)
¯
1
a
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−2
1
−1
0
1
2
b
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−2
−1
0
1
2
Normalized Distance From Summit (x/H)
0
Difference
10 m
Û OQude:YZR § U §&L ] f jMcYZO[]dP J R+a.R?R?P!O_[]wbq:Y`]P:R×[q;Mhj±R\[¢jWYZRhNDOwxaZR\N JK MA[a`RhMN K à[aMcaZROwxR
ä;]h f ]NR?l:4OQa`qFMP:]PDlQOgP:RhMhYä]c!l_M?8MhP;NaZq:R[q;Mhj;Rh[]cm<OgPDa`R?YZPMcl:lM K R+Yb[] J [R?Y`{RhNVe;[
OQP:u
£ ©
;U Mt ¦ ]NDR?lgRhN lM K R?Yb[4OQP¥uYM K MhP;N] J [
R?YZ{RhNl_M K R?Y[¤OgP J l_MwbCU J ¦ ]NDR+l9MhP;N¥N:McaM
NDO_[`wxYZR+j;McP;w K jWlQ]a`aZRhN8Mdw?wx]dYbNDOgP:uAaZ]}aZq:RudYbM K [`w?MclgRaZ][
q:]haZq:R¥[
j;Mca`O_Mclj;Mca`aZR?Y`P8]cmTaZq:R
f O_[ f McawqãU
¯h§
f QO uYMca`OQ]PãUá9q:R f OQudYbMhaZOQ]dP¡YMca`RMhP;NMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]Pj;Mca`aZR?Y`PMcY`RkM[`[e f RhNwx]P[abMhPDarmn]Y
MhlQl<a`O f RUÌá9q:R+YZRxmn]dYZRaZq:RrOQPWOQaZOMclãNDOQ{O_NDRj±][OgaZOQ]dPO[9]e:a[O_NRa`q:R f ]NDR?lãND] f McOQPãU
|¥R¥M[`[e f Ra`q;Mcaka`q:RO_wxRaZq:OwP:Rh[`[ s O[w@]P;[
abMcPaOgP%a`q:R § f Y`R?uOg]P McY`]e:P;N
a`q:RNOQ{O_NDRT[OgP;wxRrYbMdN:McY f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[[q:]h^aZqMcaa`q:RVOwxRraZq:OwP:Rh[`[9aZq:R?Y`Rr{MhYZOgRh[ JK lQRh[`[
a`q;McâP É Ui|¥RMhl_[]×M[`[e f RFaZqMca s q;Md[P:]dawbq;McPWuRhN]h{R?YaZO f RUFá9q:RNDR?j:a`qDàM\{R+YbMcudRhN
qW]YZOg?]PabMhl,{R?lg]wxOQa K ý,K q bDa`q:R f M[`[ J Mhl_MhP;wxR - bWMcP;Na`q:RrNDO[abMhP;wxRrMhlQ]dP:uÕä]c7mnY`] f a`q:R
NOQ{O_NDR McY`RY`R?l_MhaZRhN JK
ý K q s q Ý
§ U~
ß
á9qWRNDR+j:aZqF{dMcYZOMca`OQ]PF]cmãq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl;{R?lg]wxOQa K w?McP J RX4Y`OQa`aZR?POgPia`R?Y f [Ì]cmÌMr[
q;Mcj;RXmne:PwxaZOg]P
Á aZq;MhaÔ{dMhYZOQR\[4OQa`qj±][OgaZOQ]dP McPNÕq:R+OQuqaM J ]h{R4a`q:R J RhN q OgPaZq:R4{O_wxOgP:OQa K ]hm<a`q:R>[e ff OQa+
ý<-' q ý q Á -' q
§ Uát
4qWR?YZR ý O_[<aZqWR4q:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMcl{R?lQ]wxOga K Mcaa`q:R9OwxR.[e:Y
mMwxR q s Á q' ¨ s ¨ McP;N Á qÄ s f
~ U|¥RFwx]dP;[a`YZe;wxa Á q' q M[MlQOgP:RhMhYwx] fiJ OQP;MhaZOQ]dP]hm>M[
q;Mcj;Rmne:P;wxa`OQ]Pa K j:O_w+MclÌ]cm.P:RhMhY
NOQ{O_NDRXä]cÃÂÅÄ xÇÆ q .McP;NMi[
q;Mcj;RmneWP;wxaZOg]Pka K jWO_w?Mhl,]cm'äCMcP:Fä;]h
Â!w q b
q ' q svÈ q ÂįxÆ q c ~PÄ È - e ÂËw q
§ Uát
4qWR?YZR ¨lÉ È - É^~ NRh[ZwxY`O J Rh[aZq:R>j;McY`aZOgaZOQ]dP:OQPWu J R?a
9R?R+PÕäCMhP:McP;NNOQ{O_NDR4ä;]h8YZR?udO f R\[xU
] fiJ OgP:OQPWuVRhse;Mca`OQ]dP;[ § U tMcPN § U .McP;NkOQPaZR?udYbMca`OQP:u]h{R?YNDR?j:a`qudOQ{Rh[
ý<K - ê ý s - Á -' q q
ß
§ U§
ý
b-
s Ê È q ÂÅįxÆ q q P~ Ä È q ` Â!w q qË Ý
ß
ß
© se;Mca`OQ]dP;[ § U ~ .McPN § U 9a`q:R?PkYZRhse:OgYZR
Á
¯d®
<ý qÄ q B Á Ì -'q q © -
§ U®
4q:R?Y`RÍÌ - fÏÎ ß Á -' q q McP;NÔ© q tÃÎ ß - U>á9q:R{R?Y`aZO_w+Mcl,{R+lQ]wxOga K o;R?l_NZt q' q
O_[Ômn]de:P;N¢mnY`] f OgP;wx] f j:YZR\[Z[O J OQlgOQa K
ÿ
ÿ
ý Ä t
§ U¯
4q:O_wbqkuOg{Rh[
ÿ
ÿ
q Á -' q q Ä © Á q © Ì Á -' q q Ý
§ U
t q' q B Ä
Ì Ã Ì
Ì
ß
ß
ß
© ste;MhaZOg]P;[ § U ® MhP;N § U NRh[ZwxY`O J R4Mrwx]dPDa`OQPe:]eÐ[ \àv ä]co;R?lN4q:OwqOgP;wxlQeNDRh[ÌM[
j;RhwxO_Mhl
P:RhMhYàNDOQ{O_NDR9ä]c!YZR?udO f RUá<YbMdwOQPWuaZq:R f ]aZOg]P]hm<O_w@R4j;McY`aZO_w@lQRh[OgPaZq:O[ä;]h o;R?lNVaZq:Y`]e:udq
aZO f Rkj:YZRhNO_wxa[iaZq:R×[q;Mhj;R¡]hmO_[
]wqWYZ]PWRq:]Y`OQ?]dP;[xUÚP7aZqWR¥[O f j:lQRh[
aFw?M[
R Á -' q ~
q ` ß :McPN¢R\ste;MhaZOg]P;[ § U ® .McP;N § U YZRhNe;wxRa`]VmM f OglQO_MhYR?j:YZR\[Z[Og]P;[9e[RhNaZ]FNR?YZOg{R
aZq:RFbL K Rh aZO f Rx
[`w?MclgR RU uWUQ í ?À\aÒ¨D ~?dc§ :j<U d L ý<-' q B ß r?s McP;N t qÄ q B
Ä ß r?s q U
á][O f e:lMca`RrNDOQ{O_NR f OQudYbMhaZOQ]dP<aZq:Rrä;]h oR?l_NO_[ f ]c{R\NÕOgPa`q:R[`M f RYZRxmnR?Y`R?P;wxR>mnYbM f R
M[Xa`q:RNOQ{O_NDR;[
]aZqMcaa`q:RVq:]dYZOg?]PabMhl{R?lQ]w@OQa K OgPa`q:RNDOg{DONDRrYZRxmnR+YZR?P;w@RmnYM f R ý ° q ° q °
O_[
ý ° - ° q ° s ý<- ° q ° ÄÐ ¨
§ U
4q:R?Y`R Ð ÒÑ r ¨ O_[>MFwx]P;[
abMhPDaNDOQ{O_NR f OQudYbMhaZOQ]dPYbMhaZRÓÑ0[Zw+MclQR\N¢a`]MYZR@mnR?YZR?PwxRrMw+wxeD
f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPiYMcaZR ¨ 4q:O_wbqO_[9aMcR?PaZ] J R ¨DÝQ~+¨ÄA¨ÝQ~?® f MÂÆ ~ O_wxRRhsteWOQ{dMclgR?PDaY`R?j:YZR\[R?PaZOgP:u
MYMcP:udRM J ]de:a9a`q:R f ]NDR?Y`PYbMca`R4]cm ¨ U ~ f M Æ ~ ÀDÔÀAy\¾ÍÌD¹ \a4Ô !£D£¢ÔÞb ° Ä Ä¯xÆh
McP;N q °¶ q U|8OQaZqFaZqWO_[wx]P[aZY`e;wxa`OQ]Pã °f ¨ O_[9MhlQM K [aZq:RNDOg{DONDR4j;][OgaZOg]P<Uá9q:R>R?j:YZR\[à
[Og]Pmn]Y{R?YZa`O_w?MhlD{R+lQ]wxOga K t -' q <O[e:P;wbq;McP:udRhNF[]raZq;Mhfa to° q ° q °s_
t - ° q °xU|¥RNYZ]j
¯d¯
`a q:RkMd[aZR+YZO_[
:[mnY`] f P:]h#]dP<.M[Z[
e f OgP:u.RkMcY`RMhlQM K [OgPaZq:R f ]c{OQPWuNOQ{O_NDRFYZRxmnR+YZR?P;w@R
mnYM f RMcP;N ¨ O_[9a`q:RTNDOQ{O_NRj;][OgaZOg]P<U
ÈgÔ ÈgÔU¢ Q4û ¨pî Ã V¨[¡VÒV©9¡DÒüÒ\£D?¯V¨
á9qWO_[ f ]NDR+l±jMcYbM f R?a`R?YZOghMca`OQ]PM[`[e f Rh[Ôa`q;Mca4OgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl,lM K R+YÔMcY`j:OQP:ueWP;NDR?Y.aZq:RTNDOg{DONDRXO[
w+Mce;[
RhN¡]PWl K¥JDK aZq:R¢McP:] f Mclg]e;[ä;]hÑYZR?udO f RjWYZRhNDOwxaZR\N P:R\McYVOwxRkNDOg{DONDRh[e:P;NR?YMP:]dPD
lgOQP:R\McYOwxRVä;]h-lM\rUFá9q:RF[
q;Mcj;RimneWP;wxaZOg]P;[LÂËwMcPNÔÂÅįxÆOQP¥Rhse;Mca`OQ]P § UátMcY`RNDR\[ZwxY`O J RhN
JK MhP a`qD]dYbNDR+Y qWR JDK [qWR?{y]dl K P:] f O_Mcl,oaaZ]kaZqWRFÛ © ¦ ä]co;R+l_NMca ~+¨ f McP;N
¨ f ?Y`Rh[j;Rhwxa`OQ{R?l K UCá9q:R9j;MhYZa`OQaZOg]P:OgP:u4mne:P;wxa`OQ]ÓP È q CO_[Ìwbq:][
R?P[
]aZq;Mhaa`q:R9qW]YZOg?]PabMhl
{R+lQ]wxOga K ý<-' q >udOQ{R?P JK Rhse;Mca`OQ]P § U ® f Mhabwbq:Rh[ ý<-' q j:YZRhNO_wxa`RhN JDK a`q:RÛ © ¦ U|¥R
oP;NaZq;Mhga È q O_[9R?lglpàMcj:jWYZ]hDO f Mca`RhN JK a`q:Rrwx]dPDa`OQPe:]e;[
l K NDOpCR?Y`R?PaZO_M J lQRR?{R?Pmne:P;wxa`OQ]dP L
È
- s ¨ÝÞ¯ R+DjÕ Ä n Ö ~ p
ÃI×
¨Ý § R+DjÕ Ä n Ö
Ã
p
ÃI×
§ U
4qWR?YZR Ö ~f h® f MhP;N Ö Ã _ +§¨ f Y`R?j:Y`Rh[R?Pa4[`w?MclgRrlQR?P:udaZq;[44q:OwqkNRxo;P:RraZqWR4ONDaZqk]hm
a`q:RNDOQ{O_NDR4+]P:RUá9qWO_[j;McY`aZOgaZOQ]dP:OQPWumneWP;wxaZOg]POglQlge;[a`YbMca`Rh[a`q;Mca.aZq:RwqMcYbMdwxaZR+YZO_[
aZOw94O_NDa`qi]hm
a`q:O_[>?]P:RªM[`[]wxOMcaZR\N 4OgaZq¥NDOg{DONDRxnä;]hO_[M J ]e:a iOwxRVa`q:O_wbDPWRh[Z[
Rh[ À à i f H§?£D¨©,
~+ Ç ¬E/V©yR¦; ~?d¯ U4ÛOQude:YZR § U ® [
q:]h>[¤a`q:Rrq:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMclC{R?lQ]wxOga K [q;Mhj±Rrmne:P;wxa`OQ]dP;[ÔmnYZ] f
a`q:RTÛ © ¦ McPN¢mnYZ] f RhsteMcaZOg]P;[ § áU tMcP;N § U bU.vXRh[
j:OQa`Ra`q:R[
O f jWlQOpo±w?Mca`OQ]P[ÔOQP{]lg{RhNOQP
NRxo;P:OgP:u Á -' q aZq:RkOQP:R f Mca`O_w f ]NDR?lYZR?jWYZ]NDe;w@Rh[VaZq:Rl_M K R?YT[q;Mhj;Rh[ÕjWYZRhNDOwxaZR\N JK a`q:R
oP:OQa`RR+lQR f R+PaÔY`RxmnR?Y`R?P;wxR f ]NDR?lC4OQa`qMhPY f [ÔR?Y`YZ]dY4]cm ® f R?a`R?Yb[@U
SÁ[O f j:lQR[j;MhaZOMcl,{dMhYZO_MhaZOg]POgPMdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]P - ÌO_[MclglQ]h9RhN J Rhw?Mhe;[R>aZq:RM[ Kff R+aZY K
]hmTaZq:R] J [
R?YZ{RhNl_M K R?Y[VO f j:lgOQRh[T[] f RMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PudYbMNOQR?PaMdwxYZ][Z[aZqWRNDOg{DONDRkOQP;NDR@
j;R?PNDR?PaV]cmaZqWRl_M K R?Yr4MhYZj:OgP:u:U|¥RkNDRh[`wxYZO J RMq:OgP:uR@lgOQRMw?wxe f e:lMca`OQ]PjMcaZa`R?YZP4OgaZq
a
.]VuYMNDOgR?PaÔjMcYbM f R?a`R?Yb^[ Ø MhP;ÙN Ø P 4q:OwqNDRh[`wxYZO J RXa`q:RrMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPuYMNDOgR?PDa.]Pa`q:R
[
]e:a`q qæ ¨ 4MhP;NPW]YZa`q - ` ¨ .[ONDRh[9]cmaZq:RTNDOg{DONDRYZRh[
j;RhwxaZOg{R?l K L
¯
1
Equations (3) and (9)
FEM
0.9
0.8
Scaled Height z/H
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0
10
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Velocity Shape Function ξ(x,z)
1
ÛOQude:YZR § U ®9L ^>]YZOg?]PabMhl,{R?lg]wxOQa K [
q;Mcj;Rmne:P;wxa`OQ]dP;[gÈ qÄ q mnYZ] f aZqWRXo;P:OgaZRrR?lQR f R?Pa f ] NR?l
w?Mclwxe:lMcaZOg]P N:M[
q:RhN¡lgOQP:RdMhP;N¡mnYZ] f RhsteMcaZOg]P;[ § UátrMhP;N § U [
]lQON lgOQP:Rd¤mn]dY ¨
¨ U ® ~ U ¨ DU ¨ ® U ¨ ;MhP;N ~+¨ U ¨ f U
¯d
Ø ~ É%¨
¨
§ U ~+¨
ÚØ ~ ` ¨
¨ P 4qWR?YZR ¨ .O_[4MYZR@mnR?YZR?PwxRrMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPYbMhaZRªMcP;N rMs UX
OQP;wxRr.RVMd[Z[
e f RraZq;MhaXa`q:R
OwxR>aZq:OwP:Rh[`[ s O[9wx]dP;[aMcPa?:.Rr[Zw?MhlQR>aZq:Rr{R?lg]wxOQa K j;Mca`aZR?Y`PaZ]a`q:RrMw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPiYMca`Rr[]
a`q;McaTRhse;Mca`OQ]P § U ~ q:]dl_N:[@U @R?lg]wxOQa K R\ste;MhaZOg]P;[ § U ® rMcPN § U 4OQa`qA[
q;Mcj;Rmne:P;wxa`OQ]dP;[
udOQ{R?P JK RhsteMcaZOg]P;[ § áU tÌMhP;N § U bMhP;NVj;McYM f R+aZR?Y[,uOQ{R+P JK R\ste;MhaZOg]P;[ § U McP;N § U ~+¨
NRxo;P:RFaZq:RFOQP:R f McaZOw f ]NR?lmn]YTO_[
]wq:Y`]P:RNDRxmn]dY f MhaZOg]P}NDe:RFaZ]MkP:]PlgOQP:RhMhYä;]hÚl_M?rU
á9qWR?YZRrMhYZRraZqWYZR?RPW]PDàNDO f R?P;[Og]P;Mhl±mnY`R?Rj;MhYbM f R?aZR?Y[x Ð Û Ø WMcP;JN Ø P 4q:Owq.R{dMcY K McP;N
oP;NaZq:RTwx] fiJ OgP;Mca`OQ]dP4q:O_wbq J Rh[a9o;a[¤a`q:Rr] J [
R?YZ{R\N¢lM K R?Y4[
q;Mcj;Rh[@U
ÈgÔ ÈgÔ È Q4qF& ¿ !Ò¾9£D¾{?V¨ V¨&V£D¾9£Ï? ¡AV/V©9
á9qWR>[Rhwx]dP;NVj;MhYbM f R?aZR?Y`OQhMhaZOg]PTM[`[e f R\[a`q;McaOgPDa`R?YZPMcll_M K R?Y<4MhYZj:OgP:urO_[Ìw?Mce[RhN[
]lQR+l KrJDK M
lg]w?MclãMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dP f OgP:O f e f ]h{R?Y9a`q:RrNDOg{DONDRUÌ|¡Rrw@]P;[
aZYZewxa>MVe:P:O«mn]Y f ä;]h o;R+l_Ni4OgaZq
PW]OQP:q:R+YZR?PaT[j;RhwxOMcl4NOQ{O_NDRiä]cÑ?]dP:R JK [
R?aZa`OQP:uÈ - ¨ OQPRhse;Mca`OQ]P § Uátra`q:R?YZR JDK
Y`R f ]h{OQP:uraZqWRV[
j;Mca`O_Mhl{dMcY`O_MhaZOQ]dPkOQPkaZq:Rr{R?lg]wxOQa K [
q;Mcj;RmneWP;wxaZOg]P Á q' q .[]FaZq;Mha
q Ä q `ÜÂ w q Ý
§ U ~d~
|¥Rmne:YZa`q:R?Y>NDR@o;P:RTMÕPWR?^Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPj;MhaZaZR+YZPkaZq;MhaMhlQlg]c>[>MlQ]w?Mhl f OQP:O f e f ]h{R?Y4a`q:R
NOQ{O_NDRUÌá9q:O[j;MhaZaZR+YZPFwx]de:l_N J R>w+Mce;[
RhN JK 4OQP;N
[`wx]e:Y`OQP:uMcaaZq:RNDOQ{O_NR4McPNVYZRxàNDR?j;][
OQa`OQ]P
R+l_[R+4q:R?YZR £ ®!\>!H? Ô« ~?d t,]Y JDK MNDR?j;][
OQaZOg]Pj;Mca`aZR?Y`P4q:Owq×w?Mce;[
Rh[4lQRh[`[X[
P:]haZ]
J RªNDR?j;][
OQaZR\N]h{R?Y4aZqWRNDOg{DONDRrYZR?lMcaZOg{RaZ]aZq:RäCMhP::[@Uá9q:Rª[P:]h9mMhlQl'Mcar
OQj:lgRTvX] f R f M K
J RTM[`[]wxOMca`RhN4OQaZq f R\[]cà[Zw+MclQRw K wxlQ]dP:Rh[4q:O_wbqaZYMwbÕmnY`] f aZq:RP:]Y`aZq]dY9P:]dYZa`qDR\M[a[ONDR
]hmr
OQjWlQRvX] f R \aQÒ!1!E? Ô« ~?dt Ç È a£Ð V!< ~?d U¥LXe f R?Y`O_w?Mhl f ]NDR?l_[r[
e:uudRh[a
a`q;McaT4OQPaZR?Y[e:Y
mMwxRF4OQP;NW[VMcY`RilgOQR?l K mnYZ] f a`q:RFP:]Y`aZqAa`]P:]dYZaZqRhMd[a È £Ð VyN![? Ô«
Á
¯d
?~ dc§ U2|8OgP;N7j;R?YZj;R?PNDO_wxeWl_McYFaZ]}aZq:RRhMd[a
.Rh[aa`YZR?PNDOQP:u}NDOg{DONDRwx]e:lN8w?Mce[R¥[Zw@]e:Y`OQP:u
McP;NYZR@
NDR+j±][OgaZOQ]dP¡]dPaZq:RlgR?RF[ONDRUV>YZ]duYMcj:q:OwÕR@,R\wxab[ f M K w?Mhe;[R f ]YZRªNDR?j;][
OQa`OQ]P¥]P
aZq:RrP:]dYZa`qäCMhP:k]cm.
OQj:lgRTvX] f R:McPNMVj:Y`RhwxOQjWOQabMhaZOg]Pb[
q;MND]h> i]dPkaZq:Rª[]eWaZqä±McP:CU|¡R
[O f e:lMca`RaZq:R\[R9R@,R\wxab[ JDK [
e:j;R?YZO f j;][OgP:u>]P:R.j±R+YZOQ]NV]hmCMwx][OgP:R4wxeWYZ{R]PTaZq:R J R\[ano;a`aZOQPWu
q:OQPWuRxlQOgRrMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPij;MhaZa`R?YZPkmnYZ] f M[R ?~ L
É+Äqá r §
~ Ø@° '
Äá r § æ É%¨
ß ÝÞ ~ Ø@° Ä wx][ ÃQâä ã
§ U ~
¨ ÞÞÞÞÞÞ ~ Ø@° Ä wx][ Ãåâä ã
æ
¨
É á r §
P
Þ
` á r §
~ Ø@P° '
ÞÞÞ
4q:R?Y`RæØH° 4McPNçØ@P° R ÞÞÞÞÞà f R+YZuRFmnYZ] f Md[R ~ [OQPwxRkaZq:RkmMcYno;R?lN lM K R+Y[qMcj;Rh[k[e:uduRh[
akMcP
Mw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPuYMNDOgR?PDa4OgP;NDR?j;R?PNDR?Pa9]cmaZq:RTNDOg{DONDR?]dP:RU
z[OgP:u¡a`q:O_[F[R\wx]P;Nj;McYM f R+aZR?Y`OQhMhaZOQ]dP<aZq:R f ]NDR+l9ä;]h oR?l_N ý<-' q TMhP;N<t q' q rO_[
NDRxo;PWRhN JK RhsteMcaZOg]P;[ § U ® b § U McPN § U 4OQa`qAaZq:R[qMcj;Rimne:P;w@aZOQ]dP¡udOQ{R?P JK RhsteM\
aZOg]P § U ~~ >McP;N¥Mw+wxe f e:l_MhaZOQ]dPj;MhaZa`R?YZPudOQ{R?P JK RhsteMcaZOg]P § U ~ tUV|¡R{dMhY K aZqWYZR?RTP:]PD
NDO f R?P;[Og]P;Mhl;j;McYM f R?a`R?Yb[aZ]ro;P;NaZq:R J R\[a9o;a4a`]aZq:R] J [R+YZ{dMca`OQ]P[ L aZq:Rr[`w?MclgRhNM f j:lQOgaZe;NR
#MhP;N4M?{R?lQR+P:ua`q á ]cm>a`q:RF[e:j;R?Y`O f j;][RhN¥wx][
OQP:RFMdw?wxe f e:lMcaZOg]P¥wxeWYZ{RMhP;N¡a`q:RF[Zw?MhlQRhN
NDOQ{O_NR f OQudYbMhaZOQ]dPYbMhaZR Ð U
³½ E캺&ß4ÚR¼g¸_Ù\ìå8´åMßÙ>Ølº(½êå?Þ
¬9Rhw?Mhe;[R4.R>ND]P:]daÔP:]h± V\ca`q:R>Mw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPqWO_[a`]Y K ]cmÌ
Ogj:lQR>v>] f R.]Ya`q:R>McudRX]hm
McP K lM K R?Y?]eWY4u]Mhl<O_[aZ] f McabwbqFl_M K R?YP!aYMcaZqWR?Y4aZq;MhPkMcP K j;MhYZa`O_wxe:lMcYO_[
]wqWYZ]PWRU|¡R
f e[aaZq:R+YZRxmn]dYZRNDRhwxONDRX4qWO_wbq f ]NR?lQRhNl_M K R?Y.Rwx] f j;MhYZR>aZ]MVudOQ{R?PF] J [R?Y`{RhNÕlM K R?YOQPkM
4M K a`q;Mca f MhRh[4Me:P:Oste:R ~ aZ]h ~ M[Z[
OQudP f R?PaX]hm.] J [
R?YZ{RhNa`] f ]NDR?lgRhNl_M K R?Yb[@UV>j:aZOg]P;[
OQP;w@lQe;NDRwx] f j;McY`OQP:uTl_M K R?Y[4OgaZqkaZqWRr[ZM f RXqWR?OQudqDa ~ Mca4a`q:Rj:Y`Rh[R?Pa4NOQ{O_NDR ¨ .Mca
aZq:R+OQY[
q;MclglQ]h9Rh[
aj;]OgPDa+ t'McaR?OgaZq:R+YRhNDudR4]cm<a`q:R>ND] f McOgP<]Y § Ì4q:R?PM?{R?YbMhuRhNV]h{R?YÌaZq:R
\¨
N] f MhOQP<U|¡RrMcPaXa`]iR f j:q;M[
OQ?RaZq:RT[qMcj;R]cmlM K R?Yb[9P:R\McY>aZq:RTNDOg{DONDRraZ]NDR?aZR+Y f OgP:RXa`q:R
NOQ{O_NDR f OguYMcaZOg]PYMcaZRU>j:aZOg]P;[ ~ MhP;N trMhYZRFaZq:R+YZRxmn]dYZRFj±]]dYFwqW]O_w@Rh[ J Rhw?Mhe;[RFaZq:R K
R f j:q;Md[OQ+RaZq:R f O[ f Mhabwbq J R?a
.R?R?PAa`q:R f ]NR?l4MhP;N a`q:RN:MhabM¥McaFRhNDudRh[Õ]hmraZqWRND] f McOgP
4qWR?YZR.RR?j;Rhwxa9a`q:RRxCRhw@ab[9]cmM f OguYbMhaZOgP:uTNDOQ{O_NDRaZ] J RT[ f MclQlgRh[a+UXjWaZOQ]dP tjWYZRh[
R?PDa[
jWYZ] J lQR f [;4q:R?PTaZq:Rl_M K R?Y[<McY`R9Md[ Kff R?a`YZOwU:|¡RwqW]][R.]j:a`OQ]dP § <MhP;NVw@] f j;MhYZR f ]NDR?lQR\N
MhP;NA] J [
R?YZ{R\N lM K R+Yb[4OgaZqAa`q:Rk[`M f RM?{R?YbMhuRq:R+OQuqa q K Uá9q:R[qMcj;R R ]hm>RhMwbqAlM K R+YO[
NRxo;P:RhNkMd[¤Ogab[9q:R?Oguqa9{dMcY`O_MhaZOQ]dPY`R?l_MhaZOQ{R>aZ]FOQa[4M?{R?YbMhuRrq:R?Oguqa L
q' q K è q -' q K Ä q K Ý
§ U ~ t
R
Û:]YM¥NDO_[`wxYZR?a`Rk[R+a]cmTNDOguOgaZOQ+RhN¡l_M K R?Y[xRhMwbql_M K R?YTO_[NDR?PW]aZR\N JK aZq:RkOgP;NDR?ê é}McP;N
ONDR?PaZO«o;RhN JK OQab[.M?{R?YbMhuRNDR?j:a`q qK ë UyÌ]OQPab[MhlQ]PWuaZq:R>q:]Y`OQ?]dPDaMclãwx]]YNDOQP;MhaZRrMhYZRrNR?P:]a`RhN
JíK ì Uá9qWRk[q;Mhj;R]hmR\MwbqAl_M K R?YO[Vse;McPaZO«o;RhN JK¥f RhM[
e:YZOgP:ukaZq:RR?lQR?{dMhaZOQ]dP R x ë McaTRhMwbq
j;][OQa`OQ]dP ì Mclg]P:uFl_M K R?dY é[]FaZqMca
§ U ~@§
x ë R q x q K ë s q q x q K ë Ä q K ë Ý
R
á<]wx] f j;McY`R f ]NDR?lgRhN Rïx î ë McPN ] J [R?Y`{RhN R x Ä ë >lM K R+Y[
q;Mcj;Rh[ N:MhabMt<9RNDRxo;P:RFM f O[à
f McabwbqOgP;NDR?8 n
Ä
ª
ë Ä R xë Ã
x
÷
R
î
ò
ò
§ U ~+®
n
ë¬óð ~ x ômó õ ~ö x ë ø ëà Ý
ª Ä ñ
á9qWRXa`R?Y f ø ë O[aZq:R>R?j±R\wxaZRhNw@] fFJ OQP:R\NR?Y`YZ]YmnYZ] f aZq:R f ]NDR?lMcP;Nia`q:RN:McaMmn]Y.Mrj;McY`aZO_wb
eWl_McYlM K R+Y é;US89R?OguqaZOQPWumneWP;wxaZOg]P ö x ë mn]dY9j;]OgPDa ì ]PlM K R+ÛY éO_[wbq:][
R?PFaZ]ruOg{R4OQP;wxY`RhM[
RhN
.R?OQudqDaÌaZ]aZq:R4Y`Rh[ONDe;MclOQPa`q:R4NOQ{O_NDRMcYZR\MDUá9qWR4PDe fFJ R? Y ù ë O_[<aZq:R4a`]abMhl:Pe fiJ R?Y<]hmCj±]dOQPab[
ì MhlQ]dP:uMl_M K R?
Y é;ÌMcP;N h ¨ O_[aZqWRia`]abMhlPDe fFJ R?Y>]cm4lM K R?Yb[@lªÚ
ú ë ù ë O_[aZqWRaZ]aMcl
Pe fFJ R?Y4]cmj±]dOQPab[r[ZM f j:lgRhNOgPaZq:RFND] f McOgP<CMcP;N O_[X]dP:RlQRh[`[XaZqMcP¥aZq:RPe fFJ R+YX]hmÔmnY`R?R
jMcYbM f R?a`R?Yb[OQPka`q:R f ]NDR+lUÌPa`q:O_[.Mcj:jWlQO_w+McaZOg]P<RhMwbqlM K R+YÔO[9[`M f j:lgRhNiR?{R+Y K ¨d¨ f McP;N
ù ë NDR+j±R+P;N:[4]Pa`q:RrlQR?PWuaZqk]hma`q:RT£ ©
jWYZ]colQR Va`] f bU
~
ÈgÔUú9Ôû ºg É ø!Ü© É \a
á9q:Rw@] fFJ OQP:R\N R?Y`YZ]dYia`R?Y f ø ë YZR?jWYZRh[
R?PDa[VR?YZY`]Y[ÕOgP lM K R?YF[q;Mhj;R R - x qUK ë q TMhP;N7MhYZO[Rh[
mnYZ] f R?YZY`]Y[ÕOgPNDR?a`R?Y f OgP:OQPWua`q:RkR?lQR+{MhaZOg]P q ]cmTMj;]dOQPaMha x4]dP!M udOQ{R?P f ]NDR?lQR\N¡]Y
] J [
R?YZ{R\Nil_M K R?Y.McPNiOQPkNR?aZR?Y f OQPWOQP:ua`q:RrM?{R?YMcuR>q:R?Oguqa9]hmÌaZq:RlM K R?Y qUK ë UÛ:]Y.RhMwbqFl_M K R?Y÷é
4OQa`qM?{R?YMcudRqWR?OQudqDa qK ë .RTNDRxo;P:R
ÿ
ÿ
~-¼ Ã
ÿ Ä Ã
ÿ Ã
§ U ~?¯
o q K ÄÃ o¢q Ä Ã ® R î
o q K Ã o3q Ã
ûü ® R
øë
q Äpµ
q µ
K
K
î
î
îkýþ
4q:R?Y`RVMhlQlC{MhlQe:R\[9]PkaZq:RYZOQudqDa
qMcP;N[O_NRrwx]Y`YZRh[
j;]P;NkaZ]l_M K R?Y÷éMcP;Nk[e J [ZwxY`OQj:a[gÑMcP;N
NDR?P:]daZR f ]NDR+lQRhNMhP;N] J [R+YZ{RhN{dMclge:Rh[x:Y`Rh[j;Rhw@aZOQ{R+l K U
¬9]aZqTaZq:R f ]NR?lMhP;NaZq:R.N:MhabMwx]dPDa`YZO J e:aZR'aZ]>aZq:RaZ]dabMhlR?YZY`]Y?UÌ|¡R.ND]4PW]aÌOQP;wxlge;NDRR+YZYZ]dYb[
NDe:Ra`]e;[
OQP:uj;][Z[
O J l K 4Y`]P:u×M[`[e f jWaZOQ]dP;[OgP¡a`q:Riä;]h f ]NR?l ä]c lM?raZR f j;R?YbMhaZe:Y`R
NDO_[
aZY`O J e:a`OQ]dP<R?awUp J Rhw?Mce[R.RiOgP;[a`RhMN¥wx]P[O_NR?Yra.]NDO[a`OQP;wxaNDRh[Zw@YZOQjWaZOQ]dP;[]cm>OgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl
l_M K R?YTNDRxmn]dY f MhaZOg]P<8U ^X]h.R?{R?Y?CaZq:R?Y`RiO[VMhPAR?YZY`]YTOQP q Md[Z[]w@O_Mca`RhN¡4OgaZq[
O f j:lgOpoCw+McaZOg]P;[
e;[R\NiaZ]TNDRxoP:RXa`q:R>DOgP:R f MhaZO_w f ]NDR?lU̬4M[R\NÕ]dPkMVwx] f î j;MhYZO_[
]Pa`]VaZqWRÛ © ¦ a`q:Rh[
R f ]NR?l
[O f j:lQO«oCw?MhaZOQ]dP;[rwx]Y`YZRh[
j;]P;NAaZ] o¢q E~ Ä8® f R?aZR?Y[xÌNDR?j;R?PNDOQP:u]PAa`q:Rq:R+OQuqaV]hm>aZq:R
l_M K R?Y+U|¥RVMd[Z[
e f RrP:]R?Y`YZ]Y>OQPM?{R?îYMcuRNDR?j:a`q[]a`q;Mca o q K ¨ U
¦ McOQP¥[
]e:YwxRh[4]cm.R?Y`YZ]Y[XOQPaZq:RªN:McaMiOQPwxlQe;NR ~ 4jWO_wbDOgP:î uR?YZY`]Y[ L Mw?w@e:YbMhaZR?l K NDRxo;PWOQP:u
McPOgPDa`R?YZP;Mhl<l_M K R?Y9mnY`] f a`q:RVYMN:MhYrN:MhabMD tj:YZ]wxR\[Z[OgP:uR?Y`YZ]dYb[ L o;lQa`R?YZOgP:uMhP;N[ f ]]aZqWOQP:u
aZq:ROQPaZR?Y`P;Mcl;l_M K R?Y[xMcPN j:q K [Ow?[R?YZY`]Y[ L wx]dPD{R?Y`aZOgP:uraZq:R[OguP;Mhl<aZYbM?{R?l«a`O f Ra`]FNDR?j:a`q<U
yMcY`a9]hma`q:RXR+YZYZ]dY o3q Ä9O_[9Ne:RXa`]YbMhP;ND] f P:]dO_[RM[Z[
]wxO_MhaZRhN4OgaZqj:OwOQPWuVMrl_M K R?YmnYZ] f aZq:R
YbM? YbMdN:McYFNWMcabMk4q:O_wbq}wx]PaZY`O J e:a`Rh[aZ] ~ Uá9qWO_[R?YZY`]YTO_[r[OguP:O«oCw?McPaZl K YZRhNe;wxRhN¥NDe:Y`OQP:u
aZq:R¢[ f ]]daZq:OgP:ukj:YZ]wxR\[Z[McPNAM f ]de:Pab[aZ]lQRh[`[a`q;McP ~ f R?a`R?Y?UFSXPW]aZqWR?Ywx]dPDa`YZO J e:aZOg]P¥aZ]
o¢q ÄO_[<e:P;w@R?YZaMcOQPa K M[`[]wxOMca`RhNÕ4OgaZqq:]dYZOg?]PabMhl:[
j;MwxR J R?a
.R?R?PVYMN:MhY f RhM[
e:YZR f R?Pab[@hMcP;N
q:]h9R+lQl,a`q:O_[4[
j;Mw@OQP:uO[9DP:]h4P L o Ä?U|¡RT[
] f R?4qMca>McY J OQa`YbMhYZOQl K [
R?a o Ä4aZ] J RTq;Mcl«m]hm
aZq:R f R\M[eWYZR f R+PDa'[j;MdwxOQPWu L>~?¨ ÄA®d¨ f R?a`R?Yb[@Uá9qWRVw@]PaZYZO J e:a`OQ]PaZ] o¢q Ä9O_[.[ f MhlQl Zæ f
J Rhw+Mce;[
RÔa`q:Rl_M K R?Yã[q;Mhj±R\[{dMcY K ]P:l K [lgOQuqaZl K 4OgaZqrj;][
OQaZOg]P<U'á9q:RR?YZY`]YÌOQPrM?{R?YMcudR9NR?j:aZqr]hm
MlM K R+Y o q K ÄO_[[ K [
aZR f MhaZOwmn]Y.MruOQ{R+Pl_M K R?Y'McP;NMhYZO[Rh[mnYZ] f O_NDR+PDa`Opm K OQP:uMV[
j±R\wxOpoCw9Y`R?aZeWYZP
a`O f RM[`[]wxOMca`RhN4OgaZqMcPOQPaZR?Y`P;MclCl_M K R?YmnYZ] f MVYMca`q:R?Y J Y`]MNkYZRxäRhwxaZOg]P[OguP;MhlÌMcP;NmnYZ] f
w@]P{R?YZa`OQP:uTaZq:Rr[
OQudP;MclÌaZYM\{R+l±a`O f R>aZ]FNR?j:aZqãU¬9]aZqk]hmaZq:R\[RrNDR+j±R+P;N]P[
OQudP;Mcl,mnY`RhsteWR?P;w K
MhP;N4OQaZq}McP¥R?Y`YZ]Yr]hm>M J ]de:a ~ r ~?¨ ]cmaZq:RM\{R+lQR?P:udaZq]hm4aZqWRaZYbMhP;[ f OQaZa`RhNj:e:l[R L M J ]eWa
? ~+¨ f R?aZR?Y[xU¥¬4M[
RhNA]PaZqWRh[RkRh[
aZO f McaZR\[xa`q:Ra`]abMhl>wx] fFJ OgP:RhNR?YZY`]Y ø ë mnY`] f R\ste;MhaZOg]P
§ U ~?¯ YbMhP:uRh[XmnY`] f a`] ¯ f R?aZR?Y[x<NR?j;R?P;NDOgP:uk]PAa`q:RFM?{R?YbMhuRFl_M K R?Y>q:R?OQudqDaTMhP;N¡[
OQudP;Mcl
mnY`Rhse:R?P;w K U
ÈgÔUú9Ô5F ºgZÁ'\¦4¯V¨?¦ £ ¾9¨¯V¨
á9qWR[O f j:lgRh[aT9R?OguqaZOQPWu¥[Zwbq:R f RO[Õa`]¡jWYZRh[`wxYZO J RkRhse;MhlX.R?OQudqDaa`]AMhlQl>]cmra`q:RY`Rh[ONDe;Mcl[
JK [
R?aZa`OQP:u ö x ë ~ U]^X]h9R?{R?Y+:9RFMhYZRFj:YZO f McY`OQl K OQPaZR?Y`Rh[a`RhNOgP¥NDR?aZR+Y f OgP:OQP:ua`q:RYbMhaZR]hm
NOQ{O_NDR f OQuYMca`OQ]Pã9MhP;N OgPDmn]Y f Mca`OQ]P!M J ]de:akNDOg{DONDRj;][
OQa`OQ]P!O_[Fwx]PabMhOQP:R\N OgPaZq:R×[q;Mhj±R
]hmTaZq:R!bNDOg{DONDR J e f j; DUÁ|¡RaZq:R+YZRxmn]dYZRMcPaaZ]}uOQ{RuY`RhMca`R?Y9R+OQuqaaZ]}aZq:RY`Rh[ONDe;Mcl[
Md[Z[
]wxO_MhaZRhN4OQa`qaZq:O[¤mnRhMca`e:YZRF[
]kaZq;MhaYZRh[
O_NDeMcl_[>]w?wxe:Y`OQP:uk4q:R?Y`RaZq:RªNDOQ{O_NR[OguP;MhaZe:Y`RiO[
f ][a.j:YZ]dP:]eWP;wxRhNMcYZRTuOg{R?P f ]dYZR.R?OQudqDa.aZq;MhPaZqW][RT4q:R?Y`Ra`q:RT[OguP;MhaZe:Y`RO[99RhMh,U
|¥RNDR@o;P:R¥M9R?OguqaZOQPWu mne:PwxaZOg]P ö x ë 4q:O_wbq7O[ÕjWYZ]j;]dYZaZOg]P;MhlraZ]Aa`q:Rwx] f j;]P:R+PDa]hm
a`q:R f ]NDR?lgRhNl_M K R?Y.[q;Mhj;RVaZqMca>O_[9w+Mce;[
RhN JDK NRxmn]Y f Mca`OQ]Pj:YZ]wxR\[Z[R\[4M[Z[
]wxO_MhaZRhNk4OQa`qa`q:R
jWYZRh[
R?P;wxRT]cm4a`q:RFNDOg{DONDRUrá9q:O[NDOQ{O_NR[qMcj;Rw@] f j;]PWR?PD~a ÿx ë O[X] J aMcOgP:RhN JK [e J aZYMwxa`OQP:u
a`q:R>l_M K R?Y[
q;Mcj;Rj:Y`RhNDOwxaZRhNVeWP;NDR?Y.P:][
j±R\wxO_Mhl;NDOQ{O_NR9ä;]h8]Y4NOQ{O_NDR>Mdw?wxe f e:l_MhaZOg]Pj;MhaZaZR+YZP
mnY`] f aZq:R f ]NR?lQRhNlM K R+Y[
q;Mcj;R Rïx î ë Uá9q:O[YZR f ]h{Rh[,aZq:R[q;Mhj;RMd[Z[]w@O_Mca`RhNi4OgaZq J RhNaZ]dj;]uc
YMcj:q K MhP;Nl_MhYZudRx
[`w?MclgRFMw?w@e f eWl_Mca`OQ]dPjMcaZa`R?YZP[xUrá9q:RY`Rh[e:lgaZOgP:u[
q;Mcj;Rwx]PabMhOQP;[4]PWl K a`q:R
[
OQudP;Mca`e:YZRmnYZ] f a`q:RTNDOQ{O_NR¤ä;]h8o;R?lN,UÛ:]Y
OQj:lgRrvX] f RXlM K R+Yb[xa`q:O_[4MdN?âZe;[a f R?Pa.M f ]de:PDa[
a`]YZR f ]h{DOgP:u>McP K lQOQPWRhMcYÌaZY`R?P;NjWYZRh[
R?PDaÌOQPa`q:R f ]NDR?lQR\NlM K R?YÌ[q;Mhj;RUá9q:R>NDOg{DONDR.[OQudP;Mca`e:YZR
[
q;Mcj;R ÿx ë O_[ruR?P:R+YbMclgl K j;][
OQa`OQ{R J Rhw?Mhe;[RaZq:RkNOQ{O_NDRNDRxmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dP¡jWYZ]wxRh[`[Rh[w@]P;[
O_NDR?Y`RhN
qWR?YZRkj:Y`]NDe;wxRe:jD4McY`j;RhN7O_[
]wq:Y`]P:R\[xU7|¥RND]AP:]dawx]dP;[ONDR?Y f ]NR?l_[V4q:R+YZRkaZq:R×NDOQ{O_NR
NDRxmn]dY f MhaZOQ]dP¡jWYZ]NDe;w@Rh[VND]h4PD4MhYZj;RhNAO_[
]wqWYZ]PWRh[VMhP;NAP:R?uMhaZOg{Rlÿx ë {dMhlQe:Rh[@Uá9qWRNDOg{DONDR
[OguP;MhaZe:Y`R[qMcj;RVO[9P:]Y f MclgOQ?RhNF[]FaZqMca
ö
McP;N
xë
ÿ xë
ú ë¬ó
ð
~ ú xó ~ ÿ ìé
§ U ~c
ômõ
§ U ~?
~Ý
|8OQaZqa`q:O_[NDR@o;P:OQa`OQ]dP ]hmraZqWR.R?OQudqDa`OQP:ukmne:P;wxa`OQ]dP<ÔY`Rh[ONDe;Mhl_[mMcYVmnY`] f a`q:Rkj:YZR\NDO_wxa`RhN
NDOQ{O_NR[
OQuPMcaZeWYZRY`RhwxR?Og{RVlQOgaZa`lQR9R+OQuqaZOgP:u:'McP;N¥l_M K R?Yb[4OgaZq}M f ]Y`Rj:YZ]dP:]e:PwxRhNANDOg{DONDR
[OguP;MhaZe:Y`RMhYZR49R+OQuqaZR\N f ]dYZR9qWRhM?{DOgl K a`q;McPFl_M K R?Y[4OgaZqP:]r[
OQudP;Mca`e:YZR[e;wbqMd[aZq:][R4mn]e:P;N
P:RhMhYaZq:R[e:Y
mMwxR>MhP;N J RhN,U'¬9Rhw?Mce[R9a`q:R9.R?OQudqDa`OQP:u4mne:P;w@aZOQ]dPVO[P:]dY f MhlQOg?RhN, f ]NR?l_[<4q:O_wbq
j:YZ]Ne;wxR>M f O[ f MhabwbqOQPNDR?> n æ ~ f McawqraZqWR4] J [
R?YZ{dMca`OQ]dP;[aZ]4OQaZqWOQPVa`q:R9.R?OQudqDa`RhNR+YZYZ]dYb[
M ¯dÂÉ wx]PDo±NDR?P;wxRTlQR?{R+l 4CMcPN f ]NDR?l[4wx]Y`YZRh[
j±]dP;NDOgP:ukaZ8] n æ ÕoaaZq:RªN:McaMiaZ]4OQaZqWOQP
a
4O_wxRraZqWR.R?OQudqDa`RhNR?YZY`]Y[ M d® É wx]PoCNDR?P;w@RlgR?{R?lnbUÔ>{R?Y
]Y>e:P;NR?YRh[a`O f MhaZOg]P]hmaZq:R
R?YZY`]Y[i9]de:l_N8wbq;McPWuRaZqWR{dMclge:R]cmTaZqWR f OgP:O f e f n RU uWUQÔmnY`] f ~ aZN] b J e:aP:]aOgab[
NDR?j;R?P;NR?P;wxR]dPaZq:R f ]NR?ljMcYbM f R?a`R?Yb[@UV
OQP;w@RV9RqM\{RT]P:l K a`q:YZR?RrmnYZR?RjMcYbM f R?a`R?Yb[9mn]Y
RhMwbq}w?M[
R<9RFw?MhP¡R?j:lg]YZRa`q:RFR?PDa`OQY`Rj;McYM f R?a`R?Y[j;MdwxRMhP;N o;PN a`q:R[
q;Mcj;RF]cm>a`q:3R \àN
j;McYM f R+aZR?Y.{]lQe f RXa`q;McaNDRxoP:Rh[9aZqWR J Rh[
a¤oa f OgP:O f e f nbU
XeWYY`Rh[eWlQab[McYZRFP:]daV[
R?P;[
OQaZOg{RVa`]MY`RhM[
]P;M J lQRwqW]O_w@RV]cm9R?OguqaZOgP:uimne:P;w@aZOQ]dP;[xUªyY`Rx
[ZwxY`O J OgP:uRhse;Mhl9R?OguqaXa`]MclQl'j±]dOQPab[MhlQ]dP:uM¢udOQ{R?Pl_M K R?Y JDK wqW]][OgP:u ö x ë ~ N]Rh[P:]a
wqMcP:udRia`q:R{dMclQeWR]cm4a`q:3R J Rh[a
o;a`aZOgP:ukj;McYM f R?a`R?Yb[4mn]YR?OgaZq:R+Yrw?M[
R Ç aZq:]de:uq¥aZqWRi]h{R?YMclQl
{dMclQeWR]hmaZqWR f O_[ f Mcabwb.q n¥OQP;w@YZRhMd[Rh[4[
lQOQudqDa`l K mn]Y Md[R ~ U
ò ò
xë
ëåóð ~dx ô ó õ ~ö
³Ê
åMß&»Þ¯Ù!ß
Û OQude:YZR § U ¯ [q:]h>[Mwx] f j McYZO[]dP J R?a
9R?R+Pa`q:R4[
q;Mcj;R4]hm,a`q:R9] J [R+YZ{RhNrl_M K R?Yb[<MhP;NVaZqWR9l_M K R?Y[
j:YZR\NDO_wxa`RhN JK a`q:ROQP:R f cM a`O_w f ]NDR+l,4OQa`qaZqWRVw@] fFJ OQP;MhaZOg]PF]cm'j;McYM f R?a`R?Yb[a`q;Mca>j:YZ]Ne;wxRh[
Normalized Distance Above Bed (z/H)
Normalized Distance Above Bed (z/H)
+§
1
a
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−2
1
−1
0
1
2
b
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−2
−1
0
1
2
Normalized Distance From Summit (x/H)
0
Difference
10 m
ÌÛ OQueWYZR § U ¯9L ¬9Rh[a
o;aw?M[
RFM[Z[
e f OgP:uaZqWROQPaZR?Y`P;MclÌl_M K R?Y>4MhYZj:OgP:uO_[w?Mce;[
RhNj:YZO f McY`OQl KFJK
PW]PDlQOgP:RhMcY>O_w@Rä]crU Ð ±DØ P ¨ÝÞ¨d¯ Ø Ä¨DÝÞ¨~ U M ¦ ]NR?lQRhNkl_M K R?Y[9OQPudYbM K McP;N
] J [R+YZ{RhNl_M K R?Y[XOQP J l_MwbCU J ¦ ]NR?l4MhP;NAN:MhabMNO_[Zw@YZR?j;MhP;w K j:lg]a`aZRhN¥Mw?w@]YbNOQP:uaZ]a`q:R
udYbM K [Zw?MhlQRraZ]F[
q:]haZq:RT[
j;Mca`O_MclÌj;MhaZaZR+YZPk]cma`q:R f O_[ f McawZq<U
\®
0.1
8
8
2
2
6
2
2
6
1 /
0
0
4
1
4
, /
,.+
1
,.+
0
0
0.05
!#"
L
35467'89;:'<>=
0
−0.04
0.1
$
2
−0.02
0
%&'(%!*"
0.02
$
2
0.04
/
2
1
0.06
1 /
, 0.08
0.02
0
−0.04
−0.02
0
%&'(%)!*"
$
0.02
4BADCFEHGIJ*4)K!LM9ONQPREASEUTV7WK!IXG4)YKQYHTZ9[EIJ\C]Y^LM9O_W`!EH8aEHC]9OGb9O8cTVY8edSEAf9\ghiK'YKMj
@?
_4)K'9[EH8e4kIX9el!Y[mn_BEOmo<qpqEIJ(`!EHK'9r_s4BAeEQIX8bY%AAtjfAf9[IXGb4YK(Y[TuPvGE[w%9OK]GbJ'8Y7'6JRGJ'9oC]4)K'4C\7'CxEHG
Ø C]Y^LM9O_i`!E[8EHCy9OG9O8;zEH_)7'9[A
{}|~^~
_4)K'9[ATVY8PE[89#ADJ'Y[meKR4K(4K^G9O8bzEH_BAuY[T
ïØ
g
~
<^<
P
{~M.~
5E[K!L
Ð
{
c89[Af`9IXG4)z%9O_%<;dqYK^GY7W8
GJ'9;AfC(EH_)_9[AfGPTVY8udSEAf9ogumeJ'9O8b9uGJW9eLM4)zM4kLM9u'7WC]`o4BAIOE[7!AD9L^\EK'YKMj_4KW9[EH8i4BIX9ql!Y[m_BEOmo<
uJ'9(AfC(EH_)_qEH8b9[EY[T;_BEH8b69O8o8b9[AD4kLM7!EH_kA_)4w%9O_)4)K!LM4kIOEHGb9[AGJEHG*GbJ'9(Af4C]`'_)9*J'4)K'69jt_)4w%9QAD`EHG4kEH_
a_
`!EHGbG9O8bK\YHTEIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YKoE[__)YHmS9[L4K#GJ'9;dSEAD9ogqC]Y^LM9r_%4BAcK'YG@AD7
FIX4)9OKMGb_el!9ON^4'_)9qGYUEH__)Y[m
EHK9rN'EIXGC(E[GIJ!9OGfmu9O9rKC]Y^LM9O_@EHK!LvY!Af9O8zEHGb4YK!AX<QuJ'9Q89[E[_qEIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YK`!E[GGb9O8Kv4BA
`'8Y!EHW_(C]Y8b9oIXYC]`'_9rNs<
35467'89e:W<=;AfJ'Y[m;AJ'Y[mGJW9eC]4BAfC(EHGaIJ`EH8E[C]9OGb9O8PFLM9O`!9OK!LWAYK\GJ'9eGbJ'89r9eC]Y^LM9O_^`!EH8aEHC]9j
kØ Ø
G9O8aA
P
EHK!L
Ð
<@uJ'9uCyY^LM9O_BAsme4)GJ#`!EH8aEHC]9OGb9O8Asme4)GJ'4)K*GbJ'9PvngSIXYKMGbY7'8c!GGbJ'9SL'EHGaE
GYome4GbJ'4K\GbJ'9e9ON^`!9[IXG9L*9O88bY8A<;4z%9rK*GJW4BAGJ'8b9[ADJWY_BLGJ'9e4)KMTV9O8b89[L\AbIOEH_)9[L*C]468E[G4YK*8aEHG9
Ð
qÑ
{¡ M~S|
M \IXY8b89[Af`YK!L'AuGbY\E*L^4z^4BLM9;C]468E[G4YK\8E[G9
GY[meE[8L\¦fIX9e§%Gb89[E[C©¨meJW9OK*mS9uGE[w%9eª[« ~%¬{~M g
{¡~M. u|~^ *C}E£¢W¤uK'Y8GbJMm¥EH8L
~s|\~^ gO;C©E%¢'¤r<uJ'4kA®4kA
GbY*=eGb4C]9[A'TEAfG9O8
GJ!E[K¯GbJ'9*Cy468aEHGb4YKR8E[G9\4K^TV9O88b9[LTV8YC°GJ'9±EHK'6_9\Y[TuGbJ'9QEH`!9ON²EHN^4BA;EHK!LvEJ^M`!YGJ'9OGb4BIOE[_
LM9O`'GbJMj³EH69´AIOE[_9%<quJ'9;4K^TV9O88b9[LµCy468aEHGb4YK\8aEHGb94BA89r_BEHGb4z%9O_)o4K!Af9OK!AD4)G4)z%9eGYoGJ'9´EIOIX7WC7'_kEj
ÍØ
G4)YK68ELM49OK^GUADY7WGJY[TSGJ'9#LM4)zM4kLM9
¦fIX9§%G8b9[EHCx¨
¬
¶«3546W<':'<>=
¬
<;·Y8GbJMm¥EH8LRLM4z^4BL^9C]468E[G4YKv«¸GY[m¥EH8L
ADC]9EH8AcY7WG_kEO%9O8qADJEH`!9[AGYoGJW9;ADY7WGJc^_9[EOz^4K'6UE]¹meE[w%9[ºYHTZ89O_kEHG4)z%9O_;lEHG
=
_kEO%9O8ASEHK!L(Y!AbIX7'84)K'6\4K^TVY8CFEHG4)YK(E[!Y7'GoEIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YKQ`!EHGbG9O8bK!AeGJ'9O8b9\«%»R¼%½%½%¾B¿ÀÁÂ%¿¯ÃÁ
¼Ä)ÅÆe¾B¿]ÇÈÃÇcÅ ¬ <SuJ'9O89TVY89sɶe4BAeK'YGmS9O__>jfIXYK!ADGb8E[4K'9[L(E[K!L8aEHK'69[AÊTV8YC°EH!Y7'G
~^~ |~M.~
GY
<\uJ'9QC]4)K'4CQ4Ë[E[G4)YK(4K!L^4BIOE[G9[A;E]89O_kEHG4)z%9O_FADG8bYK'6R`!Y%AD4)G4)z%9\EIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YK68EL^49OK^G
{Í~M.~
KWY8GbJY[TGbJ'9#LM4z^4BLM9Ume4GJÉ;Ì
3'Y8RdSEAD9
IJ'Y%YAD9QÕ
{
=<
meJ'9O89RGJ'9²LM4z^4BL^9'7'Cy`Î4kA]IOE[7!AD9[LMÏE¯_)Y^IOEH_´EIOIX7WC7'_kEHGb4YK_)YHmoSmu9
{Ñ~M.~
IJ'Y%YAD9ÉUÌ Ð
|~^~
{Ñ~
E[K!LÒÉUж
:4K9Ó£7!E[G4)YKÍ«¸:W<gO
£¬
¬
4)K9[Ó%7!E[G4YKn«V:'<g
GY8b9Xl!9[IXG
EA]LM9O8b4z%9[L4)KÒdSEAf9g<ÒÔv9EH_kADY
EL'L^4G4)YK!E[_eLM9r689r9[A*YHT;TV89O9LMYCÖ!9[IOE[7!AD9
mS9(EH_)_Y[m}ECyY89yIXYC]`'_4kIOEHGb9[LEIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YK`!EHGbG9O8bKÏEHK!L¯7AD9(89[Af7'_GaA´TV8bYC
9Ó£7!E[G4)YKv«¸:W<g
dSEAD9²g]4K
%¬ <S35467'89o:W<×\ADJWYHm;A;EQIXYC]`EH84kADYK!9OGfmS9O9OK]GbJ'9oY!Af9O8z%9[L]_kE%9r8AuE[K!LGbJ'9
`W89[LM4kIXG9LØ_kEO%9O8ATVY8GbJ'9IXYCW4K!E[G4YKYHT#Ù*;Ús¥EHK!LÒÛ
meJ'4BIJ64z%9(GJ'9RC]4KW4C\7'CÜPq<
3i467W89Q:'<ÝAfJ'Y[m;A*GJ'9yADJEH`!9(YHToPq<Þ;z%9O8E[__tcGbJ'9(EIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YK_Y[mßC]Y^LM9r_`W8Y^LM7!I9[A*E
Af_4)6J^G_(!9OGbG9O8G\«DPÏoßg
¬
GYyGJ'9\Y!AD9O8bzEHG4)YK!AGbJ!EHKvGJ'9\KWYKMj_4)K'9[EH8;l!Y[mà_kEOmàCyY^LM9O_t
`W8YEH'_)!9[IOEH7AD9]Y[TGbJ'9(IX7'8bzEHG7W89(E[__Y[mS9[L¯4KGJ'9]`W89[AbIX84)9L¯EIOIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4)YKv`!EHGbG9O8bKc<
á;YHmS9Oz%9O8rGbJ'4BAoAD_)46JMGb_4)C]`'8bYHz%9LyG4kA9rK'9[EHGbJ¯GbJ'9Q_9Oz%9O_iYHT¥9ON^`9IXG9[L9r88Y8AoEHKLLMY%9[A
KWYGu4)C]`'_)*GJEHGdSEAD9
4kAC]Y89;`'_BE[7!AD4)'_9;GJEHKdSEAD9Qg<quJ'9U`'89[L^4BIXGb9[LµCy468aEHGb4YKQ8E[G94kA
Af_Y[mu9r8uGJEHKdSEAf9g'me4GbJÛ
Cy468aEHGb4YKR8E[G9]Û
8EHKW64KW6µTV8bYC
~M
| ^~
EHGeGbJ'9*PÒg_)9Oz%9O_<5uJW9`W89[LM4kIXG9L
4BA;_BEH8b69O_)4)K!LM9O`!9OK!L^9OKMG;YHTSGbJ'9QEHC]`W_4Gb7!LM9#Ù©Y8UGJ'9\m¥Ez%9r_9OK'6GJvÚY[T
GbJ'9;EIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YKo`!EHGbG9O8bKc<uJ'9e`W89[LM4kIXG9L*EHCy`'_4)G7!LM9SÙY[TsGbJ'9;EIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YKo_Y[m8EHKW69[A
TV8bYC
GY
`!9O8I9OKMGeY[TSª[« ~£¬ <quJ'9*`W89[LM4kIXG9LmeEOz%9O_)9OK'6GbJÚ(YHT@GJW9*EIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YKTV9EHG7W89
zE[849AÊ!9OGfmu9r9OK
<yEHK!L
<4kIX9oGJ'4kIw^K'9[AbAD9[A« M
|M w^C
¬
'4)K!IX89EAD4)K'6\me4GbJvEHC]`W_4Gb7!LM9
Ù#<quJ'4BAu8aEHK'69Y[TeÚ]4kAu9ON^`9IXG9[LyAD4KIX9GJW9m¥EH8b`9LyTV9EHG7W89oY!Af9O8z%9LF4)K]GJW9_kEO%9O8eAfJ!EH`!9[A
Af`!EHKAEH!Y7WG
*|
:Q4BIX9oGJW4BIwMK'9AAD9AX!AD7W669ADG4)K'6ÚRân:
|
×^<uJW9\EIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YK]`!E[GG9r8K!A
`W89[LM4kIXG9LMyGJ'4kAuC]Y^LM9O_ZEH89o8b9[EAfYK!E['_9#`YAAf4'4)_4Gb49[AqK'9[E[8eGJ'9#LM4)zM4kLM9%<
uJ'9o_)YHmS9O8q`'89LM4BIXGb9[LC]4)68aEHG4)YKQ8E[G9[ATVY8dSEAD9
«EIOIX7WC7'_kEHGb4YKQ_Y[m
¬
EH84kAD9TV8bYCãGbJ'9
TEIXGeGJEHG;E\IXYC'4)K!EHGb4YKY[TqÙEHKL²ÚFEH_)YK'9#IOE[K!9TVY7WK!L]GYQ`'8Y^LM7IX9#E\AD7MäFIX49rKMGqC(E[GIJ
GbY(GJ'9\69OK'9O8aEH_qAfJ!EH`!9QYHTeGbJ'9\YAD9O8bz%9[L_BEO%9O8aAme4GbJK'YRLM4z^4BLM9#C]468E[G4YKc<\ÞKW_RE(AD_4)6J^G
Normalized Distance Above Bed (z/H)
Normalized Distance Above Bed (z/H)
==
1
a
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−2
1
−1
0
1
2
b
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−2
−1
0
1
2
Normalized Distance From Summit (x/H)
0
10 m
Difference
35467'89o:W<×Mhqåu9ADGDjV!G¥IOEAf9*EAAf7'C]4KW6\GJ'94)KMGb9O8KEH_s_kEO%9O8qmeEH8b`'4KW64kAuIOE[7!AD9[L]^]E\_Y^IrEH_s_)Y[m
{
4K(EIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YK\Y[z%9O8qGJW9oLM4z^4BL^9%<Û
EHK!LvY!Af9O8z%9[L_kEO%9O8A4)K'_BEIw<]«V
¬
?
g!Ù
{Í~M.~
:WÚ
{æ
<«E
¬
?
Y^LM9O_9Lµ_kE%9r8A4K]68EO
Y^LM9O_qE[K!LL'E[GE(LM4BAbIX89r`!EHK!I`'_)YGGb9[LvEIOIXY8LM4)K'6(GY
GJ'9o68EO'AbIOEH_)9oGYyADJ'Y[mnGbJ'9#AD`!E[G4BE[_c`!EHGbG9O8bKY[TGbJ'9oC]4BAfC(EHGaIJc<
=×
6
6
5
ö
5
ö
ô2
7
6
ö
ô2
ï
4
ò
ï
1 /
ôõ
4
ò
3
ò ñ
,
/
2
2
ò ,
, +
1
0.02
0.04
0.06$
?
3
1
2
0
0.08
çeè\')é&ê£ëo"Vì
3i467W89e:'<.ÝMh
ï
í /î
1
0
4
ïñ
ð
, +
1
0
-
2
/
1
ò
3
ñ
5
ó
2
1 /
1
2÷øOùëOúëOûW
4 üýþRÿ6
2
0
0.02
0.04
0.06$
çeè\')é&ê£ëo"Vì
4BADCFEHGIJ*4)K!LM9ON\P²EAqETV7'K!IXGb4YK\YHTc9EIJ\C]Y^LM9O_^`!EH8aEHC]9rG9O85TVY8udSEAf9
0.08
hi_Y^IOE[_
EIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YK#_Y[mo<pqEIJ]`!E[K'9O_!AfJ'Y[m;AuE#IX8YAA³j³AD9IXG4)YKQYHTqP(GE[w%9OKQGJ'8bY7'6J]GJ'9;C]4)K'4C\7'C
E[G`!E[8EHCy9OG9O8;zEH_)7'9[AÚ
{
E[89#ADJWYHmeK²EHG;4K^G9O8bzEH_BAqYHT
~
cÙ
{
~M~
{
:'iEHKLØÛ
gs8b9[AD`!9[IXGb4z%9O_)%<dqYK^GY7'8o_4KW9[A¥TVY8*P
<^<
¬
AfJ'4TVGUYHTeGbJ'9*l!Y[mà9O_BL«ADC(E[__iC]468EHGb4YK8EHGb9
4)KMGbYEH689O9rC]9OK^Gme4)GJÍY!Af9O8zEHGb4YK!AX<
4kA´8b9[Ó%7'48b9[LGbYW84KW6]GJ'9QC]Y^LM9r_9[L(_BEO%9O8A
3Y8dSEAD9Ïg«VK'YK^jt_)4K'9[E[8l!Y[m
¬
GbJ'9LM9XTVY8bC(EHGb4YK
9O_BL(meJ'4BIJ(`'8Y^LM7IX9[AGbJ'9\LM4)zM4kLM9o'7'C]`Au4BAe_BEH8b69O_)]!NM9L^]Y7'8´EAAf7'C]`'Gb4YK!AE[!Y7'Go4BI9
L^MK!E[C]4BIrAXcE[K!LEC]Y89QAD4)6K'4>IOE[KMG#C]468EHGb4YKYHT;GJW9l!Y[m©!9O_kL
4kA89Ó£7'4)89[LGbY`'8bY^LM7!IX9
E[68b9O9OC]9OK^Gq!9OGfmu9O9OK(GbJ'9oC]Y^LM9O_ZEHK!L]GJW9*LWEHGE^<
¦tGe4kAu`YAAf4'_)9*GJEHGeGJW98b9[EH_iAf4Gb7!EHGb4YK²EHG;GJ'9#LM4)zM4kLM94kAu9ADGULM9[AI84!9[L]^]EQIXYC'4)K!EHGb4YK
Y[TSEQAD`!9[IX4kEH_sl!Y[mn8b9O64)C]9EAAfY^IX4BE[G9[Lme4)GJ(K'YK^jt_)4K'9[E[8ÊlYHm
AbAD7'C]4)K'6]GbJ!EHG\dSEAf9gQEHK!LdSEAD9
`EHGGb9O8KZ<
EHK!LREIXYC]`'_)9ON]EIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YK
E[89Q9[Ó%7!EH_)__)4w%9O_)%EHK!L7!AD4)K'6GbJ'9(PÍ
g
Cy4BADCFEHGIJQ_9Oz%9O_ZEA;Eµ8b9[EAfYK!E['_9\GbJ'89ADJ'Y_BLs!mu9o9[AfG4CFEHG9UGJ!E[GGJ'9\§%4)`'_9#¨YC]9#LM4z^4BL^94kA
Cy468aEHGb4K'6oK'Y8GJ^meE[8LGbY[meEH8aL]¦fIX9o§%G8b9[EHC}¨nE[G;EH!Y7WG
GbYÛ
{n~^
|
M E[K!LªH« ~£¬S{Í~M g
~M~
|~^
~
C}E%¢'¤r'IXY889AD`!YK!L^4K'6
~*|~^ gO\C°E£¢'¤<¥¦Tmu9oJ!EOz%9oYHz%9r8Dj;«V7'K!LM9O8fj ¬
9[AfG4CFEHG9L
=Ý
GJ'9;9O8b8Y8aAX^GJ'9OKQGJW9`'8b9[LM4kIXG9[L*8aEHK'69muY7'_BL\!9oADCFEH__)9O8S«¸_BE[869O8
¬ <uJ'9oAf4C]`W_9u9ADG4)C(EHGb4YK
YHTiGbJ'9C]4)68E[G4)YKQ8EHGb9ÊTV8bYC}GJ'9UEHKW6_9UYHTiGJW9_BEO%9O8qE[`!9ON]E[NM4kAuE[K!L]E`W89[Af7'C]9[L\LM9r`'GJMj³EH69
~
AIOE[_9e`'8bY^LM7!IX9AEzE[_7'9S4K\GbJ'9e_Y[m9OKL*YHTcGbJ'4BAc8E[K'69UEHGEH!Y7'G
< ~
=;CxE
¢'¤
<@uJ'9e`'89LM4BIXGb9[L
8E[G9;4BAYK'_)QAD_)46J^G_)\Af9OK!AD4)G4)z%9uGYoGbJ'9`W89[Af7'C]9[L*C]9IJ!E[K'4BAfCnmeJ'4kIJQ`'8Y^L^7!IX9[AGJW94)KMGb9O8K!E[_
_BEO%9O8\m¥EH8`W4K'6v!9OK'9[E[GJæGJW9LM4)zM4kLM9%<ÏuJ'9K'YKMj_4KW9[EH8yLM4z^4BL^9FlYHm
C]9[IJ!EHK'4kADCÑ`'89LM4BIXGaA
J'46J'9O8#C]468EHGb4YK8EHGb9[AGbJ!EHKGJ'9(EIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YKC]4)K'4C\7WCãC]9[IJ!EHKW4BADC²<\áY[mu9Oz%9r8OsGbJ'4BA
EHK!E[_WAD4kALMY%9[AKWYGoLM4kADGb4K'67'4BAfJmeJ'4kIJRC]9[IJ!EHK'4kADC}4BAY`!9O8E[G4KW6(EHG*§4`'_)9*¨;YC]9#Y8;89Oz%9[E[_
e9[ADY_7'Gb4YKÎY[TGbJ'9[Af9Ó%7'9[AfG4)YK!A*me4)__q89[Ó%7'4)89
EHK^4K^TVY8CFEHG4)YKE[!Y7'GQGJ'9(4kIX9l!Y[m}_BEOmo<
4KMTVY8C(E[G4)YK]TV8YCã4BIX9´IXY8b9[AeEHK!L(C]9[EAD7'8b9OC]9OK^GA5Y[TqGJW9*L^9O`'GJ(zEH8b4BE[G4YK(YHTSAfG8E[4Kc<
Î_BE[869;ADY7WGJMjK'Y8bGJQEIOIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4)YKo68aELM4)9OKMGiYHT®«t
YHTUY7'8QE[K!EH_)'Af4BAo4KGbJ'9
j:w^C
|
g
~£¬
g
~
eE£¢W¤54kA5Ee8Y'7!AfG5TV9[EHGb7'89
¢
ËOYK'9]K'Y8GbJÎY[TGbJ'9(LM4)zM4kLM9%<RuJ'4BAo89[Af7'_G#4BAo4K!LM9r`9rK!LM9OK^G
YHT#GJW9C]4)68E[G4)YK8E[G9vEHKLÎ4BAyIXYK!Af4BAfG9OK^G\me4GbJæYGJæC]9IJ!E[K'4BAfC]AoYHT#'7'Cy`ØTVY8C(E[G4)YK
IXYKAD4BL^9O89[L*JW9O89%<@uJ'9;`'89[L^4BIXGb9[L*EIOIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4)YK*68ELM49OK^GqmuY7'_BL*!9UEH8Gb4I4BEH_)_oJ'4)6JQ4TGJ'9
LM4z^4BL^9eËOYK'9UIOE[_BIX7'_kEHGb9[L7!Af4K'6#GJ'9;3@p
_BE[869oËOYK'9
TV8YC
?
4BA5GbY%Y*me4kLM9*«V64)zM4)K'6_Y[mÏz%9O8Gb4BIOE[_Mz%9O_)Y^IX4Gb49[AcY[z%9O8qE
¬ <qáY[mu9Oz%9O8r%GJ'9oEIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YKQ`!EHGbG9O8bK(`'89[L^4BIXGb9[LµTVY8dSEAD9
K'YKMj_4KW9[EH8ol!Y[m©_BEOm
¬
«¸KWY]LM4)zM4kLM9;ËOYK'9
LMY%9[AKWYG*8b9[Ó%7'48b9]ERADC(E[__9r868EL^49OK^GO<(uJ'9r89XTVY89%iGJ'9Q_BE[869
`'89LM4BIXGb9[L]EIOIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4)YKQ68ELM49rKMGeK'9EH8;GJ'9oL^4z^4BLM94kAeEµ8b9[Ó%7'48b9OC]9OK%GY[TqGJW9*LWEHGE^'K'YGUEHK
EH8bG4TEIXG\YHTUGJW9(IOEH_kIX7'_kEHG4)YKc<
?
9[EAf7'89OCy9OKMGaATV8YC
ADJEH__)Y[mãIXY89[A#EHK!LÏADK'Y[m}`'4GaA4)KGJ'9
zM4kIX4KW4GfoYHTcGbJ'9o§%4`'_)9;¨YCy9;AD7'C]Cy4Gc4KLM4BIOE[G9;Eo89O64YKEH_j³AIrEH_9;AfY7'GbJMjK'Y8bGJREIOI7'C7W_BEHGb4YK
68aELM4)9OKMGqY[z%9O8GbJ'9ULM4z^4BLM9emeJW4BIJ\4BAeg
"\Å0/'¼1[Ä>Â%ÈaÆÇ!ÃÈ*)[Å,+Â-.-Å
!
~|(
~
#"
$"ÈÃ&%%Á('ÆÇ!ÃÈ*)[Å,+Â-.-ÅÆ
YHTiY7W8`W89[LM4kIXG4)YK(« \Å
¬ <5Ôv99ON^`!9[IXGGbJ!EHGSGJ'9UADGb8YK'6\EIOIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4)YK*68ELM49OK^Gq`'89LM4BIXGb9[L
329[IXG±EHK!LCQ7!ADG#LM9IX89[EAD9]me4)GJL^4BADGaEHK!I9TV8YCÜGJ'9FLM4z^4BLM9<uJ'9
J'9O8b9]4BA#ELM4z^4BLM9jt_)Y^IOEH_q9
EOzE[4_kEH'_)9Ê!9r_BLQAEHCy`'_4)K'6o4BAGbY%Y\Af`!EH8aAD9oGY±LM9OG9IXGqGJ'9;_Y^IOE[_4)ËO9[L\`!EHGbG9O8bK(AD7'669[AfG9[LQM\GbJ'4BA
EHK!E[_WAD4kAX<
Ô¯9QLMY(K'YGoEH_)_Y[mnTVY8oG4)C]9ozEH84kEHGb4YKY[TSGJ'9\C]4)68aEHG4)YKR8EHGb9%<#¦TS`!EADG#IJ!EHK'69[A4)KC]4j
68aEHG4)YKÏ8EHGb9]Y8QEIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YKv`!EHGbG9O8bKJ!EOz%9]Y^IOIX7'8b89[LGJ'9OKGbJ'9(LM4kAIX8b9O`!EHKIX¯!9OGfmS9O9OK
~
×
4æC]Y^LM9O_!meJ'4kIJ\!GAuGbJ'9UADJ!E[__Y[mS9O8
GbJ'9C]Y^L^9O_!EHKLFGbJ'9oL'E[GEomuY7W_BL!9oLM9r`'GJMj³LM9O`!9OKLM9OK^GO<
¬
«V%Y7'KW69O8
_BEO%9O8AomuY7'_BLK'YGµ!GQL^9O9O`!9O8(«¸Y_BLM9r8
9rzM4kLM9OK^G4Ky35467'89A:W<
¬
_kEO%9O8A<Χ%7!IJÏE`!EHGbG9O8bK4kA*K'YGQIX_)9[EH8b_
EHK!L:W<×^'AD7W669ADG4)K'6*GbJ!EHGS9O4GbJ'9O8qGJW9C]4)68aEHG4)YKQ8E[G9UEHK!L]EIOIX7'CQ7Mj
_kEHGb4YKy`!EHGbG9O8bK]J!EOz%9!9O9rK]89O_kEHGb4z%9O_)\IXYK!ADGaEHK^Gu4KyG4Cy9%Y8SGJ!E[Ge4BAfY^IJ'8bYK'9´ADJ!E[`9AeEH89UK'YG
Af9OK!Af4G4)z%9GY\`EADGUIJ!EHK'69[AeGJ!E[GeJ!EOz%9Y^IrIX7'88b9[Ls<
uJ'9;4KAD9OK!Af4Gb4z^4GfYHTZ4BAfY^IJ'8bYK'9;AfJ!EH`!9[AqGYo`!EADGl!Y[mæIJ!EHKW69[AqEH8b4BAf9[A9IOEH7!Af94kADY^IJ'8YK'9
&2s9IXGO<iuJ'9O4)8AfJ!EH`!9[Ai_Y%Af9u9Oz^4BL^9OK!IX9qYHTY_BLlYHm89O64C]9[AsY[z%9O8
L^9XTVY8bC(EHGb4YKo4kA5E[K\4K^G9O68EHGb9[L9
Gb4C]9<*¦tGo4BAGJW9O89XTVY89QLM4>ä(I7'_GGbYRLM9OG9r8C]4)K'9*J'Y[m
_YKW6GJW9]LM4)zM4kLM9*JEA!9O9rK¯C]4)68aEHG4)K'6'<
~ =
658797;:8<[ª(«g Ôv9yEAAf7'C]9]GbJ!EHG#4GoJ!EA*9r9OK¯Cy468aEHGb4K'6]TVY8
E
¬ <áY[mu9rz%9O8OsGbJ'9(EIXG7!E[_
YK!AD9rG*YHT;Cy468aEHGb4YKvC(EO!9]8b9O_BE[G4)z%9O_(89IX9OK^GoEHK!LvGJ'9]_kEO%9O8oADJEH`!9[A*K'YR_YKW69O8±IXYK^GE[4K
¬
YK!AD9rG4)KMTVY8bC(EHGb4YKZ<¦tGe4kAÊK'YGoIXY889IXGGbY7AD9\GJW9\EH69*Y[TuGbJ'9*Y_BLM9ADG#«tLM9O9r`9ADG
LM9OGb9[IXGaEH'_)9
4kADY^IJ'8YK'9me4)GJÍEvLM4BAf`'_BEIX9[LÏEH`!9ONæEAGJW9EH69YHT#L^4z^4BLM9(C]4)68E[G4)YKYK!AD9rG!9[IOE[7!AD9GbJ'9
>2s9IXGAeGJ'9#LM9TVY8CFEHG4)YK(J'4kADGY8]Y[TSEH_)_c4BAfY^IJ'8bYK'9AX'89r6%EH8aLM_9AAeYHT@GJ'9O4)8
CyYHz^4KW6l!Y[mÒ!9r_BL]E
E[69%<ÍáY[mS9Oz%9O8OqELM9O9O`_BEO%9O8QIrEHK!97!Af9[LÎGbY¯`W_BEI9EHKÏ7'`'`!9O8]!Y7'K!LYKÏGJ'9²L'EHGb9Y[T
Cy468aEHGb4YKYK!AD9OGr<¦¸ToGbJ'9RLM4z^4BL^9JELÎ!9O9rKÎ4)KYK'9_)Y^IOEHGb4YKTVY8yE
_)YK'6vG4)C]9(E[K!LÎGbJ'9OK
AfGE[8G9L*GYoC]468E[G9%[mu9emSY7'_kL*9ONM`!9[IGGY#AD9r9u89rC]K!EHK^GimeEH8b`'4KW6*E[GqGJ'9eY_BL\LM4)zM4kLM9u`!Y%Af4Gb4YK
4)K(GJ'9#LM9O9r`9r8e_BEO%9O8AqmeJ'9O8b9GbJ'9omeE[8`'4)K'6\4BAu9ON^`!9[IXGb9[L]GY\!9*C]YADGS`'8YK'Y7'KIX9[Ls<S¦tGemuY7W_BL
@?
GaEHw%9
g
=
~
ETVY8SGJ'9;IJ!E[K'64)K'6l!Y[m!9O_BL\EAAfY^IX4BE[G9[Lme4)GJyLM4z^4BL^9uC]4)68E[G4)YK\GY#AfC]9[EH8@Y7'G
mS9O__>jfL^9Oz%9O_Y`!9[L]meEH8b`!9[L_BEO%9O8aA«%»¼%½%½%¾B¿ÀÁtÂ%¿ÃÁ;¼ÄÅÆ;¾B¿(ÇÈÃtÇcÅ ¬ <´§7'`'`!Y%Af9GbJ'9QLM4z^4BL^9m¥EA
YK!IX9UEHGeGbJ'9`W89[Af9OKMGSE[`9rNY[TiGJ'9oL^9O9O`!9[ADGSLM9rG9[IXGb9[L\_BEO%9O8OEH!Y7'G=
L^4z^4BLM9%<@uJ'9OKRGJ'9#LM4)zM4kLM9J!EAÊ!9O9OK(C]4)68aEHG4)K'6*GbY[meEH8aL¦fIX9*§G89EHC
~~
C]9rG9O8aAADY7'GJ(YHTiGbJ'9
¨nTVY8UEHGe_9EADG=
~~
<XÛ
%9EH8AMY8E[Y7'G\g<*GYRgO\wEM<
?
A29[IXGb4K'6GbJ'9
4)68E[G4)YKY[TGbJ'9]4BI9]LM4)zM4kLM9yAD7'669[AfGA\GJ!E[G\K'YKMj³ADGb9[EL^`'8Y^I9[AAf9[A\EH8b9(E
69OYCy9OG8bY[Ts§%4)`'_9¨YC]9<dSE[K!LM4kL'EHGb9[A®4)K!IX_)7!LM9qIJ!EHKW69[As4)KGbJ'9q9O_9rzE[G4)YKoY8c`!Y%Af4Gb4YK#YHT!GbJ'9
CB#ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ÃÁq¼Ä)Å
!Y7'K!LM4)K'6*4kIX9;ADGb89[E[C(AXY8SE*IJ!EHK'694)K\GJ'9UAD`EHG4kEH_EIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YK*`!E[GGb9O8Kc<
«bgOÝÝ×E
¬
EDGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈH
«
¬
J!EOz%9]9rNM`'_)Y8b9[L
GbJ'9[Af9]`!Y%AAf4'4)_4)G49A*EHKLÎIYK!IX_)7!LM9[LGJEHG\89r_BEHGb4z%9O_)
×^g
ADC(E[__iIJ!EHKW69[A4)K9O4)GJ'9r8;IOEHK!L^4BL'E[G9\IY7'_kL`'8Y^LM7IX9*GbJ'9*8aEHG9\Y[TSY!Af9O8z%9[L(LM4)zM4kLM9*CyYG4)YKc<
ÒTV7'8GbJ'9O8;IXYK!AD9[Ó%7'9OKIX9oYHTqGbJ'9\§%4`'_)9o¨YC]9oLM4)zM4kLM9oC]468EHGb4YK(EHK!L(GJ'9#EAADY^I4BEHGb9[L9&2s9IXGA
~
YK4BAfY^IJW8YKW9AfJ!EH`!9[A*4kAGbJ!EHG\`'8b9Xj³áY_)Y^IX9OK'9]4kIX9Q4BAGbJ'4BIw%9[AfG*E[!Y7'G
<w^CÜAfY7'GbJÎY[T;GJ'9
`'89AD9OK^Ge4BIX9´LM4z^4BLM9<uJ'4kAu4KMTVY8C(E[G4YK]J!EAÊ!9O9OK(7!Af9[LGbYQAD9O_)9[IXGSGJ'9o9ONWEIXG;Af4Gb9´TVY8;EL^9O9O`
4BIX9´IXY8b9GbY!9oYWGEH4)K'9[L]TVY8e`!E[_9OY[jfIX_)4C(E[G9oE[K!EH_)'Af4BA<
uJ'9oC]468EHGb4YK8aEHG9o4kAuAD7^ä(IX4)9OK^G_QAf_Y[mæGJEHGeGJW9K'9[E[8Dj³LM4z^4BLM9UmeEH8b`'4KW6\4BACFEH4K^GE[4K'9L
4K]GbJ'94)KMGb9O8K!E[_!_BEO%9O8`!E[GGb9O8Kc<quJW4BAu4KLM4BIOE[G9[AGbJ!EHGSGJ'9oL^4z^4BLM9;J!EAu!9O9rKme4)GJ'4)K(E´TV9Omæ4kIX9
GJ'4kIw^K'9[AbAD9[AiYHTc4)GA5`W89[Af9OKMG@`YAD4)G4YKTVY8qGbJ'9e`!EAfGg
I|
~
g
~
=
%9[EH8aAX%E[K!L]Af7'669[ADGaAGJEHGqGJ'9r89
EJY8#EAfMK!IJ'8bYK'Y7!A*IJ!EHKW69[A4KvGJW9]IXYKM!67'8E[G4YKYHT;GbJ'9QY7'K!LM4)K'64kIX9
J!EOz%9!9O9rK¯K'Y(C(E
ADGb89[E[C(A®Y84K\GbJ'9u69OYCy9OG8bYHTi§%4)`'_9¥¨YC]9q4)K\GJ!E[GG4)C]9%<5§%4)6K'4>IOE[KMG@EAfMC]Cy9OG8b4BIsTVY8I4K'6
K
-\¼%ÈL)MFZ
EHGSGJ'9;!Y7'K!LWEH84)9[AuYHT@§%4`W_9U¨YC]9emSY7'_kL]IOE[7!AD9;8E[`'4BLCyYG4)YK\Y[TiGJ'9ULM4z^4BL^9o« ´¾B¿'½
gOÝÝ
E
¬
EHKL`'8b9Oz%9OK^GuGJW9*L^9Oz%9O_Y`'C]9OK^GY[TSE*K'9[E[8Dj³LM4z^4BLM9o4kADY^IJ'8YK'9o'7'C]`c<
§%4K!I9GbJ'9]L^9Oz%9O_Y`'C]9OK^GeYHTUE(LM4)zM4kLM9\'7'Cy`GEHw%9A´Gb4C]9s4GaA´`W89[Af9OK!IX9QE[G§%4)`'_9Q¨YC]9
8E[4BAD9A*GJ'9(Ó%7'9[AfG4)YKÏEH!Y7WGGbJ'9(EH69(YHT#§%4`'_)9(¨YC]9]4GaAD9O_>Tb<uJ'9O8b9(EH8b9(GDmSYvLM4BAfG4)K!IXGoJM%j
`!YGJW9[AD9[A<*uJW9!8aADG4kAGJ!E[G*§%4)`'_9±¨YC]9oJ!EA9ONM4kADGb9[L4)KEH!Y7'Go4GAe`'8b9[AD9OK^GUADGE[G9*TVY8GJ'9
`!EAfGg
=
~
Y8\C]Y8b9]%9[EH8aAX<uJW4BA\AD7W669ADGA*GbJ!EHG]§4`'_)9(¨YCy9J!EAµ!9O9rKEl!Y[mãI9OKMGb9O8TVY8
C]Y%AfGYHTSGbJ'9QáY_)Y^IX9OK'9QE[K!LAD7W`'`!Y8GaAGbJ'9\GJ'9rY8RGJ!E[Go4BIX9±ADG8b9[EHCFAÊmS9O89#`'89[Af9OK^GoLM7'8b4K'6
NÊYAA\¦fIX9(§%J'9O_>T#«O\ÿMÁtÂ%¿ÃÁ#¼ÄÅ>SgOÝ×Ý
¬ <vuJ'9(AD9IXYK!L
GJ'9y9[EH8b_vADGaEH69[A*YHTU89OGb89[E[GoYHTUGJ'9
JM^`!YGbJ'9[AD4kA4BA5GbJ!EHGu§4`'_)9;¨YC]9qTVY8bC]9[LCyY89S89[I9OKMGb_oEAqE89[Af7'_G@YHTc4kIX9eAfG8b9[EHC
4K'4)G4BE[G4)YK
P¦§!<
EHK!L(GJ'4)K'K'4)K'6\YHTqGbJ'9oÔ
uJ'9]E[K!EH_)'Af4BA`W89[Af9OKMGb9[LJW9O89QEAAD7WC]9[AeGJ'9*!8aADGoJ^M`!YGbJ'9[Af4BAXZIXYK!AfGE[KMGo4BI9*GJW4BIwMK'9AAX<
;4z%9OK#GJ'4kAEAbAD7'C]`WG4YK\E[K!L\EG4)C]9Xj³EOz%9O8E[69[LoEIrIX7'CQ7'_BE[G4YKo8EHGb9uY[T
~
<g
~
C
E%¢'¤i4BIX9S9[Ó£7W4z%j
EH_)9OKMGrGJW9uG4)C]9Xj³AIOE[_9qGY´IX89[E[G9¥Emu9O_)_j³LM9Oz%9O_)Y`!9[Lm¥EH8b`4)K*GJW9u4K^G9r8K!E[_M_kE%9r8AcMo9O4)GJ'9O8@EHK
RQ[EIOIX7'CQ7'_kEHG4)YK
EIOI7'C7W_BEHGb4YK_Y[mY85^o4BIX9qL^MK!E[C]4BIi`'8Y^IX9AAD9A54BAc89O_kEHGb9[LGY;GJ'9SGJ'4kIw^K'9[AbA
8E[G9Gb4C]9jfAbIOEH_)9«¸4)KMz%9O8aAD9]Y[ToGJW9IJ!EH8aEIXGb9O84kADG4kIz%9O8bG4BIrEH_eAfG8aEH4KÏ8E[G9
¬ eEH!Y7WGg
=
~
%9EH8A<
329[IGAY[T;LM4)zM4kLM9oC]468EHGb4YKcs4G;muY7'_BLGaEHw%9QE[G_9[EADG
Ôæ4GbJ'Y7'G#IXYK!AD4kLM9O8b4K'6QGJ'9QAfC]9[E[84KW69
×
ewEGYULM9XTVY8C4BAfY^IJW8YKW9[A5GY;GJW9u9ON^G9OK^Gcmu9qY!AD9O8bz%9eE[G§%4)`'_9S¨YC]9%<iuJ'9q!8AfGJM^`!YGbJ'9[AD4kA
4kAuGJ^7!AeIXYK!AD4kADG9rKMGeme4)GJ(GJ'9#L'E[GE^<
TSiY%AAf4'_)98E[`'4BLæGJ'4)K'K'4)K'6
Ôv9vIOEHKWK'YG(9O_)4C]4)K!EHGb9GbJ'9vAD9IXYK!LJ^^`YGJ'9AD4BAJ'Y[mS9Oz%9O8O<
PU¦a§
Y[TÔ
EHK!LGJW9FTVY8C(E[G4)YKY[T*§%4)`'_9F¨YC]9ymuY7W_BL¯!9REAbADY^IX4kEHG9LÎme4GbJ_BEH8b69(z%9O8bG4BIrEH_
AfG8aEH4Ky8EHGb9[AmeJW4BIJ4)K!IX89EAD9;GJW9oAD`!9O9[LQYHTi4BI9LM9TVY8CFEHG4)YKyEHK!LQ89[LM7IX9GJW9Gb4C]9e8b9[Ó£7W489L
GbYI89[E[G9(4K^G9O8bK!EH_S_BEO%9O8#meEH8b`'4KW6¯7'KLM9O8\GJW9LM4)zM4kLM9%<¦¸T#§%4`W_9R¨YCy9TVY8bC]9[LM8EH`W4BL
AfMKIJ'8bYK'Y7!AGbJ'4K'KW4K'6yEHG;4GaAÊ!Y7WK!L'EH8b49[AUEAE\89[Af7'_G;YHT4BIX9#ADGb89[E[C
4K'4)G4BE[G4)YKc'GbJ'9OK4)G4kA
`!YAAD4)'_9qGbYÊTVY8Cn4kADY^IJ'8YK'9u'7WC]`!A7WK!LM9O8cGbJ'9SLM4z^4BLM9EHG@EH__^L^9O`'GJAs4K#EAc_4)GG_)9qEAqg
~
I
%9EH8A<
3'Y89ONWEHCy`'_9%^Af7'`'`!Y%Af9]§%4`'_)9#¨YC]9om¥EAeYK!IX9#Gfme4BIX9#EAeGJW4BIw(EAe`'89AD9OK^G;EHK!LGbJ'4KWK'9[L]GY
4)GA`W89[Af9OKMG;GJW4BIwMK'9AAe4KE[!Y7'Gyg
~
I
UAAf7'C]4KW6K'YFIJ!E[K'69\4)KvEIOI7'C7W_BEHGb4YK8aEHGb9%
%9[E[8A<
GbJ'9]z%9O8bG4kIOEH_SADGb8E[4K8E[G9RLM7'8b4K'6GbJ'4K'KW4K'6mSY7'_kLØ!9(8Y7'6JW_æg
~
¢
I
E£¢'¤±meJ'4BIJ4BA#EH!Y7WG
YK'9*Y8LM9r8Y[TqC(EH6K'4Gb7!LM9o_BE[869O8GbJ!EHKRGJ'9#z%9O8Gb4BIOE[_cAfG8E[4KR8EHGb9TVY8GbJ'9\AfG9[ELMRADGE[G9±IOEAf9%<
uJW9\G4Cy9GbY]TVY8C
E(LM4z^4BLM9#'7'C]`ZsmeJ'4BIJ4kA89O_kEHG9LGY(GbJ'9\z%9O8Gb4BIOE[_AfG8aEH4K8aEHGb9%cmuY7W_BL
IY88b9[AD`!YK!LM4KW6_o!9u8b9[LM7!I9[LMoE[!Y7'GqEuTEIGY8iYHT®g
~
<
?
9EAD7W89OC]9rKMGaAY[TEH69uz%9O8aAD7!AiLM9O`WGJ
E[K!LGYGE[_6%EAIYK^G9OK^GÊTV8bYC°GJ'9QLM9r9O`4kIX9\IXY89#me4__iJ'9O_)`8b9[ADY_z%9*GbJ'4BAUÓ£7'9ADG4)YKc<U¦¸T§4`'_)9
¨;YC]9#J!EAGJW4K'K'9L8EH`W4BLM_)4)KGJ'9\8b9[IX9OK^G;`!EAfGOcGJ'9rKGJ'9\GbJ'4BIwMKW9[AAeYHTS_BEO%9O8aALM9O`!YAD4Gb9[L
L^7'84)K'6E[K!L¯`'8b4Y8#GYRGJ'4)K'K'4KW6muY7'_BLv9FADC(E[__9r8*«LM7'9]GbY_BE[869O8*z%9O8bG4kIOEH_qAfG8aEH4K8EHGb9[A
¬ <
uJ^7!AGJ'9AD9e_BEO%9O8aA®mSY7'_kL\EH`'`!9[E[8q4K\GJW9e`'89[Af9OK^G54kIX9eAfJ'9O9OGqE[GqADJEH__)Y[mu9O8qL^9O`'GJA5GJ!E[K4>T!K'Y
8IOIX7WC7'_kEHGb4YK(8aEHG9Q9[AfG4CFEHG9A¥TV8bYCÖ_BEO%9O8UGJ'4kIw^K'9[AbAÊ`'8bYH!_)9[AmeJ'4BIJ
GbJ'4KWK'4K'6(Y^IOI7'88b9[Ls<
EAAf7'C]9K'YyLMYC]9GJW4K'K'4)K'6\muY7'_BL(!9*E[8Gb4IX4kEH_)_Q_Y[mo<
V8W4XZY\[^]`_ba
c,defchgigkjlgiPm
t}n~
dC
d|c,i
npo
irqsd
tlgkjugtld
yxeTiyxigry
i
n
vwnxc,gignpe
yzi
pn
uestyxbm
c,gv|{.d
on
rgef
$kM#M$#&3^0&M k&R¡&¢£4¤M¥G¦§R¡hR¨ª©Z¡,«ª>R¡#¬>®&#¯>°
± R¦, ¡²3&°³G´p®#4M.µ¶¡¬·@¶¸GP#¹>^R²&,²3M>G.·U*¯.º¼»3»&½¤\¶MG® ¡#6¾¡C«ª^M
¿ÁÀ\M3&²&¯>°M3&®¦ªÂ3½4#RÃ(R®¡3¡\£4¤ ± ¤«0¤>¥G¦§R¡6Ä©Z¡@«ª>R¡#4¬>®¡&¯AÅGM ± ¤ÆZ¤
R
£G*¯E¦Ç&UÄȳª3#¡¯ÇM¿É8M¡²&¡3^Å#¤`¥ªA¿Ê®¡E#Ë#3¦¦EZ#¡4²3&#Ç E¯@ÌC¤ÌRÍÃÏÎ3##UM
£¢¤>«ª#¯E¤
СÑ
ÒhZÓ
ÓpÔÕ3Ö
©_Ø×)KÙ[EÚ¼×Ë>ÙL`Ù>ÚG¼ÛÚEHG*×)YKEH!YkÛWG\E
ÝÜ@×kEH_Y[z%jf·;Ù9×kI3ÙQADJ¨Ù>ÙOG`ÚbYH!_ÊÙ.×BA@Û!A#Ù[LGYÞ×K^zÙ[Atj
j³¨
*×Êß%EHG¼Ù*GbJÙ\A#ÙOK!A×)G*×)z`×)GDQYHTSGbJÙ#L`×zà×BL`Ùo`!Y%A#×G¼×YKvE[G§×`'_ÊÙ*¨;YCÙ%'ÔPÙ[AfG@K^GEÚIXG¼×BIOE*GbY(ADCFEH__
G
ß^Ù[Aá×)K(GJÙ#EIrI3Û'C8Û'_BE[G*×YK]`!E[GG*ÙEÚKREHK!LÞ×K(GJ¨Ù9Ùr_ØÙOzEHG¼×YKY[T\×)GAe_BE[G*Ù>ÚaEH_s!Y^Û'K!L'EÚ*×ØÙAEHG
IJEHK
Ù(C(EÚ*ß^×K!A*Y[To¦fI3Ù§%G¼Ú*Ù[E[C(AµdxEHK!LϨ¾â4,ÙO_BE[N'E[G*×YKG*×CNÙXjfAbIOEH_ÊÙ[ATVYkÚQGJÙÞ×kI3Ù(ADJ¨Ù>ÙOGQAÛ¨ÚDj
GJ
3ÙQE[K!LvL`×zà×BL`Ù#`!Y%A×)G*×)YKEÚ*ÙyL`Ù>Ú¼×zÙ[LT¡ÚbYCÖGJ¨Ù\`$ÙEÚG*Û¨Ú!E[G*×YK¯GbJÙOY^Úâ6ã'YkÚ*§×)`'_ØÙQ¨;YCÙ%
TEI
ÙAÙ\G*×)CÙXj³AIOE[_ØÙ[A;EÚ¼ÙQADJ'Y^ÚGrh@ä%
GJ
~
~~
jf×
Ù[EÚAÊTVY^Ú#AÛÚfTEI3ÙQEL>J*Û!ADGbCÙOK^GE[K!L
~~
j
~
Ù[EÚA
kÚUL`×zà×BLàÙ`!Y%A×)G*×)YKvELEJ*Û!ADGbCÙOK^G>âuJ¨Ù[AÙ±ADJ'Y^ÚG;G*×CNÙXjfAbIOEH_ÊÙ[A¢×)K!L`×kIOEHG¼ÙGJ!E[G§×`'_ÊÙ*¨;YCÙ@Ú¼ÙXj
TVY
!Û¨×BIwM_)GY(TVYkÚaI3×Kß²EHG6×GA!YkÛWK!L'EÚ¼×ØÙ[A&âuJ¨Ù>Ú*ÙXTVY^Ú*Ù%iGJÙ8Ú*ÙI3ÙOK^GCN×ØßkÚaEHG¼×YKY[T;GJÙ
AD`!YKL'A\Ó
×`W_ØÙy¨YCÙyL`×)z`×kL`Ù«EDGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈ9åæ\B#ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ÃÁ#¼ÄÅ>qgrÝÝ×[
§
×BA`ÚY!EHW_EÞÚ*Ù[Af`YK!AÙyGYvEHK
¬
ß ^×KßWiAÛ!AfGE×)KÙ[LTVY^ÚI3×)KßÚaEHGbJÙ>Ú;GJ!E[KvEÚ*Ù[Af`!YK!A#Ù\GYyE_YKßHj`!EAfG#IX_Ø×)C(EHG¼Ù@ÙOzÙOK^GeA#Û!IJ
YKMj Y
ÙoG¼ÚEHKA×G¼×YKT¡ÚYCãGJ¨ÙèçEADGo;_BEI&×BEH_
EAeGJ
Ù
?
`×)CÛWCã«çc
E[N
?
¬
Ù#áY_Y^I3ÙrKÙâ
GYQGJ
^ÛÚ]E[K!EH_)'A#×BAGbJÙÞ×KMT¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*Ù[LPÚEHG¼Ù(YHToC×ÊßkÚaEHG*×)YKY[TGbJÙ§×`W_ØÙ(¨YCÙ(L`×)z`×kL`Ù
åeEA LÎYKY
kÛW_BLÙQEHGbGE×)KÙ[L^sh#«g
IXY
ßkÚaEL`×ÊÙOKMG;YHTÊ«
~M g
|
g
Ç
¬
¼Ù
¬
Ë×KI3Ú*Ù[EAÙ.×)KGJ¨ÙQADYkÛWGJMjK'YkÚbGJAf`!EHG¼×BE[_qEIOI&Û'CÛW_BEHG¼×YK
g
E]ADG [EL^
~
é#E£¢!êH!YkÚ#«
¢
%¬
¼Ù
Þ×)K!I3Ú*ÙEAÙy«tL`ÙI3Ú*Ù[EAÙ
EQADG [ELM
¬
×)KËÙO_ÊÙOzEHG¼×YK(Y[T
ä
×
ÊÙ
àâghu·YGE[G*×YK
iEH'_ *
ëMM
ì ÄØíàî(ïÅ
ð ÄØí^Å
ñ
ò ÄÊí`îïÅ
ô
õ
ø ÊÄ í`îïÅ
ù ÄØíàî(ïÅ
ï
Ø
Ä
à
í
îû&Å
ú
í
û
ì ý
þ
ÿ
.ÄØí^Å
ÄÊíkÅ
4Ä ïÅ
ÄØí^Å
"
ÄØíàîû&Å
$
%
&
¬A®&¬A® ¡¡
'
(
)
º
*
.
+
-
,
M#®¦,®M3,R¡
^U¡3^3²&R>¯
²&*EM¡3^MM###R¡&
#\¡ó>#¡
^3®^R¡¯Ç##&M3M¡
^MZ#UÀ\#àö $÷^M*
#G÷^®¹
#\¡®(¿ÏM#¢##&M3
¡¦
&ü#&>R#\&#>#¯
¡M#CM&²¢÷^M
¡M#CM kM&ª k#
#>á*&#M²&@÷^MÞ^RR¦##
¦§R¡¡¹CM¿#²&#>¿Ø®#3
À\¡#àö ¿Ê®#¡3¦§R¡¹¢¿Ê3
M#®¦,®M3,^¡¡®¡ ^R¡&
#²&#A¿Ê®#&
R¡^R¡M
ò #&¦Ç^3#>ZM¿ ¡##¡ü#63#¡3@M
¿ ¡^R¡M&¦k&#>R¿ ø >¦Ç²&R¡&CR¡
ò ° ì ° ø
¡#¦Ç^3R#&¦Ç^3#>R¿ >k&¡&
¡^R¡M&¦k&#>R¿ ì ¡¼R#6M#®¦,®M&C²&R#>
#
·@¼R²
!
Ä ì&ì Å #²&#>&R®
#\#¯
¡*Mª¡#¡
¡¦G#&¡R>
R¡4R¿¨^M²&\
¡¼R#6M#®¦,®M&C²&R#> ¼Mk#¡®¡ kM¡3§3^M&
M²3&^R^¦@M¡¹0R¿Á²3#>&M®#
·@¼R²
¡Mk#&¡&
¡¿Ø#¡##,&M®
ü##&¡9&¡#0ÄÈ¡¡*M¯3áR¡¼Å
^¡¡®¡ ^R¡&
>k&¡&
&3®¦#¡
¥ª¦@M¡
¿Ê
¡²&>
É.##¡¦§R
×
Ù§×`'_ÊÙe¨Y2Ùq_43
/10
@;3Ù§ / Ú*ÙA3B2
/
YR¦
Y
3ÇÚ*Ùr_Ø×4; / 2>3Ú¼ßk×?6#YHTZ¦@;3Ù§ / Ú*ÙA3B2
/ Ù>Ú53[_M!Y^Û76873Ú93:8EJ53:;3Ù6 /</ =
¬
d
~^~~
YHT
ä
|æ~^~
2D3%¢'¤Y[zÙ>Ú /10
~
Ú*Ù[ÓÛ×ÊÚ*ÙG8TVYkÚH;3×?6¨ß.×4EeÓÛ× / I
Ù E@2>3H_)_tJ3B68KEÛß^ßkÙGE
Ù\`3:E
/ E#ÙOzÙ>Ú53[_ /F0
@;3Ùo§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2NE¥dO3G68]¨P3:EFEDYQ;3×R3 / GÙ 8m,× /F0 2>3>JY^ÚS; 0 3G6ßkÙAE¢×?6 /10
×`'_ÊÙo¨Y:2NÙ
Y ;;&ÛÚ*Ú¼ÙG8Y[zÙ>Ú
0 3OzÙ=6'Y / Q
/10
Ð?U
kÛE13B68
ÙG3Ú5E&â*
Y
Ù@ÙO_ØÙrz:3
Ùo`3E
/ EÙOzÙ>ÚH3H_ /10
/ ×)Y:6T3 /
Ù
^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAE
!Y
^ÛE13G68ÙG3ÚHE3â
Y
VXWMÕ`XYCWM
Ù 2]Y / ×Y6(YHT0×4;3Ù[8`×zà×48àÙGE;3B6Ù[;3ÛE#ÙG8^\; 0 3G6ßk×]6ß>;XY68`× / ×Y6E^3 / 4× ;&ÙZE 0
0 Z
0
Ù ;XY6Mß^ÛÚ53 / ×Y6
/ E /10 3 / 2>3EJYkÚL; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE,×?6 /10 M
YHT@¦
YHTe§
38>J53:;3ÙC6 /
¨n«
^Û768£j
/
Ù>Ù
Y
3Ú¼×ØÙGE&âClÚ*ÙA;XYkÚH8FY[T4×4;&Ù=8`×zà×48àÙ`!YE× / ×)Y:6\2N3QÙZ3Z8`Ùr_43OÙG8_3G68\E@2]Y%Y /F0 GÙ 8bÚ¼ÙO`Ú¼ÙGEÙ6 / 3 / ×)Y:6
kÛ768J3Ú]TVY^Ú5;3×]6ßâq¦¸T
ÙUÚ*ÙO_R3
/F0
YHT@!Y
/ ×Y:6E 0
CÙ>Ù6T8`×)z`×R8`Ù^2yY
/
×)`]Ù
/ ×)Y:6>3G68]!YkÛ768J3ÚQTVYkÚ5;&×?6ß
m
;3B6ÏÙËÙGE / 3HW_Ø×4E 0 GÙ 8s /10 Ù 6Y:6Ù`;XYkÛ'_R8×?6MT¡Ù>Ú\!Y^Û76873ÚÎTVY^Ú5;3×]6ßT¡ÚY:2a3
E× / ×)Y:6c;YkÚ(`Ú*ÙA8`×4; / 8`×)z`×R8`Ù`!YE#× / ×Y:6æTVYkÚN3
ß^×zÙ6Ï!YkÛ768J3ÚæTVYkÚH;3×?6¨ßâ
`!Y
3H_REDY /10
×4EfYQ;
l
ÙrYkÚ*Ù
/ 4× ;C3H__)>3:EFEDYQ;3×R3 / GÙ 8
0 ÚbY:6ÙAE /
ÃȸÀ!;gOÝÝ
,×
m
Ù(m3Úb`ÙG8f;XY:6^zÙg%jÛ'`vÙ6ÙG3
2>3[__uz3Ú*×43 / ×)Y:6E.×?6O8`×)z`×R8`Ù]`!YE#× / ×)Y:6m;XY2]`3Ú*ÙG8¯m,× /10f/10
ÛÚ3
/ ×)Y:6E /
/10
Y
Ù]l!Y[m
Ùr_48f3B68o;Y:2]`'_Ê×4;3
;XYkÚ¼ÙGEY / 3×?6ÙG8c3 / 4× ;&ÙZ8`×)z`×R8`ÙGE3âU 0 Z
Ù E#Ù6E#× /
×4E
/10
E0
ÙEÙ
ÙEÚ*ÙXTVY^Ú*Ù¾Ú¼ÙO_ØÙrz:3G6
»
/
//
kÛ768J3Ú*×ÊÙGEL3B68
!Y
r
-
ÃÃÈÁ \¼%¿«grÝ
3:;;&Û72ÛW_43 / ×Y6ËÚ53 /
/ ×)Y:6
E / GÙ 3:8^f8`×zà×48àÙGE«@h;¼1k-\Â%¿W½sgrÝ×
/10
£¬ Ò§
2>3On;C3ÛE#Ù`Ù>Ú /
×4E=2]YE
%¬
×zÙ
/10
Ù
Ù×?6
e8`×)z`×R8`Ù*`!YE#× / ×Y:6 /
/
×)z`×
/
]YHT
/
ÙË×4;&Ù>E
0
æCKjiO¾B½:k
ÙEÙ
/ ED`3G6
/ 3 / ×Y6YHTU×R;3Ù
Ù>Úb`Ú*Ù
kÛ76873ÚbTVYkÚ5;&×?6ß
Y]!Y
pE1E×)'_ØÙ6×48`ÙC6 / ×q;3 / ×)Y:6(YHTqTVYkÚH;3×?6¨ßd2ÙA; 0 3G6×4E@2_EqYQ;;3ÛÚ¼Ú*×]6ß_3 / R× ;3Ù
Y`!Y
8×?6
/
Y
×?6^zÙGE
/
Ù>Úb`Ú*Ù
/ 3 / ×Y:6yYHT4×R;3Ù=;XY^Ú*ÙGEuY / 3×?6ÙG8K3 / R× ;3Ù=8`×)z`×R8`ÙGE3â
/ ×Øß3 / GÙ 8 /10
Ù.Ù&2ZÙA;
Ù\Y6n8`×)z`×R8`Ù*`!YpE× / × Y6m,×
/ EÙC6E× /
b;&Ùc8`×)z`×R8`ÙGE93Ú*Ù
¦
/10 3d63Ú*ÚbY[m©ËOY6Ù\YHTe3B6WY:2>3[_YkÛEÇ×4;3Ùol!Y[m©m 0 ×R; 0 ;3ÛEÙGE
Y
â
Ú¼ÙG;XYkÚH8ÎY[T=8`×)z`×R8`Ù
/ Yu; 0 3G6ßkÙGEU×?6
Ù*68à×?6ß
3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6¯Y[TL3;;3Û728Û'_43 / ×)Y:6âK´¾B¿'½-\¼%È*)MF«grÝÝ
0
3
Ù 8`×)z`×R8`Ù*`!YpE×j
/10 3 / E / GÙ 38M£jtE / 3 / _
/ ED`3G6o3B68Ø_ÊÙGE1EMEÙ6E× /
Ù>Ù
¬
; 0 3Ú53:; /
Ù>Ú¼×Ë>ÙG8
×zÙ
Ù E#Ù6E#× /
/10 9
/
/10 R× ;wQ6ÙGEFERQA3:;;3ÛJ2Û'_R3 / ×Y:68Ú53 /
Y
E#Û; 0
/ f
ÙQ«xZ<Ay
¬
kÚH;3×?6¨ß|×RE_3H!YkÛ
TVY
/
Q%g
g
/ ?× 2ÙAE /10
Ù ED`3 / R× 3H_
/F0 >
Y
×)z`×
E× / ×)Y:6 / I
Y
E/ Q
Y ; 0 3:E / R
× ;^3EDQ2_2Ù / Ú*×4;v3:;;3ÛJ2Û'_R3 / ×Y:6oTVYkÚH;3×?6ßM3G68±TVY^Û768 /F0 3 /w/F0
`!Y
/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3[_ØÙ]Y[TZ8à×zà×48`ÙR`YpE× / ×Y6
/ Ef`3B6s3B68
Ù>Ù
Y[T
/10c/F0
×4;&Ù_E
`
eE×?2y`'_ØÙM; 0 3B6ß^ÙGEÇ×]6Ë×4;&ÙZE 0
/
L8`×)z`×R8`Ù
/
Y[T
Ù,Ú*ÙO_R3BgJ3
/ ×Y:6
ÙT¡Û76873G2Ù6
/ ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3H_ØÙâ{zU¿W¼%¿'½%¼B|ȾÈ)MFW¿'¼%¿¯ÃÁS¼ÄÅc«bgOÝÝä
¬
ÛEÙA8
/ 3H_
×]6Mj
×
ÙEÚ5EÙ
z
ä
/ ÙG; 0 6×BÓÛÙGE /
¾ÙAE
/ ]× 2>3 /
Y
~23B68 /F0 ?× 676¨ÙG8*M±
~
w
3G68n3;;3Û728Û'_43 / ×)Y:6ËÚH3 /
Ù
/F0 3 /S/10
ÙoÚ*Ù>Ù6W_43B68è×R;3ÙL8`×zà×48àÙ2>3O
2©Y[zÙ>Ú /10
~
Ùe_43:E
ß_R3:;3×R3H_;7;X_ÊÙT¡ÚY:2;
/
D4%HoÃR1¼%¿'½DÄ>Âã«bgOÝÝr
Ùâ
ÙGE
¬
0 3OzÙ}E 0
×>T
/ GÙ 8\M[3H!YkÛ /
0 3G6ßkÙGEª×?6Z2>3Ú*ßk×]6*`!YE#× / ×Y:6
/ ]× 2>3 / GÙ 8 /F0
ÙÙ&2ZÙA;
L2>3Ú*ßk×]6zÙg%j
/
YHT
3B6E#×Y:6`3B68ÞÚ*Ù / Ú*ÙG3 / Y 6 /10 I
Ù 8à×zà×48`Ù@Ùr_ØÙOz3 / ×Y6×?6K;3Ù6 / H
Ú 3H_iÇÚ¼Ù>Ù6'_R3B68]Y[zÙ>ÚL3¾ß_43:;&×43H_X;7;X_ÊÙ%
`
,×
m
/10 3>8`×È2ÛE#×zÙ8Ú*ÙO_R3BgJ3 / ×)Y:6 / ?× 2Ù#YHT}3H!Y^Û /
ÙA3Ú5EX3H!YkÛ
~~
grÝ
/
Ù\T¡Û76873G2Ù6
/F0
Q[(YHT
g
/ 3H_
xZ<Ay / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3[_ØÙâ
90
Byrd
South Pole
0
Tr
an
A
B
san
tar
cti
s
nt
West
Antarctica
c
M
C
D
Siple Dome
E
Ross
Ice Shelf
F
80°
McMurdo
180°
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù#`â)ghc3[`YHTqÔPÙGE
@;3Ù#§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2>Eedm3B68¨¾â
6 / 3Ú5; / 4× ;§×)`'_ØÙ\dqYp3:E / R× ;3Ù=E / Ú*ÙG3G2>ELE 0
/ ^
,×?6¨ß§×)`'_ØÙ#¨Y2ÙM3B68
Y[m
¦
6 /F0 4× Ei`3H`Ù>Úr£m0Ù8`Ù / Ù>ÚF2×?6Ù /10 e
Ù EÙ6E#× /
¦
Ú¼×48`ß^Ùo$Ù
/
0Ù>Ù6(¦@;3Ù#§
m
×zà×
/
Y
2yYkÚ*ÙjEÛ' /
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2>Eedo3G68(¨s×]6]Ô|ÙAE / ^6 / 3Ú5; / 4× ;3^ / Z
^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAE«ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù*g
¬
!Y
â4
8`ÙEÙO`×R;3Ù};XYkÚ¼Ù@×4Eq$ÙE×?6ß#Y
3H_ØÙrYHjt;X_Ø×]2>3 / L
Ù 3B63[_JE×4E&â4áÙA;3Ù6 / 2N×ØßkÚH3 / ×Y:6yYHT /10
`
@;3Ù#§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2
¦
P3 / 3.Ú53 /
¨
Ù>ÙC6w×]6MT¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8
¡Ú
:2
T bY
8`×)z`×R8`Ùq`!YE× / ×)Y:6QYHTi§×`W_ØÙS¨Y:2NÙ% /F0
YHT
ÙYHT
~M~
|~M
3G63H_)7E#×4E*Y[T /F0
~
Ù(`3
/ 3×?6¨ÙG8d6ÙG3Ú /F0
Ù`3E
/ EÙOzÙ>ÚH3H_ /10
kÚH;3×?6¨ß93
_ TVY
Ù`Ú¼ÙGEÙ6
Ùµ§×`'_ÊÙ¨Y2Ù}8`×zà×48`ÙL6'Y^Ú
23£¢W¤eY[zÙ>Ú /F0
ØÙ
/ EÛ72T2× /
/
/ E
×
kÚ
TVY
m
3Ú58 / Y[me3Ú58
/10 kÛEF3B68(ÙG3ÚHE
Y
Ù,×4;&Ù
0 3:E
Ù 8à×zà×48`ÙQm 0 4× ; 0
/F/ Ù>ÚF6ÎY[TU×?6 / ÙEÚ163[_u_43OÙ>ÚHE6ÙA3Ú /10 \
r
×
0 3OzÙÙ>ÙC698`Ù / ÙA; / GÙ 8*m,× /10 3B6×R;3ÙXj`Ù6Ù / Ú53 / ?× 6ߧÚ53:8J3Ú«EDGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈ¢åæ`B#ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿(¼%¿'½[hʼ1k-\Â%¿'½s
ræB*ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ÃÁ@¼ÄÅ>!gOÝÝ×H
!Û3B6
M±Ó
×?6
/10
3:; /
×zà×
Ð?
/
×TVà×?6¨ß
Ù8ÙO_ÊÙOz3
/10
Ù,Ù&2ZÙA;
/ ×)Y:6Y[T /10
âqÔ|Ù,×R8`Ù6
¬
gOÝÝ
/10 R× E<EÛ' / _ØÙ}8`×)z`×R8`Ù2]Y / ×)Y:6
/ E5Y[TXE@2>3H_)_Q; 0 3G6ßkÙAE ]× 693:;;&Û72ÛW_43 / ×Y6*`3 /1/ ÙEÚ1693B68dE@2>3H_)_7; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGE
Ù_R3
/ ÙEÚ53H_@Y^Û76873Ú*×ÊÙGEY[T§×)`'_ØÙQ¨Y2Ù(«3G6×?68`×4;3 /
3ÚY^Û768§×`'_ÊÙo¨Y2Ù
/T
^ÚYHTh×4;3Ù9E
Y
/ Ú*ÙA3B2
:6 /F0 M
Ù 8`×zà×48`ÙU`YpE× / ×Y6â
¬
Y
{>CwÔ¨Õk47QYV^ <
Ò {~QWIZ\ZÔqWM
|Ùu;:6E#×48`Ù>ÚN3Ê×?6ÙA3Ú*×)Ë>ÙG8nÙ>Ú
Ô
§
×TVo`ÚbY3['_ØÙ};3ÛEÙGEqYHT
/
ÛÚ3
/
/ 3G6873Ú58
×4;&Ùl[m2_Q8`ÙC4EI8Q67 /
/ ]× :63HkÛ / 3
ß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3B]f;6
Ü@×43G?[z%jf·ÙÞ×R;3ÙcE
jf¨
/ 3×]6
Ù E1;3GØÙ>B
/F0 K
Ù E@2>3B]; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGE×]6o8`×)z`×R8`Ù>E× / ]× :6«*«x
/ fE#×?28Û743 / >
Ú*ÙGE@:ØÛ
0
/ E@:ÊÛ / ]× :6â
Ù>Ù
/ ?× 6
âxØ×?6¨ÙG3Ú¼×Ë>ÙG8nÙ>Ú
¬¬
Ú*Ù[ÓÛ×ØÚ¼ÙG8
/
ÛÚb3
/ ?× :6
3B]?[mLEE#×?28Û743 / ?× 6IGvEb2>3G?jtE1;C3BØÙe8`×zà×48àÙ^2_ / ]× :693:E4× / Ù>Ú12N× / EªÙg~JØ×4;&× /X/ 5Ú 3;wà×?6¨ßGX8`×)z`×R8`Ù
E× / ]× :6â
c3 /10 Ù 2>3 / 4× ;3GX8`ÙOzÙ]:72NÙ6 / G /10 M
Ù Ø×]6ÙG3Ú¼×Ë>ÙA8×4;3ÙME 0
×?6lB
1£Ã«bgOÝÝ:3
3B68
¬
/ ]× 2ÙXjt8`ÙÙ68`ÙC6 /
ÙOzØÛ
K
%£ÁVÁfÃÈ«grÝ×
/ ?× :6ÞÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6_ kÚL3
¡¢ x
0
m
Ù>Ú¼Ùxc«§¨¦¼5
¬
×RE
/10
Ù4×R;3ÙSE
0
Ù>Ù
/
ÙOz:ÊÛ
/ ]× :6ÞÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6Ë×4E,ßk×)zÙ6
Ù 2>3×?6O ^×?6 / E>3Ú¼ÙuEÛ72T2>3Ú¼×Ë>ÙG8 0
0 c
â}
%¬
Ù>Ù
s×4;&Ù=E
0
j³¨
¡£G¤¥
{n|
Ù>Ù
Ù
/ 4× E
y¦
/©/10 R× ;wQ6ÙGEFEX ¤ « §©¦*5 ¬ ×4E /F0
§|×4E /10 T
Ù 8`×4E / 3G6;3Ù93B]:6ß(l[mUâ8ã^ÚM3B6P×4;3Ù9E 0
ÙEÙ
0
Ù>Ú*Ùâ©
`â)g
¬
«t
Ù4×4;3ÙilÛ7g:y!«§©¦*5
¬
×RE
Ù 2>3:EFEs3BR3B6;&Ù%
/F0 w
/ 8`Ù ^Ú12×]6ß8×?6u43B2N×?63ÚÊl[m
,×
m
/10 E 0 GÙ 3Ú
E / Ú*ÙGEFE
ª £5«
^¬: « ® f
|
¯M¬ ¡£ ®¦
{
|
`â
£¬
`â
£¬
«t
3B68]l[mlÚ*ÙC43 / ?× 6
g
CÙ=
m
/ 3×]6c3G6ËÙgQÚ*ÙAE1E×]:6_ kÚ /F0
¤
¡ «5°
{
«
¬:!¬
±
ª £5« ¦
«t
¤ ¦
ÙU×4;3Ù;lÛ7g
{
Ì
Ù
Ì
}x³s´ ¡£ ®7´
²
Ù
Ì
¢'¤
¡£ ®¦
`â ä
«t
¬
××
0
m
Ù>Ú*ÙT®%«§©¦*5
×4E
¬
Ù EÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù_Ú1[ØÙµ / 3×]6ÙG8M /10 _
Ù E#Û72DB /F0
/10 T
3G68ÙG8ÞÙØÙrz:3 / ]× :6ª[«§
¯ R× E /F0 M
Ù 8`×4E / 3B6;3ÙZ3[ [zÙ /10
¬
/ 3 / ]× :63G3;;3ÙÊÙ>Ú53 / ?× 6 Ò{
ß^Ú53Ozà×
¨Ú*ÙGEF;3Ú*×)$ÙA8s7¶
3B68 ±
{Í
¶ ¥
{
2
E
×
Ý
à×ØÙC487E
¡¢ x
0 Ù_E / 3B6873ÚH8nE / GÙ 3:8M%jtE / 3 /
;:6E / 3B6 / « ¼i¾B¼Ä>ÂiMigOÝ×
PÙM3Ú*ÙU×]6
Ô
/
R3 / ?× :6Kyd6 /F0
Ù>Ú*Ù}x
0
m
¤
<Gx
»^¾
Ù>Ú*ÙGE
g
0
Ù>Ù
Û'E
§
Ù
ÙOz:ÊÛ
/
¡£ « · x³u´ ¡£ ®´
{
¬]{
Gr\w`ß92¢
I
ÝMg
ÙEÚ
Ù
¬
×RE
²
Ì
`â.
¬
«t
²
/ ]× :6ÞÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6c
Ì
¡£ ®
¢W¤
¬
¥
y
`â
«t
/ 3×]6ÙG8m 0 Ù 6 ¡¢ x
Ùܧ×43B][zº¨Ú1HØÙ8×4E
{}~
3B68sy
{
£¬
y»6×4E3
â
¬
/ GÙ 88×?6 /10
ÙU×4;3Ù=E
¬:!¬
«
±
ÙEÙ
/ × / Û / ?× 6ß
{
Ù ¸Ü§×43B][z£j³·Ù¹:^Ú¸Üo·I¹×4;&Ù=E 0
/10 Z
/
·
ÙoÙG8s×4;3ÙM8`ÙC6E×
/10 R× ;wQ6ÙGEFExc«§©¦*5
8`Ù /10 tj 3OzÙ>Ú53ßkÙG8l[m43Om3Ú53G2Ù /
àê
¢
âe§Û'E
Ù×4;&Ù
/
ÙUÙ32ÙG;
ß^Ù:2NÙ
/
/ B{Eb2>3G?½Ù>Ú /
ÛÚb3
/ ?× 6Eá×]6 /10 R× ;wQ6ÙGEFEx\3G68\3;;3Û728ÛMj
ÚbâcÔ|ÙUÙgQ3B68\x\3G68\yTEÛ;
xc«§©¦*5
¬Ö{
y!«§©¦*5
¬Ö{
x7»O«§©¦*5
¬
y»O«§©¦*5
¬
¥
x
¥
y « §©¦*5 ¬ ¦
¤
0>/10 3 /
§©¦*5 ¬ ¦
«
`â!r
¬
«t
¤
/ × / Û / ]× :6×]6 / 9ÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6«`âÍä
à×ØÙR87Ew3Z;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@:68`×]6ß*lÛ7g.ÙCg~3G6Mj
¬
E#×?6c
¤ « §¨¦¼5
0
ÙËEÙ>Ú1
Û'E
/10 kÚH8`Ù>Ú}E / 3 /
ÙU×4E8àÙX6ÙG8
/ × / Û / ]× 6ßÞÙ[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6E#«t`â!r
§
E0
Ù>Ù
/
Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙ
/ 9Eb2N3B?qÙ>Ú /
{
{
~
¡£G¤ »
{
y»
¬
`â.Ý
¬
¦
«t
¬
×?6
/ «`â £¬ 3B68wÙ>Ù¨×?6ß9:67)Ú5E / kÚ58àÙ>Ú
/ ?× 6bÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6Qm 0 4× ; 0
|
{
¤
`â.×
«t
CÙ}EbzÙ
m
/ [8`Ù / ÙEÚ12×]6Ù /F0
Ù@×4;&Ù
/ ]× :6Eh
¤
¤
¡¢ x7»
¬
ÛÚb3
¡ ¢x
¬
¤
X3G68Ϋ`â.Ý
`â.×
ÛÚ3
¥¿¤ « §©¦*5
¬
Ù EÛ; 0>/10 3 /
/ ÙME / GÙ 3:8MNE / 3 / [
¬ «
Ù Ø×?6¨ÙG3Ú¼×Ë>ÙG8IÙ>Ú /
/ Ù>Ú12NE5`×ÊÙ48JE /F0 L
¤ »[«§©¦*5
¬i{
¡ £ ¤
¤ »LÀ ±
¤
¥
x
x7»
y ¦
`âg
«
¤
¤
¥
¶
¡£ x
¤
¦
¡£ ®A»JÁ
~£¬
`âgg
«
¬
×Ý
Ù>Ú¼ÙZ®»
x» ¥
3G68c¶
{
/ 3×]6ÙG8]«ÙâÍßâ)ÂÊÂ1k+XÃ¥¼%¿'½9O#¾ÄåȾ-\¼%gOÝ×
%¬
0
m
±
{
Z3G68\¶
{
,Ú*× / U
Ù Ù[ÓÛ3
«
/ ?× :6E«t`â)g
m
{
#BU1%ÃgOÝÝ:3
{
0 ÙC6 ±
âuÔ
ª
~
¬
×?6>:Ù>ÚH3
¬
¡¢ x
0
m
3G68\mCÙCÙCg~ÙG; / 8`×2ZÛE×zÙ / ~
ÙuÙ 0 3zà×?^Úm
0 Ù 6
/ 4× E;:6^zÙ6×ØÙC6 / ^Ú8àÙOzÙ?72Ù6 / Eª×?6_R3 / ÙEÚLEÙG; / ?× 6E /
âe¦
3G68¯«`âgg
~%¬
/10 Ù[E / 3G6873Ú58\Ø×]6ÙG3ÚL8`×È2ÛE#×?:6Ù[ÓÛ3 / ?× :6×4E
g
/ kÚ kÚ12Å3E
Æ « x
{
¤
Ù>Ú¼Ù
ÌUÔJÍÍÔqWM$
×?6;3Ù¾Ù[ÓÛ3
/ ?× 6«`âg
§
y
Ç
¥
x Ê
Æ b« Ç w
¬
È| ¡ £SÉ ¤ »}À ±
Ð
¥
¬
¤
¡ £ Ç
¡£ ®» Á}Ë
¶
~£¬
Ñ^Ú\«tàâg
«
×RE^3ZØ×]6ÙG3ÚL8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6
%¬¬
¡¢ x
0
Ù>Ú¼Ù_x
{
Æ « x
{
¤
3^ c@gOÝÝrG3^
x
CÙG;3ÛEÙ
ÛE
Ù
0 :2TkßkÙC6ÙkÛECÙ[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6c
¦
¬
¤
§©¦*5
«
¤
`â)g3ä
/ × / Û / ?× 6ßUÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6E«`âgr
Ù
/F0
Ù
¬
5
¬
«
¬Ö{
Ó « § t¬ Ò
¤ « §©¦*5
¬Ö{
Ô « § t¬ Ò
/ ]× 2ÙXjt8`ÙÙ68`ÙC6 / 3B68
¬
×]6
/ /10
â
£¬
/ ]× :6c
`â)gO
¬
«t
¬
«t
¬
Ùh
y « §©¦*5
3B68«tàâgBr
¬
«t
@Ò
:²«§
¬{
Ù ¨Ú1JØÙ2;×REØ×]6ÙG3ÚrMm0Ù2>3O_3G4E@m,Ú¼× /
/10
/ sEÙ3Ú53 /
%¬
/ 4× 3GÙ[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6c× / Eáß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3BvEbØÛ / ?× :6
m
¤
Û'E
`â)g
«t
CÙM3:EFEÛ72NÙI3ZE#Ù3Ú53HJØÙZE@:ÊÛ
¬
¤
§
3 /=/F0 ÙdR3 / Ù>Ú53G^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAEB /F0 T
Ù 8~:2>3×?6Ï«bÂÊÂ1k+XÃQ¼%¿'½bO¾ÄÃeȾ-\¼@gOÝ×
~
¤
ã7:?][m,×?6ß(«#Ko¾B¿'½-\¼%È*)MFcgOÝÝ
å
%¬
ÎeÏÕÓ
ÔJÍwÐÝXY<k
;3B6RÙ9ÙCg~Ú¼ÙGE1E#ÙG8>3:EL3ZEÛ7Ù>ÚFE× / ]× :6cB{EbØÛ / ?× 6E / /F0
m
`â)g
«t
¤
Ù
¡5
«
¡5
«
`â)g
`â)gBr
¬a
¬
«t
0 2_kß^Ù6Ù^ÛE\Ù[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6R«tàâg3ä
Ù E@3:;&ÙXj@8àÙÙ68`Ù6 /
/10 \
%¬
Ù[ÓÛ3
¬
3G??[mLE
/ ?× 6Eµ^ÛE#Ù>BM3
EÙ3Ú53 / ]× :6c;:6E / 3B6 / kÚ,ÙE×ØßkÙC6Mz3BÊÛÙ*Úh
Ú
{
Ö
ÖÕ
{
Q×@Ø1Ù ¦
Ú
¢
`â)gO×
«t
¬
~
Ý
0
Ù>Ú*Ù
m
Ô « §
Ù E@:ØÛ / ?× 6d kÚ /10
0
0
m
¬
/F0
Ù EbØÛ / ?× 6:«§
0 }
/ ]× 2ÙXjt;:6E / 3G6 /
Ù
×R;3ÙE
0
`â)gO×
«
×4Ev3E@3
¬
7ÚF[z`×R8`ÙG8ÚR
¬
0
:
¡ £SÉ ¤ »LÀ ±
«grÝÝ
¥
x »
¡£ :
¡ £ ® » Á}Ë
¶
@×?6o¨Ú*ÙGEFE
/F/ Ù 6Þ×?6T2>3 / Ú*×?gZ kÚF23:Eh
×RE3K8`×43â ß:63BS2>3
ä
Ù>Ú*Ù
3Bá 68
Ù>Ú53 / kÚ Æ
p$ÙA;3×q;C3B?)%
§
8à×4E1;&Ú*Ù /
68`×?6¨ß /F0
`â)g
Ù>Ú*Ù9ê
£¬
×4E>3
ÙÙ>×Øß^Ù6~¡Û76;
;:ØÛJ2_6.×4E /10
«
¬
Ù
BÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6
×Ë>ÙÙ[ÓÛ3
/ ?× :6«`â ~£¬ 3;;kÚH8`×?6¨ß /
â
må ¦
á
`â
{
«
/ Ú*×?gKBÙ>×ÊßkÙ6^z3BÊÛÙGE*ÚQæt
/ ^ÚIGÙ>Ú /
Ù :Ù>ÚH3 / kÚ Æ
/10 I
ÛÚb3
×RE
Ù 8`×RE1;3Ú¼Ù /
/F0 >
/ ?× :6EZE13B2T7ØÙG8u3 />ç
3 /Iç
á
|Ï / ?× 6Ew3B68.Ù>×ÊßkÙ6^z3BØÛ¨ÙGEµB
/ ]× :6:=æf«§
¬
×)Ë>ÙG8(zÙ>Ú5E#×?:6uB
âiÔ|Ù};:6E
Ù8ßkÙ6ÙEÚ53B{Eb:ÊÛ
;C3B6Ù(m,Ú*× /1/ Ù 6×?6f2>3 / Ú¼×?g\ kÚF2
Ù
^×?6 / Ç
E ×]6c§
¤
§©¦*5
«
¬{
íì
æ
:=櫧
@Ò æV«5
¬
¬q{
/F0
Ù
/F0
Ù
/ Ú¼Û; / 32N3 / Ú¼×?gMèæm 0 E#Ù=é j 1/ 0
{
Û¨Ú3
3:EZ3cØ×]6ÙG3ÚZ;2×]63 / ?× 6G /F0
¬
¬
g
Ù E@:ØÛ / ?× 6Ë×REe ^Û768^
0 9
Ù $ÙEÚ /
/ ]× :6 / /F0 9
0 :2_^ßkÙ6ÙCkÛECÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6v«t`â)g3ä
ë
8à×4E1;&Ú*Ù / _
Ù k×?6 / E¾×]6f§
;^Ú*Ú*ÙAEb:68à×?6ß / ÚQætJ3B68_3ozÙG; / kÚwê
à R× E3B6P×?6¨× / R× 3Bw;:68`× / ]× :6â# 0
~£¬
«
/ Ú*×R8`×43ß:63B=2>3 / Ú*×]gm 0 pEÙz3GØÛÙGE>3Ú*Ùc kÛ768ÍMÙOz3GØÛ3 / ?× 6¨ß
Ù@Ù>×Øß^Ù6~¡Û76;
E@3 / 4× 3GXEb:ÊÛ / ]× :6E / /10
`â
{Í~M
Ù¾Ú*ÙAEÛ7 / ×?6¨ß_3GØßkÙrÚ53×4;9ÙE×ØßkÙC6Mz3BÊÛÙ=Ú17ØÙC2
áãâ
×REZ3zÙG;
×Ë>ÙG8QzÙ>Ú5E#×?:6KB
0
0Q/µ0 3B689E×R8`Ù
Ú*×Êß
Ú
/
m
fä
m
/ EM3B6×]6MzÙEÚ5EÙ.Ú¼Ù43Gg73 / ]× :6
«
:
|
0Ùu8`×4EF;3Ú*Ù
¬
c
|
0
Ò{ßÒeà Ù gQs«fÚà5 ¬ ¦
Ù 3Ú*Ù#¿'Â%È&-\¼Ä-\Â[½MÃ*)XB /F0
0 GÙ EÙLE@3 / 4× 3BqE@:ØÛ / ?× 6Ew3Ú¼Ù /F0
Ù 2NÙ /10 Q8>B6× / Z
Ù 8`×2ZÙEÚ*Ù6;&ÙGE3B68cE@:)zÙ /10
/F0 I
m
×4E
¬
ã7??[m,×]6ßáÇ×]68~2>3Ú5E
,Ú¼×
¬
/ 4× 3GÚ*ÙGE@:6E#Ù^¡Û76; / ?× 6c:kÚ4Ù>×ÊßkÙ6Q¡Û76; / ?× :6Z:3E1EbQ;&×43 / GÙ 8m,× /10
ßk×zÙC6\MQÚZâq
|
m
¬
â
~
Ù Eb3 / R× 3B;:2_:6¨Ù6 /
/ 3B68Z3Ú*Ù kÛJ68µ^MEbzà×?6ß /F0 L
Ù>Ù
`âgrÝ
«
ÙÙE×ØßkÙC6Mz3BÊÛÙ(Ú|Ú¼ÙÚ¼ÙGEÙ6
Ù Eb3 / R× 3BvEbØÛ / ?× :6z:²«§
/ ?× 2Ùj@;6E / 3B6 / ^Ú /10 M
¶ × Ø Ú¶
× Ø Ý Þ
/ ]× 2ÙXjt8`ÙÙ68àÙ6 / ;2_:6Ù6 / BÙ[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6«`â)gO×
Ù
Òeà 4× EM3B6×]6× / 4× 3BS;68`× / ?× 6âR 0
Ù>Ú*Ù
Ú ¥
Ü1Ý
¤ »SÛ ±
{
Ù
ê à CÙ g~« ä
5
¬
/ ?× 6|ÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6
/ Ù 2_^Ú53Be3B68
h
èê
`â
«
£¬
Qî
Ý
UWMÓpÔ½WL½ï
ÐÐ
|Ù`3Ú¼Ù\3Ú
Ô
Ù>Ú /
ÛÚ3
Ë@ðY<cÐ
/ R× ;3Û7R3Ú1)
×?6
/
Ù>Ú¼ÙGE
½WM
/ GÙ 8|×?6
0 Gñ
Ù E#× / ]× :6oG /F0
/10 >
/ ]× :6E&âCã7:]?Gñ,×?6¨ßQáÇ×?68Q2>3ÚHE 0 F« îOÝÝ
3
¬
Ù@ÙOzØÛ
/F0
ÙË×R;3ÙK8`×zà×48àÙb×REd3>2ÙG;
/ AÙ 8Î^
/ ?× :6>Gw8`×)z`×R8`ÙE#× / ?× :6Z7ñ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù
{
ò9ó¬q{Í~ ;3G6Ù=ñ,Ú*× /1/ CÙ 6\3E
¡ £ ®£«§ O
ô ¢ ¡£ ®%« ò ó
õ
ñ 0
Ù>Ú¼Ù
×4E
/F0 Ù 6
×4E
Ù 8`×zà×48`Ù}2×Øß^Ú53 / ?× 6Ú53 /
/F0 M
ò ó
0 4× E¾Ú¼Ù43 / ]× :6
Ù>Ú /
ÛÚ3
Û3
pÓ
;3ÛÚbz:3 /
ÛÚ¼Ù
×?2_JØ×ØÙAE
/ ]× :6c®
¤
Ùâq¦6K3B6×?6;3Ú¼Ù2Ù6
ö5 õ
{
¡¢ ¡£ ® ¥sõ>¡£G¡£ ®
¬{
¡ £ ®
¡ £ê ®
{|
/10 3 / 8à×zà×48`ÙGE=ñ,× /F0n0
¦
`â
`â
Ü
¬
ÛÚ¼Ù\3Ú*Ù>ØÙAE1EZEÙC6E× / × zÙ
/ ?× 6æ«tàâ ä
×RE
¬
/ ÙG; 0 6×R;3B]Þ×?6^z3BØ×R8ÙG;3ÛEÙ8× /
¡ £ ê ®»@×REE×]6ßkÛ7R3Ú kÚ§Üo·s×R;3ÙZE 0
×4;3Ù(lGñ÷2_Q8àÙ@×4E8×?6^z:3GØ×R8
8`×zà×48àÙ9E×?6¨ßkÛ7R3Ú*× / º
kÚ /F0
ÙGE
0 3Eº67 /
Ù>Ù
ÛÚ3
/10
×Øß67kÚ¼ÙGE
Ù 3:; /=/F0 3 /M/10 9
Ù 8`×)z`×R8`Ù
/10 Z
Ù :6v /10
/ 9
Ù.Üo·}×4;&Ù9E
0
Ù>Ù
/ EbØÛ / ?× :6Ï«ÙâÍßâ)cáÇ×]68~2>3Ú5E 0 îOÝÝr
Ù>ÙC6mEb:)zÙG8Zâ©ÔPÙP×Øß:6JkÚ*Ù
/F0
ÛÚ*Ùd¡ÚF:2
ÙPÙ32ÙG;
3X3O~]kÚ6Ùg~3B6E#×?:6fG=3K8`×4EF;3Ú*Ù /
Ù9ÙAE
¬
;6E×R8`Ù>Ú¼ÙG8 /F0
×Ë>ÙA8
Ù
/10
Ù.ß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3B
×R;3Ù_E
0
Ù>Ù
/
0 4× E
âv
/ ]× 2>3 / ?× 6_B{8`×zà×48àÙE× / ]× :6â
ÙÙ32ÙG;
/ u3G6o3G63B) / 4× ;>EbØÛ / ?× :6n ^Ú_3
/ Bv3ME / CÙ >; 0 3B6ß^Ù@×?6T3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6
0Q/ 3G68cØÙ / E×R8`ÙGEBù3B6P×?6× / 4× 3G?)>EDQ2_2Ù / Ú*×R;ÇÜo·s×R;3Ù9E 0
8`Ù / Ù>Ú12×]6ÙG8 /10 3 /^/F0
¬
Ù
Ù 8`×zà×48`ÙuE#×?6ß^Û743Ú*× / ø
3B68
/ G /10 u
/ !× V /10 R× E¾Ù>Ú*ÚFkÚ\^f;2_3Ú¼×?6ßKkÛÚTEbØÛ / ?× 6
Ú*×Êß
Ù E / 3G6873ÚH8
/F0
/ ]× :6E 0 3OzÙÙ>Ù6K;3G4;3Û7R3 / GÙ 8_ñ 0 ?× ÊÙ^¡Û7?)_3;;^Û76 / ?× 6ßI ^Ú /10
EbÙG;3×R3B;3:E#Ùâ5ÔPÙ>Ù>Ú / 2>3G6(«1îOÝr>ä
Ú53
ÙG;3ÛEÙ
Ù E#Ù3ÚH3 / n
Ù E@:ØÛ / ?× 6E / OEDQ2_2Ù / Ú*×];
0 ?× ÊÙ /10 u
Ù>Ú¼ÙâÔ
3B7¨Ú1Gg`×]2>3 / ?× 6Ú*ÙGE#Û7 / EC×?6K39Eb2>3G?ZÙEÚ*Ú1^Ú,×?6 /10
|ÙRÓÛ3B6
/ s3Ëßk×)zÙ6
Ù ;3BR;3Û743 / ]× :6
/ ¨Ú1HØÙGE&â*¦6zßkÙC6Ù>Ú53Gt©3;;3ÛÚH3 / 9
Ù 8`×zà×48àÙ_;3Û¨Úz3 /
/ ?× 2>3 / T
Ô
¬
â
3B68K3B6 / R× EDQ2_2Ù / Ú*×];Ù>Ú /
Ú17ØÙC2
ä
«t
BclGño6ÙA3Ú /F0 }
Ù 8`×zà×48`ÙÚ*ÙÓ!Û×ÊÚ*ÙGEvEbÙG;3×R3B2>3 /F0 Ù 2>3 / R× ;3B / Ú¼ÙG3 / 2Ù6 /
« o·
%¬
«t
Ù 8`×)z`×R8`Ù2_ / ]× :6
/ G / ]× 2Ù%ö5¦ /10 M
¡ £ ®
¤
¡ £ ê ®A»
|
;3ÛÚz3 /
0
×Øß
?{
{Í~
Ù>Ù
/ ÚFHÊÙ%X3B68
/ / 3BX8à×zà×48`Ù2T / ]× :6×RE
ò`ó ú
{
|
î
û ¥
û
î
î
¦
`â
«t
¬
Ý
ñ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù
/F0
Ù¾Ú¼×Øß
yü A< yý ¬ ¤þ1ÿ
{
û
«
½3G68_yü>3B68dyýZ3Ú*Ù}Eb3 / 4× 3G?)Z;6E / 3B6 / 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6UÚ53 / G
Ù Eµ kÚ
Ì
¤
0~/ 3G68\ØÙ / E#×48`ÙAEùG /10
Ù6×4;3ÙME
0
Ù>Ù
Ú*ÙGE@$ÙA;
/
/ × Ùâqá×?68~2N3Ú5E 0 1« îOÝÝr
E 0 Gñ0ÙG8 /F0 3 /
¬
Ù Ê×?6ÙG3Ú*×)Ë>ÙG89Eb:ÊÛ / ]× :6_ kÚe8`×à×48àÙ^2_Ù2NÙ6 / ;3ÛEÙG8QM8×?2_pE×?6¨ßZ3ZE / Ù ×]6;3Ú*ÙA3:EÙ§×?6>y ü
/F0
×RE
î
Ú ò ó
;2_3Ú*×4E@:6Ï$Ù
Ù[ÓÛ3
^
/ ?× :6«`â ^Ú>3|ßk×Ù6
¬
¶ ¥
î
0
Ù>Ù
ÙelGño8à×à×48`ÙL3G68
/ E«@h;¼1k-\Â%¿W½s7îOÝ×
«
ò óÚ
3G68
ò ó
Ù EbØÛ / ?× :6
/10 `
£¬
ßk×ÙC6
â
£¬ e
0 R× EèÙ>Ú¼Ú1^Ú×REdE@2>3B]ØÙ>Ú /F0 3B6pÙ>Ú*ÚFkÚ5ET8`ÛÙ
âÍ
~
ÚF:Ù>Ú / ×ØÙGE\« ØÙG38`×?6ß / ÞÙ>Ú¼Ú1kÚHE9×]6 ¤ » ¬ v3B68|×RE
Ù 3G68 l Gñ
/ ËÛ76;3Ù>Ú / 3×]6n3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6ËÚH3 / _
Ú¼ÙG3B×R;3ÙE
`â
yü
ê
¬
yü
3G68ø ^Ú>3|ÚH3B6ß^ÙGZ8à×4E1;&Ú*Ù / ×ËG3 / ?× 6
×]6 / Ù>Ú3BRE§
E 0 GñLE /10 3 / 3G?,Ú*ÙAEÛ7 / E93ßkÚ¼Ù>Ù / nñ,× /F0 ?× 6î
3;;3Ù / 3HJØÙLE×]6;3Ù /10
¥û î
«
û
Ù 3B63B / R× ;>Eb:ÊÛ / ×]:6E ò ó ú
/10 c
/ ñ0Ù>Ù6
ä
yü
/ kßkÚH3B 0 4× ;=8`×à×48àÙL8~I67 / Ù g73; / )Z;^Ú*Ú¼ÙGEb:68 kÚ
Ù@ÙCg73;
0
Ù Ú17ØÙ2
/ Eb:ÊÛ / ]× :6_G /F0 L
/10 3 /
Ú¼ÙGEbÙG;
/ E /F0
Ù
8à×à×48`Ù=E#×?6ß^Û743Ú*× / 9
ñ^Û748>Ú13HJ_67 / ]× 6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ù /10 M
Ù 3;;3ÛÚH3:;X_G /10
Ù 0 J
E×R;3BEb:ÊÛ / ]
× :6â
Ð
ϨÕ!ÓpÔ7ÍwÐ
µY<^Þ Î@Òª
ÍËP$Óo
ãª×ØÙR8
2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / ^
E 2>3:8àÙ×?6mîOÝÝäs3B68oîrÝÝ
@8à×?2Ù6E×?63B,Ú¼×48`ß^ÙK3HkÛ / în2
ÙG8àÚ1Q;«@h;¼1k-\Â%¿W½ÃÁq¼ÄÅqîOÝÝ
/F0 4× E
t8ZØ×?6¨ÙG3Ú¼×Ë>ÙG8Ù>Ú /
j
ß^Ù:2NÙ
Úb«x7»M3B68vª
/
¬
ÛÚb3
E0
Ù>Ù
×]6Ë×R;3ÙME
/F0
0
Ù>Ù
ÙG8Üo·Ý×R;3Ù>E
j
0
Ù>Ù
Ù>Ù
Ú*×ÊÙGEw3Ú*ÙUÛE#ÙG8
0
Ù>Ù
/
ß^Ù:2NÙ
/ ÚbI¡Ú1:2
Ù E#Û72_2× / ñ,× /10 § /10 9
E@3B6KBe§×?7ÊÙo¨^:2NÙâ
Ù
/ .×??ÊÛE / Ú53 /
²
î%¢àê
Ù[Ó!Û3
=
Ù
/ 4× 3B]u3
/
ñ,×R8`Ù\Ù>ÚFà×?6ßÚ*ÙR3 / × Ù)lq3 /
×ÙA8
/ ?× :6Z2TQ8`Ù / *§×]7ØÙ¥¨^:2NÙâªãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù
/ E 0 3G$ÙâÔPÙZ; 0 E#Ù
Ù@Üo·x×4;3Ù=E
¡ÚF:2
Ù>Ú*Ù ^
Ú*ÙJ*ÛE
/10
×]7ØÙF¨^:2Ù8×4E¾ÙAE1EÙC6
§
/ ÁÚ5E / ^Ú58`ÙEÚ×?6>3G77)`×]6ß
E 0 GñLE /10
ÙuË>Ù>ÚF
/F0 kÚ58àÙ>Ú
Ù 67kÚF2>3B
/ Ú1[ØÙGE kÚ=ñ 0 4× ; 0 ñ0Ù9;3BR;3Û7R3 / M
/ w3G68
Ù 3; / Û 3G§×?JØÙ(¨^2Ù«f§^¨
/F0 >
/ ¡Ú1:2©ÁÙ48I2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / E½BXE#ÛÚb3;3Ù}3B68\ÙG8 / :kß^Ú53G 0
0 GÙ EÙ / ñS¾ßkÙC:2Ù /
â PÙ=3Ú¼Ù
¬ Ô
kÚ / ñS>E×]2×?R3Ú,×4;&ÙZE 0
2TQ8`ÙGEXhT3 /10 CÙ kÚ*Ù / 4× ;C3Bl 3 /
/10 3 /
/10 R× ;3B68mî~2
j
E 0 G ñ
bh
¬
×4;&Ù
1k-\Â%¿'½\ÃÁq¼ÄÅîrÝÝ
R« ʼ
â
¬
Ù E#Ù6E#× / ×`× / Z
BXkÛ¨Ú,Ú*ÙGE#Û7 / E / 3Ú*×43 / ]× :6E
/10 =
E¢'¤Sv3£¢
/ ]× :6«`â!
¬
âS
I
3B68\y» ?îd2Å3£¢'¤ / >;3G4;3Û7R3 /
Ù
Ù 8Q:2>3×?6×RE / Ú*ÛJ6;3 / G
Ù 8>3 /#" ~
ä r$Q2
0 =
>3 //F0 9
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù%q3B7ÚFGg`×]2>3 / Ù >;kÚ*Ú¼ÙGEb68`×?6¨ß
Ù ¡Û7?
/ /10 Z
Ý
Elevation relative to bed at divide (m)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
VN ice sheet
SDM ice sheet
−200
−400
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0
10 20 30 40 50
Ice Stream C Distance from divide (km) Ice Stream D
he¦@3
; Ù[E 0 Ù>Ù / ßkÙ
2 Ù / Ú¼×ØÙGC
E ÛE ÙG8 / >;3G4;3ÛJ43 / ÙMx»j3B68c®»×?6ËÙÓ!Û3 / ×]:6«`â]î:î ¬ â 0 Ù
873:E 0 ÙG8 ÚFHÊÙK;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@ 687E / s3uEDQ2_2Ù / Ú*×];èܧ×43B]£j³·Ù_ÚFHÊÙ>ñ,× /10 ٠àê = E¢W¤
S<3 ¢ I Xy» &]î>2D3 ¢W¤ ×4;3Ù.Ù[ÓÛ×:3GØÙ6 / q3B68n3 0 3B!Bjñ,×R8 /10 Bhä~r'Q2zâ\ 0 ² Ù_E@:Ø×R8\Ú1[ØÙ
;k
Ú¼Ú*ÙGE@:687E / /10 Ù§×]7ØÙ;¨L:2ÙÚFHÊÙ8àÙ / Ù>ÚF2×?6¨ÙG8^¡Ú1:2 ÚH3:873ÚS3B68§Su§M2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙC2Ù6 / E
«bÊ
h ¼1k-\Â%¿'½]ÃÁe¼Ä)ŵîrÝÝ ¬
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù±`â
â
|ÙM
Ô
/ 3×?6 /10
Ù#Ë>Ù>ÚF
0 4× E©3G7ÚF3:; 0 8QÙGE¨6J /
;3B6#ÙL8`ÙG8`Û;&ÙG8^¡Ú1:2
/F0
/10 ^Ú58`Ù>ÚelÛ7g ¤ »}8`×ÊÚ*ÙG; / QMN×?6 /
Ú*ÙÓ!Û×ÊÚ*Ù\ÙCg~7Ê×4;3×
ÙqË>Ù>Ú1
¡Ú12÷E@67GñP× / E^3G68cE 0 3G?]Bñ
×?JØÙQ¨^2Ù.×4E3[kÛ
§
3nEb^Û /10 j 67^Ú /F0
×4E8`Ù6ÙG8
/ ~67GñÊÙG8`ßkÙvB /F0
;kÚ¼ÙGE^E 0 Gñ
Ù5lGñn3Ú53G2Ù
23£¢'¤±«×R;3Ù.Ù[ÓÛ×3BÊÙ6 /
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6wß^Ú538`×ØÙ6 /
DGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈ/
¬
/
ÙEÚ
(:3G /10 kÛß 0
Ù
Ùâ
Ù
²
Úbâ©ËÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6
²
/ E
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6Ú53 / Z
Ù 3 //10 Z
Ù EÛJ2_2× / G
/10 3 //10 [
ßk×à×?6¨ß
0
×Øß
0
¬
,+
1%à )5|¾ÃaÁ¼ÄÅwîrÝÝ
« v¼
Ù>ÚT3:;;&Û72ÛJ43
/ ?× 6
Ù E@?GñCÙAE // ñ.×R;3Ù=E 0
0 GñLE /10 =
y»r«3
Ù>Ù
¬
¬
Xñ,× /10
Ù 67kÚ /10
/ /10 c
â.ã7kÚ=;:6Ù6×ØÙC6;3Ù%3Ú*Ù¡Ù>Ú*Ù6;3ÙZ3;;3Û728Û743
Ù 8`×à×48`Ùh2y 0 / QÙ /10 3 / 3 /^/F0 M
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù(49E
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6ÚH3 /
/ ?× 6ß /F0 Z
Ù 3B68¾ßkÙ2Ù /
/10 kÚ58àÙ>Ú<3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6@ÚH3 / / `â?îî)*`â?î
"#ÈÃR%£Á'ÆqÇ!ÃÈL)[ÅN+Â-.-Å.-
Ù>ß^Ú53
"
« ±Å
Ù y0
/ ]× :6ÞÚ53 / 1
â
/ 2_Q8`ÙAE{ kÛJ68657>Ebà×?6ß.ÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6v«38àâ î ¬ ä
Ý
3E1E#Û72×?6¨ßu;:6E / G3 6 / 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6ÚH3 / N
Ù ^ÚÙA3:; 0
0
Ù.Ù>×Øß^Ù6~¡Û76;
×]6ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù94
¬
Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙ9B
/F0
ÙÞ×4;3ÙNE
0
Ù>Ù
×4;&Ù>E
0
ÙEÙ
/ ¨Ú1HØÙKE 0 Gñ6×]6
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù
â
Ù 43Ú*ßkÙAE / 676MjË>Ù>Ú1ÞÙ>×ÊßkÙ63BÊÛÙQ«Ñ435ÙØÙG8c¸!\Q8`Ù>î¹
/ ?× 6c3E1EbQ;&×43 / GÙ 8\ñ,× /F0c/10 M
×RE
/10
ÙeÚ5E
/10
Ù.×4;3Ù9E
0
/ 8&7Q63G2×4;4×4;3ÙLE 0
Ù>Ù
/
Ù>Ù
Ù Eb]Bñ0ÙGE / ØÛ72Ù / Ú*×R;
/ 2_Q8`Ù}3B68Ú*Ù¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / E /10 }
/ E / ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙ\«3:;
âo¦
¬
×4E3E1E@Q;3×43
/ GÙ 8ñ,× /10c/F0
/ ]× 2ÙU× // 3<ÙGE kÚ
Ù
Ù 3 / Ù>Ú93cÙ>Ú / ÛÚ53 / ]× :6â>= 0 K
Ù EÙA;:68n2_Q8àÙb×RE
/Z/ PÚ*ÙR3Bg / s3cE / AÙ 3:8&7OE / 3 / \
Ù Eb]GñCÙGE / 2TQ8`Ù.Ú*Ù¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / ?× 6ßN8`×à×48`ÙME× / ]× :6?57@à×ØÚ / ÛÙZG,× / E^676MjtËEÙ>Ú1`Eb?Ù_3 //F0
/F0 9
8à×à×48`Ùâª8J8`× / ?× :63B2_Q8`ÙGE\Ú¼ÙÚ*ÙAEÙ6 / ]× 6ß /10
0 3AÙ=3:E /
Ù>Ú@Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙ
/ ]× 2ÙGE«C
HEbØÛ / ?× :6Eº / .Ù[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6«38àâ?î3ä
¹
0 3AÙQÚ /F0 3 / x
¤
îkêM3
0
Ú¼ÙGEb:6EÙ=3
/
Ù>Ù
/0
¬¬
â(=
0 GÙ E#Ù¹HEb:ÊÛ / ]× :6Ebº6à×?43 /
Ù
Ù>Ú*Ù
8`ÙX6Ù /10
Ù×R;3Ù>E
0
Ù>Ù
Ù>Úwñe3AÙj6àÛ72B5$ÙEÚ5E
0
Ô
Ù>Ú¼Ù93Ú¼Ù
/ ñS
;6E / 3B6 / 3B68
Ù 5kÛ768J3Ú7u;:68`× / ]× :6
/F0 º3 //10 Z
Ù 43 / Ù>Ú53GD5kÛ76873Ú¼×ØÙGEB /F0 9
Ù 8~:2N3×?6E©3B68c3Ú*Ù /10
E@:ÊÛ / ]× :6EIñ 0 R× ; 0
×Êß
3G683Ú*ÙZ67 / E 0 Gñ6z×?6Pãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙB4`â(= 0
¬
ñ 0 4× ; 0 ;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@:68 / /F0 M
Ù ;3:E#Ù=ñ 0
¬
«E#Ù>Ù.Ù[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6«38`â ÙÇ×R;3ÙE
Ù
ÙEÚ*Ù ^
Ú*ÙZ8à×4E1;C3Ú58àÙG8c3:E
/ 2_Q8`ÙGE&â¯áLBñ0ÙÙ>Ú /F0 GÙ E#Ùd¡Û76; / ?× 6EIñ,×?]F5ÙG3BÊ×48
E@:ÊÛ / ×]:6Eñ 0 Ù 6>ñCÙM;6E×R8`Ù>ÚÙ>Ú / ÛÚH53 / ?× :6Eùñ,× /10 67:6^jtË>ÙEÚ1B:3GØÛÙAE3 /L/10 $
Ù 5kÛ76873Ú¼×ØÙGE&â
= 0
âJ=
Ù6Ú*ÙR3BgJ3
Ù E@?GñCÙAE / 2_Q8`ÙAE3Ú*Ù[E 0 Gñ6×?6I=X3<5JØÙ
/ ?× :6 / ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙAE3:EFEbQ;3×R3 / GÙ 8\ñ,× /F0º/F0 Z
Ù :ØÛJ2Ù / Ú¼×4;ÇÚ¼ÙGEb6EÙ / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ(: ; R× EÇä%8LKÏ×'7ÙG3ÚHE3B68 /F0 9
Ù 8`×`×R8`ÙIE#× / ?× :6
0 Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙ
/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ: ó R× E / ñ,×R;3ÙZ3Ej3E / 3 /
Ù ¡Û76873B2ÙC6 / 3Bx » G
< y » / ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙ(«#?î
/F0 d
=
KM4867ÙG3Ú5E3â±å /10
7ÙG3ÚHE
3Ú¼Ùd28Û; 0 ÊÙGE1E /F0 3B6
6;&Ú*ÙG3E×?6¨ß /10 \
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6PÚ53 /
â
Ù
¬ ¯¦
E 0 kÚ / Ù 6E /F0 µ
Ù ¡Û768J3B2Ù6 / 3G / ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙX3G68ÊÙG3:8JE / L3L;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@ 68`×]6ß8àÙG;3Ú*ÙA3:EÙ×?6 /10 w
Ù 2_Q8àÙ
Ú¼Ù43Gg73
/ ]× :6 / ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙâ(åCÙG;3ÛEÙ9kÛÚ98~2>3×]6|×RE / Ú*Û76;C3 / AÙ 8ñ,× /F0 67:6^jtË>ÙEÚ1 /10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E=3 /
Ù :ÊÛ72Ù / Ú*×4;4Ú*ÙR3BgJ3 / ?× :6 / ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙGEX3Ú*Ùj3B?2TE /w/ ñ,×4;&ÙL3:E 3:E / 3E /10 EÙ
/ ED5kÛ76873Ú¼×ØÙGEN /10 O
×
^Û768Ë×]6áÇ×]68~2>3Ú5E 0 F« îOÝÝr
6\^ÛÚ=;3EÙ% /10 [
Ù 8`×à×48àÙXj / Hj2>3Ú¼ßk×]6b×R;3Ù /10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFEC×4EL3<5kÛ /
â
¬ ¦
0 3BÄ /10 3 / kÚ3^¡Û7]7676Mj / Ú*Û76;3 / GÙ 8×4;&ÙLE 0
EF;3BÊÙG8P57=35 ^Û / 3e3; / ^ÚµG
57ÞD4%1oÃ&1o¼%¿'½DÄ Â«1îOÝÝr
¬
âD=
Ù>Ù
/ E@ /10 3 //10
Ù 3BÊÛÙGE×?6=X3<5JØÙ
0 2
Ù,Üo·
×R;3ÙLE
0
Ù>Ù
/ ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙGEX3Ú*Ù};^Ú*Ú*ÙAEb:68à×?6ß7
3Ú*Ùe;:2T3ÚH3<57ÊÙ / /F0 E#ÙL;3BR;3Û7R3 / AÙ 8
âRQE#×?6ßO3BØÛ¨ÙGEµ3G7ÚF:Ú¼×43
3 / 3<5kÛ / rA8$7ÙG3ÚHE3âD= 0 ù
Ù 3; /w/10 3 //10
Ù
Ù kÚq§×?JØÙS¨^:2NÙ% /10 Ù 79ÙAE / ]× 2>3 / R
Ù : ;
/
/ 3G68 /10
E#×?2×]43ÚCÙ>×ÊßkÙ63BØÛ¨ÙGE3G68ËÙ>×Øß^Ù6~¡Û76; / ]× :6EE 0 GñLE /10 3 /^/F0
Ù§×]7ØÙ;¨L:2Ù,×R;3ÙLE
Ù¾×R;3Ù=E
0
Ù>Ù
/
ÙEÙ
/<0 3Ù
Ú*ÙGE@:6E#Ù.×4ECÚ*ÙC43
/ × Ù7
0
8
Ý
0.3
a
Normalized eigenfunctions
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
Mode 2
−0.1
−0.15
Mode 1
−0.2
−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
Distance from divide (km)
20
30
0.3
b
Normalized eigenfunctions
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
Mode 2
−0.1
Mode 1
−0.15
−0.2
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
20
30
40
Distance from divide (km)
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*ÙB8àâ.4^h*§?GñCÙAE
/ ×4;3Ù[E 0 Ù>Ù / 67kÚF2>3BX2_Q8`ÙAEù¡Ú12DEbØÛ / ×?6 / Ù[ÓÛ3 / ×?:6«8`â]î3ä ¬ ^Ú«3 ¬
/10 Ù§×]7ØÙF¨^:2Ùv«f§^¨ ¬ ×4;&Ù>E 0 ÙEÙ / ßkÙ2Ù / Ú7u3B68Ò«S5 ¬ /10 ÙÞÜ@×R3B?%jf·O7Ù«¡Üo· ¬ ×R;3Ù>E 0 Ù>Ù /
ßkÙ2Ù / Ú7cE 0 Gñ6×?P
6 ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù â};;3Û728Û743 / ×]:6ËÚH3 / Ù%Xy» ?î_23%¢'¤U×4;3Ù.ÙÓ!Û×3BØÙC6 / ×4E
3:EFEÛ72ÙA8\;6E / 3B6 / ×?I
6 5 /F0 ;3:E#ÙGE3â$= 0 ÙJ:ÊÛ72Ù / Ú*×R;ÇÚ*ÙGE@:6E#ÙZ2_Q8`ÙZ3G68c8`×`×R8`Ù= pE× / ×?6
Ú*ÙGE@:6E#Ù\2_Q`
8 ÙAEI3 Ú¼Ù>4<3 5ÙÊ ÙGn
8 ¹5\Q`
8 Ùurî º3G6n
8 ¹5\Q8`Ù ºzÚ*ÙAEbÙG; / ×Ù7⯧ØÛ / ×?:6EIñ,× /10
¬
Ë>Ù>ÚFËÙ>×ÊßkÙ
6 3BØ Û¨Ù« 67Ë
×]6 / Ú*×?6E ×4;Z
8 7~63G
2 ×4;CE ©ñ 0 ×R; 0 Ù>Ú1N
2 × / Ùg / ÙEÚ163G{ ^ Ú53; ×]
6 ß\GO
5k
Û768J3 Ú7
ÙØ Ù:3 / ×]:T
6 X3 Ú¼Ù_à
8 Ù67 / ÙGI
8 5&7`873:E 0 ÙG8u3; ÛÚÙA3E âB= 0 Ù9E ×]
2 ×?R3 Ú¼× / 7'5Ù / C
ñ Ù>ÙC6 /10 Ù / ñ
×R3; Ù9E 0 ÙEÙ / E
E 0 GñLE /F0 3 /S/10 ÙÚ*ÙGE@:6#E Ù2_Q`
8 ÙGEw3 Ú*Ù@Ú¼Ù43 / ×ÙC 7U×?6#E Ù6#E × / ×Ù / ZEb2N3B?U
:3 Ú*×R3 / ×]:64
E ×?6TE ÛÚ@3:3; Ù
3B6G
8 5ÙG8 / :k
ß^Ú53B 0 7â
Ý
×]6EÙC6E× / ×Ù
/ >Eb2>3G?V3Ú*×R3 / ?× :6EÇ×?6 /F0
Ù\Ë>Ù>ÚF
/10 ^Ú58`ÙEÚ@×4;3Ù[E 0
ÙEÙ
Ù Ú¼ÙGEÙ6;3ÙIG
/ E 0 3BÙ9kÚ /F0 Z
2TQ8`Ù>Ú53 / #
Ù 5ÙG8 / ^ßkÚH3B 0 7â
= 0 A
Ù EÙ>E 0 kÚ /I/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙGE,×?68`×4;3 /
Ù
/10 3 /
×]7ØÙy¨^2Ù.Ú*ÙGE@:687E\ÓÛ×R;Q7
§
/ 15kÛ768J3Ú7
^Ú5;3×]6ßâR¦6~ kÚF2>3 / ?× 6n35 ^Û / ; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE9×]6×4;&Ù_E / Ú*ÙA3B2¿3:; / × à× / 7\^Ú¾×?6 /10 T
Ù Eb3 / R× 3B3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
G93;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6
ß^Ù:2NÙ
/ HÚ 7
¨Ú*×?^Ú / O3¡Ùñ
GQ§×?7ÊÙ¨^2ÙâX= 0
E 0 kÚ / Ù>Ú$×]68`×R;3 / ?× 6ß /10 3 //10
3:E / Ù ÙC6 / EÛ; 0 3:E /F0
Ù
/F0 kÛEF3B68W7ÙG3ÚHE_3ß
×4E_67f]:6ß^Ù>ÚK;:6 / 3×?6ÙG8
×]6
/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙK3:EFEbQ;3×R3 / GÙ 8ßñ,× /10
Ù
Ù§×]7ØÙ#¨^2ÙM8`×à×48`Ù=2_
/ HÚ 3B6E#× / ?× :6\¡ÚF:2
Ùçq3E
/10
×REd2Û;
Ù
0
/ ]× :6Ë×REù6J / 3.Ú*ÙGE@:6E#Ù / >3_8à×4E / 3B6 /
43:;&×43Bvc3Bgà×?28Û72
/ L
6JkÚ3UÚ*ÙGE@:6E#Ù / Z3G6>3<5Ú¼Û7 / Ù Ù6 / ×?6 F/ 0 L
Ù 3:E / ¡Ùñ
×RE2_kÚ¼ÙØ×Ù793E1E@Q;3×43
8`×`×R8`Ù\pE× / ?× 6
/F0
/ /10
ÙQá^:]Q;3Ù6Ù%
Ù 8à×à×48`ÙL2_ / ?× 6
/F0 kÛEF3B68'7ÙG3Ú5E&âR= 0
/ GÙ 8>ñ,× /10 3G6\:6^jßk×?6¨ßYqEÛE / 3×]6ÙG8_ kÚ5;&×?6ߨâ
=X3<5JØÙ8àâ h@,ÙGEb:6EÙ / ×]2Ù=;6E / 3B6 / E@×?617ÙG3ÚHEe ^Ú=Eb]GñCÙGE / 2_Q8àÙGE«Z:ÊÛ72Ù / Ú*×4;Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙ
: ; I
K î<Ú
3G68f8`×à×48`ÙT pE× / ×?6 Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙ1: ó KMî<Ú ¬ ^Ú.Üo·3G68§^¨ ×4;3ÙTE 0 ÙEÙ /
¤
ê
¨Ú1HØÙGE_ñ,× /F0 3Ú*×]kÛEÞßkÚ¼×48mEb3;3×?6ßpE>3B68
3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ×]:6f3 /1/ ÙEÚ16EKy»r«§ ¬ ×?6o2 3%¢'¤Þ×4;&Ù
ÙÓ!Û×
3BØÙC6 / â@ã7kÚ /F0 ÙZ43E / ;:ØÛJ2_6T /10 Ù9Eb3 / ×43Gw3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ×?6>3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6|×REáß^×Ù6I57?y&
0 [i«§ ¬
ñ 0 Ù>Ú*ÙGi
[ «§ ¬ î! ¥ .<3Ú5; / 3B6i«§Z<Eä%I~
2 ¬ 3G68\y 0 y»r«3 ¬ â}E / ÙEÚ*×4E]7EM8`Ù67 / ÙK3ËÚ53G6ßkÙ
G / ×?2NÙXj@;:6E / 3B6 / E};kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@ 68`×]6ß / Üo· ¨Ú1HØÙGE;C3B4;&Û743 / ÙG8ÞÛE×]6ß Ù î!8 î£
¢!ê =^
î.8 î%
¢àê]I
_ E¢'¤§S<3£¢ I 3B68zÚ*ÙlÙG; / ×?6ßT3Ú53B6¨ßkÙZBù3
Ù>Ú53ßkÙ.×4;&Ù / ÙC2_Ù>Ú5² 3 / ÛÚ¼ÙGEùGqj]8 / ]j »`
«bÃ¥¼ÁfÃÈ*)rÂ%¿a©
îrÝÝä ¬ â
²3¡ü#
¦Ç#¡¡
:;
Â)))
º1)))
g))
º1)))
: ó
Â)))
º1)))
g))
º1)))
ì
b c )fºF)
½Niº
½Ni3Â
½Ni3Â
j&»mj*á»&Â&½mn
ik)
iNgmi
iN3j Â
iNikMÃokNkjmn
몸
ì
b c )<fºHg
gºHi
gºHi
gºHi
klml*ÃZjNg)mn
ÂNiNl
ÂE
k ½
ÂNgk
ÂNim*
g ÃZ
i ºHimn
ì
¬Ì\·
b c )<fºF)
½N
) j
½N
) j
½N
) j
i&Âk
i&ÂNj
i&ÂNj
ì
b c )fºg
k>½º
k>½º
k>½º
ºHj
º¼½
º¼½
¬Ì\·.° ìbTcIì
d e ÊÄ íkÅ
<
)
f
º
F
)
ìh
d c
ìR
d c )fºHg
½ml&Â
g&Â&Â
½mlNi
g&Â&Â
½mlNi
i3Â&½
i3ÂNl
i3ÂNl
g&Â&Â
ºHl
º¼»
º¼»
r
Ý
100
Ice thickness perturbation (m)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
20
30
Ice Stream C Distance from divide (km) Ice Stream D
40
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùp8`â ä'hqD:ØÛ
/ ×?6oB /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1EZÙ>Ú / ÛÚ53 / ×]:6mx ¤ «§©¦*5 ¬ kÚT3B6×]6E / B3 6 / 3B6¨ÙkÛEcîj
2Ù / Ù>Ú,×?6;&Ú*ÙG3EÙ.×?6zÙCØÙ3 / ×?6\B /F0 ÙZ2>3Ú¼ßk×]6cB;§×?JØÙ\¨L:2ÙM6ÙG3Ú´¦b;&Ù]§ / Ú¼ÙGB3 2°¨J½J? /F/ ÙG8
ÙÙ>ÚH7 7ÙG3ÚH3
E â
rc^mU$ >W>sÞGZ{YGÔ¨ÕAÖø=Í7ð!ÔqWMutIkÕQWkÕUv q
Ô WM$
Ð#
= 0
/10
Ù>Ú¼Ù×REÇÙà×48`Ù6;3Ù
ÙE×ØÚL3:;
/F0 3 /M/10
Ù.×R;3Ù9E
`
Ù ?Gñ0Ù>Ú3Ú / GS¦@;3Ù*§ / Ú*ÙG3G2
/ × à× / 7âR= 0 I
î4x7ÙG3ÚHEº3ß:ø3B68
Âÿ^Á¸ÄÃR1yîrÝÝ4
s×REùÊ×Ù793
â
¬
×RE>;3ÛÚ*Ú¼Ù6
Ø×?6¨ÙG3Ú¡ÙG3 /
kÚF2Ù>ÚC×R;3ÙME / Ú*ÙG3G2
¨
wîOÝÝ
â
|Ù8ÙgQ$ÙA;
¬ Ô
ÃÁ#¼ÄÅ
;3EÙGEh«Fî
¬
/ 7
ÙGE1E#Ù6
/ 4× 3G?7_E / :J$ÙA8\E / Ú*ÙG3G2ãlGñP3<5kÛ /
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6Ú53 /
/10 R× ;ÙC6×?6ß3 />/10 s
ÛÚ¼ÙZ:6
2N3Ú*ß^×?6 /10 3 / ;3ÙG3:E#ÙG8FlBñ
ÙUÙÊÙ3
Ùâ
¼%¿W½
I
Bñ;&ÙG3:E#ÙGERQ5$ÙEßk×?6Em /10
7ÙG3ÚHE^3ß:«Hz'¼+Â l
Ù×R;3Ù_E
ÃÄ
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2>E2>37
Ù 5kÛ768J3Ú*×ÊÙGEBS§×?7ÊÙo¨^2Ùâ5ÔPÙ=;6E×R8`Ù>Ú
/ ?× :6N3 //10 #
3B6r×?6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ù.×?6PÙØÙ:3 / ]× :6u3 /M/10
/ ]× :6K3 / 3Z;:6E / 3G6 / 5Ú 3 /
3<5kÛ / î
l
Ù8×4;&Ù9E
0
Ù>Ù
/ 2>3Ú¼ßk×]6nE#ÛMä>;&×ØÙ6 / 7N3E /=/10 3 /
;3B6I5Ù.Ú¼ÙÚ*ÙAEÙ6 / GÙ 8K3:E3G6z×?6E / 3G6 / 3B6Ù^ÛE=; 0 3B6ß^Ù%½3G68«
ÙØÙ:3
ÙÏ«bhÃaÁ('Ä>¼b
Ù 6JkÚ /F0 q
l 3G6YG§×]7ØÙQ¨L:2Ù96ÙG3Ú*¦@;3Ù]§ / Ú*ÙA3B2
/F0 d
/=/10 3 / :6;3Ù>E / Ú*ÙG3G2
/10 R× ;ÙC6ZQ /F0 ?× 6T3B68K; 0 3B6ß^Ù /10
/ Ú*ÙG3G2>Ew5kÛ768`×?6ßv§×?JØÙ\¨L:2Ù 0 3Ù.Ú¼ÙG;3Ù6 / 7\; 0 3G6ßkÙG8
£¬
×
3_E / GÙ 3:8&7×?6;&Ú*ÙG3EÙ¾×]6\2>3Ú*ß^×?6
/
Ý×
Ù,Ù&2ZÙA;
= 0
ÙÓ!Û3
/ BqÙ>Ú / ÛÚH5×?6ß /10
/ ]× :6R«38`â]î
Ù,ÙÊÙ3
/ ?× :6ZG /10
Ù,×R;3ÙE
3 /</10 |
Ù 5 ^Û76873Ú7
¤
§©¦
«
¤
x à « §
¬
I kÚ=3G?X§ËÙgJ;3Ù /
¬
ÙÇ×]6× / 4× 3B
Ù 5kÛ76873Ú¼×ØÙGE~{gàÙG8I3 /w/10 G
Ù E#Ù,×?6× / R× 3B%3BÊÛÙGE¨ ^Ú¢507Màâu§×?6;&Ù
0 :R8 /F0 |
âqÔ|Ù
¬
èê578Ù[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6v«38àâ £¬ /10
/ 5kÛ768J3Ú78×4E© kÛ768J57ZE@:`×]6ß
Ù>Ù
3:Ew3G6×?6× / R× 3BY3BÊÛÙÚF57ÊÙ2zâªã7kÚ /10 |
Ù {ÚHE / ;C3:EÙ}ñ0ÙLEbÙG;3×!Z793:E /10
%¬
;:68`× / ]× :6c39Eb¨×ÙU×?6ÙØÙ3 / ?× 6K3 /L/10 (
Ù 5 ^Û76873Ú7«x
ë
0
ÙU×?6¨× / R× 3B;:68à× / ]× :6Þ×4E
ê à è
¢'¤
ë à ¦
8`â r
¬
8`â ¬
«
3G68 /F0 M
Ù EbØÛ / ?× :6Þ×RE
ë
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼ÙäKE
ÙCØÙ3
/ ?× 6ºG /10
Fî2
¬
«
/F0
âW=
0 GñLE /10
Ù\¦@;3Ù*§
Ù×R;3Ù9E
¤
0
ÙEÙ
èê
èËÙg~Z« ä
è
¬
¢'¤
Ú*ÙAEb:6E#Ùd k
ÚM3G6×?6E
/
ë à «
/ ?× 6Eùñ,× /10
Ùz×R;3ÙKE
>Ù>Ú18Ù>×ÊßkÙ63BØÛ¨Ù«ãG×ØߨâO4
Ë
0
¬
ÙEÙ
G /10
/ / 3Bª×4;&Ù /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1E
Ù
Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙu;^Ú*Ú¼ÙGEb:687E
/
â9=
×
/ 3G6 / 3B6Ù^ÛEI3Ú5× / HÚ 3Ú7z×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ù.×?6
/ Ú*ÙG3G2°¨Êj@E#×48`Ù(5kÛ768J3Ú715&7N3<5kÛ / î
Ù E 0 3GÙG /10 `
Ù E / G
Ù 3:8&7øE / 3 /
0 `
Ù¾ÙE×ØßkÙC6~¡Û76;
5
/ n6Ù\G
0 4× E×4E,Ùg~ÙG; / GÙ 8>E×]6;3Ù /10 GÙ E#Ù¾Ù>×ÊßkÙ6^j
¡ÛJ6; / ]× :6EM3Ú¼Ù /F0 _
Ù :6J7c:6¨ÙGEñ 0 R× ; 0 ñ,×?]<67 / Ù gQ:6Ù6 / R× 3B]7u8`ÙG;C3A7KÙ>Ú / ?× 2NÙ(«3B]w /10
CM
Ú
¬
â
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼ÙGEJ83c3B6885
E 0 Gñ
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù8ÙØÙ3 / ?× 6f3B68
/F0 >
ÚH3B6ß^ÙG×?6× / ×R3BQ;68`× / ×?6E3â=
Ù&2ZÙA;
Ù>Ú
8à×à×48`Ù9E× / ]× :6
Ù>Ú*Ù4×REµ3L8`×à×48àÙ\Ú*ÙGE@:6E#ÙL8`Ù437GXîK
0
/ G5kÛ768J3Ú7=Ù>Ú / ÛÚH53 / ?× :66×4EÚ13ßp3 / ]× 6ß@Û7 /F0
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ«@z;ÄÄÃR1¼%¿W½Î»FW¾ÄÄ>¼%¿)%XîOÝ×ä ¬ âw= 0 Z
Ù ; 0 3ÚH3:; /
/F0 M
Ù4×4;3ÙwE
Ù>Ú*×RE
0
Ù>Ù
Ú*ÙGE@:6E#ÙN ^
ÚZ3
#7ÙG3ÚHE½ñ 0 Ù6 F/ 0
Ù
/ 3G68 0 3:E©67 / 7Ù / 3A2ÙG; / GÙ 8
/ R× ; / ]× 2Ù / 8Ú*ÙG3; 0 E / GÙ 3:87£jtE / 3 /
Ù
^ÚUÙG3:; 0 ;C3:EÙ8×4E=E#×?2×]43Ú / /10 B
Ù :ÊÛ72Ù / Ú*×R;3G68n8`×`×R8`ÙZE#× / ]× :6Ú¼Ù43Gg73 / ]× :6 / ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙGE
E 0 Gñ6×?6
=µ357ØÙ
677 /F0
ÙÚ*ÙGE@ 6EÙ
0
â@=
Ù]Ë>Ù>ÚF
Ù y0 /10 kÚ58àÙ>ÚªÚ*Ù¡Ù>Ú¼Ù6;3Ù93;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6zÚH3 / / ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙGEX3B68 /F0 ÛE 1/ 0
Ù
å
â
6;&Ú*ÙG3E×?6¨ß /10
¬ s¦
/F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1EL;3ÛEÙGE=3
Ù8ÙÊÙ3
4
j
0 Bñ
x»93G68
/ ]× :6KB /F0
ÙQ¦@;3Ù§
¬
3>2ZÙA; / E
Ù {63B8`×à×48àÙ
/ 5Ú 3B6E×ØÙC6 / 8`×`×R8`Ù,Ú*ÙGE@:6E#ÙâR= 0 |
pE× / ?× 6o3B68
ÙØÙ3 / ?× 6O3Ú*Ù`8`Ù / Ù>Ú12×]6ÙG8I5&7 /10 K
Ù 2_Q8`ÙKE 0 3GÙGEdñ 0 R× ; 0
GBys
0 3B68O8`ÙÙ68n:6J7n6
y»O«3
y»B:3Ú7nñ,× /10
3Ú¼ÙË×]68`ÙÙ68àÙ6 /
§æ«Ùâ ßâw;:2_3Ú*ÙN;3ÛÚÙAE¾3B68
/ Ú*ÙA3B2ѨÊjtE×R8`Ù5kÛ768J3Ú757nî
×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ù¾×?6u8à×à×48`Ù6×4;3Ù
G /10 9
Ù E1;3GØÙ
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ
/F0 4× ;~6¨ÙGE1EL3B68c2×ÊßkÚ53 / ]× :6\G /F0 9
ÝÝ
40
a
Divide elevation change (m)
35
D
30
25
B
20
A
C
E
15
10
5
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Divide position change (m toward Ice Stream D)
Time since boundary perturbation (years)
1600
b
1400
D
1200
B
1000
A
C
E
800
600
400
200
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Time since boundary perturbation (years)
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*ÙB8àâ.8^h*«3
qD:ÊÛ / ]× :6\GL8`×`×R8`ÙUÙØÙ:3 / ×]:6º ^ÚM3B6z×?6E / 3G6 / 3B6ÙCkÛEZî_2 ×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ù¾×?6
5 kÛ76873ÚHd
7 6ÙA3Ú*ÙAE / ¦@;3Ù§ / Ú*ÙA3B2ߨ6â&= 0 Ù=; 0 3Ú53; / ÙEÚ*×4E / ×R;«1îVKuî< ¬
/
/F0
0 Ù>Ù / Ú*ÙR3BgJ3 / ×?:6 / ×]2Ù^ kÚ}3B]<;C3:EÙAEá×RE^3 5 ^Û / 8
j³×67ÙG3Ú5E&â«Z5 ¬ qØÛ / ×?6ºGe8`×à×48`Ù} pE× / ×?6
ñ,× /F0 3@Ú*ÙR3BgJ3 / ×]:6 / ×]2ÙB¨3<
5 kÛ / / 48J
7 ÙG3Ú5E&âu« ¬ §£¨ ß^Ù:2Ù / Ú7}y»r«§ ¬ ?î2
`
3£¢'¤Eæ«å ¬ §^¨ ßkÙC:2Ù / Ú7%q
y»O«§ ¬ ? î_
8 2 3£¢'¤Eæ« ¬ §^¨ ßkÙ2Ù / Ú7%qy»r«§ ¬ &?îM«Fî ¥
3ÚH; / 3G65«§Z<>ä%B~
2 ¬b¬ 2 3£¢'¤±«t¨ ¬ §^¨ ß^Ù:2NÙ / ÚH7%
y»[«§ ¬ ? î^
8 «1î ¥ 3ÚH; / 3G6i«§Z<>ä}~
2 ¬b¬ 2
¬
¬
3£¢'¤Eæ!«3q Üo· ßkÙ2Ù / Ú7% y»r«§ &] î
2 3%¢'¤&âD= 0 Ù>Ú*Ù,×RE<3@Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙ}8`ÙR3
7 Gwî
j P
7 ÙG3Ú5E
Û76 / ×? /10 Ù$
5 kÛJ6873ÚH\
7 Ù>Ú / ÛÚH
5 3 / ×?:6`3A2ÙG; / E /F0 ÙM8`×à
×48àÙâ
ÙØÙ:3
×]:69B
¬
Ù×4;3ÙLE
î
/ Gñ3ÚH8¯¦@;3ÙQ§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2
ÙØÙ3
E 0 Ä× /
57c35kÛ / î
G /F0
¨
Ù
Ù ÚF57ÊÙ2
/ / 3BSE@3B6â]§×]6;3Ù /10 Z
/ ?× 6K; 0 3G6ßkÙZñSkÛ7R8ºÚ¼ÙG8`×R; / 3äHj
âåCÙG;C3ÛE#Ù
@;3Ù#§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2
¦
`
/F0
ÙÇ×R;3ÙLE
0
Ù>Ù
×RE^Ø×]6ÙG3Ú©3
; 0 3B6ß^Ù¾×?6×4;3Ù /10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE3B68c3
!
8`×à×48àÙ
/ R× E{R3Ú¼ßkÙ79E,7Q2_2Ù / Ú*×];G3IE#×?2×]43Úe½Mü+OÈÃb¼)[Ã×?68ÙØÙ:3 / ]× :6ZB /F0
Ù
5 ^Û76873Ú7>ñ^Û748>3G4Eb9ÚFQ8`Û;3Ù /10 M
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù=E 0 Ä× / E 0 Bñ6×?6ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù$8<5â
0.8
A
Divide migration rate (m a -1 )
0.7
B
0.6
C
0.5
0.4
0.3
Range of
inferred migration rate
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
Margin elevation rate (m a-1 )
0.08
/ ÙA3:8&7%j@E / 3 / ÙS8`×à×48àÙ<2×Øß^Ú53 / ×?6@Ú53 / ÙGE ^Ú~3Ú*×?^ÛEÚ53 / ÙGE½BU5kÛ76873ÚH7¾ÙÊÙ3 / ×]:6â
= 0 Ù,Ú53 / Ù^G§×]7ØÙ¥¨^:2NÙL8`×à×48`ÙS2×Øß^Ú53 / ×?6.×?6~¡ÙEÚ*Ú*ÙA8j¡Ú12 /10 Ù3 /1/ Ù>Ú169B×?6 / Ù>ÚF63BQ437Ù>Ú¼×?6ß
«&!8K'K9&!8^23 ¢W¤ ¬ ×4ET5kÛ768àÙG8L57=E@:Ø×R8
0 kÚ¼×Ë6 / 3BQØ×]6ÙGE3âq« ¬ §^¨;ßkÙC:2Ù / Ú7%Gy » «§ ¬ `
y
0 æS«tå ¬ §^¨ ßkÙ2Ù / ÚH7%qy » «§ ¬ y'
0 «1î ¥ 3Ú5; / 3B6c«§<Eä%'Q2 ¬¬ æq« ¬ Ü´·sßkÙC:2Ù / Ú7%qy » «§ ¬ y
0 â= 0 Ù>8`×à
×48àÙ_2×Øß^Ú53 / ×?6Ú53 / ÙK8`ÙÙ687EI:677n:6 0 Gñy » 3G68 x » 3ÚH7nñ,× /F0 §aw3G68w×RE
×]68`ÙÙ68`Ù6 / B /10 ÙUÚ*Ù¡Ù>Ú*Ù6;3Ù3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ×]:6ÚH3 / Ù'y 0 y » «3 ¬ â
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ùh8`â!Mh§
= 0 R× E=3B63G7JE×4EGL3B6P×?6E / 3G6 / 3B6ÙCkÛEM; 0 3G6ßkÙ.×]65^Û76873Ú7PÙØÙ3 / ?× 6
8à×à×48`ÙÚ*ÙGE@ 6EÙ; 0 3Ú53; /
Ù>Ú¼×4E
0 Ù ]E8`Ù / Ù>Ú12N×?6Ù
/ 4× ;CEm25Û / 2N3A7f67 / 5$Ùu 0 77E#×4;3G?7wÚ¼ÙG3:E@:6357ØÙâߦ6
Ù 5^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAEjG;§×?7ÊÙ#¨^:2ÙMÚ153<5J7K; 0 3B6ß^Ù /10
/F0 J
\^Ú*ÙÙ>Ú ñ0Ùu3Ú¼Ù\3Ú / R× ;3Û7R3Ú17
×?6
/
Ù>Ú¼ÙGE
/ GÙ 8×?6
ñ 0 3 /
Ù>×ÊÚÇÙCØÙ3
Ú¼ÙG3BÊ×
/ 7%
/ ?× 6\Ù>Ú?6ß / ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙAE3â
ßkÚH3:8`Û3G#5kÛ76873ÚH7m;
0 3G6ßkÙAE_;kÛJ48
îQî
Ú1Q8àÛ;3Ù /10 c
Ù ;6E / 3B6 / Ú53 / \
Ù G[8`×à×48`Ù>2×ÊßkÚH3 / ]× :6
×?6Q¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8 ^
Ú§×]7ØÙR¨^2Ùân§×]6;3Ù
8`×à×48àÙ@Ú*ÙGE@:6E#Ù98`Ù437 / ]× 2ÙÇ×REîOj '7ÙG3ÚHEmà× / 4× EÊ×Ù7 /10 3 /^/F0
J*ÛE
/ 67Gñ5Ù>ß^×?676¨×?6ß / ÇÙCg~Ù>Ú¼×ØÙ6;&Ù /F0
`
8~Gñ6cB¥¦@;3Ù§ / Ú*ÙA3B2
@;3Ù*§ / Ú*ÙG3G2
¦
Ù E 0
/ E©B3B67 /F0 4× ;Ù6×]6ß3E1E@Q;3×43 / GÙ 8Zñ,× /F0I/10 /10 R× ;ÙC6×?6ß93E1E@Q;3×43 / GÙ 8\ñ,× /10 3_E 0
/ 6{68
0
/F0
ÙÙÊÙ3
Ù G /10
/ ?× :6PÚ53 / 1
Ù@×?6Q¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8§×]7ØÙU¨^:2NÙ=8`×à×48àÙ2×Øß^Ú53
5&7NEÛ7Ù>ÚF pE×]6ß>EbØÛ / ?× 6Eáß^×Ù65&7«8`â ë
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù(9E
/ 8~Gñ6cB /F0
Û
/
Û
Ù.Ú*ÙÊ×4;
/
¤
èËÙgQc« ä
5
è
¬
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2
tE×48àÙ'5kÛ768J3Ú7
¨Êj
Ù EbØÛ / ?× :6Þ×RE kÛ768
/ ?× 6ÚH3 / ÙâR= 0 M
ñ 0 R× ; 0 ñ0Ù=ñ,Ú*× /
¬
×
Ù(¦@;3ÙR§
ÙU×?6>2>3
/ Ú*×]gI kÚ12
H N5 38`â «
ÙÞÚ*×Øß
Ý
¬
¬
Ý
kÚ|3Ú¼×?kÛE
kÚ'3Ú¼×?^ÛE×?6¨× / R× 3BL;68`× / ?× 6E3âu^6ÙÊÙ3 / ]× :6pÚ53 / \
Ù G.8 /
3%¢'¤]«¡×4;3ÙNÙ[Ó!Û¨×3BÊÙ6 /
/ PÙØÙ:3 / ]× 6ß /F0
3:E
¢'¤
Ù 2×Øß^Ú53 / ?× 6Ú53 / M
Ù 8`ÙG8`Û;3ÙG8'5&7NEb:`×]6ß.Ù[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6«38àâ 0 GñLE /10 M
/ ]× :6
ÚH3 / GÙ E'o3B68
&!ä%c2
Ù\§×?JØÙ#¨^:2NÙ=8`×à×48àÙ@×4E
2>3Ú¼ßk×?6TñkÛJ48_2_Ù /10 M
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù×?6 /10 M
Ù 8`×ÊÚ*ÙG; / ?× 6dG /10
Ù 5E#Ù>ÚÙA8N2T / ]× :6â
ñ 0 4× ; 0 ÚFQ8`Û;3ÙAE /F0
ÙØÙ:3
Ù
¨
Ù>Ú¼Ù k
Ú¼Ù%<ñCÙ9ñ,×4E
= 0
âSµpE1E×57ØÙ
ÙCÙ&2ZÙA;
/10
¬
Ú1Q8`Û;3ÙGE /10
Ù×]6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG82N×ØßkÚH3
0~/ 5^Û76873Ú7mî / v× 2
×]6
Ù 3:E /
/10 º
Ù 3B68f;^Ú*Ú*ÙAEb:68JE
/ ?× :6rÚ53 / K
I7ÙG3ÚHE3â= 0 R× E¾Ú*ÙGE#Û7 / 4× E
67 / 7
Û 6×BÓÛÙ% 0 GñCÙÙ>ÚEâæåkÛJ6873ÚH7O; 0 3G6ßkÙAEdÚ1Q8àÛ;3×?6¨ßf3E#×?2×]43Ú(ÈÃaÄ>¼Át¾4i[Ã98`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6;3ÙÞ×?6
ÙØÙ:3
/ ]× :6_G /F0
Ù
/ ñSZE#×48`ÙGEñSkÛ7R8_3BREb92>3 / ; 09/10
Ù@×?6~¡ÙEÚ*Ú*ÙA8_8`×à×48àÙ^2_
Ù 5kÛJ6873ÚH7u3:8>J53;3Ù6 // (¦@;3Ù#§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2
/ 4× EEFE×57ØÙ /F0 3 /L/10 $
×
Eb2Ù / ]× 2Ù×?6 /F0 I
Ù 3:E / ¡Ùñ
`
`
/ ]× :6âã^Ú,ÙgJ3B2_7ÊÙ%
0 3E8`ÙG;&Ú*ÙG3EÙG8×?6ÙØÙ:3 / ]× :6
/10 kÛEF3B68I7ÙG3ÚHEm3E3Ú*ÙAEÛ7 / Be3 3:E / ; 0 3G6ßkÙ6×?6²¦b;&Ùµ§ / Ú*ÙA3B2
GñUâ
l
rc^mU$ >W>zZÓÍÔ½WL$urËÔ½WCGtIkÕQWkÕUv q
Ô WM$
Ð
Ç×à×48àÙI2×ÊßkÚ53
¨
×4;3Ù9E
0
Ù>Ù
ñCÙ=ñ,Ú*× /
/
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6º3 /1/ Ù>Ú16âJ= 0
/ ]× :6c;C3B6s3B4E@'5Ù_;C3ÛE#ÙG8@5&7`3_; 0 3B6ß^Ù.×?6 /F0 9
Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙ
ÙU×?6>2>3
/ KE#Û; 0 3_Ù>Ú / ÛÚ53 / ]× :6P×4Eù ^Û768I5&7uE@:à×?6¨ßÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× :6Ï«38àâ?î
/ Ú¼×?gI kÚF23:EN
£¬
Ù
ñ 0 4× ; 0
á
¡¢ ë
¤
ë
¤
¥9
¤
38`â!4
«
¬
î
6
Ice thickness perturbation (m)
4
2
0
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
20
30
40
Ice Stream C Distance from divide (km) Ice Stream D
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙG8àâÄr%hGqDØÛ
/ ×?:6sB#§^¨ /10 ×R; Q6ÙGEFEÙ>Ú / ÛÚ53 / ×]:6Ox ¤ «§©¦*5 ¬ ^ Ú93B6 ×?6E / 3G6 / 3B6ÙCkÛE
; 0 3G6ßkÙU×?6 F/ 0 ÙM3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ×?:693 1/ / ÙEÚ16cy «§ ¬ î%¢C§º7] /1/ ÙG8ÙÙ>ÚH7 7ÙG3ÚHE3â
¤
/
Ù>Ú0ÛE×]6ßÙÓ!Û3
/ ]× :6E«8`â £¬ 3B68v«38àâ î
/F0 4× E25ÙG;:2ÙGE
¬
è ä ê
èMê ¥
¦
¤
8`â.4Qî
¬
«
3G68bÚ¼ÙG8`Û;&ÙGE /
ä ê
ê ×?6;3Ùjê
§
¥
è
¢'¤
¤
8`â.4
«
ê à Ù gQ ä 2
5 578Ù[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6«38`â]îO× ¬ 7
ñCÙME@:ÙL kÚ}ê à
Çßp3×]6TBñ0ÙS;:6E#×48`ÙEÚ
;3:E#ÙGEXhq«Fî
¬
/10
Ù0Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙSB
;&Û72ÛJ43 / ×?6.Ú53 / ^
Ù Ù>Ú / ÛÚH53 / ?× 6T7y <y 0 M
§T3G68«
¤
×]6
Ù Eb3 / R× 3BX3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6ß^Ú53:8à×ØÙ6 / Jy
/10 M
@
×RE3_Ú*ÙAE1;3Ú¼×5ÙG8c;6E
/ 3B6 /
â*ÔPÙJ{g
¤
<y 0
¡¢ « ¡ £ y
y0
£¬
/F0
ÙC×R;3ÙwE
/F0
W §Á5NQñ 0
¬
¤
0
ßk×ÙC6
Ù>Ù
¤
£¬
/X/ }3B66×?6E / 3B6 / 3G6Ù^ÛEµ3;j
ÙÚ*ÙGE@ 6EÙ
/ I3M;:6E / 3G6 / ?× 6;&Ú*ÙG3EÙ
Ù>Ú*Ù
¡¢
Ù 5 ^Û76873Ú7PÙØÙ:3 / ]× :6E3 //10
/10 8`â.44
«
Ù>×ØÚ¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6
¬
/ :3GØÛÙAEù kÚ
5 /10 ;3EÙGE&âR= 0 Ù E@:ØÛ / ?× 69êß kÚÙG3:; 0 ;3EÙ,×RE ^Û768¾ÛE#×?6ß=E / 3G6873ÚH8d3G63B7 / 4× ;3G / G
Ù ; 0 6×BÓÛÙGE
î4
kÚLE@:à×?6¨ßP{ÚHE / jkÚH8`Ù>Ú^Ú58`×]63ÚH7>8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6 / 4× 3GÙ[Ó!Û3 / ]× :6E&âRQ^:6ÞÛE#×?6ß(«8`â £¬ /F0
Ù@×4;&ÙE
0
Ù>Ù
/
Ú*ÙGE@:6E#Ù¾×4Eh
ë
ë
/L/10
¶
@ÿo
¶
è#«ÙgQs« ä
5
¬
K @¬ ä
¢W¤
è
¢'¤
è#«ÙgQs« ä
5
¬
K @¬ ä
¢
!ê
è
¢'¤
¤
S
¤
kÚ};3:E#ÙGE=î=3B68
Ú*Ù¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6
S
@ÿo
¤
ê]
Ú*ÙGE@$ÙA; / × Ù7âV= 0
/ HÚ 3B6E#×ØÙ6 / 4× ;3Ù[E 0
Ù
Ù>Ù
/
ÙUÙgQ:6ÙC6
Ú¼ÙGEb:6EÙâ§
] y7
0 ¦
yJ
0 Kfè ä
¢'¤
è
Ùy«5
38`â!4ä
¬
38`â!48
¬
3B68v«38`â!48
¬
y4
0 5¦
¢'¤
/ 4× 3B / Ù>Ú12NE¢×?6ÞÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6E«38àâ.4ä
/ E / GÙ 3:8&7`E / 3 /
«
«
¬
æ¬ /10 A
Ù EÙ¾ÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6E
^
5ÙG;:2NÙ
ë
ë
= 0
Ù;ÓÛ3B6
/ × / 7
-\¼%È*)MFT½îrÝÝrG3
K
« ´¾B¿'½
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùr}E
¶
@ÿo
¶
S
@ÿo
¤
¤
S
K}è äµ¢W¤ è
¢'¤
y7
0 ¦
K}è ä
¢'¤
yJ
0 Kfè ä
¤
ê]
è
!ê
¢
¢'¤
è
¢'¤
y4
0 5N
0 BñLE /F0
38`â!4
¬
38`â!4r
¬
«
K}è äLY è Y 4× E /F0 #
Ù Ú*Ù>Ù6¹ E¨¡Û76; / ]× :6I kÚ{3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6=Ù>Ú /
¬
«
ÛÚH53
/ ?× :6E
â
ÙÇ×R;3ÙE
0
Ù>Ù
/
Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙ
/ M3G6×]6E / 3B6 / 3B6¨ÙkÛEw; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ,×?693;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6T
y «§ ¬ <y 0 W §T~ñ 0 Ù>Ú¼Ù ?
î _2 Y â,ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù\×9E 0 GñLE /F0 ÙM8`×à×48àÙpE× / ×?6ËÚ*ÙAEb:6E#ÙI kÚ
3 Ú*×]kÛEC×]6× / ×43G;:68`× / ×?:
6 E{ kÚ /F0 Ù}E13B2NÙù¡ÚH3:; / ×?:63B©3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ×]:6ZÙ>Ú / ÛÚH53 / ×?:6 â= 0 Ù>Ú*Ù
×4E<67[8`×à×48`Ù,Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙ=8àÙ437
ñ,× /F0
Ú¼Ù43Gg73
/ ?× 2Ù0×?6 /10 R× Ew;3:E#Ù%Q3B68_8à×à×48`Ù,ÙØÛ / ?× 65$ÙEßk×?6E¢×?2T2ÙG8à×43 / Ù 7
/ ?× 6 / ?× 2Ùj@EF;3BÊÙGEµ;:6E#×4E / Ù 6 / ñ,× /109/10 pEÙ@×]6'=X3<5JØÙ9`âRQ^67Ê×ÙS2>3Ú¼ßk×?6ZÙ>Ú / ÛÚH53j
/ ]× :6EN3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6ZÙ>Ú / ÛÚH53 / ?× 6EáÙCg7;3× /
E / Ú1:6¨ß:7Z6 /10 Ùe; 0 3Ú53; /
ÙEÚ*×4E
E/ 3 / [
Ù 8`×à×48àÙpE× / ?× 6Ë×4E /10
/ R× ;E¨G /10
Ù×?6ß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3B3B?×4;3Ù}E
ÙeË>ÙEÚ1
/F0 ^Ú58`Ù>Ú×4;3ÙeE 0
Ù>Ú*Ù ^
Ú*Ù=2_^Ú*ÙMEÙ6E× / × Ù
/ /F0
Ø×Ù /10 N
Ù ;3:E#ÙN ^Úd2N3Ú*ß^×?6ÙCØÙ3 / ?× 6nÙ>Ú / ÛÚ53 / ]× :6EN3 /10
|Ù93Ú*Ù.×?6
Ô
/10
ÙUÚH3
/
ÙEÚ*ÙGE
/ GÙ 8Þ×?6\ñ 0 3 /
ßkÚH3:8`Û3GS;
Ù>Ù
/ 2TQ8`ÙGE ñ 0 4× ; 0 8`ÙÙ68
/ ;:6{ßkÛÚH3 / ?× :6âR= 0 ÙLE / GÙ 3:8&7%j
Ù¾×]6× / 4× 3GZ×4;&ÙIE
Ù Eb3 / R× 3B3 /1/ ÙEÚ16_GX3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6TGÚ1Q8`Û;3×?6ß[3$
/10 }
EÙ6E× / × Ù / @yI
0 kÚ}3.ßk×ÙC6 5Û //F0 M
Ù E / A
Ù 3:8&7KE / 3 /
Ù>Ù
0
0
Ù>Ù
/
ß^Ù:2NÙ
/ HÚ 7>3B68
3Ú¼×43 / ?× 6×]6ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù×àâá^Gñ0ÙÙ>Ú
Ù
/ 5Ú 3B6E×ØÙC6 / 8`×`×R8`ÙÚ¼ÙGEb:6EÙÞ×4E
Ù9Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙ6×4EC×?68`ÙÙ68`ÙC6
0 â
/ GOy
0 3G6ßkÙAEÇ×?6u3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6>3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6cñ^Û748c;3ÛEÙ
Ù B{8`×à×48`Ù}2_ / ?× :6N×?6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8I kÚ§×?7ÊÙo¨^:2NÙâ§ÙG;&×{q;3G?7%ñCÙ=;6E×R8`Ù>Úe3¾ßkÚ538`Û3G
/ }
Divide position change (m toward Ice Stream D)
îä
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù8àâ×Mh qDØÛ
700
600
C
B
500
A
400
300
200
100
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Time since accumulation perturbation (years)
3000
/ ×?:6PG>8`×`×R8`ÙnE#× / ×?:6P kÚu3G6s×]6E / 3B6 / 3G6ÙkÛE3;;3Û728Û743 / ×]:6m$ÙEÚDj
0 î _½§âß« ¬ §^¨
ßkÙ2Ù / Ú7%Sy»[«§ ¬ y
0 æ\«tå ¬ §£¨
ßkÙ2Ù / ÚH7%
/ ÛÚ53 / ×]:6my «§ ¬ yL
`
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
y»O«§ y
0 «Fî ¥ 3Ú5; / 3Bc
6 «
§ <Eä%Q2
æ«
Ü´·ÝßkÙ2Ù / Ú7%vy»[«§
0 âΧp:Ø×R8f3B68f873E 0 ÙG8
y
;&ÛÚÙGE};kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@ 68 / ¡
y 0 ?î \23 Y 3B68xy 0 &]î8>23 Y Ú¼ÙGEbÙG; / ×Ù7â.,Ù43Gg73 / ×]:6
48w7ÙG3 Ú53E âã7k
ÚvÇ
3 ßk×Ù6UßkÙ2Ù / ÚH7=3B68IEb3 / ×R3B3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ×]:6
/ ×?2Ùj@EF;3BÊÙGE½3Ú*Ù35kÛ / / 9
3 /1/ Ù>Ú16E /10 ÙME / ÙG3:87>E / 3 / Ù[`
8 ×à×4à
8 ÙE × / ×]:Ë
6 ×RC
E ×?6à
8 Ù
Ù6`
8 Ù6 / GOy
0 â
î8
×?6;&Ú*ÙG3EÙ¾×]6
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6ßkÚH3:8`×ÊÙ6 / Ù>Ú / ?× 2NÙÚ1Q8àÛ;3×?6¨ßº]GñCÙ>ÚL3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6ÞÚ53 / G
Ù E
/F0 9
`
/ Gñ3Ú58Ϧb;&Ù§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2
3B68
0
0
×Øß
Ù>Ú.ÚH3
/ AÙ E / Bñe3ÚH8¦@;3Ù§ / Ú*ÙG3G2
Ù>Ú 0 3GEJ5Ù>Ø×?6UÙG8 / c3G6wÙ:ØÛ / ?× 6GÔPU¦a§Kñ 0 R× ; 0
3dÚF:2×]6Ù6 // kßkÚH3B 0 4× ;I¡ÙG3 /
¾âu§Û;
¨
3u; 0 3G6ßkÙK;^Û748
0
ÛÚ*Ù[3B68cE@×?6MlÁÛÙ6;3ÙU×
;C3ÛE#ÙGEµ§×]7ØÙy¨^2Ù / Ù2Ù>Ú¼ßkÙ93E
Ù ~^Ú3ß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3Bv; 0 3B6ß^Ù¾×?6
/ EL;Ø×]2>3 / %
;3×ØÚH;3Û7R3 / ]× :6K3A2ÙG; / ?× 6¨ß§×?JØÙ#¨^:2NÙI;Ø×?2N3 / }
Ù <ÙEÚ / ?× 2NÙâÔPÙ¾ÛEÙ¾ÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6«8`â!48 ¬
{68 /10
Ù
8`×à×48àÙ,Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙ kÚR3Ú¼×?^ÛEF3BÊÛÙGE<B 3B68 kÚR3Ú¼×?kÛE ×]6× / 4× 3G;:68`× / ?× :6EmQ3B689E 0 Bñ
Ù
Ú*ÙA8`×4; / GÙ 8uE / AÙ 3:8&7%j@E / 3 / _
Ù 2×ÊßkÚH3 / ]× :6PÚ53 /
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6.ßkÚ538`×ØÙC6 /
/10
«
y0
Ù8×?6Q¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8c8`×à×48àÙI2×ÊßkÚ53
Ù×]6ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù]ÝàâbÜS3GØÛÙGE k
Ú
Ú53B6¨ßk×?6¨ßI¡Ú1:2¢&]î
¬
/ ]× :6zÚ53 /
î
é
/ Tî.8
/ 1`â!8_23 U
ÙR«3àâ.8
¬
â
/10
Ù8Ú53
/10
Ù G}; 0 3G6ßkÙ8×?6
/ _
î =
é 3
ê ñkÛJ48dÚFQ8`Û;3Ù
/ îQ2
¡ÚF:2
Ù 8à×à×48`Ù%
/F0 _
/10 AÙ EÙ3BÊÛÙGE;^Ú*Ú¼ÙGEb:68 / >3 / / 3B\×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙkQG8`ÙA;3Ú*ÙG3EÙ6×?6u3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6>B§â.~î / zâ!~î8
23 Y
×4;&ÙÇÙ[ÓÛ×:3GØÙ6
«
/
¬
×]6cî7ÙG3ÚHE3â\};;3Û728Û743
/ ]× :69; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE¢×]6 /10 4× E¢ÚH3B6ß^ÙM3Ú*Ù}2>375$Ù
Ú*ÙG3Eb63<57ÊÙâ
Ì6$ G Í*$ª
ÐZ£
ÛÚUÚ*ÙGE#Û7
Þ
3 /
×
/ EEÛß^ßkÙGE /=/10 3 / 8à×à×48`ÙZE#× / ?× :6s3 /
×]7ØÙ±¨^:2NÙ¾×4EoÓÛ× / Z
Ù E#Ù6E× / × Ù
§
/ K; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGE
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù2_ / ]× :6
/ E 43 / Ù>ÚH3BT5kÛJ6873Ú¼×ØÙGEL3B68 / 9; 0 3G6ßkÙGEC×]6K3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :693 /1/ ÙEÚ16âR= 0 M
×?6~¡ÙEÚ*Ú*ÙA8¡Ú1:2
/ ]× :6K3 /
×
Ù E 0 3BÙGE<G×?6 / ÙEÚ163G~R3A7ÙEÚ5EX;kÛ7R8J5ÙL;3ÛE#ÙG85&76Ù>× /F0
/10 L
Ù>Úv3;
0 3B6ß^ÙÇ×]6.ÙØÙ3Oj
/ ER5kÛ768J3Ú*×ÊÙGEBXØÙAE1E /F0 3B6uîZ2Ù / ÙEÚ5EmkÚ|57_3=2_Q8`ÙGE / :6^jßk×?6¨ß_; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ@×]6 /10
Ù
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6ßkÚH3:8`×ÊÙ6 / Ù>Ú /F0 =
Ù 3:E / E#ÙÙ>ÚH3B /F0 kÛE13B68@7ÙG3ÚHE3âe§×?6;&Ù /10 =
Ù Ù>Ú / ÛÚH53 / ?× :6E
Ú*Ù[ÓÛ×ÊÚ*ÙG8
Ù 8`×`×R8`ÙT3Ú*ÙTEb2N3B?X3B68nE#×?6;&Ù /F0
/ K2_Ù /10 _
Ù§×?7ÊÙ]¨^2ÙT8`×à×48`Ù
0 3:E2T<ÙA8
:677cE@Ø×Øß 0~/ 7×]6 /10 M
Ù 3:E / EÙÙ>Ú53G /F0 kÛEF3B68I7ÙG3Ú5Em× / 4× E,Û767Ø×Ù7 /10 3 / @
¦ ;3Ù\§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2>E
¨
0 3Ù=; 0 3G6ßkÙG8 /10
ÙE×ØÚCÚ¼Ù43
/10 ^ÛE13G68M7ÙG3ÚHE«: ;
×?7ÊÙv¨^:2Ùuñ^Û748Ú*ÙAEb:68
§
(Kx48_3
ä%86K
kÚH;3×?6ß>ñSkÛ7R8Ù>Ú5E#×4E / ]× 6 /10
kÚ
/ × Ù /10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE8`ÚH3B2>3 / R× ;3B]7.×?6 /F0 3 // ?× 2Ùâ
= 0 f
Ù 8`×`×R8`ÙcE× / ]× :6P3 /
Û 68`Ú*ÙA867ÙG3Ú5E*«: ó 0 J
`
¬
½ñ,× /10
n3
×
Ù8ßkÙ2Ù
¬
â =
/ o35Ú*ÛJ / ^Ú5;3×]6ß
×?63s¡ÙCñ
;:2_7ÊÙ / j
Ù 3:8>J*ÛE / 2ÙC6 / G /F0 Z
Ù E#ÛÚb3;3Ù.×?6`3[¡ÙCñ
0
Ù>Ú*Ù k
Ú*Ù}:677
×?6~ ^
Ú12>3
/ ?× 6o35 ^Û / EÛE / 3×?6ÙG8
/ Ú 7\G§×]7ØÙQ¨L:2ÙI ^ÚI2_^Ú*Ù /10 3B6s3N¡Ùñ
/10 ^ÛE13G68
î
0.8
_
Divide migration rate (m a 1 )
1
C
C
B
A
B
A
0.6
0.4
Range of
inferred migration rate
0.2
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
_
_
Rate of change in accumulation gradient (a 2 x 10 9 )
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù8àâÝ^h§ / ÙA3:8&7`E / 3 / Ù[8`×à×48`Ù=2×ÊßkÚH3 / ×]:6Ú53 / ÙGE kÚ#3Ú¼×?^ÛEÇÚ53 / ÙGEB0×]6;3Ú*ÙA3:EÙ6×?6`3:;;3Û^j
28Û7R3 / ×]:6ß^Ú538`×ØÙ6 / âR= 0 Ù9ÚH3 / ÙGe§×]7ØÙo¨L:2Ù=8à×à×48`Ù2N×ØßkÚH3 / ×?:6v«&.8#KMK#.8Z23 Y ¬ ×RE
5^
Û768`ÙG8I57\E@:Ê×48 0 ^Ú*×ËC:6 / 3BvØ×?6¨ÙGE3â#« ¬ §£¨ ßkÙ2Ù / ÚH7%y»O«§ ¬ y
0 æ«tå ¬ §^¨ ßkÙ2ÙXj
`
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¥
Ú
%
7
J
y
»
[
«
§
y
!
0
1
«
î
3
H
Ú
;
G
3
c
6
«
Z
§
E
<
%
ä
P
Q
2
c
æ
«
o
Ü
·
^
ß
Ù
:
2
Ù
Ú
}
7
7
y
O
»
«
§
y
0
âe§:Ê×48>3B68\873E 0 ÙG8
/
/
/
; ÛÚÙGE=;^
&
Ú*Ú¼ÙGEb:68 /
y 0 &]î \2¿3 Y 3G68My 0 &?î8\23 Y Ú*ÙAEbÙG; / ×Ù7âB= 0 ÙÚ53G6ßkÙ
5^
Û76`
8 ÙG
8 5&7 /10 Ù8×?6~¡ ÙEÚ*Ú*ÙA¯
8 §×?7Ê ÙQ¨^:N
2 Ù9`
8 ×à×4`
8 ÙM
2 ×Øß^Ú53 / ×?z
6 Ú53 / ÙT;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@ 687E / K3\; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ
×]6K3:;3
; ÛJ
2 Û7R3 / ×?:8
6 Ú53 / ÙM3 / î Q2 ¡ Ú12 /10 ÙM`
8 ×`×R`
8 ÙGR
.Q#
î K?.Qî 8d23 Y ×?6uî 7ÙG3 Ú5&E â
7ÙA3Ú5E&â= 0
ÙÞÚ*ÙG;3ÙC6
/ ?× 6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8c2×ÊßkÚ53 / ]× :6nG /F0
Ù§×?7ÊÙ(¨^2Ù_8à×à×48`Ù×REÊ×Ù7u3ËÚ*ÙGE@ 6EÙ
Ù 5kÛ768à×?6ß×4;3Ù9E / Ú*ÙA3B2>EkÚ /F0 d
Ù ]Q;3BS;Ê×?2>3 /
/ >:6Mjß:^×?6ßu; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGEU×?6 /10 B
Ú¼ÙGEb6EÙ
Ù 8`×4E / 3G6 / 3E /
/ 93B6ÙÙ6 / ×]6 F/ 0 M
CÙG;C3ÛE#Ù^G
å
*7M4_3¤$¥
«
¬
Ù6Ú53
/F0
Ù>Ú
/10 3B6f3
â
Ù 8àÙ437ÙG8¾Ú¼ÙGEb:6EÙ / Z$ÙEÚ / Û¨Ú53 / ?× 6E¢×]6_2>3Ú*ßk×]6.ÙØÙ:3 / ]× :6_GSîhKI
/10 =
îr
7ÙG3ÚHEm /10
Ù]§×?7ÊÙQ¨^:2NÙ98`×à×48`Ù
3 / GÙ 8\ñ,× /F0\/10 I
Ù E 0
Û
/ 8~Gñ6\Ge¦@;3Ù\§ / Ú*ÙG3G2
3:EFEbQ;3×R3 / AÙ 8ºñ,× /F0>/10 =
Ù E 0
ñ,× /F0n/10
S
7 Ù / 5$ÙEÙ6u3A2ÙG; / G
Ù 8I5&7ÙØÙ3 / ?× 6u; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE=3:E1E@Q;3×j
0 3:E=67 / Û
/ 8~Gñ6ºG /F0
Ù8×?6Q¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8c8`×à×48àÙZ2_
Ù@Ú¼ÙØ×R;
âsá^Gñ0ÙÙ>ÚJ3
pE1E×57ØÙ¦JK×d2
/ b¦ ;&Ù*§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2
¨
2>3Ú¼ßk×]6_ñ^Û748'5ÙM;:6E#×4E / Ù 6 /
Ù4×?2>3ßkÙGE×?68à×4;3
/
Ù
/10 3 /w/10
Ù0Ú*ÙÊ×4;
Ù Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / ÊÙÙ½GS¦@;3Ù\§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2°¨ã«]§+¼- l
/ 8d235 Ù /10 M
×4ELEÛß^ßkÙGE
/10 R× ;ÙC6×?6ß
/ ?× :6â§Û; 0 3B6ÙÊÙ3 / ?× :6u; 0 3G6ßkÙ 0 3:E6J / 5Ù>ÙC62ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*ÙG8Zâ
0 / Q;Ø×]67:2Ù / Ú*×R;w3B63G7JE×4EXBE13 / Ù ]Ø× /
×4EL3<5kÛ
`
/ R× ;3ÙE / Ú*ÙA3B2EÛÚ@3:;3Ù
)QÃÁe¼ÄÅXîOÝÝ×
Â
¬
©ñ 0 ×4; 0
Û 6¨×BÓÛÙâ§2>3G?©; 0 3G6ßkÙGE,×?6 /10
/ × ÙIB0Ú¼ÙG;3Ù6 //10 R× ;ÙC6×?6ߨâ2= 0 4× ELE1;3Ù63Ú*×]×RE^67 / 7
Ù
Ú*ÙA;3×?× / 3 / ?× 6>3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6\Ù>Ú / ]× 2Ù}3Ú*Ù6Ù[ÓÛ3B]79Ø×ÙC7â^63B77E#×4EG /10 =
Ù 3 /1/ Ù>Ú16KB4×]6 / Ù>Ú163G
437Ù>Ú¼×?6ß=3 /
2_ / ?× 6â
×]7ØÙU¨^2Ù2>37
§
0 CÙ ?T;43Ú*×ÄZ7Mñ 0 4× ; 0 E1;3Ù63Ú*×] 0 3:ES;3ÛE#ÙG8 /F0
ÙÇ×]6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8Z8`×`×R8`Ù
V8W4XY [^]à_¨
d|xgn
eTyx{J©c@ry
{.d
y
ps~
c,gvP{.d
l{.yzignpe
t}n~
v.yziridËe
yzi
d
kM#R¡¡#>¡ Rª4k&¡#\MZ¡4«G¦#¼M@À\#&E¯>*M³ª36º*»&»&½CÆkM· ##¡²,
#MáM®& ± ¤ÆZ¤£ª*¯>¦3§Äȳª3#¡¯ÇM¿É8M¡²&¡3^Å#°>£4¤>É|¤&Î>M#3 ^#ZÄʬ>*¤«ªG*¿ ± 3#²3¼ÅM§µ¤ÌC¤
É8M²3¡3Uijª3#¡¯M¿É8M²&&^Ť
Ñ
ÒhZÓ
ÓpÔÕ>Ö
= 0 I
Ù E@3 / 4× 3GX8`×4E / Ú*×5Û / ?× :6TBS3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6T3:;3ÚFE1E§×?7ÊÙo¨^:2NÙ@×4E8`Ù / Ù>ÚF2×?6ÙA8¡Ú1:2
7JE×REB /10 M
Ù E 0 3BÙGEB×?6 / Ù>ÚF63Bq437Ù>ÚHE 8àÙ / G
Ù ; / G
Ù 857ÚH3:8`×]HjÙG; 0 9EbkÛJ68`×?6¨ß«wqu§
2NÙ6 / E3âÞÝÚH3B6ß^Ù>Bj3:E1E#Û72ÙG8u3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 63 /1/ Ù>Ú16E9×4EUÛEÙA8
×]6f3B6
×R;3ÙµlBñ
¬
3B63Gj
2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*ÙXj
2TQ8`Ù /
;C3B4;&Û743 / Ù93B6P×?6 / ÙEÚ163G<437Ù>ÚL3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6â]¦6Ù>Ú5E#Ù / ÙG; 0 6×BÓÛÙGEL3Ú¼ÙÛE#ÙG8 / K8`Ù / Ù>Ú12×]6Ù=ñ 0 ×4; 0
3E1E#Û72ÙG8_3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :693 /F/ Ù>ÚF6_ÚFQ8`Û;3ÙGE3Z;C3B4;&Û743 / GÙ 8×]6 / Ù>Ú163B437Ù>ÚS3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6 /10 3 / 5ÙGE /
2N3 / ; 0 ÙGE F/ 0 ÙLE 0 3BÙ^G×]6 / Ù>Ú163G~R37Ù>Ú5E½¡Ú12
R37Ù>ÚLE 0 3GÙGE=3 /
×?7ÊÙ\¨^2ÙM;3B6I5ÙZ2>3
§
Oq¥§=2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù2NÙ6
/ E3â^?QB /10
Ùhwqu§6×?6
/ Ù>ÚF63B
/ ; 0 GÙ 8ÛE×?6¨ß>3_Eb3 / R× 3B]7K3:E]7~2_2NÙ / Ú¼×4;L3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3j
Ù 8`×à×48`Ù} /F0 #
Ù 5ÙGE / Zj { /1/ ?× 6ß
/ ?× 6_3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6>ñ 0 4× ; 0d0 3:E25Ù>Ù6KE / GÙ 3:87dÙ>Ú / ]× 2Ùâª,Ù43 / × Ù / /10 j
3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6K3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6nÚ*ÙA8`×4; / EÇÛ7 / 1
ä}
ØÙAE1E=3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6c:6 /10 T
Ù Eb^Û /10 l 3B6Ys3B68
2_^Ú*Ù=3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :69:6 /F0 =
Ù 67kÚ /10 q
l 3B6Yâh=
Ù 873 / 3d3G4EbT3B]?Gñ
0 M
Ù EFE×5¨×?Ø× / 7d kÚL3
/10 =
E@2>3B] / ?× 2Ùj33Ú¼×43 / ?× 6\G /10 Z
Ù 3 /F/ Ù>ÚF667^Ú /F0 G /10 9
Ù 8`×à×48`ÙâJ= 0 9
Ù 2×REb2>3 / ; 0 5Ù / ñCÙ>Ù6 /F0
Ù
;C3B4;&Û743 / GÙ 8K3B68 /10 Z
Ù 5EÙEÚÙG8\R3A7ÙEÚE 0 3BÙGE@×4E}EbØ×Êß 0Q/ 7bÚ¼ÙG8`Û;&ÙG8\ñ 0 Ù 6 /F0 _
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6
ß^Ú538`×ØÙ6
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù¾×RE 0
/ 67^Ú /F0 G /F0 9
E#× / × à× / 7 / GÙ E / E9E 0 Gñ
;C3ÛE#Ù /F0
×Øß
0
Ù>Ú@×]6
Ù 3:E /
/10 Z
¼78>3G¬
«
¬
/F0 3B6uÚ¼ÙGEÙ6 /
Ù ¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / A
Ù 8n; 0 3B6ß^Ùb×]6O3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6rßkÚ538`×ØÙC6 /
/F0 3 /9/10 º
Ù¾×]6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8_8à×à×48`Ù2N×ØßkÚH3
/ ?× :6>ñSkÛ7R85Ù[8`Ù / AÙ ; / 357ØÙ@×]6 /F0
ÙU×?6
â\§Ù6^j
Ú¼Ù[Ó!Û¨×ØÚ*ÙA8
/
/ Ù>ÚF63Bq437Ù>Ú3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
îÝ
×ħ×
Ù 3 /1/ ÙEÚ16fB /10 >
Ù 2×REb2>3 / ; 0 E 0 GñLE
/ $ÙEÚ5E×RE / GÙ 8 kÚZ2_^Ú*Ù /10 3G6M@3`âr^63B77E#×4E=B /10 >
67Ùà×48àÙ6;3Ù /10 3 / E#Û; 0 3_; 0 3B6ß^Ù 0 3E^Q;;3Û¨Ú*Ú*ÙA8©3B68 /10 M
Ù pE1E#×57ÊÙ93:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6N; 0 3G6ßkÙ
3B]?GñCÙG8'57 /10 I
Ù 8J3 / 38×4EC×?6 /F0 I
Ù 7E× / [
Ù EÙ6E#Ùâh= 0
Ù>Ú*Ù k
Ú*Ù}×
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù
/ 4× ECÛJ67Ø×Ù7 /F0 3 /L/10 M
2_ / ?× 6 0 3EF5Ù>Ù6T;3ÛEÙG8B5&793 / Ù 2_^Ú53B; 0 3G6ßkÙ§×?6 /10 }
Ù Eb3 / R× 3B½3 /1/ Ù>Ú16TBX3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6T
3B68uEÛ¨ßkßkÙAE / E /F0 Z
Ù 3G / ÙEÚ163 / × ÙMBw kÚH;3×?6¨ß ¡ÚF:2
Ù 5kÛ76873Ú¼×ØÙGE^ñ,× /10 @
¦ ;3ÙQ§ / Ú¼ÙG3B2>E
/F0 `
3B68
¾â
¨
?U
= 0
VXWMÕ`XYCWM
Ù8Ù:ÊÛ
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6ÞÚH3 /
/ ]× :6\G,×R;3ÙZ8~2ÙGE,×?6u;48\:R3ÚUÚ*ÙEßk×?6E@×4E8àÚ*×ÙC6@57 /10 9
0 4× E / ^Ú7%× / EEb3 / R× 3Bw3 /1/ ÙEÚ16T©3G68u;:68à× / ]× :6E=3 //10
Ù8×4;&ÙZE
0
Ù>Ù
/ 5kÛJ6873Ú¼×ØÙGE&âB= 0
Ù
0 4× E / ^Ú7
Ù
B /10 }
Ù Eb3 / R× 3Bq3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6ºGv3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6.×4E3G6×?68`×4;3 / ^ÚBX3:E / ;Ø×?2N3 / e
Ù ;:68`× / ?× :6E«ÙâÍßâ
+vÂ%È*)[ÃJîOÝÝr
¬
3G68_3Ú*ÙA8`×4; / kÚwB×4;3ÙLE 0
Ù>Ù
/ Ù ØÛ / ?× 6(«Ùâ ßâàKo¾B¿'½-\¼%È*)MFTJîOÝÝ:3
¬
â,^6J6`Û3G
437Ù>Ú /10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE¨2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù2NÙ6 / E¡ÚF:2}×R;3Ù;kÚ*ÙAE 0 3Ù25Ù>Ù6.ÛEÙG8 / =8`Ù / Ù>Ú12×]6Ù /10 L
Ù 3;;3Û728ÛMj
43 / ?× 6ËÚH3 /
Ù
0 4× E / ^Ú7d ^Ú3Z3Ú / R× ;3Û743Úk×?6 / :6c3G6Ë×R;3ÙME 0
îOÝ×`æz;ÄÄ)Ã&1ÃÁ#¼ÄÅîOÝÝ4`æÂ;ÂÄ 'r¼%¿ÒÃÁ\¼ÄÅSîOÝÝ8`æ
îOÝÝr
â
Ù>Ù
/ b« Ã¥¼ÁDÃÈL)rÂ%¿¼%¿'½»R¼%½%½%¾B¿ÀÁÂ%¿a
D4%£ÁVÄÃÈÃÁ±¼ÄÅîOÝÝ8`æ6D4%1oÃ&1¯¼%¿W½
DÄ>Âw
^GñCÙÙ>Úª×4;3Ù>;kÚ*Ù>2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / E8~u67 /
¬ æá
ß^×Ù×]6~ k
ÚF2>3
Ù Eb3 / R× 3B
/ ?× :6O35 ^Û /9/10 K
8`×4E / Ú¼×5Û / ?× 6ºGS3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6d^ÚÇ× / E; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGEñ,× /10>/ ]× 2Ùâ
= 0 Ù E 0 3BÙGEµG×?6 / ÙEÚ163G437Ù>Ú5Eq8`Ù / G
Ù ; / A
Ù 8 ]× 6U×4;3ÙwE 0
Ù>Ù
/ E¨ñ,× /10 5Ú 3:8à×?HjÙG; 0 LEb^Û768`×]6ß\«wqu§
¬
;3B6`;:2T7ØÙ2NÙ6 / 4× ;3Ù=;kÚ*Ù=2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / E3âi¦6 / Ù>Ú163G©437Ù>ÚHE3Ú¼×4E#Ù¡Ú12®3Ú¼×43 / ?× 6Eá×]6ÞÙØÙG;j
/ Ú¼×4;3G ¨Ú1:Ù>Ú / ×ÊÙGE¢×]6 /10
Ù×4;&Ù*«]+vÂ[Â%ÈÃÃaÁu¼Ä)Å îrÝÝ
ñ,× /F0n/10 9
Ù kÚ¼×Øß^×?63G8àÙE× / G
Ù 8sEb67GñUâ]ÔPÙ /F0
×4E@Q;
0 FÚ :6ÙAE)= ^Ú12Ù>Úª×4;&ÙE 0
Ù>Ù
¬
â¯=
0 GÙ EÙO3Ú¼×43 / ?× 6E3Ú¼ÙØ×Ù7M3:EFEbQ;3×R3 / GÙ 8
Ù>Ú*Ù k
Ú*ÙT3:EFEÛ72NÙ
/10 3 /I/10
Ù×]6
/ Ù>Ú163Gw437Ù>Ú5E}3Ú*Ù
/ E#ÛÚb3;3ÙGE /F0 3 /w0 3Ù25Ù>ÙC65Û¨Ú*×ØÙA8Z3B68Z8`Ù kÚ12NÙG8P57¾×R;3ÙlGñUâ
6~ kÚF2>3 / ?× :6N3<5kÛ /L/10 =
Ù Eb3 / R× 3BX8`×RE / Ú¼×5Û / ?× 6_B{3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6_;C3B6G5Ù5 / 3×?6ÙA8T¡ÚF:2
¦
0 kÚ¼×Ë6 / 3B#3Ú*×43 / ]× :6x×?6
/F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1EB5$Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6
wqu§jt8`Ù
/10
Ù
/ GÙ ; / AÙ 8w×?6 / ÙEÚ163G^R3A7ÙEÚ5E3⩧×?6;3Ù /10
Ù
E 0 3GÙGE^BÛ76Mjt873 / GÙ 8Þ×?6 / Ù>ÚF63Bq437Ù>Ú5ES8~Z67 / ;6 / 3×]6b×]6~ kÚF2>3 / ?× 6>3<5kÛ /^/F0 M
Ù 3<5E@:ØÛ / Z
Ù 3;j
;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6ÚH3 / }
Ù /F0 M
Ù 3ßkÙj@8`ÙC /10
Ú*ÙR3
/ ]× :6E 0 ?× >¡Ú12;×4;3ÙM;^Ú*Ù=2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 / E\×RE6ÙG;3ÙGEFE13Ú7
îî
8àÙ / Ù>ÚF2×?6¨Ù /10 M
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6ÚH3 / I
Ù 3G68× / E2:3Ú*×R3 / ]× :6>ñ,× /F0>/ ?× 2NÙâ#»
Oqu§Z2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6
¡ÚF:2
L6
3G6
-
1î 4
ÃÃÈÁ \¼%¿« rÝÝ
¬
ÛE#ÙG8
/ E¨Gª×?6 / Ù>ÚF63BR3A7ÙEÚwE 0 3GÙGE3B68T3B676àÛ3Bq437Ù>Ú /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1E<2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / E
×R;3Ùu;kÚ¼Ù
/ ø8`Ù / ÙEÚ12×]6Ù /10
/ 3Ú5; / 4× ;C3`âI+vÂ%È*)[Ã(«1îOÝÝr
ÙPÚ*ÙG;&Ù6
/ 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6
3 /1/ Ù>Ú16m:6¨O7Ù>ÚÞS<43 / GÙ 3ÛT
ÛE#ÙG8Oqu§n3G68×4;3ÙT;^Ú*Ù_2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6
¬
/ E / c8`Ù / Ù>Ú12N×?6ÙZ3E /
; 0 3G6ßkÙGEC×]6 /10 =
Ù 3 /1/ ÙEÚ16\Gw3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6>3 / =µ37Q?^Ú;¨^:2Ù}^6 / 3Ú5; / 4× ;3àâ
= 0 }
Ù Eb3 / R× 3Bq8`×RE / Ú¼×5Û / ?× 6dGX3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :693B68d3G6&7Z3E / ; 0 3G6ßkÙAE ]× 6 /F0 4× Ew8`×RE / Ú*×5¨Û / ]× :6
Ù>Úo§×]7ØÙ#¨^2ÙZ3Ú*Ù¾Ú¼ÙØÙ:3G6 /L/ N×?6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*×]6ß /F0
Ù 3B68z×4;&ÙI87~63G2×4;CEC×?6
0 4× E / kÚH7ºGe;Ø×]2>3 / =
Ù
Ù E 0 3GÙGEG,Oqu§jt8`Ù / A
Ù ; / G
Ù 8Þ×?6 / Ù>ÚF63BX437Ù>ÚHEù6¨ÙG3Ú /F0
/F0 4× EÚ*Ù>ß^×?:6â$= 0 9
E#Ûßkß^ÙGE /M/10 3 /=/10
Ù.×R;3Ù98`×à×48àÙ
Ù]§×]7ØÙ±¨^:2Ù[8`×à×48àÙ
Ù 3E / E#ÙÙ>ÚH3B /10 ^ÛE13G68
0 3:E#5Ù>Ù6sEb]Bñ7\2×ÊßkÚH3 / ]× 6ßd ^Ú /F0 Z
7ÙA3Ú5Eo«>DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃÈåæZB*ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ÃÁ;¼ÄÅ©îOÝÝ×5
¬
0 R× Eù2T / ]× :6K;^Û748G5$Ù[;3ÛEÙG8@57>3ß^Ú53:8àÛ3B
â$=
; 0 3G6ßkÙ.×]6 /10 9
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6\3 /1/ Ù>Ú16E¨^Ú#57cEb2N3B?v; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE=3 /=/10 Ù 5 ^Û76873Ú*×ÊÙGEB§×?7ÊÙ
L:2Ùv«>DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃÈHkæÇB*ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ÒÃÁQ¼Ä)Å^îrÝÝ×3
¨
6
â
¬ ߦ
Ù E 0 3GÙGE_B6×?6 / Ù>ÚF63B
/10 4× E9; 0 3G / ÙEÚ /10 `
R37Ù>Ú5EL8`Ù / GÙ ; / AÙ 8bÛE#×?6ßOq¥§ / GÙ ; 0 6×BÓÛÙGEL3Ú¼Ù_3G63B7MËEÙG8 / >8àÙ / Ù>ÚF2×?6¨Ù /F0 9
Ù Eb3 / R× 3Bw3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
GL3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6K3B68u3B67c8àÙ / GÙ ; / 3<5JØÙZ; 0 3G6ßkÙGE@×]6 /10 Z
Ù 3 /1/ Ù>Ú16cÙ>Ú / ?× 2Ùâ§×]6;3ÙZ3G676àÛ3B
R37Ù>Ú /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1E#ÙGEL3Ú*ÙZ6J / 7 Ù / 33×]43<5JØÙ¡ÚF:23_8àÙ>Ùz×4;&Ù9;kÚ¼Ù% /10 4× E3G63B77E#×4E@×4EÇÚ¼ÙØÙ:3G6 /
677 / /F0 Z
Ù E@3 / 4× 3BX3 /1/ ÙEÚ16\GS3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6â0ãE / G
Ù 38&7%j@E / 3 / Z
Ù 3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6\G3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6
Ù>Ú /10 Z
Ù 3E / î
=
7ÙG3Ú5E@×4E kÛ768
Ù R3A7ÙEÚ=E 0 3GÙGE3â8
/ >ÚF`×R8`Ù93>E13 / 4× E3:; / kÚ7@{ // /10 Z
E@Ø×Êß 0Q/ ?× 2_¨Ú1Ù28Ù6 /q/ /10 2
Ù { / R× Ev ^Û768.×Ä /10 L
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6¾ß^Ú538`×ØÙ6 / 67kÚ /10 B /10 }
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ
ñe3:E 0
×Øß
R
Ð!Ô¨ÕQ!Óø!XWM
= 0
0
Ù>Ú|5Ù ^
Ú*ÙM3<5kÛ
Ù¾ßkÙC:2Ù
/ 8 / Kî3¬«
â
Ù EÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù%Y5ÙG8`Ú1Q;«½3G68Ë×?6 / Ù>ÚF63B©R37Ù>Ú5EwB;§×?JØÙ#¨^:2NÙñ0Ù>Ú*ÙM8`Ù /
/ Ú 79B /10 Z
2N×?6ÙG8^¡ÚF:2°L?53BSµpE× / ?× 6×?6¨ß*§%7JE / CÙ 2
2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù2NÙ6 / E2>3:8àÙ.×?6fîOÝÝäu3G68
QL6×Ù>ÚHE× / 7TBeÔs3:E 0 ?× 6¨ß / 6T§ /
2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù2NÙ6 / EwE 0 Gñ
/10 3 /
]§S¥§
«
¬
Ù>Úfj
E#ÛÚÙ77EX3B68¾ÚH3:8`×]HjÙG; 0 =Eb^Û768`×]6ßQ«Oqu§
îrÝÝc3:E3Ú / GL3>;:]435 ^Ú53 / × Ù9ÚFJ*ÙG; / 3G2_:6¨ß /F0
âÞL43
`
:?ÊÙ>ßkÙ}µ3G68 /10 B
Ù Q^6¨×Ù>ÚHE× / 7_G
`
Ù
?kÚH3:8~¨â'= 0 AÙ EÙ
×]7ØÙ#¨^2ÙU×4EL3d6ÙG3Ú171Oj@8`×]2Ù6E#×?63BÚ¼×48`ß^ÙIÙ>Ú17`×]6ß93*lq3
§
¬
/
î:îî
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù¯`â]îh\ªÜoá@|×?2>3ßkÙwBi§×]7ØÙS¨^2ÙE
2 × / ß^Ú*×R8Z3B68I2>3×?6 / ÚH3Ù>Ú5E#ÙGE
0 Gñ,×?6ß /10 ÙeE Û72_N
ñ 0 Ù>Ú¼ÙzOq¥§3B68M§S¥§f2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù2NÙ6 / EñCÙ>Ú¼Ùº2N3:8`ÙâϦ2>3ß^Ù>;^ÛÚ / ÙGE,7fBP= ÙG8æ§Q;3G25EN
`
`
·3 / ×?63B§6JBñ
3B68R¦b;&Ùo¨3 / 3
ÙC6 / Ù>ÚQ^6¨×Ù>ÚH
E × / 7MB ?k
ÚH3:8~¨
â
5ÙG8`Ú1Q;>743 / G
Ù 3Ûâ,Ü4Ù?Q;3× / 7_2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 / E Ù>Ú /10 Ù 7ÙG3Ú}E / Û 8&7>Ù>Ú*×]Q8cEÛ77^Ú / 3Bjt8
8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×] / ]× :6nG /10 >
Ù 8Q:2Ù9ñ,× /F0 l GñÝß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3B]7c67^Ú12>3G
/ /10
`×]?2Ù / ÙEÚ5E¨¡ÚF:2
Ù E#Û72_2× / T
â = 0
/10 =
Ø×]6Ù67^Ú12>3G / /10
= 0 Ù ;2_E#× /
Ù9Ú¼×48`ß^ÙâR=
3B6893@Ú*ÙÊ×4; / l Bñf¡ÙG3 /
`
/ CÙ 6EG
Û 87dñ0Ù>Ú*Ù};:]ØÙG; / G
Ù 893B]:6ß93
/ 3¾ÛEÙG8×]6 /10 4× EE / 0 R× EùÊ×?6Ù@×RE3:EFEÛ72ÙA8 / B5Ù3Ú53G?ÊÙ / .×R;3ÙlGñUâ
Ù0Oqu§ÚF<{ÊÙE
5Ù>ßk×]6EI3 / @¦ ;3Ù]§ / Ú*ÙA3B2
ÙUwqu§98J3
ÙNÚ*×48àßkÙd ^
Ú9EÙÙ>ÚH3B
0 Bñ66×?6
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùh`â!^;kÚ*Ú¼ÙGEb687E
×?6rãG×Øß^ÛÚ*ÙBàâ?î<;3ÚFE1E#ÙGE=EÙÙEÚ53BÚ*ÙÊ×4;
ÛÚ*Ù6¨ÙG3Úq¦@;3Ù;§
Ù Ø×]6Ùwñ 0 ×4; 0
/ /F0 Ùñ 0 × / w
l Gñã¡ÙG3 /
/ ÛÚ¼ÙGEm
Ù 8Q:2Ù%
/F0 _
Ù ¨Ú1<{ØÙñCÙEÚ*Ù
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2x¨¾â\pE / 2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 / E©3B?6ß /10 2>3:8àÙ¾ÙÙ>ÚH7cîº2Ù / Ù>ÚHECÛE×]6ß>3_;3ÙC6 / Ù>Úù¡Ú¼Ù[ÓÛÙ6;m7TBL35kÛ / _áËy«Ññe3AÙCØÙ6ß /10 ?× 6Ë×R;3Ù
â
_2
×
¬
qñ,× /10u/10
ÙÙgJ;3Ù
/ ?× 6cBù3@4G~2
EÙG; / ?× 66 /F0
Ù8Ùg
l 3G6YXñ
/ Ú*Ù2NÙIE@kÛ /F0 q
0 4× ; 0
îî
ñe3:E=2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙA8 ñ,× /10
;:6 / ?× 6àÛ7^ÛE<<ÙEÚ /10
Bño¡ÙG3 /
l
ÛÚ¼ÙGEm
/F0
3K;3Ù6 / Ù>Ú^¡Ú¼Ù[ÓÛÙ6;m7cGäcáËâ(¦t6 / ÙEÚ163G R37Ù>Ú5E=3Ú¼Ù>3BJ3Ú¼Ù6 / 3B68
ÙÙ6
ÙU×?6
×ÊÚ*Ùñ,×48
Ù 8~2Ù⪠/ /F0 }
Ù 8~:2Ù|5^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAE 6ÙG3Ú /10
/10 B /10
ÙÚ*ÙÊ×4;
/
/ Ù>ÚF63B437Ù>ÚHE3Ú*ÙM8`×4E#Ú*Û7 / GÙ 8d¡Ú123E / kÚL;3ÛÚ¼Ú*Ù6 / 87~63G2×4;L3:; / × à× / 7
±;¼%½MÃ*)%©îrÝÝ×àæ~zW¼+ l
«
¦
/
©îOÝÝ
¬
ÃÄÃÁ¥¼ÄÅ
â
Ù E 0 3GÙGE_B.×]6 / Ù>Ú163BL437Ù>Ú5E.×?6x{ÁßkÛÚ¼Ù`â.f3Ú*Ù
/ R× E×?2_2NÙ8`×R3 / Ù 7s3B73Ú*ÙC6 /_/F0 3 />/F0 u
3E,7Q2_2Ù / Ú*×R;âT= 0 =
Ù 8`Ù /F0>/ Z3¾ß^×Ù69437Ù>Úw67^Ú /F0
8àÙ /10 Eb^Û /10
ÑØÙ /
«
¬
¡Ú*×Êß
«
0Q/
¬
B /10 j
Ù 8`×à×48`Ù×4E4ßkÚ¼ÙG3 /
Ù>Ú
/F0 3B6Þ× / E
B /10 T
Ù 8`×à×48àÙâB= 0 4× EM3:E,7Q2_2Ù / Ú 7NEÛß^ßkÙGE / E /10 3 / 2TkÚ*Ù93;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6
Q;C;3ÛÚ5E / /10 Z
Ù 67^Ú /F0c/10 3G6 / /10 9
Ù E@kÛ /F0
â§Û;
0 3B6u3:E]7~2T2Ù / HÚ 79;kÛJ48c3BREb>3Ú*×REÙ¡ÚF:2Å3B6
3E,7Q2_2Ù / Ú*×R;E / HÚ 3×]6 0 4× E / kÚH7>3:EFEbQ;3×R3 / AÙ 8\ñ,× /10>/F0 M
Ù 3:; / × à× / 7ZB /F0 $
Ù 5kÛ768à×?6ß8×4;3ÙjE / Ú¼ÙG3B2NE3â
PÙUÚ*ÙGE
Ô
ñ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù
/F0
/ Ú*×R; / ^ÛÚL3B63B7JE×RE / /10
Ù×]6
ÙUÚ¼Ù>ßk×]:618~2Eb^Û
/ Ù>Ú163Gw437Ù>Ú5E=3Ú*ÙK;:6 / ]× 6`ÛJkÛEM3B68nñ 0
Ù 3:EFEÛ72NÙG8lGñ
/F0 L
Ê×?6ÙS$ÙEÚ1Ù68`×R;3Û7R3Ú / /F0
2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù2NÙ6 / E«EDGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈw³
;kÚ*Ú¼ÙGEb687E / K3B6P×4;&ÙlGñ
/ ÛÚ16Eùñ0ÙGE / ñ3Ú58 / Gñ3Ú58 /F0
¬
E 0 GñLE /10 3 //F0
Ù,Ú*×R8`ßkÙâD=
Ù E#Û72_2× /
/10K/ 8ä%JQ267^Ú /10 G /10 M
Ù>Ú¼ÙÞOq¥§`2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙC2Ù6
Ù Ù?Q;&× / 7w{ÙR8Z8`Ù>Ú¼×ÙG8¡Ú1:2²§S¥§
0 O
Ù§wqu§ZÚF<{ÊÙÙ>Úw2_E
Ê×?6ÙâUãÁÚF:2´4'~2
/ EñCÙ>Ú¼Ù>3B]:6ß
Ù ; 0 E#Ù6Ú¼Ù>ßk×]:6
/ B /10
Ù 8à×à×48`Ù% /10
/ ä}'~2Å67kÚ /10 B /10 9
Ù*lGñ
Ù.EFE¦@;3Ù\§
BñØ×?6¨Ù=8`×È2Ù>Ú,×]6K3HË>×]2Û /F0 57>35 ^Û
l
3 / %
ä 'Q2÷67^Ú /F0 4× EE / ?× ]<3G?6ß /10
0 Ùļâ, / ä%B~26JkÚ F/ 0 1/ 0 Ù wqu§_¨Ú1<{ØÙM3B68 /F0 Ù
»
G F/ 0 Ù$Ù?Q;&× / 7_;:2_:6¨Ù6 /
/ âe§×?6;&Ù=3<5kÛ / Ý
Ù8Oqu§>Ú1{ØÙ%qñCÙ.×Øß67kÚ¼Ù
Ù 8àÙ`×R3 / ?× :6>¡Ú12
/10 9
/10
Ù*lGñ
Ê×?6ÙL kÚ /10 R× E3B63G7JE×4E&â
(
zÔqW3ÔË\ÔJÍÈÖ
qw3; 0
Oq¥§`2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙC2Ù6
Û 8`ÙGE&âI=©zÙØ×]2×?63 /
/ 4× EM3 / ?× 2NÙXj@E#Ù>Ú*×ÊÙGE^G@Ú¼ÙXlÙG; / ?× 6f3B2_JØ× / à×ØÚF:672NÙ6 / 3Be3B68
×]6E / Ú*Û72ÙC6 / 3B6Jk×4E#Ù%,ÙG3:; 0
3(Ë>Ù>ÚFHj 0 3:E#Ù%µ kÚFñ3Ú58$QEÚ*ÙÙ>ÚHEÙ%ä /10
/ ?× 2Ùj@E#Ù>Ú*×ÊÙGE2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / 4× EJ{ /
kÚH8`Ù>Ú\åCÛ /1/ ÙEÚ1ñ^Ú /F0 53G683E1EP{ / Ù>Ú¡ÚF:2
á;Ëâʧp$ÙA;3×{q;@×]6 / Ù>Ú163G©437Ù>ÚHE3Ú¼ÙZE#ÙØÙG; / GÙ 8d¡Ú12
ÚFkÛ
/ ?× 6Ù /10 3 / {687E /F0
Ù
Ù { /
/10 P
Û 8`Ù¡Ú1:2
/ ]× 2ÙBv2>3Gg`×]2.Û723B2_7Ê× / 0 3B68£jÚ¼ÙGE1;3Ú¼×5ÙG8 / ]× 2ÙXjñ,×?68~Gñß«±;¼%½MÃ*)%wîOÝÝ× ¬ â'= 0
Ù>Ú¼ÙG8>873
ÙG3;
Ù>Ú¼ÙG8
Ù.Ù6^j
ñ,× /10
î / sî
/ 3ÛE×]6ßT3B6c3Û / 2>3 / GÙ 8
qu§Z2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 / ?× 6>3
0 O
ÙÚ¼ÙGEÛ7 / ]× 6ß×?6
/ ÙEÚ163G<437Ù>ÚHE3Ú¼Ù /F0 Ù 6
Å
¸¹.·µ¶
È
¶Ê ¼ º
º
Ð
ºÀ
ºÎ
¹Ë
ÄÔ
Å
Â
Ç
Å
·
20
40
To Ice Stream D (north) −−>
ºÊ
ÆÁ
Ë
Â
Ë
Â
Ç
ºÆÈ
Â
¹¹
ºÄ
Ñ
Ï
¶Ê
 ÉÊ
¹
ºÈ
ÂÐ
º
º
ÅÎ
È
Å
 ÍÎ
Ë ¶Á
Å
−20
0
Distance North of Summit (km)
¼
Á
ÇÁ
¶
À·
Ë
Ë
Ǻ
ºÌ
−60
−40
<−− To Ice Stream C (south)
Ë
−80
ÀÇ Õ
−800
Elevation (m)
4 Mhz
4 :
î î
˶
ºÊ º
Ç
¼»
ºÇ ¶ .¾½
¶
É À¿
¸¹·
Á
º à ¶
¼» ºÄ
Ò Å
Ó ÂÆ
º
Ç· ¸Ç
Ç
Ƕ ÇÁ
¶ ¶
À· ȹ·
Ë
ÄÔ Â
º Î º ÉÊ
¹ Ë ÀÄ
¹
ºÀ Æ
Ð ÆÂ
Ì
600
3 Mhz
400
200
0
−200
−400
−600
60
îî3ä
E@2_ /F0 ÙG8 0 ^Ú*×ËC:6 / 3B]78ÛE×]6ßT3 ]Bñuj3E1E2{ / Ù>Úñ,× /10>/10 M
Ù ;3Û / j 2u¡Ú*Ù[ÓÛÙ6;N793 / `â.Q2 Y
Elevation (m above WGS84 Ellipsoid)
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù(`â!4ZE
0 GñLELEÙÊÙG; / AÙ 8_Eb2_ /10 AÙ 8 ]× 6 / Ù>Ú163B½R37Ù>Ú5E&â
600
Surface
400
200
0
−200
−400
Bed
−600
−50
−40
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù(`â!4Mhu§2T
−30
−20
−10
0
10
Distance North of Summit (km)
20
30
40
/10 GÙ 8×?6 / Ù>ÚF63B©R3A7ÙEÚ5E8àÙ / ÙG; / GÙ 857ÚH3:8`×]HjÙG; 0 9EbkÛJ68`×?6¨ßâ
V^@ÖLÍ×ÐÝXY<:Í
(Ð
/ ñSHjt8`×?2NÙ6E×]:63G3:J43B6¨ÙXj@E / HÚ 3×?6E7E / GÙ 3:87£jtE / 3 /
â
ÛEÙG8
ÙU×R;3ÙÊlBñm2_Q8`ÙC
?]Bñ,×]6ßdhUÃÃ*FR«1îrÝ××
¬
×RE
/ / 5Ú 3;×R;3Ù3Ú / 4× ;ÊÙ3 /F0 EL3B68_Ú¼ÙG8`×4; / 3B6×?6 / Ù>ÚF63Bq437Ù>Ú0ßkÙ2Ù / HÚ 7.Û768`ÙEÚ|:3Ú*×]kÛE
3E1E#Û72ÙG83 /1/ ÙEÚ16EµGq3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6Ù>Ú§×]7ØÙS¨^2ÙâVqw3:; 0 EÙ / GÚ*ÙA8`×4; / GÙ 8437Ù>ÚXE 0 3BÙGE
×REZ;:2T3Ú¼ÙG8
Ù 2N×?6×]2Û72
/F0 I
/ /10
ÙOq¥§j2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*ÙG8n437Ù>Ú[E
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 63 /1/ Ù>Ú16pßk×`×]6ß
0 3GÙGE3âM= 0 c
2N×4Eb2N3 / ; 0 5Ù / ñCÙEÙ6 /F0 I
Ù 2_Q8àÙØÙG8K3B68zOqu§>437Ù>Ú}E 0 3GÙGE=8`Ù / ÙEÚ12×]6ÙGE /F0
E / GÙ 38&7%j@E / 3 / Z
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :693 /F/ Ù>ÚF6 /10 3 / ÚFQ8`Û;3ÙGE /10 P
Ù 5ÙGE / { // /10 M
Ù 873 / 3`â
= 0
Ùz×R;3ÙlBñ2_Q8àÙ3;;^Û76
/ E kÚ /10
ÙzÙ32ÙG;
/ G5ÙG8
/ kßkÚH3B 0 7o:6x×4;&ÙlGñÅ3B68
Ù
î:î8
3B]?GñLE /F0 _
Ù 8àÙ /10 :3Ú*×R3 / ]× :6nG 0 kÚ¼×Ë6 / 3BRÙ]Q;3× / 7 / @5Ù_Ú¼ÙGE1;&Ú*×5ÙG8â'= 0 _
Ù 2TQ8`Ùw8~ÙAE
67 / 3B]?Gñx×4;3Ù /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1EÇ:²«§
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6
Ú53 /
:Ǥ
¬
Ùvª[«§
¬
¬
kÚL3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6_3 /1/ Ù>Ú16Rª[«§
/10 u
Ù 8`ÙC /10 t
j 3Ù>Ú53ßkÙG8
3B68K8`×4E / 3G6;3ÙM3B]:6ß\lGñ¡Ú12
Ø
¯0 Ù>Ú¼ÙÚo«§
×4E
¬
Ù 5ÙG8`ÚFQ;
/10 @
ÙÊÙ3
¯ KÚ´«§
:«§ ¬
°
C×RE
/10
¶
,×4;3Ù
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE
3`â]î
¬
«
h
¦
3`â!
¬
«
¯ R× E 2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙG8Û7Qñ3Ú58n¡Ú1:2
/ ]× :6ø3B68
° « §©¦ ¯M¬ Ù>Ú¼Ù
¬
¬
Ù
3 0 kÚ¼×Ë6 / 3B
Ù 5ÙG8`ÚFQ;âÔ|ÙM;6E / Ú*Û; / ° « §©¦ ¯M¬
3:E
/10 $
873 / 7
Û 2Û5Ù?Gñ
ñ 0
° «§
²
0 kÚ*×)Ë:6 / 3G#Ù]Q;3× / 7
° «§ ¬ :«§ ¬ ²
/ ×R;3Bq;^Ú58`×]63 / ÙI¯ 0
§ ¬ § ª[«
Ù / 4× E;6&Ù6¨×ØÙ6 /w/ T8`Ùm{6ÙM3Z67kÚF2>3BÊ×Ë>ÙA8LÙ>Ú
ñ 0
/ T; 0 3B6ß^Ù=ñ,× /10>/ ?× 2ÙâV= 0
Ù 8à×à×48`Ù=§K3Ú¼Ù9Ú¼Ù43 / G
Ù 8B5&7
/10 I
£
»
¬
Ù
0 ^Ú*×ËC:6 / 3BTÙC?Q;3× / 793 /^/F0
§ ]¬ Ü « ¯M0 ¬ ¦
°
3`â!4
¶«
ÙU×4;3ÙME#ÛÚb3;3ÙM3B68
E1;3Ú¼×5ÙGE /10 }
Ù 8`Ù /F0 3Ú*×43 / ]× :6_G ° « §©¦ ¯M¬ EÛ; 0d/F0 3 / Ü 3
« ¬
¬
«
Ù E 0 3BÙ¡Û76; / ]× :6 Ü « ¯'
0 ¬ 8`ÙXj
/10 M
M3B68 Ü F« î
¬
îkâRqqÓÛ3 / ?× :6²«3`â!4
¬
3:EFEÛ72ÙAE /10 3 /=/10 9
Ù E 0 3BÙZ¡Û76; / ?× :6u8QÙGE67 / 3ÚH7\ñ,× /F0 E× / ]× :6s§ (
â = 0 R× E3:EFEÛ72_ / ?× 6z×4E
3BØ×R8Iñ 0
/10
Ù>Ú¼Ù
ÙC×4;&Ù
3B68Ú¼Ù2_ / ù
Ù ¡ÚF:2
Ù ;3EÙ ^Ú2Ý×?JØÙS¨^:2NÙ
/10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E3Ú¼×ØÙGE<E@?Gñ7=ñ,× /10 pE× / ?× 6(«3:Eª×4E /F0 ¬
Ù 3B672>3B]kÛElGñxÚ*Ù>ß^×?2Ù¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / A
Ù 8 ñ,× /10 ]× 6>3¡Ùñ×4;&Ù /10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFEÙGE<G
/10 j
3B6×4;3Ù=8à×à×48`Ù\«@hÃÃ*FE½îrÝ××àæ¨hʼ1k-\Â%¿'½qîOÝ×4
° « §©¦ ¯M¬ £
`
â
¬
Þ
§
«
ßh:²«§
:2B5×]6×?6ß6Ù[ÓÛ3 / ×?:6E|`â?îM3B68@`â!4J7`×ÊÙ48JE
¬
¬
Ü « ¯M
0 ¬ ¦
3`â ä
«
¬
¯ 0 ¬ T¯ 0 â
ªH«§ ¬ §\3G68@ß Wà » Ü «'
Þ
= 0 J
Ù Ù>Ú / R× ;3BÙ]Q;3× / 7J{ÙR8G᫧¨¦ ¯M¬ ×4E kÛJ
6 8N¡ÚF:2;6 / ?× 6àÛ× / 7h
ñ 0
Ù>Ú¼Ù
§
«
¬
Wà »
ÌG¡M#4R3²¢÷^M¿Ê&¦ \EG#3¡#Uí@^M#¼¤$ãâ#¿Ê&¦ \&M¡3
®#6 ± kM#Ri#¡C¡C¡MM&²,¢÷^MZÃÏ4G#3¡#ä@¡Ç#&0¡9¡CE*M
#>&^M\¡¯>¡#¦6¤
îî
¡ £C° ×È2Ù>Ú*ÙC6
/ 4× 3 / ?× 6_B4ÙÓ!Û3 / ]× :6v«3àâÍä
¨
ñ,× /F0
¬
ª
¡ £G° ¡£ Ü « ¯M0 ¬ ÝÛY5E / × /
Û
/ ]× :6\GhqqÓ!Û3 / ]× :6«`âÄr
Ú*ÙGE@$ÙA;
Ü ¥
ßC:
= 0 I
Ù ; 0 3×?6ÞÚ*Û7ÊÙ=3B68bÙ[ÓÛ3 / ?× 6¯«`â!
×]6
î
:
¬
// 9§G7`×ÊÙ487E
¡£ Ü
Þ
3`â!8
«
K
¡ £
§ ¬ «
Þ
ßC:
¡£ Ú
Ü ¬
¬
¡ £
:
¬
h
3`â!r
ê
Á
3B68Þ×?6 /
Ù>ß^Ú53
:
/ 'qqÓÛ3 / ?× 6«3àâ.
3`â!
«
¡£ Ü « ¯0 ¬
Ù
¯ KÚ
«
¥
:
ê
3Ú*ÙUÛE#ÙG8 / 9;3BR;3Û7R3 /
¬
K ¡E« å Ü À
¬
K ¡ « áP
¬
«
/ ?× 6\ñ,× /10
// ¯
Ú¼ÙGEbÙG;
7à×ØÙC487E /10 $
Ù Ù>Ú / 4× ;C3BÙ?Q;&× / 7'á$
áo«§©¦ ¯M¬ K
§
ª[«
¬
«å
Ø
»
ß
§ ¬
« ¯0 ¡ £
:«§ ¬ ß
Ü « ¯
0 ¬ T¯ 0 ¥
Þ
«
:
¬ Ü ¥f¡ £ Ú U
« ¯M
0 ¬ 3`â.×
¬
«
= 0 T
Ù ;3G4;3Û7R3 / ?× :6cGL3Ú / R× ;ØÙM3 /F0 E9×REE#×?2_JØ×{ÁÙG8×ÄL;C3B4;&Û743 / ?× 6E3Ú*Ù9$ÙEÚb kÚF2ÙG8\6n3
Ú¼Ù>ßkÛJ43Ú,ß^Ú*×R8
×]6
/10
Ù 8~2>3×]6x¯ 0 R
â = 0 P
Ù ÙEÚ / R× ;3B2_ / ]× :6_G
/ HÚ 3B6E kÚF2ÙG8Ù>Ú / R× ;3B;kÚH8`×?63 / M
Ù
3G6z×4;3Ù=3Ú / ×4;ÊÙ9×RE /F0 Ù 6`8`ÙGE1;&Ú*×5ÙG8'57 /10 M
Ù 2>3 /
/ Bá
/ ?× 2Ùj8`Ù>Ú*×3 / × ÙM8 ¢ ¯ 0 ñ 0 ×R; 0 4× E,Ú*ÙC43 / GÙ 8
Ù>Ú*×R3B
8 ¢ ¯ 5&7
8D¯ 0
8`5
8D¯ 0 8 ¯
¥
8 ¯ 8`5
8 ¯0 J
D
8 §
¦
8J§ à
8 5
3`â.Ý
¬
«
3G68bÚ¼ÙG8`Û;&ÙGE /
8D¯ 0
8à5
᫧©¦ ¯M¬
:²«§
¬
`â?î
«
qqÓÛ3 / ?× :6E6àâÍäO3B68æ`â]îf8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×5$Ùu3f;6 / ?× 6àÛ7kÛEµlGñç{ÙC48
×R;3Ù
/10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E@:«§
3 /1/ Ù>Ú16ª[«§
Ú´«§
¬
¬
×REIEb2T
âÙ@;3Ù
¬
~5ÙG8`ÚFQ;ßkÙ2Ù / HÚ 7Úo«§
¬
XE 0 3GÙd¡Û76; / ?× 6
kÚÞ×R;3Ùc3Ú / R× ;ØÙGE8ßk×ÙC6
Ü «M
¯ ¬ v3B68n3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE3B68è5ÙG8zßkÙ2Ù / Ú 7K3Ú¼Ùß^×Ù6I57 /F0
/10 GÙ 8E@ /10 3 /
:²«§
¬
×REIEb2T
/10 3B68
¬
Ù8wq2ÝK2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6
/ E&â
E@?Gñ7I3Ú7à×?6ߨâ@= 0 N
Ù E 0 3G$Ù_¡Û76; / ]× :6
î:îGr
Ü « §
×RE8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×5ÙG8L5793B6F×
¬
`
/10 ^Ú58`Ù>Ú
0 Ù 5&7JE 0 Ù Z 7Q67:2N×43BY{ /w/ /10
¡Û76; / ?× 6dÚ¼ÙG8`×R; / GÙ 8J57Z3ME / GÙ 3:8&7%jtE / 3 / %
Ù Ujt8{6× /
^:2NÙ«>DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃÈ2éæB*ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿]ÃÁ@¼ÄÅ~îrÝÝ ¬ âh= 0
¨
ÙhãDqw
/ ]× 6;ÊÛ8`ÙGEL3>;kÚ¼Ú*ÙG; / ?× 6º kÚ / 7Q×R;3B / Ù 2T$ÙEÚ53 /
×
ÙÙØÙ2NÙ6
/ 7~×R;3B^lq3B6YTE 0 3BÙ
Ù
/ 2TQ8`Ù«ãDqw
¬
BlGñm3 / Ý×?JØÙ
E 0 3BÙ¡Û76; / ]× :6Iñe3:Ew; 0 E#Ù6J5ÙG;3ÛEÙ
ÛÚ*Ù[8`×4E
/ Ú¼×5Û / ?× 6Ë×?6 /F0
Ù.×4;&Ùâ*Þ
/10
Ù>Ú}E
0 3BÙ
¡Û76; / ?× 6EmXEÛ; 0 3:E /10 9
Ù ;2_2_6c8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×] / ]× :6\ ^ÚR3B2×]63Ú§×4;3Ù*lGñ$X;^Û748u3BREbG5ÙÛE#ÙG8Zâ
Ý×?6;3Ù /10 Ù}E 0 3BÙù¡ÛJ6; / ]× :6T8~ÙGE<67 / 3Ú7Zñ,× /F0 pE× / ?× 6×]6 /10 L
Ù 2_Q8`Ù× / Ew8`Ù /10 j 3Ú*×R3 / ?× :6
8~ÙGE67 / 3A2ÙG; //10 =
Ù Ú¼ÙG8`×4; / G
Ù 8>E 0 3BÙIG\×REbQ; 0 1
Ú 6ÙIR3A7ÙEÚ5Em677 /F0
= 0 L
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 63 /1/ Ù>Ú16±ªH«§
ñ 0
Ù>Ú¼ÙñCÙ@ÙCg~ÙG;
¬
×RE<;
Ù>×ÊÚÚ*ÙG8à×4;
/ GÙ 8_3ß^Ùâ
Ù 2N3Bgà×?2.Û728`Ù>ß^Ú*Ù>ÙGE©B¡Ú¼Ù>ÙG8~2
0 EÙC6 / j3B?]Gñ /10 Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6Z3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6 / 3Ú7 /10
Ù 2TE / ñ 0 ]× ØÙL2>3×]6 / 3×]6×?6ßj;3BR;3ÛMj
/w/F0 =
43 / ?× 6ÙXäN;3×ØÙC6;m7âDÝ×]6;3Ù /10 =
Ù 8`×à×48àÙÇ×RE /F0
Ù 2>3×?6 / :kß^Ú53B 0 4× ;¡ÙG3 /
ÛÚ*Ù×?6
/F0
ÙÚ*Ù>ß^×?:6E`Ú53G×48
3Ú*×R3 / ?× :6z×]6\3 /1/ Ù>Ú16cG3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6_2N3A75$Ù.ÙCg~ÙG; / G
Ù 8 / _Q;C;3ÛÚ /F0
Ù>Ú*Ù=ñ,×
/10
Eb2_ /10 3Ú*×R3 / ?× :6.ÙC4EÙCñ 0
ÙEÚ*ÙG8M3
Ù 8à×à×48`Ù%
/w/10 L
Ù>Ú*Ùâ5ÔPÙL;
§
¬
ªH«
3
ª[«
ñ 0
Ù>Ú¼Ù;ªH«
¬
×RE
¶
¬
«
î ¥
¬
Ó ¶ ê Ì 3Ú5; / 3B6c«§Z<ÚW¶ê Ì ¬ / × Ù7
3`â]î:î
¬
«
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 69ÚH3 / L
Ù 3 /w/10 e
Ù 8`×à×48àÙâVÙt6 /F0
Ù Ê×?2× / GXEb2N3B?'Ú« /10 4× E½¡Û76; / ?× :6
/10 e
3B7¨Ú13; 0 GÙ E>3nE / Ù
;:6E / 3G6 /
0 pEÙL3G6_3Ú5; / 3B6ß^Ù6 / ¡Û76; / ]× :69;3Ù6 /
Ú*ÙC43
ßkÚH3:8`×ÊÙ6
¡Û76; / ?× 6o3 />/F0 c
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ùâu / 43Ú*ßkÙÚ« /10 4× E ¡Û76; / ]× :6o3G7ÚF3:; 0 G
Ù E>3
â ëÇ×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6 / 3BØÛ¨ÙGE{ ^ÚÚT3B68T3B2_7Ê× / Û 8`Ù Ó kÚ /10 }
Ù Eb^Û /10 « ®
/ R
¬
3G68d67^Ú /10
E×R8`ÙGE=B /10 >
Ù 8à×à×48`Ù93;;:2T2_Q873 / _
Ù 3>ñ,×48`ÙEÚ¾Ú53G6ßkÙTBj3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6c3 /1/ Ù>Ú16E3âI= 0
3ÚH3B2Ù / Ù>ÚHEm Ó m¶ Ó
Ì
oÚW¶}3B68ÒÚ
Ì
^3Ú*ÙI3Ú¼×ØÙG8
×]6
^Ú58`Ù>Ú / {68
Ù ;25¨×?63 / ?× 6
/F0 c
Ù
/F0 3 /
Ú1Q8àÛ;3ÙGE /10 $
Ù 5ÙGE / 2>3 / ; 0d/ /F0 =
Ù 5E#Ù>ÚÙA8NR37Ù>ÚE 0 3BÙGE&â
rc^YCZÔJÍIÌ9ÔJÍÍÔqWM
o
ã7kÚªÙG3:;
«
Ó ¶ ê Ì
8`Ù /F0
¬
Û 8àÙ
0 2_Q8`ÙQ;3G4;3ÛJ43 / ?× 6TG3EÙ / B×REbQ; 0 1Ú 6ÙE 0 3BÙGEG×RE½Ú*ÙA8`×4; / GÙ 8^ kÚv3áß^×Ù6M3G2_7Ø× / 3G68 / 5Ú 3G6E× / ?× 6\ÊÙ6ß /F0
Ú*ÙR3
3ê Ì
«fÚ'¶
/ ?× :6E 0 ]× .×4EGÛ76U~67Gñ6T /10
437Ù>ÚHEmL3B68o67 / 3B67
¬
B /10 [
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6T3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6âwÝ×]6;3Ù /10 [
Ù 3ß^ÙÙ>Ú5E#ÛE
Ù,ß3B×RE
Ù E 0 3BÙGE<B3B]75EÙ>ÚHÙG89×]6 / Ù>Ú163G
/ 2N3 / ; 0I/F0 L
3Ú / 4× ;3ÛJ43ÚN×4EbQ; 0 FÚ :6Ùâ²= 0
ÙEÚ*Ù ^
Ú*Ù%LñCÙu3Ú¼Ù\¡Ú*Ù>Ù
/ O8`ÙG;3×R8`Ùcñ 0 4× ; 0
îîO×
2TQ8`ÙØÙA8I437Ù>Ú / I;:2_3Ú*Ù / Z39ß^×Ù6Z5EÙEÚÙG8Z437Ù>ÚEâGã7??Gñ,×]6ß.B*ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ÃÁq¼ÄÅ!«FîOÝÝ×<5
EDGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈ@å
«
¬
Ù E 0 3BÙGEGR3A7ÙEÚ5E^ñ,× /10u/10 9
Ù EF3B2Ù93Ù>ÚH3ßkÙ 0
/F0 9
Ù>×Øß
¬
0~/ 3Ú*ÙT;:2T3Ú¼ÙG8Zâqw3:; 0
E#×48`ÙZG /F0 9
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ.×4E;6E×R8`Ù>Ú¼ÙG8cEÙ3Ú53 / Ù 7cE@ /F0 3 / 3_437Ù>Új8`Ù67 / G
Ù 8@57 /F0
Ù×]68`ÙgBìË×RE
Ì
0Q/ ¯ í kÚ /10 Ù6JkÚ F/ 0 #E ×48`Ù=B 1/ 0 ÙM8`×`×R8`Ù=398`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6 / 3Ù>Ú53ßkÙ
²
×?6 / =
E 3G?:6¨ß /F0 Ù 0 k
Ú¼×Ë6 / B3 w;^Ú58`×]63 / Ù>3Ú¼Ù98`Ù67 / ÙG8I57
/10 E×R8`Ùâ.SXk
×R8`Ù6
/ × {ÙG857>3B6`3Ù>Ú53ßkÙ 0
ÙE×Øß
¯ î kÚ /10 ÙTEb^Û
0~/ %
í
²
é¼â$= 0 Ù_E 0 3B
Ù9Be3_437Ù>Ú6n3ß^×Ù6uE#×48`ÙMB /10 9
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù¾×REÓÛ3B6 / × {ÙG8657\2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*×]6ß /F0
0
Ù>×Øß
ÙCØÙ3
Ù
/ ?× 6@ïæ í 3 / GÙ 3; 0 pE× / ?× 6céw3B]:6ß9437Ù>Úì_Eb /10 3 /
êÌ
êÌ
¯ ð§æ ¦ ¯ î
K ¯ î ð`â?î
í ñ
°
í
ñ
²
²
²
= 0 ÙE#Û7Ù>Ú5EF;3Ú*×] / 8`ÙC67 / ÙGED:3GØÛÙAEv ^Ú /F0 ÙE@kÛ /F0 𮦧7V
æ CM4#~2 ñ B3 68967kÚ /10 𶵦§7æª7M4#~2 ñ
E#×48`ÙAEjG /10 ÙT8`×`×R8`Ù%Ú*ÙGE@ÙG; / ×Ù7âòL\3 /1/ Ù2_ / ×4E2>3`
8 Ù / K2>3 / ; 0c/F0 Ù_ 5E Ù>ÚHÙG8c43 7Ù>Ú5E
ï æî
×]6
Ù 8`×à×48`ÙUË:6Ù[§7æ /10 [
í
êÌ
êÌ
ïhð§7æ¦ ¯ î
íñ Ù 3B672>3B]kÛEulGñT×?6 /10 R× EÊËC:6ÙM3:EFEbQ;3×R3 / G
Ù 8\ñ,× /F0
" 4LQ2zâh= 0 M
×4;&Ù
8à×à×48`ÙGE4×4E67 / 3;;^Û76 / GÙ 8d kÚ,×]6 /F0 =
Ù 2_Q8`Ùâ
ó
\Q8`ÙCØÙG8×4E@Q; 0 1Ú :6¨ÙIE 0 3BÙGE#ï æ ³ í 3 Ú¼ÙI;:2_3Ú*ÙG8 / 1/ 0 Ù=5EÙ>ÚHÙG8×4EbQ; 0 ÚF:6ÙME 0 3BÙGE#ï æ í
ÛE×?6¨ßZ3N
2 ×4Eb2N3 / ; 0 3 Ú53G
2 Ù / Ù>Ú2óKñ 0 ×4; 0 ×RE3G4Eb[;3BR;3Û7R3 / ÙA8dE#Ù3ÚH3 / Ù7I ^ÚCÙG3; 0 E#×48`ÙLB /F0 Ù
8à×à×48`Ù^ ^Ú,ÙG3:; 0 2_Q8`Ù;3BR;3Û7R3 / ]× :6ch
ó
= 0
Ù
î
í
ý
í ìYù
/ Ù>Ú12
í$÷ø ç
K Õ
í
í]õ ö
ú í ×RE 1/ 0 ÙÙgQ$ÙA; / ÙG8Z;:2B5×?6ÙA89Ù>Ú¼Ú1kÚw¡Ú12
ÛJ43Úv437Ù>ÚTìâ\o8àÙ
ô
ó
ð,ï æ ³ Kxï æ ê
í
í ñ
ê
æõ
úí
üû
î
ð`â?î4
ñ
Ù 2_Q8`Ù3B68 /F0 }
Ù 873 / 3j kÚS3=3Ú / 4× ;j
/10 L
/10 @j 8`ÙC$ÙC68`Ù6 / ñCÙE×Øß 0Q/ ]× 6ß^¡Û76; / ]× :6
ö
í kÚ<R37Ù>ÚTìU×4E<; 0 E#Ù6 / M3:;;kÛ76 /
^Ú /F0 d
Ù 3:; /I/10 3 /Z/10 _
Ù 437Ù>ÚHE3Ú*Ù_6J / 7
Û 6×! kÚF2_7`8`×4E / Ú*×5Û / G
Ù 8 Ù>ÚM8`ÙC /10 p
â = 0 _
Ù 6àÛ725Ù>Ú
ç í 4× E /F0
Ù
/ / 3G©6`ÛJ25Ù>ÚSBwk×]6 / E^éw3G?:6¨ß>3 R37Ù>ÚDì%Õ G¡Ú*Ù>ÙZ3Ú53G2Ù / Ù>Ú5E@×?6 /10 d
Ù 2_Q8àÙ3©3G68ô
î&äË×4E /F0
Ù
î9×REù6ÙIÊÙGE1E /F0 3B6 /10 =
Ù 6àÛ725Ù>Ú
/ / 3B6àÛ72B5Ù>ÚBe437Ù>ÚHE3â'Ù6 /10 R× E
3G77Ê×4;3 / ?× 6TÙG3:; 0 437Ù>Ú4×4EwE13G2_7ÊÙG8¾ÙÙ>ÚH7_îZ2I3G68 ç í 8`ÙC$ÙC687E 6 /10
Ù ØÙ6¨ß /10 B /F0
Oq2Ý9Ú1{ØÙBð34
= 0
ÙÙ>Ú¼Ú1kÚ
/ '8LQ2 ñ â
Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / EGÙ>Ú¼Ú1kÚHE\×?69437Ù>ÚvE 0 3G$Ùj3Ú*×RE×]6ß¡Ú1:2
/ Ù>Ú12 ú í Ú*Ù¨
Ù
ÙEÚ*Ú1^Ú5E\×?6.ÙAE
/ ]× 2>3 / ?× 6ß
¯ 3B68 ¯ 3 / AÙ 3:; 0 k×?6 / 3B]:6ß /F0 =
Ù 2_Q8`ÙÊÙG893B68>5E#Ù>ÚÙG89437Ù>Ú5E&â5ÔPÙ=8~Z67 / 3;;^Û76 / kÚ
²
î:îrÝ
;:6 / Ú¼×5Û / ?× 6E / /10
!Û3B6
Ù
/ / 3BàÙ>Ú*ÚFkÚ½¡Ú12
2_Q8`ÙCE×]2_7Ê×{q;3 / ]× :6E&âT= 0 GÙ E#Ù¢ÙEÚ*Ú1^Ú5EX3Ú¼Ù8à×äN;3Û7 /q/
/ Ä× Z7[3B68T3Ú*Ù}3:8J8`Ú*ÙGEFEÙG8.×?6E / AÙ 3:8.ÛE×]6ßMEÙ6E#× / × à× / 7 / GÙ E / Ew8`ÙÙ]:ÙG8¾×]69343 / Ù>Ú{EÙG; / ?× 6â
Ó
q\Ú*Ú1^Ú5E\×?6 /10 S
Ù 5E#Ù>ÚÙA8I437Ù>ÚXE 0 3BÙGEw3Ú¼×4EÙw¡Ú12
8`×Êßk× /
×Ë>×]6ßL3B68d8`ÙN{6×?6¨ß3Çß^×Ù6M437Ù>Úv3B68
8`ÙÙ68uÚ*×]2>3Ú¼×?7>6fE×Êß:63G{¡Ú¼Ù[ÓÛÙ6;m7}µEF3B2_JØ×?6¨ß>8`Ù6E#× / 7%X3B68 /10
Ù8Ú*ÙlÙG;
/ ?× :6sE / Ú*Ù6¨ß /10
B /F0 _
Ù R3A7ÙEÚ'ð>DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃÈ.å âr^? /10 ÙK873 / 3zÛEÙA8s ^Ú 1
/ 0 ×REZ3B63G7JE×REIñCÙ>Ú¼Ù\;:?ÊÙG; / ÙG83 /Z/10 Ù
ñ
E13G
2 Ù¡ Ú*Ù[ÓÛÙ6m; 7'ð:
áË ñ 3B689Eb3 / ×R3Bq`
8 Ù6E#× / 7'ðFî2 ñ âG}E /F0 ÙÚ*ÙXlÙA; / ×]:69E / Ú*Ù6¨ß /10 B /10 Ù
43 7Ù>ÚS`
8 ÙG&; Ú*ÙG3E ÙGNE `× / ×4Ew2_k
Ú¼Ù`
8 ×>ä>&; Û7 /w/ 6
×4`
8 ÙC6 / ×ÄZ 7I¡ Ú1;
2 Oq2Ý9873 / 3`â,çq37Ù>Ú5E4×48`ÙC6 / ×{ÙG8.ÛE#×?6ß
Ù 3Û / :2>3 / 4× ;Z×R;à×?6ßÞÚFkÛ / ?× 6Ù>3Ú*ÙÚFkÛß 0
/10 N
Ù>Ú*ÚFkÚ@×RE
Ù>Ú¼Ù k
Ú¼ÙI3E1E@Q;3×43
/F0
Ù>Ú93E
Ù8Ú*ÙXlÁÙG;
/10
/ ]× :6fE / Ú¼Ù6ß /F0
8`ÙG;&Ú*ÙG3EÙGE&âË^6
/ GÙ 8\ñ,× /10 ¨×4;`×]6ß93d437Ù>ÚL3G68Ë×4EL3:EFEÛ72NÙG8_Ú1 ^Ú / ?× :63B / /10
Ù
ý FÚ kÛß 0 6ÙGEFEþ_B /10 =
Ù R3A7ÙEÚQ8`Ùm{6¨ÙG8>3:E /10 M
Ù E / 3B68J3Ú58c8àÙ`×R3 / ?× :6TB /F0 M
Ù 8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6;3Ù#5Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6
Ù Eb2_ /10 A
Ù 8\3B68bÚ53ñT×?6 / ÙEÚ163G½437Ù>ÚLE 0 3BÙâO= 0 R× E^E / 3G6873ÚH88àÙ`×R3 / ?× :6_ ^ÚPÝ×]7ØÙ(ë^2Ù
/10 [
873 / 3':3Ú*×ÊÙGEw5Ù / ñCÙ>ÙC6nîZ3G68I8_2Ù / ÙEÚ5Em×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#×?6ß9ñ,× /F0 437Ù>ÚL8`Ù /10
ÙGE
/ ?× 2>3 /
Ù
Ù ;:2B5×]6ÙG8.Ù>Ú*ÚFkÚ ú
/F0 M
í 3 /
= 0 \
Ù ñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/ ?× 6ß\¡Û76; / ]× :6
×?6
ö
âÔPÙ9;:6EÙ>ÚH:3
/ >î 2NÙ / Ù>ÚHEmQ8`ÙÙ68`×?6ß9:6>R3A7ÙEÚ8`Ù /10
í 4× EZ3G77Ø×ÊÙG8
â
Ù 3; /Z/10 3 /9/10 >
Ù 2ÙG3EÛÚ¼ÙG8
/ s;kÚ¼Ú*ÙG; / kÚ /10 N
/ Ù>ÚF63BQ437Ù>ÚXE 0 3BÙGE 0 3Ùe8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6 / ØÙC6ß /F0 Eµ3G68Z3Ú¼Ù,Û76ÙÙC677=E@3:;&ÙG8Iñ,× /F0 8`Ù /10
678×?2_E#ÙG8dñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/ ?× 6ßU~3Ú*ÙG3Eùñ 0
0 GÙ 3à×?7 /10 3G6ñ 0
B /10
Ù
Ù>Ú*ÙR37Ù>Ú5ES3Ú*ÙM;]E#Ù7TEb3;3ÙG8_ñ^Û748'5Ù=ñCÙ>×Êß
ÙEÚ*ÙIR37Ù>Ú5E3Ú*Ù9Eb3Ú5E#ÙâJÝ×]2×?R3Ú17%QE
/10
âiÔ×
0Q/ GÙ 8Z2_^Ú*Ù
0 ^Ú / 437Ù>ÚHEñ 0 4× ; 0 EF3B2_JØÙ=:677\3Ú /
0 kÚ¼×Ë6 / 3B©8Q:2>3×?69ñkÛJ48Ú¼ÙG;3Ù>×Ù,Ú*ÙR3 / × Ù7=2_^Ú*ÙLñCÙ>×Êß 0Q/ Ù>ÚeE13B2T7ØÙ /10 3G6_437Ù>ÚHE
ñ 0 4× ; 0 ;Ù>Ú /10 Z
Ù ñ 0 :ØÙ 0 ^Ú*×ËC:6 / 3B{8~:2>3×?6â(= 0
/ T;kÚ¼Ú*ÙG; //10
ÙUÙ32ÙG;
E×]2_7ØÙ / 9EÙC3ÚH3 /
Ù
Ù>Ú¼Ù k
Ú¼Ù%©3_ñCÙE×Øß
í
ö ÿ
D
/10 AÙ EÙ / ñZ3:; / kÚ5ELEb /10 3 /L/10
ö
|Ùs8`Ùm{6Ù
ö
í
;
ö
/ 5$Ùc¨Ú1:^Ú / ]× :63G /
í ö
í
;
¥
`
:6;&Ù / Û 3B?7%`× / 4× E
/ / 3Gµñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/ kÚ}3èß^×Ù6_R37Ù>Ú
Ù
h
Ô
0Q/ ]× 6ßTE1; 0 Ù 2ÙU×4E=3G77Ø×ÊÙG8
/ EùGD3Ú7à×?6ß9437Ù>ÚSØÙ6ß /10 3B68@Ù>Ú / 4× ;3G½E@3:;&×?6ߨâ
EÛ72ÅBù3dñCÙ>×Êß 0Q/^/ K;kÚ¼Ú*ÙG; / kÚ§× / EOÙ>Ú / 4× ;3GXEb3;3×?6ß
ØÙ6¨ß /10
/ × Ù7
í
í
;
ö
í R× E^3
3G6839ñCÙ>×Êß 0Q/^/ \;kÚ*Ú¼ÙG; / kÚ@× / E
ð3`â]î3ä
ñ
ö ÿ
Ù 8`×RE / 3G6;3ÙI5Ù / ñCÙEÙ6m3ßk×ÙC6o437Ù>Ú(ì
/F0 u
3G68
×
/ E
î
38>J53:;&Ù6 / R37Ù>Ú5Ewñ,× /10 39E1;3GØÙ3:; / kÚ
\^Ú*ÙZñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/ R× EÇßk×Ù6\ñ 0
ö
;
í Ù ÙEÚ
/10 Ù>Ú*Ù
;
E@ /F0 3 /
;
¯ í
ð`â?î8
ñ
Y
ñ
²
²
8 Ù6E× / 7Ë×4E}Eb3Ú5EÙâÝ×?2×]43ÚF77ñCÙ98`ÙN{6Ù
/ ×R;3B©R37Ù>Úà
ð¯ í
K
5 ÙMÚ1 ^Ú / ×?:63B / /F0 ÙI6àÛ72B5$ÙEÚB 1E 3B2T7ØÙGE ç í ]× 6c3Z437Ù>ÚE@ /10 3 / ?:6¨ßkÙ>Ú×?6 / Ù>ÚF63B
í /
ö ÿ
R3
7 Ù>Ú5ES3Ú*ÙUß^×Ù6>2_^Ú*Ùñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/S/10 3G6cE 0 kÚ / Ù>Ú437Ù>ÚHEXh
= 0 I
Ù EF;3BÊÙ3:; / kÚ5E
;
3B68
ð`â?î
ñ
ð`â?îGr
ñ
ÿ
ÿ
í
×
3Ú*Ù=67^Ú12>3GØ×)Ë>×?6ß=3:; / kÚHE; 0 pEÙ6KE@ /F0 3 /
í
Ô
ç í
í ö ÿ
ö
í ;
í
í
ö
í
¥
í ö ÿ
ô2
â Ý×]6;3Ù98`Ù /10
/10c/F0 4× E^ñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/ ?× 6ßNE1; 0 Ù 2Ù%ÙA3:; 0 8`Ù /10 ?× 6 / Ù>ÚH:3GGÚ¼ÙG;3Ù>×ÙGECÙ[ÓÛ3BvñCÙ>×Êß 0Q/ J
3G68 / ?× 2ÙX3Ú*Ùw67 / Ê×?6ÙG3Ú17ÇÚ¼Ù43 / GÙ 8 /F0 4× Eq8~ÙGE©67 /
57 /F0
Ù4×?6
ßk×Ù\Ù[ÓÛ3BñCÙ>×Êß
0Q/©/ L3G?'Á¾-ÃZÚ¼ÙÚ¼ÙGEÙ6 / AÙ 8
Ù 8`Ù /F0
/ Ù>ÚF63BR3A7ÙEÚ5E3â ^Û76ß^Ù>Ú<3ßkÙGEX3Ú¼Ùñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/ GÙ 8^2_^Ú*Ù 0 GÙ 3à×?7L3;;^Ú58`×]6ß / /F0 S
3ßkÙ@Ú¼Ù43 / ]× :6E 0 ?× âRÝ×?6;3Ù /F0
Ù ñ0Ù>×Øß 0~/ ¡Û76; / ?× 6
ö
í R× EE1;C3BØÙA8L57
;
3G68
j
~2TQ8`ÙØÙA8I437Ù>Ú5E
ÿ
ñ 0 4× ; 0 2>3 / ; 0T/10 =
Ù 5EÙ>ÚHÙG8_437Ù>Ú5E / 9ñ,× /F0 ?× 6 /F0 =
Ù ñCÙ>×Êß 0Q/ G
Ù 8Ù>Ú¼Ú1^Úñ,×??qÚ1Q8àÛ;3ÙóCîkâ
/%Å
Å
rc^ÍWM
/ZF!ÃÃ¥ÈÃb½%¾+XÁfÃb½L§!ÁfÃb¼%½1BkS§Át¼ÁfÃzá+M+>%à-.%£Ä>¼Á¾BÂ%¿ºÃ¥¼Á¸ÁfÃÈ¿
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù`âÍä`E
0 GñLE /10
Ù8Ú53G6ßkÙ>BùE
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6\3 /1/ Ù>Ú16E=ñ 0 4× ; 0 { /I/F0 d
Ù 5Mj
/ GÙ 3:8&7%jtE / 3 / K
E#Ù>ÚÙA8º437Ù>ÚHE / >ñ,× /10 ?× 6zßk×Ù6ËÙEÚ*Ú1^Ú@×?6 / ÙEÚ3BRE3â$= 0 B
Ù 5743;ÞÚH3B6ß^Ù_;^Ú*Ú¼ÙGEb:687E / G3BØÛ¨ÙGE
GÚ î qÚ Ì Ó î X
3B68 Ó Ì ñ 0 ×4; 0 ÚFQ8`Û;3Ù>3_2>3 / ; 0c/ Kñ,× /10 ×?6 /10 ÙÙGE / ×]2>3 / ÙG8ËÙ>Ú*ÚFkÚHE ×]6 /F0 Ù
8J3 / 3ð,óXCDî ñ â= 0 Ù>
2 ÙG8à×ØÛ723G68nØ×Øß 0~/ Ú53G6ßkÙGE9;^Ú*Ú*ÙAEb:68 / / ?X
ó CÛu3B68xó°CÛ4
Ú¼ÙGEbÙG;
/ × ÙC7âr
E@2_ /F0
3G68
ñ0Ù?>j@;6E / 5Ú 3×?6ÙG8fE@kÛ /F0 j 6JkÚ /F0
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6|ß^Ú53:8à×ØÙ6 / R× E
¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / AÙ 8Zâ\,Ù43 / × Ù / /10 M
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù% /10 =
Ù 2×]6×?28×ËA3 / !× 6dÚ¼ÙG8`×R; / E4ä%
?GñCÙ>ÚL3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6
îQî
1.8
Scaled Accumulation Rate
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
Distance North of Divide (km)
20
30
40
/ ÙA3:8&7%j@E / 3 / Ùu3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ×?6f3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6oñ 0 ×4; 0 ÚFQ8`Û;3ÙAE /10 Ù15ÙGE / { /d/ /10 Ù
5E#Ù>ÚÙA8 437Ù>Ú9E 0 3BÙGE&âW= 0 Ù@57R3:;Ú53G6ßkÙc¨Ú1Q8`Û;&ÙGE R37Ù>Ú5EIñ 0 ×R; 0 2>3 / ; 0s/10 Ù`873 / 3 /
ñ,× /F0 ×?6 /F0 ÙÙCg~
ÙG; / ÙGb
8 ÙEÚ*Ú1^ Ú5
E ð,ó C î ñ â= 0 Ù_873Ú`3B68cØ×Êß 0Q/ ßkÚH3A7zÚH3B6ß^ÙGE=;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@:687E /
ó?C>L3B68Jó¡Cx4Ú¼ÙGEb
ÙG; / ×Ù 7â«= 0 ÙS3:;3; ÛJ
2 Û7R3 / ×?:6L3 /1/ ÙEÚ16U×4E©EF;3BÊÙG8 / /F0 ÙS3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ×?6
Ú53 / ÙZ3 //10 ÙM`
8 ×`×R`
8 Ùâ
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùp`â ä'h?Ý
Ú53
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù=3G68>3<5kÛ / 4#Kä%
/ GÙ EL3 / 4LQ2Eb^Û /10 G /10 M
4~267kÚ /10
0
×Êß
0
Ù>ÚL3;;3Û728Û7R3
/ ]× :68Ú53 / GÙ EL3 /
G /F0 M
Ù 8`×à×48àÙâ
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù¦`â.89E
Ù Ú*ÙG8à×4; / G
Ù 8_437Ù>ÚE 0 3BÙGEßk×ÙC6\3TEb3 / 4× 3G?7>;:6E / 3G6 / 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3j
0 BñLE /10 M
/ ]× :6c3 /1/ ÙEÚ16ðÛJ7Ù>Ú^3B6Ù ñ B3 68Ëßk×ÙC6 /10 ÙZEb3 / ×R3B<3 /1/ Ù>Ú16uE 0 Gñ6z×?6 ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù¦`âÍäpðÑ?Gñ0Ù>Ú
3B¨
6 Ù ñ âx= 0 Ù×?2_¨
Ú1 ÙG8c2>3 / ; 0n/ /F0 Ù>5E#Ù>ÚÙA8R37Ù>ÚZE 0 3BÙGE ¡ÚF:2 ÛE×?6¨ß /F0 Ùc8`ÙEÚ*×ÙA8
Eb3 / R× 3BX3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6b×RE^3G73Ú*Ù6 / h
â = 0
ÙUÚ*Ù2N3×?6¨×?6ßM2×4E@2>3
/ ; 0 3 / § 4$Kä%~2;×REÚ153<5J7
8`ÛÙ / 4jt8FlBñuÙ32ÙG; / Eñ 0 4× ; 0 3Ú¼Ù6J / 3:;;^Û76 / GÙ 8d kÚ×?6 /F0 =
Ù 2_Q8`Ùâ
î
600
Elevation (m)
400
200
0
−200
−400
−600
−800
a
−40
−20
0
20
Distance North of Summit (km)
40
−20
0
20
Distance North of Summit (km)
40
600
Elevation (m)
400
200
0
−200
−400
−600
−800
b
−40
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù1`â!8Mhð3
Oq¯Ýj@8`Ù / ÙG; / ÙG8n437Ù>Ú[E 0 3G$ÙAE@ðß^Ú537
;2_3Ú¼ÙG8 / R3A7ÙEÚZE 0 3BÙGE_;3G4;3Û^j
ñ
ñ
R3 / ÙG8d3E1E#Û72×?6¨ßZ3I;:6E / 3B6 / 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ×?6Z3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6IðS5J43:; ñ â\ã7^Ú /10 ÙÛÚF pEÙGEGv8`×4E@7437%
2TQ8`ÙØÙA8I437Ù>Ú5EvE 0 Gñ6>2>3 / ; 0Z/F0 ÙL2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙA8I437Ù>Ú5E<6ÙA3Ú /10 Ùj8`×à×48`Ùâ~Ù6 /10 Ù§Ú*ÙGE#×48`Û3Gq;3B>j
; Û743 / ×?T
&
6 ©2_Q`
8 ÙÊ ÙG8\3G68c2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙA8\437Ù>Ú5Eñ,× /F0/F0 ÙTE13B2NÙZ3Ù>Ú53ßkÙT8`Ù /F0 3Ú¼Ù_;2_3Ú*ÙG8Zâ
ðZ5
wq2Ýjt`
8
Ù / ÙG; / ÙG8 R
3 7Ù>ÚME 0 3G$
ÙA
E ðß^Ú53 7 ñ 3B6843 7Ù>Ú=E 0 3BÙGE'ðZ5743; ñ ;3G4;3ÛJ43 / ÙG8u3:E1E#Û72×]6ß
ñ
8 7sE / 3 / ÙN3:;3; ÛJ
2 Û7R3 / ×?:6c3 /1/ Ù>Ú16uñ 0 ×R; 0 Ú1Qà
8 Û3; ÙGE /F0 ÙdN
2 ×?
6 ×].
2 Û72ñCÙE×Øß 0Q/ ÙA8 2×RE³j
/F0 ÙTE / ÙA3:&
2N3 / ; 0 ó4âL\Q`
8 ÙCØ ÙG8>3B68\
2 ÙG3:#E ÛÚ*ÙA8NR3 7Ù>Ú5E 0 3 Ù /10 ÙZE13G
2 ÙM3 Ù>Ú53 ßkÙM`
8 Ù /F0 âO= 0 ÙI2TQ`
8 ÙØ ÙA8
R3 7Ù>Ú5EE 0 Gñ6O;k
Ú¼Ú*ÙGE@ 68 / /10 Ù_3 ÚH3B
2 Ù / Ù>ÚH
E Ú î 4@~I
2 iÚ Ì 86QI
2 Ó î &.K3B68
Ó Ì &!`â_\Qà
8 ÙØ ÙG8c43 7Ù>Ú}E 0 3B
ÙGE,
ñ × /10 ×]?
6 4'Q2DB /10 ÙT`
8 ×à×4à
8 Ù93 Ú*Ù8×Øß67k
Ú¼ÙGI
8 5$ÙA;3 Û#E Ù /F0 Ù
3G67:2N3B?^
Û
E lBx
ñ Ú*ÙEßk×?N
2 Ù3:EFEbQ3; ×R3 / ÙG8º,
ñ × /10 ×43; Ù}`
8 ×à×4à
8 ÙG\
E ×4E 6J / 3:;C;k
Û76 / ÙA8 k
Ú0×?6 /F0 ÙÇ×R3; ÙelGñ
2TQ`
8 Ù â
î4
/%Å Åé
= 0
DqÂ-ÇW¼%ÈX¾È)rÂ%¿>¾ÁF²ÂÁ(F!ÃÈw+Ãb¼)E%MÈÃ&-ÿMÁ)
Ù×]6~¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8u3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3
/ ?× :6zß^Ú538`×ØÙ6 / 4× EM;:6E#×4E / Ù 6 / ñ,× /10
; 0 Ù 2×4;C3Bv3B63G7JE×4E=B9Oj2Ù / Ù>ÚMEb6JBñ
5Û / ?× 6;:6E#×4E / Ù 6 / ñ,× /F0
ñ
"\Å4"#ÈÃ&%£Á'ÆeÇ!ÃÈ*)[Åz+Â-.-Å
3G68ºñ,× /10K/10 [
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6T3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6c8`ÙG8àÛ;3ÙG8d¡Ú12
×Øß^Ú53G
0 7uB /10
Ú¼Ù>ÙKîOj2NÙ
8`×à×48àÙ'ð"±Å@/W¼1HÄ>Â%ÈÆÇ!ÃÈ*)[Å.+Â-.-Å ñ
3>Eb2>3G?ØÙEÚ,ßkÚ538`×ØÙC6 / ñ,× /F0
ßkÚH3:8`×ÊÙ6
ð4¡Ú12
ñ
2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙC2Ù6 / E^G /10 T
Ù ØÙXj / [j@E#ÛÚb3;3Ùu8`×RE / 3G6;3Ù_Ù>Ú93nîjMkÚBj
7ÙG3ÚLÙ>Ú*×]Q8ðãG×Øߨâ`â.
3B68PÙØÙG; / Ú*×R;3BvE / 5Ú 3 /
¨× / EM3 /B" 4G~2
3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6zÙAE / ]× 2>3 / GÙ Eù¡ÚF:2
/ Ù>Új;kÚ¼ÙGE / 3<Ù6\¡ÚF:2
â@S\Ú*ÙCØ×?2N×?63Ú7T3B63G7JE×4ELB
Ù 0 77E#×4;3G
/10 =
" 4'Q23B68s3 /=/10
Ù
/F0 ÙZE 0 3B]?Gñ;kÚ¼ÙGEE#Ûßkß^ÙGE / E
ÊÙGE1EL3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6K3 / 4Q2DE@kÛ /F0 B /10 [
Ù 8`×à×48`Ù[3B68c67
Ù 8`×à×48àÙâá^Gñ0ÙÙ>Ú /10 G
Ù E#Ù2Ù /F0 Q87ESE13B2T7ØÙ}8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6 / / ?× 2Ùj@3Ù>ÚH3ßkÙA8
/ 67kÚ /10 B /10 =
ñ,×?68QBñLEM3 / Ý×]7ØÙBë^2Ùâ8SµØÙXj / [j@E#ÛÚb3;3Ù_8à×4E / 3B6;&ÙGE2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù93;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6K<ÙEÚZîj}kÚ
j7ÙG3ÚLÙ>Ú*×]Q87E3æEb67Gñ
× / ELEb3G6\ÊÙGE1E /10 3G6nî7ÙG3ÚHE3æE 0 3B]?GñP;^Ú*ÙGE,ßkÙ6¨Ù>Ú53G?7TEb3B6
E1;3GØÙGEZB î / Oîkê'7ÙG3Ú5E&æ,wq2Ýs437Ù>Ú5EZ3Ú*Ù`8`Ù / ÙA; / GÙ 8s3B7ÚFGg`×]2>3 / Ù 7PÙÙ>ÚH7
×?6
Ù E 0 3B]?Gñ
/F0 c
×4;3ÙK3B68
ÙÙ>Ú7øî =
î
I
/ ]× 2ÙXj
7ÙG3Ú5E
7ÙG3Ú5E×]6o8`ÙEÙ
×R;3Ùâx;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6rÙGE / ?× 2>3 / G
Ù E¡ÚF:2
3B63G7JE×RE{GªOq2Ýj@8àÙ / GÙ ; / GÙ 8¾×]6 / Ù>Ú163G7437Ù>ÚHE
8~\6J / Ù>ÚF43Gñ,× /10 2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / E¡Ú1:2
Ú¼ÙÚ¼ÙGEÙ6
/ 3Ù>ÚH3ßkÙAEµÙ>Úw3 / ÊÙG3:E / î
Ù 2_pE /
/10 d
Ú*ÙA;3Ù6
I
7ÙG3Ú5Ew3B68
/ î@7ÙG3ÚHEj6fEb6JBñ
E 0 3G?]Bñ;^Ú*ÙGE&â
Ý×?6;3Ù /10 GÙ E#ÙÞOq¯Ýu2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / E;3B6J67 / 5ÙÞÛEÙA8
¨× / E=kÚ
/ u8`Ù / GÙ ; / 8`ÙG;38`Ù /
;3Ù6 / ÛÚH7ZEF;3BÊÙ3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6I3 /1/ Ù>Ú16Em× / 2N3A7M67 / 5ÙÚ*ÙÊÙ3B6 /</ M;2_3Ú¼ÙL3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6
ÙGE
/ ?× 2>3 / GÙ Ew8`ÙEÚ*×ÙA8[¡ÚF:2?GñujÑ¡Ú¼Ù[ÓÛÙ6;m78Oq2ÝZ2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 / E / .ÙAE / ]× 2>3 / GÙ E<5 / 3×]6ÙG8 ¡ÚF:2
E 0 G3 ?]Bñ
;kÚ¼ÙGE3B68KEb67Gñ
¨× / E&â
Ù¯Ý×?7ÊÙë^2ÙU×4E6ÙG3Ú=E / G
Ù 3:8&7KE / 3 / %
Ù /F0 Ù 6
3ß^Ú*Ù>Ùñ,× /109/10 }
Ù Eb3 / R× 3Bq3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6dG /10
Ù
Ù E@3 / 4× 3Gw3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6_3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6uE 0 ^Û748
/F0 Z
0 kÚ¼×Ë6 / 3B'lÛ7gT8`×Ù>Ú*ß^Ù6;3Ùe8`Ù / ÙEÚ12×]6ÙG8j¡ÚF:2
§S¯Ýf2NÙG3:E#ÛÚ*Ù2NÙ6 / EBEÛÚHÙ7n:ÊÙGE6ðEDGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈ6³ âx= 0 4× E9;:2_3Ú*×REb6
ñ
8`Ù / Ù>Ú12×]6Ùñ 0
Ù
/10
Ù>Ú
/10
Ù9×]6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8>E
¡ÚF:2
;C3B6x5ÙÛEÙG8
/
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6_3 /1/ Ù>Ú16z×RE^;:6E#×4E / Ù 6 / ñ,× /10
/ GÙ 3:87£jtE / 3 / 9
Ù E / G
Ù 38&7%j@E / 3 /
Ù 3E1E#Û72_ / ?× :6â\ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù|`â!=E 0 GñLE /F0 3 /w/10
/10 L
Ù,×?6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8M3:;;&Û72ÛJ43
/ ?× 63 /1/ Ù>Ú16
3B68 /10 L
Ù ;3BR;3Û743 / G
Ù 8lÛ7g[8`×Ù>Ú¼ßkÙ6;3Ùw3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6.ßkÙ6ÙEÚ53B]7M3ß^Ú*Ù>ÙL67^Ú /10 G /10 L
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù25Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6
>3B68G~2Åñ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù
/F0
Ù*lGñ5Ù>ß^×?6E
/ / ÛÚ16c2
Ù :ÊÙZØ×]6Ùâ(= 0 d
Ù 3 /1/ Ù>Ú16EE / F
Ú :6ß7
/10 Z
îä
8à×4E13ßkÚ¼Ù>ÙE@kÛ /F0 B /10 }
Ù 8`×`×R8`ÙâD= 0 4× Ew8`×4EF3ß^Ú*Ù>Ù2NÙ6 / EÛ¨ßkßkÙAE / E 1
/ 0 3 / Ý×]7ØÙOëL:2Ù,×RE{¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / 7
6J / ]× 6>E / GÙ 3:87_E / 3 / =
Ù 3B68N2N3A7(5ÙIE#×Øß6×{q;C3B6 / 7 /F0 4× ;Ù6×]6ß=3G?:6¨ß.× / EwE@kÛ /F0 l 3B6YIðEÙ>Ù}3BREb
DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃÈ(³
ñ
â,^63B7JE×REÚ*ÙAEÙ6
/ GÙ 8Þ×?6
`
Û 3 / ?× :6
0 3G / Ù>ÚMrZE#Ûßkß^ÙGE / E /10 3 //10 4× E676Mj@E / GÙ 38&7cE#× / Ù 3E / 87ÙG3Ú5E^Ú^ÊÙGE1E3G68Ë×4E;6E×RE / Ù 6 / ñ,× /10K/10 #
Ù {68à×?6ß
0 3:EÚ153<577ÞÙg`×RE / GÙ 8d kÚ /10 =
Ù EÛ72_2N× / 3Ú¼ÙG3¾×4E<Ú¼ÙGEÙC6 / 7Z6ÙG3ÚSE / A
Ù 3:8&7TE / 3 / ¦
Ù ð>DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃÈ#³ 2
â Ý×?6;3Ù /10
Ù E 0 3B]?GñCÙGE /
/F0 3 /S/10 j
ñ
×]6
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6PÚ53 / >
Ù 3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
/ Ù>Ú163BR37Ù>ÚUÛEÙG8 / z×?6~¡Ù>Ú /10 N
Ù 3 /1/ ÙEÚ16nG=3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6z×?6Q¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8`¡ÚF:2
/ R× EØ×Ù7 /F0 3 /Z/F0 _
×
]:6ß[j / Ù>Ú12
3 /1/ Ù>Ú16N3B68×RE<67 / E×Øß6×{ ;3B6 / 7Z3A2ÙG; / GÙ 85&7 /F0
×4EM3<5kÛ
/ î7ÙA3Ú5E=:R8
/10 R× EI3G63B77E#×4E9Ú¼ÙXlÙG; / E /F0
ÙÚ*ÙG;3ÙC6
Ù
Û 3 / ?× 6â
/ 676Mj@E / GÙ 38&7TE× / 0.3
Inferred Accumulation Rate
Calculated Flux Divergence
Flux Diverg. or Accum. rate (m/a)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
−0.1
−50
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù(`â!Mh4;;&Û72ÛJ43
−40
−30
<− South
−20
−10
0
10
Distance from Summit (km)
20
30
North −>
40
6 ×?6Q¡ Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8 ¡Ú12 /10 Ù¾Oq2Ý9437Ù>Ú3 /1/ Ù>Ú16Þ×RE8`Ù67 / ÙG8'57
/ ×?6Z3 /F/ Ù>ÚFË
3
:
`
8
G
Ù
>
8
3
*
Ú
G
Ù
Z
3
3
1
E
E
J
Û
2
?
×
6
ß
/F0
0
/10 Ùj3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ×?:68Ú53 / Ù=3 //10 ÙME#Û72_2× / ×RE|`â?îî23 Y ×?6
×R;3ÙCÙÓ!Û×3BØÙC6 / Û76¨× / ENð,+ ¼1£Ã )5|H¾5ÃÁ¼Ä)Å7îOÝÝ8 âRë3ÚH93B68IÊ×Øß 0~/ 3Ú*ÙG3E<;^Ú*Ú*ÙAEb:68 / óC
î
ñ
ó C &X3B6
8 ó>CX4&ZÚ¼ÙGEb
ÙG; / ×Ù 7â#= 0 ÙµlÛJgc8`×Ù>Ú*ß^Ù6;3ÙM;3G4;3Û7R3 / ÙG8º¡Ú12 §S2Ý\2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*ÙXj
2NÙ6 / EG 0 k
Ú¼×Ë6 / 3B|
Ù]Q3; × / 7P×4EZE 0 GñM
6 5&7 /F0 ÙG5743; rÚ*Ù>ß^×?:u
6 ð>DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃÈG³ ñ â>ëÇ×43G2_:687E
8 Ù67 / ÙM3:;3; ÛJ
à
2 Û7R3 / ×?:N
6 Ú53 / ÙUÙGE / ×?2>3 / ÙG4
E ×?Þ
6 ×43; Ù§Ù[Ó!Û¨×3BÊ Ù6 / Û7
6 × / E ¡ Ú12:Ê ÙXj / H jtE ÛÚ@3:3; ÙZN
2 ÙG3 j
E ÛÚ*ÙC
#
2 Ù6 / \
E ×?6uOî ÝÝäU<Oî ÝÝ93B68uOî ÝÝ
r â
Ù@ß^Ú537>E
î8
/ÃR-Ç'Â%Èb¼ÄªDGFW¼%¿ÀMÃ*)µ¾B¿ÁF!Ã#§%ÇW¼Át¾B¼Ä½zá+M+>%`-.%%Ä>¼Á¾BÂ%¿ºÃ¥¼Á¸ÁfÃÈ¿
/%Šų
^
Ù E@3 / 4× 3GX3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6Z3 /1/ Ù>Ú16T2>3 / ; 0 A
Ù E /F0
Ù 5EÙ>ÚHÙG8dR3A7ÙEÚ5E /
/F0 kÛ¨ß 0 3IE / GÙ 38&7£jtE / 3 / I
ñ,× /F0 ×?6 1/ 0 S
Ù 2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙC2Ù6 /
/ ]× 2Ùw3B68 /10
¡Ú12
ÙCÙ32ÙG;
Ù>Ú*ÚFkÚHEmk×
Ù E@3 / 4× 3BQ3 /1/ ÙEÚ16 0 3:E<; 0 3B6¨ßkÙG8=ñ,× /10
/ R× E½ pE1E#×57ÊÙ /10 3 /µ/F0 / E½B /F0 GÙ E#Ù; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE½:6 /F0
Ù E / G
Ù 3:87£jtE / 3 / j
Ù ;3:E#Ùâ
/F0 =
`
3BREb92>3 / ; 0_/F0 =
Ù 5E#Ù>Ú3 / ?× 6E
Ù4×?6
/ Ù>ÚF63BR37Ù>Ú½3 /1/ Ù>Ú16[3Ú*Ù0×?68à×4E / ?× 6ß^Û×4E 0 3<5JØÙ
kÛ7R8_36J:6MjtE / GÙ 3:8&7%jtE / 3 / [
Ù Eb3 / 4× 3G½3 /1/ Ù>Ú16_Gv3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6
= 0 >
Ù 8`Ù /10 t
j 8`×4E / Ú¼×5Û / ?
× 6nB /10
ÙÚ¼ÙGE×R8`Û3G4E@×4EUÙg73G2×?6¨ÙG8
/ / AÙ E /I/F0 4× EEFE×5×?Ê× / 7âGÙÑL3
8`Ù / GÙ ; / 357ØÙT; 0 3B6ß^Ù×]6 /F0 T
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6c3 /1/ Ù>Ú16 0 3:E=Q;;3ÛÚ¼Ú*ÙG8 /10 C
Ù 6n3G6f3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6
3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6ñ 0 ×4; 0 Ú1Q8`Û;3ÙGE=3ß:Q8n2>3 / ; K
0 / KE 0 3B?]Gñ®ðS7^Û76ß ñ R 37Ù>Ú5Eñ^Û748c67 / ÚFQ8`Û;3Ù
3 ß:Q8 2>3 / ; 0/
Ë
ð`
8 ÙEÙ
Ù>Ú ñ 43 7Ù>Ú5&E âI= 0 ÙÞÚ*ÙAE ×4à
8 Û3BREI3B]:
6 ßzÙA3:; 0 437Ù>Ú[3Ú*ÙN3AÙEÚ53ß^ÙG8f3B68
Ù 3G2_7Ê× / Û 8`Ù@3BÊÛÙGE Ó
G3 68 Ó
/10 u
î
3B6
8 Ú Ì ñ 3 Ú*Ù 0 Ù4@
8 {à
g ÙG8c3 / ä%G~2
Ú*ÙGE#×48`Û3B4E3Ú*ÙJ?
Ì
3Ú*ÙI3Ú¼×ØÙG8
ñ 0 ]× ØÙ /10
Ù
/ 5Ú 3B6E× / ?× 6ÊÙ6ß /F0
3B68¡8Q2IÚ*ÙGE@ÙG; / × Ù7âJ= 0
Ù
3BØÛ¨ÙGE@ðDÚ
î
0 ^Ú*×ËC:6 / 3B]7`3AÙEÚ53ß^ÙG8
Ù 3Ù>ÚH3ß^Ù=8`Ù /F0 B /10
Ù 437Ù>ÚS3B68ÙEÚ5EÛE3¾Ú53G6ßkÙ
/F/ GÙ 88×?6ß^Ú537'Ù>ÚHEÛE /10 =
BL67^Ú12>3GØ×)Ë>ÙG8\3G2_7Ê× / Û 8`ÙJ3BÊÛÙGEðãª×ØßâE`âÄr â= 0 d
Ù 6JkÚ /F0 3G68nE@kÛ /F0
ñ
E×R8`ÙGE^G /10 9
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù
3Ú¼Ù / Ú¼ÙG3 / GÙ 8>EÙ3Ú53 / Ù 7â
Ùt6
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù(àâÄr%
Ù 3B6Ùv;^Ú*Ú*ÙAEb:68à×?6ß / /F0 M
Ù Eb^Û /10 E#×48`Ù=B /10 [
Ù 8`×à×48`ÙjE 0 GñLE /F0 3 /
/10
437Ù>ÚHE½3 / 3B]Q8`Ù /F0 E 0 3Ù<2×]6×?2.ÛJ2
Ú*ÙAE×48àÛ3BRE kÚv3E×?6¨ß:ØÙS3G2_7Ø× / Û 8àÙ~3BÊÛÙâ= 0 4× E©E#Ûßkß^ÙGE / E
/10 3 /Z/10
Ù 3G2_7Ê× / Û 8`Ù3BØÛ¨Ù@ð3B68 /10
0 3:E$5$ÙEÙ6n67`; 0 3G6ßkÙN×?6 /10 >
ÙEÚ*Ù
Ù>Ú*Ù ^
Ú*ÙT3:;;&Û72ÛJ43
/ ?× 6
3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6 ñ Ù>Ú 1/ 0 Ù / ×]2Ù.Ú*Ù¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / ÙG8@57 /10 Ù92ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 / E&â= 0 Ù93B6ÙC;kÚ*Ú¼ÙGEb68`×?6¨ß
/ /F0 Ùd6JkÚ /F0 E×48àÙ_B /F0 Ù>8`×`×R8`Ù9E 0 GñLEZ3@Ù>ÚH7I5Ú1p3:8n2×]6×?2.Û72 3Ú1^ Û768O3B6f3G2_7Ø× / Û8àÙ
3BØÛ¨ÙGh`â!&7EFE×577>E#Ûßkß^ÙGE / ?× 6ß9Ø× /1/ ØÙ / Z67_; 0 3G6ßkÙU×?6 /F0 =
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6_3 /1/ ÙEÚ16>Ù>Ú
/ ]× 2Ùâæá^Gñ0ÙÙ>Ú /10
Ù>Ú*Ù`3B7ÙG3Ú5E
{ /1/ ?× 6ßI5ÙGE /Z/ u3\]Bñ°3GØÛÙ_G Ó
3BØÛ¨ÙºG Ó
Ì
â=
0 4× EZ; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ_ñ,× /10
Ì
/ ?5Ùu3 / Ú¼Ù68
Ù 2×]6×?2.Û72Dñ,× /10
/ /10 \
E 0 B3 ]?Gñ437Ù>ÚHE
3G68f8`Ù>ÙÙ>ÚM437Ù>ÚHE { /F/ ?× 6¨ß@5ÙGE /Z/ u3cEbÊ×Øß 0Q/ 7 0
8`ÙC /10
E 0 BñLE /F0 3 /Z/F0 >
Ù 873 / 3u3B]?Gñ
×Øß
0
Ù>Ú
kÚ /F0 _
Ù EFE×5¨×?Ø× / 7
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6zß^Ú53:8à×ØÙ6 / 67kÚ /10 G /10 _
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù 0 3:EM8`ÙG;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙG8\Ù>Ú / ?× 2NÙâQE#×?6ß
/10 3 /I/F0 _
0 7Q /F0
Ù
/ R× ;3B / ?× 2Ùj@EF;3BÊÙGE~ kÚRÝ×?7ÊÙRë^2Ù / }873 /
Ù
/10
Ù4×]6
/ Ù>Ú163G:R3A7ÙEÚ5E~ðEDGFW¼XÇ!ÁDÃÈFéækB#ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿
î
South Layers
North Layers
0.8
Scaled Depth (z/H)
Scaled Depth (z/H)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0
0.5
1
Acc. Gradient Amplitude αs
0
<−− Good Fit
0.1
0.2 0.3
0.4
Acc. Gradient Amplitude αn
1
2
Mismatch Index J
3
Bad Fit −−>
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙB`â!r%h9ëÇÙ
8 ×4E / Ú*×5Û / ×?:6cG0Ú*ÙGE#×48`Û3G4Eù ^Ú=437Ù>Ú5ELEb^Û /10 3B68\67kÚ /10 B /F0 ÙZ8à×à×48`Ù%
/F0 `
Ú¼ÙGEbÙG; / ×ÙC7âTÝkÛ /10 B /F0 Ù8`×`×R8`Ù%2×]6×?28Û72Ú¼ÙGE×R8`Û3BREµ3Ú*Ùw kÛ768Z3 / :6¨ÙL3B2_7Ê× / Û8`ÙD3BÊÛÙ
Ó 3 / 3B?S8`ÙC /10 NE <E#Ûßkß^ÙGE / ×?6ßK67c; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ_Ù>Ú / ×?2Ù9E@kÛ /F0 B /F0 ÙT8`×à×48`Ùâ'ò^^Ú /10 B /F0 Ù
î
8à×à×48`Ù%àÚ*ÙGE#×48`Û3B4E k
ÚjE 0 3G??Gñ°ðZ7kÛ76¨ß ñ 437Ù>Ú5E3Ú*ÙM2×?6×]2×Ë&ÙG893 / ]Gñ\3BÊÛÙGEù ^Ú Ó Ì ñ 0 ×?ÊÙ
Ú¼ÙGE×R8`Û3G4E k
ÚLà
8 Ù>Ù
ðÑ48 ñ RA3 7ÙEÚ5E3 Ú¼Ù=
2 ×?
6 ×]
2 ×)Ë>ÙC8d3 / EbØ ×Êß 0Q/ 7dR3 Ú*ß^Ù>Ú|3BÊÛÙGE3â
½îOÝÝ
ÃaÁu¼Ä)Å
ñ
Ù@Ú53G6ßkÙ=B
/10
×RE@×?2_7Ê×ØÙG8G5&7
/10
/ ?× 2Ùj@8`ÙC$ÙC68`Ù6 / 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6Z3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6EE 0 Gñ6Þ×?6ÞãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù#àâ×
ÙÚ¼ÙGE×R8`Û3Bw3
/1/ Ù>Ú16n3 /1/ Ù>Ú16E 0 Gñ6
×?6rãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù`âÄrâ@=
EF;3Ù63Ú*×]9EÛß^ßkÙGE / E /10 3 / 8jHî:3B¬TJ3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :68Ú53 / GÙ Eñ0Ù>Ú*Ù[î8j4
0 4× EI3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6
0
×Êß
0
ÙEÚCÚ*ÙC43
/ × Ù /
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù /F0 3B6Þ×?6>2_^Ú*Ù@Ú¼ÙG;3Ù6 /w/ ]× 2ÙGE3âV= 0 M
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :68ßkÚ538`×ØÙC6 / 67^Ú /F0 G /F0 M
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ
/F0 =
Ù 3E / î
0 3:E pE1E#×577>8`ÙG;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙG8dÙ>Ú /10 =
=
7ÙG3Ú5E3âqåCÙA;3ÛE#Ù /10
3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6Z3 /1/ Ù>Ú16EE 0 Gñ6Þ×?6ÞãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù$`â.×¾×4Ewñ,× /10 ?× 6 /F0
ÚH3B6ß^Ù=B×?6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG89E
Ù@Ú53G6ßkÙMB
/ ?× 2NÙXj@8àÙÙ68`Ù6 /
;6&{q8`Ù6;3Ù^Ê×?2× / EµG /F0
Ù
Ù 3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6EmTðãG×ØߨâY`â ä ~ñCÙj;3B676J / 8`×RE / ]× 6ßkÛ¨×4E 0 5$Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6 /F0
/ GÙ 3:87>E / 3 / }
ñ
Ù
Ù E1;3ÙC63Ú¼×?E&â
/ ?× 2Ùj@8`ÙC$ÙC68`Ù6 / 3B68KE / AÙ 3:8&7%j@E / 3 / M
ÙoÝ8
îr
1.8
Scaled Accumulation Rate
1.6
Best Fit for Deep Layers
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Best Fit for Shallow Layers
0.4
0.2
−40
−20
0
20
Distance North of Divide (km)
40
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù9`â.×MhSµ
/ Ù6 / ×43G / ×]2ÙXjt; 0 3G6ßkÙ0×?693;;3Û728Û743 / ×]:6I3 1/ / Ù>Ú16T3B]?GñCÙA8L57 /F0 ÙL873 / 3`â|Ý 0 3Gj
?Gñ R37Ù>Ú5E;kÚ*Ú¼ÙGEb68 / K437Ù>ÚHEw7kÛ76¨ßkÙ>Ú /10 3 / 3<5kÛ / 8J
K rB3`âGëÇÙ>ÙCc437Ù>Ú5E}3Ú*Ù9:R8`Ù>Ú
3 â
/10 3G6I8$K r(`
CÙG;3ÛEÙf873
å
/ 3
^Úc8`Ù>ÙCR3A7ÙEÚ\E 0 3BÙGE\6JkÚ /F0
B /10 n
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ùs3Ú*ÙEb3Ú5EÙ} /F0
8`ÙÙ68àÙ6 / E1;&Ù63Ú¼×?uE 0 Gñ6×?6pãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù1àâ×uE 0 ^Û748x5ÙG`×ÊÙñCÙA8ñ,× /10
Ù>Ú¼Ù k
Ú¼Ù98~:2×]63
/ ]× 2ÙXj
;3Û / ]× :6âMòLkÚ /F0
Ù 8à×à×48`Ù%7R37Ù>Ú5E3Ú*ÙZ67 / 8`Ù / G
Ù ; / 357ØÙMÙ>Ú /10 I
Ù ¡ÛJ?Ú*ÙEßk×?6ðãG×Êßâ«`â!4 $
â = 0
/10 9
ñ
8`Ù /F0 3Ú*Ù /F0
Ù
G
Ù¾Ú*ÙAE×48àÛ3BRE3
/ GÙ 8@57c:6ÙT8`Ù>Ùu437Ù>Ú}ñ 0 4× ; 0 Ù g / Ù 68JE / I86Q2
¡Ú12
/10
/
Ù
8`×à×48àÙâiåCÙG;3ÛEÙ /10 L
Ù 873 / 3I3Ú¼ÙLEb3Ú5E#Ùù ^Ú R37Ù>Ú5E©:R8`Ù>Ú /10 3G6'8Oj5îP3&× / 4× E<8à×äN;3Û7 /X/ M8`ÚH3ñ
{Ú12
;:6;ØÛE#×?:6Ee ^ÚL; 0 3G6ßkÙAEá×]6 /10 M
Ù E@3 / 4× 3BX3 /1/ ÙEÚ16>Ú*×]kÚ / /F0 3 /L/ ]× 2Ùâ
òÇÙÙ>Ú /10 Ù ÊÙGE1EN /F0 4× E}3B63G7JE×4E@×REÇÚ*ÙÊÙ3B6 /^/ /10
Ù
Ù 3;j
0 7~ /10 GÙ E#×4E /10 3 / 3>; 0 3B6ß^Ù×]6 /10 9
;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6f3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6
×REèÚ¼ÙGEb:6E×5JØÙ\ kÚ /10 c
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù\2×ÊßkÚH3 / ]× :6
ð>DGFW¼XÇ!ÁfÃȾHkæZB#ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ØÃaÁe¼ÄÅXîOÝÝ×:3
ñ
â§^63B77E#×4EÚ¼ÙGEÙC6
/ GÙ 8×?6
`
×?6Q¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8f3
/ Ý×]7ØÙ1ë^2Ù
0 3B / Ù>Ú#8GðB#ÃÈÃ*)rÂ%¿ØÃaÁe¼ÄÅ
î×
îrÝÝ×:3 ñ E 0 GñLE /10 3 / 3B6ؾB¿+OÈÃb¼)[ÃC×?6 /10 Ù6ßkÚH3:8`×ÊÙ6 / ×4E,Ú*ÙÓ!Û×ÊÚ*ÙG8 / _2_Ù /10 ÙI8à×à×48`Ù / Gñe3Ú58
Ù@3; ÙBÝ / Ú¼ÙG3B2 ë¾âE= 0 ÙZE1E#×57ÊÙ9; 0 3B6ß^Ù.×?6 /10 ÙZEb3 / ×RB
3 w3 /1/ ÙEÚ16uE 0 Bñ6z×]6PãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùð3àâ× ñ ×RE^3
¼+
)[Ã@×]6
½MÃ rÈÃb¼
Ù E@kÛ /F0 j 6JkÚ /F0
/F0 >
7E#× / j
Ù EÙ6E#ÙâÔPÙ /F0
/ Ù>Ú16`3Ú¼ÙI67 /
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6|ß^Ú53:8à×ØÙ6 / Ù>Ú / ?× 2Ùæ /10 R× EZ; 0 3B6ß^Ùb×RE9×]6
Ù>Ú*Ù k
Ú*Ù}EÛEbÙG;
/F0
Ù
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6Z3 /
/S/10 3 // CÙ 2_kÚ53Gq; 0 3G6ßkÙAE¢×?6 /10
Ú*ÙGE@:6E#×57ÊÙ k
Ú$Ý×]7ØÙ(ë^2ÙM8`×à×48`Ù=2_
/ ]× :6â,L3 /F0
Ù>Ú
j
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù=2_ / ?× 6b×RE
/F0 Z
Ê×Ù7Z;3ÛEÙA857T; 0 3G6ßk×]6ß9;68`× / ?× 6E3 //F0 #
Ù 5kÛ76873Ú¼×ØÙGEBhÝ×?JØÙ9ë^:2Ùj3 //10
Ù 2>3Ú¼ßk×]6E
`
GRÙ@;3ÙÝ / Ú*ÙG3G2>E
3B68$Q^Ú$ë¾â
=©2>3Ù /10 R× Eµ32{ÚF2
Ú¼ÙG;^Ú58\;
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6>3 /1/ ÙEÚ16cÙ>Ú / ]× 2Ù=6Ù>ÙG8JE / '5ÙQÓ!Û3G6 / × {ÙA8ZâeÔ
0 3G6ßkÙGE×?6 /F0 Z
à×?687EdB 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6
×]6
;:6;ÊÛE×]:6T /10 Ù 3<5¨×?Ø× / 7^Gwq2Ýjt8`Ù / G
Ù ; / G
Ù 89×]6 / Ù>Ú163G437Ù>ÚE 0 3G$ÙAE /
3 /1/ Ù>Ú16m; 0 3G6ßkÙGE_ñSkÛ7R8
Ú1Q8`Û;3Ùn3f8`Ù / GÙ ; / 3<57ÊÙc; 0 3B6¨ßkÙz×?6
/ Ù>Ú163B©437Ù>ÚL3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
ÙbE /10 4× EE#×Øß:63Bw8`×RE / ?× 6ß^Û×4E 0 3<57ÊÙ¡ÚF:2 /F0
3>2ÙG; /Z/10 _
Ù 437Ù>ÚME 0 3BÙGE9EÛ; 0
Ù>Ú^3;
0 3 /
/F0
Ù
/ ^Ú5E^ñ 0 R× ; 0 2×Øß 0~/
3:EZ; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE¾×?6r×4;3Ù /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1E°= 0 Ù\E 0 3BÙKBj3B6
×?6
/ Ù>ÚF63B
R37Ù>Ú8àÙÙ687E:6>ð1î ñ /10 Ù93B2_^Û76 / 3B68u8`×4E / Ú¼×5Û / ×?6cBL8àÙE× / ÙG8cE@67Gñ E#×?6;3Ù F/ 0 ÙZ437Ù>Ú
ñe3:E ^
Ú1
2 ÙG893 //F0 Ù@×R3; Ù=EÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù=3B68Ið ñ /10 Ù=3B2_^Û76 / 3B68º8à×4E / Ú*×5Û / ×]:6_GwE / ÚH3×?6 F/ 0 Ù43 7Ù>Ú
Ù {Ú5E / 8`ÙÙ68JE^:6 /10 [
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6\3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
0 3:E@ÙgQ$ÙEÚ*×ØÙC6;3ÙG8>E×]6;3Ù6× / E kÚ12N3 / ]× :6â$= 0 J
E#×?6;&Ù /10
Ù
Ù E#ÙG;68>8`ÙÙ687E6G5 /10>/10 I
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6
/ ?× 2NÙ^GX437Ù>Ú8àÙE× / ]× :6TJ3B68 /10 =
0 ×4E / kÚH7>3B68 /10
Ù
/F0 4× ;~6¨ÙGE1E 0 ×4E / kÚH7_B /10
Ò{!ªWM@ðWÖW>owÓ
,ÙG;Ù>ÚH7dG\×]6~ k
ÚF2>3
ÙU×4;&Ù=E
0
ÙEÙ
/
Õ!ÔJÍÌ=\Ô½ïw^
â
ÓÍÔqWM$uWLÕk]v¢©WL$
Ù E@3 / 4× 3Gµ3 /1/ Ù>Ú16>B 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3j
/ ?× 6\35kÛ // Ù 2_kÚH3B; 0 3G6ßkÙAEá×]6 /10 I
/ ?× 6b×REØ×]2× / GÙ 8J5&7 0 GñmñCÙ]©3B68 0 Gñm2>3B67×]6 / Ù>Ú163B437Ù>ÚHE3Ú¼Ù=2ÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙA8_3B68 0 Gññ0Ù?
Ù E / H
Ú 3×?6 0 4× E / kÚH7Ë×4EO~67Gñ6â}ËÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙC2Ù6 / E ¡Ú12
/F0 Z
Ù Q^6¨×Ù>ÚHE× / 79B¥Ôn3E 0 ]× 6ß / :6rwq2Ý
/F0 E]77E / Ù 2;C3B6T8`Ù / AÙ ; / ?× 6 / ÙEÚ163G 0 kÚ¼×Ë6E¢ÙÙ>Ú7¦8jHîI2Ù / Ù>Ú5E×?6T3B6×R;3ÙL;ØÛ72_6[;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@:68£j
×]6ßc:6¨Ù\437Ù>Ú6ÙÙ>ÚH7?.8KuI3ð4 k
ÚGÝ×?7ÊÙGë^2Ù
ñ
ñ,× /F0
3 2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*Ù2ÙC6 / J
Û 6;3Ù>Ú / 3×]6 / 7
îÝ
Be3<5^Û / î_2Ù / Ù>Ú5E&âêÞ^67\8àÙ / ÙG; / 3<5JØÙM; 0 3B6ß^ÙGEÇ×?6 /10 9
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6>8à×4E / Ú*×5Û / ]× :6c28ÛE /
Ù>Ú5E#×4E / Ù>Úw3 / ?× 2Ù,×]6 / Ù>Ú3GE13G2_7ØÙA8J5&7 /F0
ÙÇ×]6
/ Ù>Ú163B437Ù>Ú<3 /1/ Ù>Ú16N3B68d28ÛE / Ú1Q8àÛ;3Ù=3
; 0 3B6ß^Ù9×]6>8`×RE / 3G6;3Ù / 93:8>J53;3Ù6 / ]× 6 / Ù>Ú163G437Ù>Ú5Ewñ 0 4× ; 0 4× ECßkÚ¼ÙG3 /
Ù>Ú
Ù 2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 /
/F0 3B6 /F0
Û76;3ÙEÚ
Ù E / 5
Ú 3×]6 0 R× E / ^Ú7P×4EUÙGEbÙG;3×R3B]7c8à×äN;3Û7 /=/ ËÙGE / ?× 2N3 / Z
Ù kÚM:R8`Ù>Ú'ð8`Ù>ÙÙ>Ú
/ 3×?6 / 7âG= 0 K
ñ
437Ù>ÚHE3âG= 0 Ù / / 3BE / ÚH3 ×?6O`
8 ÙC$
ÙC687E6 /10 Ù 0 ×4E / ^ Ú7uB /10 Ù'Ù?Q&; × / 7'{Ù4«
8 µñ 0 ×R; 0 ×?6 / ÛÚ16
8`ÙÙ68JEù6 0 ×4E / kÚH7_B 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6B) /F0
Ù\ÓÛ3B6
/ × / 7dñ0ÙI3Ú*Ù / Ú 7à×?6¨ß / L{68Zâ2Ù6ßkÙ6ÙEÚ53B
:R8`Ù>Ú437Ù>ÚHE 0 3ÙM3I2_^Ú*Ù=;2_7Ê×4;3 / GÙ 89E / 5Ú 3×]6 0 R× E / kÚ7â
÷E×]2_7ÊÙ_3G63B7
/ 4× ;>3Ú¼ßkÛ72ÙC6 / ;3G6x5ÙËÛEÙG8
/ Ó!Û3G6 / Ä× Z7 /F0 GÙ E#ÙN3; / ^Ú5E_3G68
2N3<Ù>3
{Ú5E / j kÚH8`Ù>ÚÞÙGE / ?× 2>3 / Ù_G /10 ÙcÊ×?2× / EG6ÛE×]6ß Oq¯Ý / ×]6 / Ù>Ú1¨Ú*Ù / 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ×?6f; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE3â
`
:6E#×48`ÙEÚI3_Ù>Ú@¡ÙG; / >
7 743E / ×R;¾×4;3Ù[E 0 ÙEÙ / â6^67c; 0 3B6ß^Ù.×?6 F/ 0 Ù93:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ×?6\3 /1/ ÙEÚ16cñ,×?]
5ÙL3:;;2_2_Q873 / G
Ù 8#57M3; 0 3B6ß^Ù,×?6 /F0 2
Ù ÙC?Q;3× / 7O{Ù48=ñ,× /F0 67=; 0 3G6ßkÙ,×]6 /10
ð3Ù6>3¾Ú¼ÙG3B×4;3Ù}E 0
ÙEÙ
ðbÃ¥¼ÁfÃÈL)rÂ%¿TLîOÝÝä
ñ
Ù@×R;3Ù
/ /10
^E@
ÝÛ77pEÙuñCÙcEF3B2_JØÙ
Ù>Ú
/10 3 /L/10
/10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E3â
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE R× ECÚ*ÙR3 / × Ù79×]6EÙC6E× / × Ù / [3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6_; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGE
/10 4× EIÙ>Úb¡ÙA; / 7n743E / 4× ;Ùg / Ú*ÙC2Ù×4EZ3PÚ*ÙG3Eb:63<57ÊÙcE / 3 Ú / ?× 6¨ßnk×?6 / â ñ
/F0 ÙË×]6 / Ù>Ú163B}E / ÚH3 / ×ØßkÚH3B 0 7o3 /_/ ñu7433; ÙGEd6 /10 Ù×43; Ù`E 0 ÙEÙ / h?Ý× / Ù
3B68MÝ× / Ù å#vEÙ3Ú53
/ ^ßkÙ /F0
ÙC×4;&Ù
Ù@×R;3Ù
/ GÙ 85&7sEb2ÙK8`×4E / 3G6;3ÙK§âå /F0
/F0 4× ;~6¨ÙGE1E,:
×4ECÙGEFEÙ6
3B68Îå3Ú¼ÙKEÛMäN;3×ØÙC6
/ 7s;?pEÙ
/ R× 3B?7.Ù[ÓÛ3B3 / 5 /10 E× / GÙ E&âRQ^68`ÙEÚ39;:6E / 3G6 /
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6c3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6TG×REbQ; 0 1Ú 6ÙGEñ,×]?w3G7ÙG3Ú93 /I/F0 _
Ù EF3B2Ù98àÙ /10
3 / 5 /10
E#× / AÙ E3âGÙÑL3
67:6^j@;6E / B3 6 / Eb3 / R× 3BQ3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6¾Ùgà×4E / EN:3,ßk×Ù6U×4EbQ; 0 FÚ :6ÙSñ,×??%5Ùw kÛ768M3 / 8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6 / 8`Ù /F0 E3â
ÙÑXñCÙ2>3Ù /F0 =
Ù 3878`× / ?× 63BX3E1EÛJ2_ / ]× :6 /F0 3 //F0
Ù@×R;3Ù^2T<ÙAE{677BÙ>Ú
/ 4× ;C3B?7% /F0 Ù 6_ñ0Ù=;3B6
Ú*ÙA8`×4; /S/10 j
Ù 8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6;3Ù@×]6>8`Ù /10_/ 93I3Ú / 4× ;&Û743ÚC×4E@Q; 0 1
Ú :6¨ÙP5Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6 /10
Ù
; 0 3B6ß^Ù×]6 /10 _
Ù E@3 / 4× 3Bv3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6c<ÙEÚ / ]× 2Ù=ñ,×??XÚFQ8`Û;3ÙT3_8`Ùà×43 / ]× :6\¡Ú12
/ ñS9E× / GÙ E ¯
â4
Ù Ú*ÙA8`×4; / G
Ù 8
/F0 Z
E / GÙ 3:8&7%jtE / 3 / [
Ù 8`Ù /F0 @
j 8à×È2Ù>Ú*ÙC6;3ÙâãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù(`â.ÝdE 0 GñLE
Û 3 / ?× :6`E1; 0 Ù 2>3 / R× ;3B]7^â
/F0 4× EE#× / /10 E× / GÙ E 0 3Ù /10 9
Ù E13B2NÙ¾×4;&Ù /10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E@:I©3G68;:6E / 3B6 / Ù>Ú / 4× ;3GXE / 5
Ú 3×]6|ÚH3 /
å
Ý× /
Ù8
0 3:E=3>;6E / 3B6 / 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6ÞÚ53 /
2ÛJ43 / ×?6Ú53 /
Rð¡5 ñ â4
Ù
Ý ×/
/ Dð¡5 ñ
Ù
5»I3G68?Ý× / Ù
\å
Ù
¡ « á9â
0 3:E=3'3Ú¼×43<5JØÙ93:;C;3ÛMj
Ù6J
Ç®#¡RE¯0M k&®@ºFºF)@R¿ª¡Ç&¦Ç^M>\*3##²3¡.M¿ª ¡ER>à ^M¡M¦¡#.¡²&kM
¡@C##>¡# ¿Ê¡ E®##¯UR¿ÁÂC·@¥ªüÇÄ*&##²3¡Ç@# c l3ÂC¦§Å¤
î4
bB
b0
bA
b0
time
A
B
time
surface
∆z
internal
layers
H
bed
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙGàâÝMhIÝQ;
Ù 3B63B7JE×REèÛEÙG8 / u8àÙ / Ù>ÚF2×?6¨Ù /F0 Ù>EÙC6E× / × à× / 7cGU×?6 / Ù>ÚF63B
0 Ù2>3 / ×R;IB /10 K
R37Ù>ÚE 0 3BÙGE / T3Z; 0 3B
6 ß^Ù¾×?6 /10 ÙM8`×RE / Ú¼×5Û / ×?6>BS3;;3Û728Û743 / ×]:6â
8 ¢¯ Ýp:à×?6¨ßI kÚ ¯ ð5
ñ
ß^×ÙGE
Ù>Ú*Ù
ð`â?îr×
:
ñ
Ù òw7Ù / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ%h
/F0 (
¯ Vð5 ñ
ñ 0
¯
5»
/ ?× 2ÙwÚFQ;3Ù>ÙG87Eµ ^Ú1ñ3Ú589Eb /10 3 /
5
»5
ÙCg~NÀ
:
:
Á
Ç×RE /10 Ù Ú¼ÙGEÙC6 / 3B68.5ª×4E<6Ù>ßp3 / × ÙâDÝ× /
ð`â?îrÝ
Ù;å
ñ
0 3:E
3 / ]× 2ÙXjt8`ÙÙ68`ÙC6 / 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6.Ú53 / %
Ù 7E#×?28Û743 / ]× 6ß=; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE¢×]6 /F0 =
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6Z3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
5Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6_k×]6 / EÇP3G68(å@â= 0
Ù
/ ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙù ^ÚLE× /
¯ Rð5 ñ
:xÙgQ
Ù#å
î Ø »
¢
:
×RE
Rð5 ñ k5'
ð`â.
ñ
= 0 R× EdE#×?2_JØ×{ÁÙG8nE1;&Ù63Ú¼×?P×4EZ67 / ¡Û7?7Ú*ÙG3GØ×RE / R× ;kâ>Ùt6pÚ*ÙG3GØ× / 7}\×4;3ÙK8`ÙpE× / G
Ù 8x5Ù / ñCÙ>ÙC6
E#× / GÙ EU
3G68åãñSkÛ7R8 0 3AÙTEb2Ù.×?6 / ÙEÚ12ÙG8à×43 /
Ù
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE3E1E@Q;3×43 / GÙ 8ñ,× /10 3B6×]6 / Ù>Ú12NÙXj
î4Qî
8`×43 / Ù[3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6NÚ53 / Ùâ|= 0
Ù6×4;3Ù=3Ú
Ù 8`ÙE#× / G
Ù 8ºR3A7ÙEÚ|5$Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6KE× / G
Ù E
/ 4× ;ÊÙGE3B]:6ß /F0 M
3B68vå
ñ^Û748 / HÚ 3AÙC 0 ^Ú*×)Ë:6 / 3G?7K3Ejñ0Ù?v3:E#Ù>Ú / R× ;3B]7_Ù>Ú / ?× 2Ù} / G5ÙI kÛ768zÙÙ6 /
3B]7G5Ù6ÙG3 /10 ©EF37%½E#× /
67 /
Ú¼ÙXlÙG;
0
Ù\å@â=
/ 8`ÙpE× / ?× 6
3 / Ý× /
Ù>Ú¼Ù k
Ú¼Ù%
Ù 437Ù>Ú /10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E3 /1/ ÙEÚ16I5Ù6ÙG3 /10 Ý× /
/10 M
Û^j
Ù#å
8~ÙAE
/ Eb:2NÙ>3Ù>Ú53ßkÙ'5Ù / ñCÙEÙ6nE#× / GÙ E¾3G68å@âDëÇÙAEb× /
Ù(å#V5Û
Ù
Ù {ÁÚ5E / j ^Ú58`ÙEÚ
/10 R× EØ×?2N× / 3 / ]× :6T /F0 4× EÇÙCg`Ù>ÚH;3×4E#ÙM;3B6sE / ?× ?vE 0 GÙ 8E@:2Ù±Ó!Û3B6 / × / 3 / × ÙIÊ×Øß 0~/ :6 /10 J
EÙ6E× / ×à× / 79Bv437Ù>ÚE 0 3BÙGE / T3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6_; 0 3G6ßkÙâ
b
2ω
∆b
b0
t0
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù(`â?îMhqáw7Q
|ÙM3Ú¼ÙU×?6
Ô
Ù>Ú¼ÙGE
/
Ù
Ý ×/
/ R× ;3BX3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6 0 ×4E / ^Ú7>3 / Ù#å@â
Ù 8`Ù /10_/ _3I3Ú / 4× ;3Û7R3Ú0×4EbQ; 0 F
Ú :6ÙM3 / G
Ù 3; 0 E#× / %
Ù 73G68 /10 M
Ù E×)Ë>Ù
/ GÙ 8è×]6 /10 M
¯ B /F0 M
Ù 8`Ù /F0 t
j 8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6;3Ùð 0 4× E / ^Ú73 / Ý× /
/F0
t
¯ '
K
¯
ñ
5Ù / ñCÙ>ÙC6 /10 M
Ù E#× / A
Ù EC×4E kÚ}3.ßk×ÙC6>3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6
Ùå@âhã^ÚÞÙg73G2_7ÊÙ%ñCÙs;3B68`Ù
Ù 8`×2ZÙEÚ*Ù6;&ÙI5$Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6m3OEb3 / 4× 3G?7
/ GÙ ; />/10 s
;:6E / G3 6 / 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6>3 /1/ Ù>Ú16u3G68\:6Ù /F0 3 / 8`Ùà×43 / GÙ E¡Ú1:2Å3_;:6E / 3B6 / 3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6Ë×! /10
; 0 3B6ß^ÙG8_3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6c;3ÛEÙGEC×REbQ; 0 1Ú 6ÙGE3 / Ý× /
Ùoå
/ 5Ù[8`Ù>ÙÙ>ÚSkÚ}E 0 3G??Gñ0Ù>Ú /F0 3B6`3 / E× /
Ù
Ù6
^ÚR:á;Ë ñ âªEFEÛ72ÙRð5 ñ ×4E<3
»vñ,× /10 ;&Ù6 / Ù>Úª5b»8`ÛÚH3 / ×?:69k
Úv,
ñ ×48 /F0 Q3B68I2>3ß6× / Û`
8 Ù
5&7M3G6_3G2_kÛ76 / 8`Ù / G
Ù ; / 3<57ÊÙCÛE#×?6ßUOq2Ý / G
Ù ; 0 6×kÓ!Û¨ÙGEDðDâPî2
E / Ù Mjt; 0 3G6ßkÙ×?6 / ]× 2Ù4Ú*ÙR3 / × Ù /
#ðãG×Øߨâ`â?î
ñ
âR=
ö
Ù 8à×È2Ù>Ú*ÙC6;3Ù,×?6T8`Ù /10 ¯ / Z3@ß^×Ù68×4E@Q; 0 F
Ú :6ÙO5Ù / ñCÙ>ÙC6 /10
0
;3B615ÙI;C3B4;&Û743 / ÙG8 ¡ÚF:2
Ù[ÓÛ3
ã7kÚL437Ù>Ú5ES8`ÙE#× / G
Ù 8_Ú*×]kÚ
/ ?× 6E#ð3àâ?îOÝ ñ 3G68ð`â! ñ
â
Ù E / Ù K; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ'ð8`Ù>ÙT437Ù>Ú5E
/ /10 I
ñ
ª5|C
5@»RK
h
ö
Ù
/ ñME× / GÙ E
î4
¯ »5
:xÙg~NÀ
:
Á
K9
ÀÙgQKÀîOK
:ö
Cp52C
5 » ¥
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6>; 0 3B6ß^Ù%h\5 » K
/10 M
ã7^Ú437Ù>Ú5ES8`ÙE#× / G
Ù 8\8`Û¨Ú*×?6¨ß
ð`â.Qî
Á Á
ö
¯ ã7^Ú437Ù>Ú5ES8`ÙE#× / G
Ù 8\E#×?6;3Ù
»5
À
:xÙgQ
:
Á
À î|KÙg~
ö
ð5K|5@»hK
:
ñ
ö
ñÁ
ð`â.
ñ
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6>; 0 3B6ß^Ù%
/10 M
¯ ð`â.4
ñ
qqÓÛ3 / ?× :6Ewð3àâ.Qî 3B68@ð3àâ. 0 3Ù kÛÚ0×?2_^Ú / 3G6 /w/ ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙAEXhDðFî /F0 Ù ¡Û76873G2Ù6 / 3B
ñ
ñ
ñ
/ ?× 2Ùj@EF;3BÊÙ%Tð3 ñ 3 / ×?2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙ@Ú*ÙC43 / ÙG8 / /10 Ù98`Û¨Ú53 / ×?6G F/ 0 Ù93:;C;3Û728Û743 / ×?6c; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ
~ð4 ñ 0 Ù6 /F0 ÙZ; 0 3G6ßkÙMQ;;3ÛÚHEá5 » 3B68?ðä 1/ 0 ÙZ3B2T7Ø× / Û8`Ù}B F/ 0 ÙZ; 0 3B6¨ßkÙZEF;3BÊÙG8 / /F0 Ù
ñ
ñ
ö
:8<
×R;3Ù
/10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E¢:8<%ð ñ âR=
0
Ù×?6
/ ÙEÚ17R3A7=G /10 GÙ EÙ / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙGE×4EwE 0 Bñ68×?6NãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼ÙO`â?îîkâh= 0
¯
;:6 / kÛ¨Ú^Ê×?6ÙGE3Ú*Ù /10 M
Ù 2>3Bgà×?28Û72
Ù
kÚ=3.ßk×Ù6K3ßkÙGð¡5@» ñ q8`ÛÚH3 / ?× :6¡ð3á ñ q
3B68
2N3ß:6¨× / Û8`ÙBð ñ G3G6c3G67:2>3G?^ÛE3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ×?6_3 /1/ ÙEÚ1
6 â^]T
:3GØ ÛÙAE^3 Ú*ÙZEF;3BÊ ÙG8 / F/ 0 Ù
¡ÛJ6873B2NÙ6 / B3 / ×?2Ùj@EF;3BÊ ÙB: :<âzçq3 Ú¼ßkÙGE / ¯ 3BÊ ÛÙGEM3 Ú*ÙT
5 / 3 ×?¨
6 ÙG8 k
Ú6Ú*ÙG&; Ù6 / ©?:¨
6 ßHj
8àÛÚ53 / ?× 6T73G68 0
×Êß
<k:´:3GØÛÙAE
Û 8`ÙO3Ú¼×43 / ?× 6E¢×]6 /F0
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6Z3 /1/ Ù>Ú16â= 0
0 j 2>3ß:6× / / G5$ÙT3>;3Ú*× / R× ;3Bv8`ÛÚH3 / ]× :63BØÛ¨Ù'á 5$ÙC?Gñ
Ù>Ú¼Ù3G7ÙG3ÚHE
ñ 0 R× ; 0 ¯ 3BØÛ¨ÙGE#:3Ú7uE#×Øß:6¨×{q;3G6 / 7>ñ,× /F0/F0
Ù
2NÙG3B6>3ßkÙMB /10 [
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6T3B6J:2>3G7>3G68\35 Ù=ñ 0 R× ; 0 ¯ :3GØÛÙAE 3ÚH7>Eb]Gñ7_ñ,× /10
Ù 3B672>3B7_3ßkÙâ
/F0 M
Ô
0 CÙ 6
î<}ð3
ö
ñ
3B68?
^
& /10 G
Ù EÙ8Ù[ÓÛ3 / ?× :6EI8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×5Ù /10
ö
E@:6E#ÙdG /F0 Z
Ù 437Ù>ÚHE / >3B6u3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6K; 0 3B6ß^ÙGðB
1£Ã<îOÝ8
ñ
â=
Ù8Û76×
/ ]× 2_Û7REÙ.Ú*Ùj
0 Ù 7\;C3B6 /10
Ù>Ú*Ù ^
Ú*Ù5Ù
;:2B5×?6ÙA8 / >E@:Ùj ^Ú=3B67K;:2B5×]63 / ?× :6TBeE / Ù Mjt; 0 3G6ßkÙAEÇ×?6 /10 [
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6T3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6â
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙGàâ?î^E
0 BñLE /F0
ÙÚ¼ÙGEb:6EÙ
Ù E13G2Ù>E / Ù Mjt; 0 3B6ß^Ù×?63:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6u3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
/ /F0 >
ñ 0 4× ; 0 Q;;&ÛÚ5E3 // ñSZ8`×2Ù>Ú*Ù6 // ?× 2ÙAE3âªáÙA;3Ù6 / ; 0 3G6ßkÙGEwÚ1Q8àÛ;3ÙM3R3Ú*ß^Ù>Ú ¯ E×Øß63BâR= 0
Ù&2ZÙA;
/ EZBM3G6;3×ÊÙ6 / 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6f; 0 3G6ßkÙGET8`ÙG;37nñ,× /10
Ù
Û 3B]7zÛ768`ÙXj
/ ?× 2ÙN3B68O3Ú*ÙzÙÙ6 / Mean Age of Anomalous Accum. Pattern ( t0/τ)
î44
4
3.5
3
0.01
2.5
2
0.02
1.5
0.03
0.01
1
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.5
0
`
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Duration of Anomalous Accum. Pattern ( 2 w/τ)
1
6 / k
ÛÚHE¨G2>3Bgà×?28Û72 ¯ <^:3BÊÛÙGEZ×]6 /10 Ù¢×R;3Ùw;ØÛ72T6#Ù>Ú5E#ÛE /10 Ù8`ÛÚH3 / ×?:6
áP3B68\2ÙA3B6K3ß^Ù¾5@»^GS3B6u3G67:2N3B?^ÛEL3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ×?:6T3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6c3 / Ý× / Ù#åß kÚ A< » ?î
ðE@:Ø×R8 3G68 ><5» .8'ð8~ /F/ ÙG8 â4^?U
:3GØ ÛÙAE3 Ú¼Ù=E1;C3BØÙA8 / /10 Ù^¡ÛJ6873B2NÙ6 / 3B / ×?2Ùj@EF;3BÊÙ
ñ
ñ
: :< »âR= 0 Ù ¯ #E ×Øß63Bª
×?6&; Ú*ÙG3E ÙGE3|
E áã3G68 ,×?63; Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙM3B68K3:E,5b»L8àÙG;3Ú*ÙA3:EÙAE3â
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùhàâ?î:îh
/ GÙ ; / 3<5JØÙâ4ã7kÚ,ÙCg73G2_7ØÙ}~;&ÛÚÙ$Gð8J3:E 0 ÙG8 ñ ?× 6ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù(`â?îkPñkÛJ48_67 / 5ÙM8`Ù / AÙ ; / GÙ 89ñ,× /10
3B
6 Ù>Ú*ÚFk
Ú,×?6 ¯ 3EùR3 Ú¼ßkÙM3:E=î Zz
2 â
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùàâ?îåE
E×Êß:63GÇ×]6
/F0
ÙË×]6
0 GñLE 0 GñÛ3Ú¼×?kÛEº3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6fEF;3Ù63Ú*×]E_;3G6oÚ1Q8àÛ;3Ùu3nE#×?2×]43Ú
Û 8àÙ_; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGE9EÛ; 0
/ Ù>Ú163BR37Ù>ÚI3 /1/ Ù>Ú16âxç:6ßUù]Gñuj@3G2_7Ø× / 3Ed3uEb2N3B?
E / Ù c; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ=Bw]:6ßT8`ÛÚH3 / ?× :6¡ð;3Û¨ÚÙ$ ñ ; ^Û748>Ú1Q8àÛ;3ÙZ39E×]2×?R3ÚSE×Êß:63G / _E#ÙÙ>ÚH3B 0 ×Øß 0
3B2_JØ × / Û`
8 Ù%~¡ Ú¼Ù[ÓÛÙ6 / ; 0 3B¨
6 ßkÙGJ
E ð3; ÛÚHÙJ4 ñ â6ã7kÚ=;2_3Ú*×4E@:6T /10 ÙZ8`Ù /10 8`×2ZÙEÚ*Ù6;&ÙZ3Ú¼×4E#×?6ß
¡Ú123B6T3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6M3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6dñ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù#Ý× / ;
Ù å
0 3E 0
×Øß
0
Ù>ÚS3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3
/ ?× :6UÚH3 / AÙ Ev ^ÚS3B? / ?× 2NÙ
×4E9E
0 Gñ6uð;3ÛÚHÙcî ñ âåCÙA;3ÛE#Ù>437Ù>Ú5E=2ÛE / ; :6~ ^Ú12 / F/ 0 ÙKEÛÚ@3:;3Ù`3B68 /10 ÙG5ÙG8 1/ 0 Ù
2>3Bgà×?8
2 Û72 ¯ ×4C
E Ú¼ÙG3:; 0 ÙG8>3 / 2N×48£jt8`Ù /F0 âD= 0 ÙI? 6ßkÙEÚ /10 ÙM`
8 ÛÚH3 / ×?:6KB /F0 ÙM3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ×?6
; 0 3B6ß^Ù% /10 =
Ù ]Bñ0Ù>Ú /F0 M
Ù 3B2_JØ× / Û 8`Ù@Ú¼Ù[ÓÛ×ØÚ¼ÙG8 / Z¨Ú1Q8`Û;&ÙZ39E×Øß63B×]6 /10 =
Ù 437Ù>ÚHE3â
,/0 0/, 1
,/0 1 $ +
$ $1
6 1 #$ <
$< A
#$ $7
$7 A 3
3 7$ $7 . <
. < 61
61 , 6
, 6 $2
$2 -B07 B
07 #, 3
,#3 $,7 1
$1
,7 .
. $, 5
$, 5 $ 66
<
$ 66 < #B0
#B0 "0
"0 4$
$ 6
. < #$
C,
& 61
23
1
"4233
"
2,7 6 5
0
#8 1
,6
&
,4 :
, 66
# 0
1
0
500
0
10
10
0.13
1
20
2
20
30
Time (ka BP)
1000
20
∆ z (m)
40
A
1
2
30
40
0
0
0.13
0.09
40
10
600
0
10
0
10
20
1
30
10
20
800
200
20
30
1
30
40
40
B
3
20
2
30
40
1000
1
B
2
400
3
0
40
0
0
80
60
20
0
800
2
& >?
$ @<
# <5
,/
0.09
0
=
0.11
0.14
& 4 =(
A
2
6
10
0.12
B
26
0.09
40
3
72 6
0.1
20
30
Time (ka BP)
0.14
30,7
0.1
10
15<
0.1
0
6 9
&$:
60 9
$ ;
Site B Accumulation Rate (m/a)
0.11
2$ 6
30
2
#8 1
,6
0
A
0
∆ z (m)
0.13
2,7 6 5
0
1
"
Height Above Bed (m)
0.12
"4233
&'!*%()
-,.#+
,/0
0,/ 1
$
"#$!
ä 4 î
0.14
2
3
C
0.12
0.11
1
10
20
10
1
600
0
50
30
20
40
100
2
C
3
40
1
30
40
1000
2
C
3
400
200
100
î48
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùh`â]î
`
E 0 G ñLE /F0
Ù4Ú*ÙGE@ 6EÙwG
Ù 437Ù>Ú5E / L3E / G
Ù 38&7@×?6;3Ú*ÙG3EÙ|ð&]î
/10 v
î v
2P3 ê
ñ
?× 6 /10 Ù}3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ×?6.Ú53 / }
Ù 3 / Ý× / ÙUå@â%= 0 Ù};3ÛÚHÙGEî3G68'=;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@:68 / M8`×2Ù>Ú*Ù6 / 3 ß^ÙGE G
Ù 6EÙ / ð_3G68G87ÙG3Ú5E &5Û / 5 /10 ?× 6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙM3 / 3¾Ú53 / B
Ù ð3.8
/10 =
ñ
Ù ?Gñ
/10 T
HIJ
HkæB
Ù68G
ÙNÙg~ÙG;
/10
IJI )LKNM IH DPORQ7î
3 ñ J3:EFEÛ72×]6ß /10 3 / Ý× / GÙ Eª
Ù@ßkÚH3:8`×ÊÙ6
âpÙ
3
ê
Gñe3Ú58
ñ /
Ù 3:E /
/w0 3E25Ù>Ù6TE / AÙ 3:8`×]7.×?6;3Ú*ÙG3E×]6ß kÚ /F0 L
j8G7ÙG3ÚHEmq3d8`Ù / G
Ù ; / 3<57ÊÙ=E×Êß:63G<E 0 kÛJ48@5ÙI5EÙ>ÚHÙG8×?6 /10
ñ
é
3B68ån3Ú*ÙOw~23G3Ú / R
â = 0 2
Ù {ß^ÛÚ*Ù
OÝÝ×
7Dî\2
î
Ù Ý×]7ØÙë^:2NÙ98`×à×48`Ù1ð>DGFEDGFk
/ GÙ 8zÚ53G6ßkÙÚ¼Ù[ÓÛ×ØÚ¼ÙG8 / \2_Ù /F0 @
E 0 G ñLE /F0 3 / ×Ä F/ 0 }
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6.ÚH3 /
ð
¯
Ù¾×?6
/ ÙEÚ163G©437Ù>Ú3 /1/ Ù>Ú16
Ù ; 0 3B6ß^Ù 0 3:EIQ;;3Û¨Ú*Ú*ÙA82TkÚ*Ù8Ú*ÙA;3Ù6 / 7 /F0 3B6mî8I7ÙG3Ú5EZ3ßY /10
/10 >
E×Êß:63G<ñ^Û748@5ÙJ5Ù]Gñã^ÛÚ}8`Ù / AÙ ; / ]× :6\Ê×?2× /
â0^4E@dJ?
Ù
Ù ¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / A
Ù 8bÚ*ÙAEb:6E#Ù /
/F/ GÙ 8Ë×RE /F0 I
3dE / Ù ^j@; 0 3B6¨ßkÙIQ;C;3ÛÚ*Ú¼×?6ß47ÙA3Ú5E25Ù ^Ú*ÙMÚ*ÙGE#Ù6 / ð;3ÛÚHÙ(4 ñ h
â = 0 M
Ù Ú*ÙG8à×4; / G
Ù 8Ú*ÙAEb:6E#Ù
B /F0 =
Ù 437Ù>ÚHE / /10 4× EE / Ù Mjt; 0 3B6ß^Ù9×RE67 / 8`×RE / ]× 6ßkÛ¨×4E 0 3<57ÊÙj¡ÚF:23.ßkÚH3:8`Û3Bv; 0 3G6ßkÙâ
Ý:2Ù§ßkÙ6ÙEÚ53B;:6;ØÛE#×?6E;3G6'5ÙM8`Ú53ñ6_¡Ú12
kÚF2>3 / ?× :6T3<5^Û / 3E / 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6M3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6E{¡ÚF:2
×4EZØ×]2× / G
Ù 8è57
kÚF2>3 / ×?:6
×?6
/F0 4× ESE×?2T7ØÙ,ÙgàÙ>ÚH;3×4E#ÙâªáÙG;<ÙEÚ7ZBª×]6Mj
Oq2Ýj@8àÙ
Ù Eb3Ú5EÙC6ÙGE1E9BM873 / 3 /10 K
Ù 2ÙG3EÛÚ¼Ù2Ù6 /
/F0 K
×REèÚ¼ÙG;kÚH8`ÙG8
×?6
/10
Ù×?6
/ Ù>ÚF63BS437Ù>ÚZ3 /1/ Ù>Ú16â
/ Ù>ÚF63BJ437Ù>Ú5EX;^Û7485Ù^2ÙA3:EÛ¨Ú*ÙG8 /10
Ù,Ú*ÙG;Ù>ÚH7=B©3:E
/ GÙ ; / GÙ 8¾×]6 / Ù>Ú163G7437Ù>Ú{E 0 3G$ÙAE
Ù>Ú¼Ú1kÚ3B68
Ù ñe37
/10 º
/F0 4× E¾×]6Mj
qÙC6w×!M3B6p×?6&{6× / º
Ù 6àÛ72B5Ù>ÚIG
/ ; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGE\×4EwE / ?× ]~Ê×?2× / GÙ 8#5ÙG;3ÛEÙ
Ù ;&Û72ÛJ43 / × Ù}E / 5
Ú 3×]6\G38ßk×ÙC6\437Ù>ÚL8àÙÙ687E:6 /F0 9
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6 0 4× E / ^Ú7cE#×?6;&Ù9× / E
/10 9
8`ÙE#× / ?× :6âMÙ / 4× EZ pE1E#×57ÊÙN ^Ú_8à×È2Ù>Ú*ÙC6 / 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6 0 R× E / kÚ*×ÊÙGE / uÚFQ8`Û;3Ù /10 K
Ù E13G2Ù
;3Û728Û743 / × ÙLE / HÚ 3×]6â
îkâOÙ6~¡Ú*ÙÓ!ÛÙC6 / ; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGEµGq?:6¨ß=8`ÛÚH3 / ]× :6Gð¼7M8TKºîw3 ñ 3Ú*Ùe8`Ù / ÙA; / 357ØÙ0×Ä /F0 Ù3G2_7Ø× / Û8àÙ
×4¾
E ß^Ú*ÙG3 / Ù>Ú /F0 3B6ø<3 5k
Û / î G /F0 ÙKE1;3GØ ÙK3:;&; Û7
2 ÛJ43 / ×?6|ÚH3 / ÙS5»I kÚ.Ú¼ÙG;3Ù6 /I/ ×?2ÙGE
ðC 8'3'¬«
î
=
ñ
æ
3Gð*7:< ñ
Ù 8`Ù / ÙA; / 357ØÙ[3B2_7Ê× / Û 8`Ù=2ÛE / 5$Ù.ß^Ú*ÙG3 / Ù>ÚL kÚM; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE^:R8`Ù>Ú /F0 3B6
/10 9
â
`âãÚ*Ù[ÓÛÙ6 / ; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE^GE 0 kÚ / 8`ÛÚH3 / ?× :6ðfâX3 3Ú*Ù[8`Ù / A
Ù ; / 357ØÙ6×Ä /10 9
Ù 3G2_7Ø× / Û 8àÙ@×4E
ñ
3 / ØÙG3E / 4j8
B /10 9
Ù EF;3BÊÙ_3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6ËÚH3 /
5»>â
Ù
CÙG;3ÛEÙ9B
Qå
Ù ;:2_Ú¼ÙGE1E#ÙG8
/10 9
î4
/ ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙ=3 / 8`Ù /F0 ¡Ú¼Ù[ÓÛÙ6 / ; 0 3G6ßkÙAE^3Ú*ÙZ:6J7K8`Ù / ÙG; / 357ØÙU×]6 /10
B /10
ÙU×4;&ÙIE
0
Ù>Ù
/
Ù¾Û77Ù>Ú} ^Ú
/ ?× :6
â
\^Ú*ÙÙ>Ú!× / 4× E8`×>ä>;&Û7 /w/ 98à×4E / ?× 6ß^Û×4E 0 5$Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6>3¾ß^Ú538`Û3Bv; 0 3B6ß^ÙU×?6 /10 j
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3j
Ù E 0 3B]?GñCÙAE / 437Ù>ÚHE3â
/ ?× 6º3 /1/ Ù>Ú16E3B68K3dE / Ù K; 0 3B6ß^Ù%ÙÙ69 kÚ /10 I
UT
Ò{!ªWM@ðWÖW>oÌ=\Ô½ïw^øVkfª Gwk
S£
L?3G63B77E#×4E
/ /10 R× EI ^×?6 /Z0 3:E93:EFEÛ72NÙG8f;:6E / 3G6 / R× ;3Ù /10 4× ;~6ÙAE1EÙ>Ú / ]× 2Ùâvá^GñCÙÙEÚ
WV|ÙGE / ^6 / 3ÚH; / ×R;Ùb;&Ù6Ý
3Ù(5$ÙEÙ6Y
X Û× / ÙZ8`×2Ù>Ú*Ù6 / ×?6
Ý×?7ÊÙ'ë^2Ù.×4E=?Q;3 / G
Ù 8z×?636Ù>ÚH7c8&7Q63B2N×4;Z3Ú¼ÙG3ºG /10
/ R× EùÊ×Ù7 /F0 3 /
×
×
/ E /10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E3B68c;:6&{ÁßkÛÚH3 / ]× :6 0
L6Ù 0 7~ /F0 GÙ E#×4E¢×RE /10 3 / 8`ÛÚ¼×?6ß /10
Þ
ÙUçT}?
3G68 0 3EIE#ÛY5EÙX!ÛÙC6 / 7 /F0 ?× 6J6ÙG8I`×R3
×R;3Ù>E
Ú¼Ù
Ù
0
Ù>Ù
/ 3B68
Ù 3:E /
/10 M
â
/F0 Ù^ñ 0 :ØÙ(Ý×?7ÊÙL;3E / ñe3:E 6;3ÙL2Û; 0Z/F0 4× ;Ù>Ú
/ Ú¼ÙG3 / G /10
Ù8ßkÚFkÛ768à×?6ßcÊ×?6Ù93G68$Q^Ú.×?6× / R× 3
/ Ú*ÙA3B2¿3:; / × à× / 7âÙ6× / 4× 3 / ?× 6nBjE / Ú*ÙG3G2×?6ß(lGñ3 /Z/10
ÙÞÙG8àßkÙGEIGñ
ëL:2ÙLñ^Û748>;3ÛEÙ=3Iñe3ÙBªÚH3B×R8 /F0 ?× 6J6×?6ß / ZÚF:3ß3 /
Ù¾×]6~ñe3ÚH8
0 3 / R× E67Gñ
¡Ú12
/F0
Ù@×4;&Ù=E
/ ]× :6cG
Ý×?7ÊÙ
/ Ú*ÙG3G2
2N3Ú*ß^×?6E / /F0 9
Ù Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / 8à×à×48`Ù%3B63G?kßkÛE / /10 9
Ù Ú*ÙA8`×4; / G
Ù 8 /10 ?× 676×]6ß\ñe3Ù93:E1E@Q;3×43 / G
Ù 8
ñ,× /10 3 / Ù6 / 4× 3G8`Ú1×]6ZE#ÙG3jØÙÙC ^Ú2qw3E / ^6 / 3ÚH; / R× ;3L8`ÙGE1;&Ú*×5ÙG8J57ZzZORO I
a`ä
ðFîOÝ
ñ
×]2_7Ê×4;3
âÛ=
0
ÙPÙ32ÙG;
/ ?× 6Eµ kÚ /F0
/ GTEÛ; 0o/10 ]× 676×]6ßf:6
ÙU×?6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8>3;;3Û728Û743
/F0
Ùz×?6
[DNM]\Y^FE_RORO-DNM)
1
/ Ù>ÚF63B}437Ù>Ú_3 /1/ Ù>Ú163B683:E1E@Q;3×43 / GÙ 8
/ ]× :693 /F/ Ù>ÚF6b×RE67 / ?× 2T2ÙG8`×]3 / Ù 7[;ØÙA3Ú>â
bV
Ù,ÛEÙ[3>;kÛ7JØÙG8KEÛÚ@3:;3ÙXjÙØÛ / ?× :6`3B68c3Ú / R× ;ØÙj / 5Ú 3:;à×?6ßZ2_Q8àÙ2ð¡ÙâÍߨâ n3878`×]6ß / :6T
îrÝP`Qî ñ / K8`Ù / Ù>ÚF2×?6Ù /10 Ù8Ù32ÙG; / GÚ53B¨×48 /10 ×]676×?6¨ßºG$Ý×?JØÙBë^2Ùd6 1/ 0 Ù×]6 / Ù>Ú163G<437Ù>Ú
3 /1/ Ù>Ú16â°= 0 ÙsE ÛÚ@3:;3ÙXjÙØÛ / ×?:6o2TQ8`Ù@ÛE#ÙGE_3{6× / ÙXjt8`×2ZÙEÚ*Ù6;&ÙuE1; 0 Ù2Ù / OE@:Ù /F0 Ù
;:6 / ?× 6àÛ× / 7.ÙX!Û3 / ]× :6ch
¡¢ x Ù6
K ¡£¤^¥
<𧩦*5 ñ æ
/10 R× E3G77Ê×4;3 / ?× 6T©ñCÙT;:6E×48àÙ>Ú=3Fl 3 / j 5ÙG8|×R;3Ù9E 0
ð`â.ä
ÙEÙ
/ 8`Ù kÚF2×?6¨ß_3EI3B6r×4Eb /10
3Ú53G?ÊÙjtE×R8`ÙG8_E@43<5`Eb /10 3 //10 $
Ù 3Ú¼×43 / ?× 6\G 0 ^Ú*×dc:6 / 3GTÙ?Q;3× / 7dñ,× /10 8`Ù /F0 4× E
ñ
ÙEÚ12>3G3
î4r
Pe
° 𧩦 ¯ *¦ 5 ñ
Ù>Ú¼Ù¯ 0
ñ 0
ÙgQ 6Ù6
¯ G< xT𧩦*5 /10
ñ
/ ¶
¶ ¥
ð ¬:
î
gf
hf
ð ¡£ xTð5
ñ
Ù\lGñ3ÚH3B2Ù
/
ie
Ù>Ú
ñHñ
xTð5 ñhf
.8
ð1îOKxðFîwK ¯ 0
î Ygj v
S 3
=
ññ
¦
ð3`â!8
3 U 2^ÊÙ6©¹ EUlBñ
I
I
¬ lk îBrB`ßT2 3B68zßkÚH3Aà× / 7 mk n`N2
4 R× ;3ÙZ8àÙ6E× / 7
;3B615Ùñ,Ú¼× /F/ Ù 6Þ×?6 / Ù>Ú12>EwB /10
ÙU×R;3Ù
E
ñ
R3ñ
¤
ê â(Ù@;3Ù*lÛ7g
/10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E ¨Ú1<{ØÙMxc3:Eh
Pe
° x ê ð ¬:
ð ¡£ x
x
ð3`â!
ñhf
ñgf f
ñ
¶ ¥
²
qoX!Û3 / ×]:6?ð`â!ä ×4EE@:ÙG8Ùg~JØ×4&; × / I
7 ñ,× /10 3 ¨Ú*ÙGEF;3Ú*×5$ÙA8º3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ×]:6 0 ×4E / ^Ú7𧩦*5 :6
ñ
ñ
36{6× / Ù>8`×2Ù>Ú*Ù63; ÙßkÚ¼×48n,
ñ × /F0 Eb3:3; ×]6ßcB @~
2 ð35kÛ /9/ ñ,×4;3Ù /F0 Ù×R;3Ù /10 ×4;~6ÙAE1E 3G68 3
ñ
¤ / ]× 2ÙXjtE / CÙ nB[î67ÙA3Ú>â¡= 0
/10 R× ;K3 /
×
ÙÞ×?6× / R× 3B¨Ú1<{ØÙÞ×4EZ3cE]7~2_2NÙ
/ E;3ÙC6 / Ù>Ú;^Ú*Ú¼ÙGEb:68`×?6ß / _3 ý
q<ð§
/ Ú¼×4;jt8w×R;3Ù>8`×`×R8`Ù%Sî82Ù / Ù>Ú5E
p_
DPO-Ki&<î k a8 `
Ü@×43G?UþdÚ1{ØÙð¼
;:6E / 3G6 / 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6PÚ53 /
Ù
8`×à×48àÙâ2= 0
Ù 2×48~^×?6 / B G
Ù 3:; 0
/ GÙ 8>3 /L/10 M
`
Ù´lÁÛ7gÞ×4E;3G4;3Û7R3
^rDN\N\N_
MPs H KNMðFî k `~î
0
â2=
ñ
Ù@×4;3Ù
ñ ?îc2
3 Y e3B68
/ Ú*ÛJ6;3 / GÙ 8
ñ,× /F0 Eb3 / ×43G?7
ñ
3 / 8Q2
¡Ú12
/10
ßkÚ*×R8º67Q8àÙZ3:E,Ú*ÙA;:2_2NÙ68`ÙG857
Ù 5kÛ76873Ú¼×ØÙGEG /10 =
Ù 8Q:2>3×?68×4E ¨Ú*ÙGEF;3Ú*×5$ÙA8Zâ
/10 4× ;~6ÙAE1Ew3 //F0 #
0 3B6¨ßk×?6¨ß×4;3ÙME / Ú*ÙA3B23; / × `× / 78×4EE#×?28Û743 / GÙ 8B5&7ÚH3B×R8~7N8`ÙG;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#×?6ßZ^ÚÇ×]6;3Ú*ÙA3:E×]6ß /10
Ù 5 ^Û76873Ú*×ÊÙGEù^×?6 / EL3 / 3IÚ*ÙGEF;3Ú*×5ÙG8Ú53 /
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE3 //F0 $
Ù
Ù9×R;3Ù
Ùâ
EÙ3Ú53 / Z
Ù 3Ú / R× ;ØÙ / H
Ú 3:;`×]6ßd2TQ8`Ù / 3<ÙAE^3EÇ×?67¨Û //10
Ù.ßkÙ2Ù
/ HÚ 7>xTð§ ñ 3G68c8`Ù /F0 j
8 Ùv3 / îj7ÙG3Ú
/10 ÙZEÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù.Ù:ÊÛ / ×]:6\2TQ`
3Ù>Ú53ßkÙG8 0 ^Ú*×dc:6 / 3G~Ù]Q;3× / 7{ÁÙ48 ° ð § ñ ¡ Ú12
²
`
×?6 / Ù>ÚH3B4E3G6Ë
8 ×?6 / ÙEÚ1:R3 / ÙA8 / _B
3 Oj37ÙA3 Ú / ×?2NÙXj@E / Ù NÛE×]6ß
0 Ù 5&7JE 0 Ù _:7~672×43G4E&â2= 0
Ù>Ú / 4× ;3GÙ]Q;3× / 7J{ÙC48×4E8`Ù / Ù>ÚF2×?6ÙA8¡Ú1:2
×]6;:2TÚ*ÙGEFE×5×?Ê×
¡ £G° = 0
Ù
Ù
/ 7%
K ¡ « áP
ð3`â!r
ñ
P`
ñ
Û ECß^×Ù6G57
/ / 3BTÙ]Q;3× / 7J{ÙR8×4E /10 ° 𧨦 ¯ *¦ 5
ñ
áP𧨦 ¯ ¦*5
ñ
°
𧩦*5 Fð î2KMð1îOKæ¯ 0 =
ñ
ñ ññ
¡ ° 𠧩¦*5
î
ñ :I𠧨¦¼5
¯0 ¥
K
ñ
¡ §
î
K °
î
𧩦*5
¡ :I𧩦*5
ñ
ñ
¡ §
ð3`â!
8
î
Û ðFî|K ¯ 0 ñ _ K
¯ 0 ð1îOKæ¯ 0
ñ
=
¥
î
î
Þ
ð1îOK ¯ 0 _ K
ñ
8
ð3`â!
8
î
ð3`â!4
k
ñ
ñ
î4P`
° 𠧩¦*5 âBÙ@;3Ù93Ú / ×R;ØÙGELkÚ*×Êßk×]63 / ×?6ßK3 /M/10 ÙTEÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù_3Ú*Ù / Ú53;ÙA8Ë×?6
ñ
²
/F0 4× E / ×]2ÙXjt8`ÙÙ68`ÙC6 / ÙC?Q3; × / 7J{ÁÙ48 ^ÚîjHî83¾ÛE#×?6ß[3 / ×?2NÙE / Ù_G RJ7ÙG3ÚHE3âR= 0 Ùj3ßkÙ
ñ 0
°
Ù>Ú*Ù
𧩦*5
î
ð8!<Eä
ñ ñ
{ÁÙ48×4E /F0 Ù 6K;6 / kÛÚ¼ÙG8 / 8Ú*ÙÙG3G /10 M
Ù E 0 3BÙZB /10
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ùh`â?î4E
8Oj2Ù /
Ù>Ú
0 BñLE /10
Ù4×?6
/F0 ?× 676¨×?6ßcG /F0
R37Ù>Ú5EE#Û; 0/F0 3 /=/10
Ù
Ù>Ù
/
× / E Ù!ñ3Elq3
/ Ù>Ú163G½R3A7ÙEÚ3 /1/ ÙEÚ16â
/ ÙEÚ163G437Ù>Ú©E 0 3BÙGE4#7ÙG3ÚHE©3A /
ÙË×R;3Ù>E
ÙEÚ
Ù¾Ú*ÙC43
/F/ Ù>Ú93G68 /10
/F0
Ù4×?6× / 4× 3
/ ]× :6=Bq3Ú53B¨×48
Ù E 0 3G$ÙAE GU×?6 / Ù>ÚF63B
/ Ú*ÙG3G2zâ?= 0 4× E /10 ]× 676×?6¨ßu3A2ÙG; / E /F0 K
/F0 ?× 676¨×?6ßKE1;&Ù63Ú¼×?>Ú¼ÙG8`×4; / EÇß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3B?7lq3 /1/
Ù E / G
Ù 38&7%j@E / 3 / 9
Ù ;3:E#Ùâ#= 0
/F0 Z
E0
ÙU×]6
Ù>ÚU×?6
/ Ù>ÚF63B<R37Ù>Ú5E /F0 3B6
/ × Ùlq3 / 6ÙGEFE^Q;;3Û¨Ú5Ew5ÙG;3ÛEÙMÚ*×]kÚ / /10 ?× 676×]6ßY /10
ÙN×?6
/ Ù>ÚF63BS437Ù>Ú5E=3 / 8`Ù /F0
ä 'Q2¡Ú1:2
/F0 4× E kÚ12NÙ>ÚulGñ}Ú¼Ù>ßk×]2Ùâ / %
Ù¾×4;&Ù
;:6 / 3 ×?6OEb2Ù ý 2Ù2TkÚ7UþdG
Ù 8à×à×48`Ù% /10 Z
Ù 8`Ù /10 t
j 8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6;3Ù.×REáÛJ
/10 9
/ cî8
2NÙ / Ù>ÚHE3âTÙÑEÛ; 0=/10 ]× 676×]6ßQ;;3ÛÚ¼Ú*ÙG8=3 / Ý×]7ØÙhë^2Ù% /10
Ù0×?6~¡Ù>Ú¼Ú*ÙG8}3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3
Ù :6 /F0
/ ?× :6§Ú53 / w
Ù
3B6YJE^B /10 [
Ù 8~:2Ù=ñSkÛ7R865Ù / _]GñlÚ*ÙR3 / × Ù / /10 [
Ù 8`×à×48àÙâ Ý×?6;3Ù6Ú53G×48KE,7Q6; 0 1
Ú :6JkÛE
l
/F0 ?× 6J6×?6ßj8`Ú*×Ù693 /w/10
ÙUÙ32ÙG;
/F0
/ Z3G /
Ù,ÙG8`ßkÙAE{G
Ù 8Q:2Ù 0 3:E<:6J7932_Q8`ÙGE /
/F0
Ù32ÙG;
Ù 437Ù>ÚvE 0 3GÙGEm
/ :6 /10 L
Ù 2>3×]6Ù32ÙG; / B /F0
/ EùG4ßkÚH3:8`Û3G /10 ?× 676×]6ßZñ^Û748G5ÙI2×]6×?2T3BâD= 0 M
Ù
/10 ]× 676×]6ß×RE
Ù 3ßkÙM3B68T3B676àÛ3B©R37Ù>Ú 1
â ËÙG3:E#ÛÚ*ÙC2Ù6 / EµG
/10
/ 0 ×4;~6ÙAE1Ew8`×4E / Ú¼×5Û / ×?6IðãG×Êß(`â?î4:; ñ w
u» t
3G676àÛ3B7R37Ù>Ú /10 ×R; Q
6 ÙGEFE ÙGEX3B68 G Ù#ð3LÚ1Gg7 kÚ{3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ×?:6UÚH3 / Ù ñ ðÙâ ß⧠HI _!sqî kPk ræ
ÙEÚ
HI _!s IuH DPORQ©î kPk `
§
¡ÚF:2
ñ
Ù 8`ÙEÙ×4;&Ù=;kÚ¼Ù=ñkÛJ48 0 C
Ù ?K8`Ù / Ù>Ú12×]6Ùñ 0
/F0 =
Ù
/F0
Ù>Ú
/10 ]× 676×?6¨ß 0 3:E
Q;C;3ÛÚ*Ú¼ÙG8Zâ
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ùð3`â]î3ä
;C3B6 / 73A2ÙG; /9/10
E 0 GñLE /10 3 / HÚ 3B×R8
ñ
ÙÞ×]6
3E,7Q2_2Ù / Ú*×4;¾×R;3Ù /F0 4× ;~6¨ÙGE1EZ; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGEZñ^Û748OE×Øß6×{Wj
/ Ù>Ú163G437Ù>ÚZ3 /1/ Ù>Ú16âxçq3A7ÙEÚ5EI:6
/F0
Ù
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ
/10 ]× 676×]6ßnE#×48`Ù>G /10 `
ñSkÛ7R83G7ÙG3Ú[E 0 3G?]Bñ0Ù>Ú /F0 3B6P×?6 /10 9
Ù E / G
Ù 38&7uE / 3 / _
Ù ;3EÙ1ð3Ú*ÙAEÛ7 / G /F0
3G68¯lq3 /F/
Ù>Ú.×R;3Ù>E
0
Ù>Ù
çq37Ù>ÚHEù5EÙEÚÙG8>:6
/Z/F0
Ù>Ú*Ù
ñ
w3B68
Ù.×?6× / R× 3B
/F0 4× ;Ù>Ú
ñCÙTñkÛJ48Û768`ÙEÚDjÚ*ÙG8à×4; / 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6rÚ53 / GÙ E /10
Ù>Ú*Ùâ
Ù Eb^Û /10 l 3B6YKB
Ù Ý×?JØÙ(ë^:2NÙZ3BJ$ÙA3Ú / Ùg 0 ×5× /10 Z
/10 B
/ /10 R× Ee¡ÙA3 /
Û¨Ú*Ù
E#×?6;&Ù /10 Ù 7`3Ú¼Ù_E#×Øß:6¨×{q;3G6 / 7`E 0 3G??Gñ0Ù>Ú /10 3B6nR3A7ÙEÚ5E:6 /10 9
Ù 67kÚ /10 q
l 3B6UZâÙbE
/10 R× E}¡ÙA3 /
Û¨Ú*Ù
39E×Êß:63GµGS3:E]7~6; 0 FÚ :67^ÛE /10 ]× 676×?6¨ßÚH3 /10
Ù>Ú
= 0 _
Ù Ú*ÙAEÙ6;&ÙdG=3K;:6Ùg%jÛ7¡5Û72_c¡ÙG3 /
HIUJ
åæ¢B
IUJI )LKNM IH DPORQî kPk `<5
ñ
Ù E@3 / 4× 3BV3Ú¼×43 / ?× 6\B{3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6
/10 3G6 /10 M
ÛÚ*ÙN×?6
Ù 6¨ÙG3Úfj@8`×`×R8`Ù_R3A7ÙEÚ3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6Wð>DGFEDGFk
/10 _
3G68 /10 >
Ù 6ÙA3ÚDjtE / G
Ù 3:87
E/ 3 / >
Ù 2>3:EFEP53G43G6;3Ù_ kÛ768
3 /Z/F0
Ù
k
î4
Scaled Height z/H
Ice Thickeness (m)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
−50
1
1
0.9
0.9
Scaled Height z/H
1600
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0
Distance from Divide (km)
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùàâ?î4Mh?=
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
−40
50
0.8
−20
0
20
Distance from Divide (km)
0.3
40
0
5
10
Age (ka)
15
20
/ G ZE]7~2T2Ù / Ú¼×];×4;3Ù`E 0 ÙEÙ /d/F0 ×4;Q6ÙGE1E9; 0 3B6ß^Ùc:6x×?6 / Ù>ÚF63BL437Ù>Ú
E 0 3GÙGEù kÚj38j2Ù / Ù>Ú /10 ×?676×]6ß9ñ 0 ×4; 0 5Ù>ß^×?6EO47ÙG3Ú5E|5Ù kÚ¼ÙIÚ¼ÙGEÙ6 / â9ð3 ñ ÝÛÚ@3:;3Ù
Ú1{ØÙAE 3 / îOj37ÙA3Ú4×?6 / Ù>ÚH3B4&E âD= 0 ×]67
6 ×]6ß=3 /w/F0 Ùw5^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAE ×REw;:2_JØÙ / Ù3 / Ù>ÚeîP7ÙG3Ú5E
ñ,× /F0 ¡Û7]738>J*ÛE / 2Ù6 / B /F0 ÙLE Û¨Úb3:&; Ù3 / Ù>Ú\ä}P7ÙG3Ú5E3âhðS5 ñ ÝÙCØÙG; / ÙG89×]6 / Ù>Ú163BQ437Ù>ÚvE 0 3G$ÙAE
kÚ /F0 ÙLE / ÙG3:87ZE / 3 / ÙL;3:#E Ù$ðEbØ ×R8 ñ 3B68 k
Ú /10 Ù /10 ×]67
6 ×]
6 ß=E1&; Ù63 Ú¼×?
ð873:E 0 ÙG8 ñ â2ð; ñ Çß^Ù|Ù>Ú5E#ÛE
8`Ù /F0 Ú¼Ù43 / ×?6E 0 ×?Z3 /µ/F0 Ù#E Û72_
2 ×/ k
Ú /F0 ÙE / ÙG3&
8 7£jtE / 3 / Ù;3E Ù#ðEbØ ×48 ñ 3B68 ^ Ú /F0 Ù /F0 ×?67¨
6 ×?
6 ß
E1;3ÙC63Ú¼×?1ð873E 0 ÙG8 ñ â
0
ÙzÙ32ÙG;
EDGF HIUJ
Ý×?JØÙBë^2Ù9EÛ72T2× / ðEDGF
³
ñ
E#Ûßkß^ÙGE /M/10 3 / 2N3>J1kÚ=3E,7Q6; 0 1Ú 67kÛE /F0 ?× 676¨×?6ß>B9Ý×?JØÙ
VPÙ
ë^:2NÙÇ×]6 /F0 ^
Ù 3:E / E#ÙÙ>ÚH3B /F0 kÛEF3B68'7ÙG3Ú5E\×4E<67 / Ê×Ù7â
/10
ÙEÚ*Ù ^
Ú*Ù};:6;ØÛ8`Ù
/F0 3 /S/10
Ù
Eb3 / R× 3Bq3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6I3 /1/ ÙEÚ16T3B68d6J / 3:E]7~6; 0 FÚ :67^ÛE /F0 ?× 676¨×?6ßU×4E /10 }
Ù ;3ÛEÙLB /F0 L
Ù E 0 3BÙ
B /F0 M
Ù E 0 3G?]Bñm437Ù>ÚHEE@kÛ /F0 B /10 M
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ùâ
'v
¡Ñ
Ì6$4GÍ*Áª
E / GÙ 38&7ME / 3 /
-cG3
Ù0×4;3ÙlGñf2_Q8`ÙQ3G682N×?6×]2×
B{3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ×?6Z<ÙEÚ Ý×?7ÊÙ#ë^2Ù¡Ú1:2
Ù 3 /1/ Ù>Ú16
/ ?× :6jE1; 0 Ù 2Ùv3Ú¼ÙCÛE#ÙG8 / LÚ*ÙA8`×4; /©/F0
Ù 5EÙ>ÚHÙG8d3 /1/ Ù>Ú16_Gª×?6 / Ù>ÚF63BR3A7ÙEÚ*×?6¨ßâ\,Ù>j
/10 ^
3 / × Ù / /10 L
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù% /10 Ù 2TQ8`ÙQÚ*ÙG8à×4; / E 7
Û / (
B|Ý×?7ÊÙ#ë^2Ù=3G68\35 ^Û / %
ä ;:6E×4E / Ù 6 / ñ,× /F0c/10
Ù
ØÙGEFE<3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6=:6 /10 L
Ù E@kÛ /F0 q
l 3G6Y
2_^Ú*Ù}3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6d6 /10
Ù 67kÚ /10 q
l 3B6YâR=
Ù 3 /1/ ÙEÚ16Þ×4E
0 =
0 7Q /F0 GÙ E×RE /10 3 / E / ^Ú12>E3G7ÚF3:; 0 ]× 6ßIÝ×?7ÊÙBë^:2NÙI¡Ú1:2
/ `8`ÙE#× / 2_E / B /F0
Ù>×ÊÚ2Tk×4E
/
ÛÚ¼ÙI6
Ù 67^Ú /10
/10 9
Ù ñ,×?68£jñe3ÚH8nE×R8`ÙZB /F0 _
Ù 8Q:2Ù93EI3Ú*ÙGE#Û7 / G
/10 9
1
1
1100
0.9
0.9
1000
900
800
700
Scaled Height z/H
1200
Scaled Height z/H
Ice Thickeness (m)
î&ä%
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
600
−50
0
0.3
50
Distance from Final Divide (km)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
−40
−20
0
20
0.3
40
Distance from Final Divide (km)
0
5
10
15
Age (ka)
20
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙGàâ?î3äWh@=
0 ÙbÙ&2ZÙA; / Bj3:]E 7~2_2NÙ / Ú¼×4;¾×4;&Ù>E 0 ÙEÙ /I/F0 ×4;~6¨ÙGE1EM; 0 3G6ßkÙ>6
×?6 / ÙEÚ163G437Ù>Ú
E 0 3BÙGE ^Ú /F0 ×?676¨×?6ßKñ 0 ×4; 0 5Ù>ß^×?6E(4I7ÙG3ÚHE 5Ù ^Ú*Ù_¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / âð3 ñ ÝÛÚb3;3Ù9Ú1{ØÙGEM3 /
îOj37ÙG3ÚÇ×]6 / Ù>Ú3G43E âR= 0 ×?676×]6ß93 /L/10 ÙP5^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAEá×RE;:2_JØÙ / Ù3 / Ù>ÚMî7ÙG3ÚHEñ,× /10 ¡Û7?
38>J*ÛE / 2Ù6 / G /10 ÙI#E ÛÚb33; ÙZ3 / Ù>Ú,ä}7ÙG3ÚHE3âOðS5 ñ ÝÙØÙG; / ÙG8×]6 / Ù>Ú163B½R37Ù>ÚLE 0 3GÙGEe ^Ú /F0 Ù
E / ÙG38&79E / 3 / Ù=;3:#E ÙJðEbØ ×48 ñ 3G68 ^ Ú /10 Ù /F0 ×?67¨
6 ×?
6 ßME1&; Ù63 Ú¼×?B
ð8J3:E 0 ÙG8 ñ â|ð; ñ ÇßkÙOÙ>ÚHEÛEw8`Ù /10
Ú¼Ù43 / ×]:6E 0 ×?`3 / § k
Ú /F0 Ù9E / ÙG3:
8 7£jtE / 3 / Ù9;C3:E ÙGðEbØ ×48 ñ q3B68\ k
Ú /F0 Ù /F0 ×?6J
6 ×?
6 ßNE13; Ù63 Ú*×]
ð873:E 0 ÙG8 â
ñ
^Ú1^ßkÚ53G 0 R× ;3B]7Þ×?68àÛ;3ÙG8ÞÛ77Ø×! / ðÙâ ßâ½Â
J K-Zw_+RFT©î k `P`
ñ
t
â
ÙG;C3ÛE#Ù
Ù ¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / A
Ù 8º3 /1/ ÙEÚ16
/10
¨Ú1Q8`Û;&ÙGE3=2>3 / ; 09/ /10 L
Ù 5E#Ù>ÚÙA8è×]6 / Ù>Ú163G437Ù>ÚwE 0 3BÙGE3 / 3B]©8`ÙC /10 E / Mñ,× /10 ?× 68Ù>Ú*ÚFkÚ5EN
Ù 3:;C;3Û728Û743 / ?× 6c3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6 0 3:E6J / ; 0 3G6ßkÙG8P×?6 /10 9
Ù 3:E / î
/ 4× EE1E#×57ÊÙ /F0 3 /M/10 T
×
xLBñ0ÙÙ>Ú
Ù 873 / 3I8QZ3B]?Gñ
/F0 =
^Ú39î8j4
=
7ÙA3Ú5E&â
8`ÙG;&Ú*ÙG3EÙ×?6 /10 }
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6.ßkÚ538`×ØÙC6 / 67^Ú /10
G /F0 M
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ=Eb2Ù / ]× 2Ù|5Ù / ñCÙ>ÙC6@8#Koî8L3B¬â
`
Ù>Ú
Ù 3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6>3 /1/ ÙEÚ16\Ù>Ú /10 I
Ù 3E / î
/ 3×?6c; 0 3G6ßkÙGE×?6 /F0 Z
8àÛ;3Ù>3c8`Ù / GÙ ; / 3<57ÊÙ>E×Êß:63G,×?6 /F0
/F0
Ù
ÙÞ×?6
/ Ù>ÚF63BwR3A7ÙEÚI3 /1/ ÙEÚ16â
/ ]× 2Ù8Q:2>3×?6Þ×?6~¡Ú¼ÙXÛÙ6 / 7Gð¡ÙÙ>ÚH7\î
/ Kî
I
=
7ÙG3ÚHE
E 0 3BÙGE]E#Ù2NÙ2_kÚH7=B{3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6T; 0 3B6ß^ÙGEmJ3I?Gñ
;C3B6G5Ù¾×?68`×4E / ?× 6¨ßkÛ×RE 0 357ØÙ^¡ÚF:239EÙEÚ*×ØÙAEB 0
Ý%7Q6; 0 1Ú 67kÛE /10 ?× 676×]6ß>B /10
Ù8×4;3Ù9E
0
Ù>Ù
×Øß
ñ
t
=
7ÙG3ÚHE^E 0 kÛJ48\ÚFHj
ÙG;3ÛEÙÞOq2Ýc437Ù>ÚHEIE13G2_7ÊÙ
3B6865ÙG;3ÛEÙ /10
ÙU×?6
/ ÙEÚ163G½437Ù>Ú
¡Ú*ÙX!ÛÙC6;m7%?Gñm3G2_7Ø× / Û 8àÙ; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ
0 Ñj ¡Ú¼ÙXÛÙ6;m7} 0
×Êß
Û 8`Ù=; 0 3G6ßkÙGE&â
0 tj 3B2_JØ× / Ù 437Ù>Ú
/ ñSkÛ7R8 ÊÙG3Ù93N2N×?6×]2>3BXE#×Øß:63B4×?6 /10 9
E 0 3BÙGEN2>3<à×?6ß /F0 Ù 2E 0 3B?]GñCÙ>Ú / Gñ3Ú58 /F0 Ù 8~2Ù2N3Ú*ß^×?6E /10 3B6ZÚ¼ÙG8`×4; / G
Ù 8@Û768àÙ>ÚwE / G
Ù 3:87
î3äJî
E / 3 / ÙâJÙÑeEÛ; 0c/10 ?× 676×]6ß 0 3EQ;;3ÛÚ¼Ú*ÙG8 /F0 Ù 6ckÛ¨ÚI3G63B77E#×4E^ñSkÛ7R8ËÛ768`ÙEÚDjÚ*ÙG8à×4; //F0
Ù
/
Ú*ÛÙ
3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6Ú53 / GÙ E3Ú¡Ú12
Ù 8`×à×48àÙâ Ý×Øß:6¨×{q;3G6 / 3E,7Q6; 0 1
Ú 67kÛE /10 ]× 676×?6¨ßGðb(ð:8<
/F0 M
ñ ñ
ñ^Û748
E#×Øß6×{q;C3B6 / 7ø3A2ÙG; / R3A7ÙEÚ>E 0 3G
ÙG3E âyx^G0
ñ ÙÙ>Ú,ÙÙC6
E@2>3B]3,E 7Q2_
2 Ù / Ú*×4;>; 0 3B¨
6 ßkÙGE
ñ^Û7485Ù3;;:2T3B6×ÊÙG8J57ZE×Êß:6×{q;3G6 / E 0 Ä× / E\×]6 /F0 L
Ù 8`×à×48àÙ pE× / ?× 6@ðEDGFEDGF
IH DPOdQ©î kPk `:3àæGKi_
ME\-zD J )MFE½î kak
3 ñ O
â Ý×?6;&Ù@× / 3B7ÙG3Ú5E /F0 3 //F0
Ù>Ú*Ù
ñ
HkæB
IUJI )LKNM
0 3Ù#5Ù>ÙC6º6J98`Ú53G2>3 / 4× ;
E 0 ×! / E4×?6 /10 =
Ù 8à×à×48`ÙE#× / ?× :6T<ÙEÚ /F0
Ù 3E / EÙÙ>ÚH3B /10 kÛEF3B68'7ÙG3Ú5E|ð>DGFEDGF
IH DPOdQ©î kPk `<5
HIJ
HIUJ
åæB
IUJI )LKNM
½3G68\E#×?6;&Ù@× / 3G7ÙG3ÚHE /F0 3 /L/10 j
Ù 8~:2Ù§×4E67 / Ú*ÙGE#Ù6 / 7T8`ÚH3B2>3 / 4× ;C3B?7 /10 ]× 6Mj
6×?6¨ßd^Ú /F0 4× ;Ù6×]6ß'ðEDGFEDGF
HIUJ
³ 7
ñCÙM3Ú¼ÙI67 / 2_ / × :3 / G
Ù 8 / TEÛE@$ÙA; /^/F0 4× E2NÙG; 0 3B6×REb2
ñ
0 3E
E×Êß:6×{q;3B6 / 7K3A2ÙG; / GÙ 8 /F0 Z
Ù 437Ù>ÚHE3 / Ý×]7ØÙ¦ë^:2NÙj ^Ú=3 / ØÙG3E //F0 I
Ù 3E / E#ÙÙ>ÚH3B /10 ^ÛE13G68
Zx
7ÙG3ÚHE3â ^GñCÙÙ>ÚQñCÙZ;C3B6767 /
Ú*ÛJØÙI^Û
/L/10 R× E^E1E#×5×]Ø× / 79 kÚL:48àÙ>Ú / ?× 2ÙAEñ,× /10 kÛ / ?× 68àÙÙ6Mj
8`Ù6 / Ù à×48`Ù6;3Ùâ
Ù[3ßkÚH3:8`Û3B¾×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ùz×?6
î L
é 3
×?6
/10
êC×RE
Ù@×?6
Ù ;3ÛEÙLB /10
/10
Ù EbkÛ /10 j 67kÚ /10
/10 u
3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ]× :6pßkÚ538`×ØÙC6 / 3 / &?îK
Ù×?6Q¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8Z8`×à×48àÙ2×ÊßkÚ53
/ Ù>ÚF63Bq437Ù>Úw3 /1/ ÙEÚ16âR= 0
ÙU×]6
î.8
/ ]× :6T /F0 4× EwE#×Øß:63BqE 0 ^Û7485Ù8àÙ / ÙG; / 3<5JØÙ
/ Ù>Ú163G437Ù>Ú5ES3 / Ý×]7ØÙ9ë^2Ù=E 0 Bñm67.Ùà×48àÙ6;3Ù kÚ
3B6×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ù,×?6 /10
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6¾ß^Ú538`×ØÙ6 / G /10 4× E<2>3ß6× / Û 8`ÙÙ>Ú /F0 Ù 3E / 4Oj]8$3`â2ÝÛ; 0
3>; 0 3G6ßkÙZñSkÛ7R8c3B7ÙG3ÚU×?6 /10 I
Ù 3 /1/ ÙEÚ16uB0Ú*ÙGE#×48`Û3B4E}E 0 Gñ6P×?6zãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙB`â!râ(= 0 9
Ù Eb3 / R× 3B
3 /F/ Ù>ÚF6_BÚ*ÙAE×48àÛ3BRE 3G?]BñLEw:677 ^Ú3\
I + JI D) I
×]6
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :68ßkÚ538`×ØÙC6 / Eb2Ù / ?× 2Ù
/10
8`ÛÚ¼×?6ß /F0
Ù 3:E / 8jHî8#3`â\L /10 kÛß 0 ñCÙ;C3B6767 / 2>3Ùw;:6;ØÛE#×?6Eµ35kÛ / Eb2N3B?Q; 0 3G6ßkÙGE×?6
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6Z3 /1/ ÙEÚ16>Ù>Ú /F0
Ù 3E / î83'ðÚ*ÙA;3Ù6 / ; 0 3B6ß^ÙGE3Ú*Ù=67 / 43Ú¼ßkÙ@ÙC67kÛß 0
/10 M
Ù Yx{c§wq2ÝZR3A7ÙEÚ5E /10
/ (5$Ùj8`Ù / ÙA; / 357ØÙ,×]6 /F0 #
ñ
Ú*Û7ÊÙkÛ
ÙÇÙgà×4E
/ ]× 6ßUÙ`×R8`Ù6;&ÙEÛ¨ßkßkÙAE / E F/ 0 3 / ñCÙ};3B6
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6d3 /1/ Ù>Ú16>3E /10 }
Ù 2>3×]6_;3ÛEÙ}BRÝ×]7ØÙ9ë^:2NÙ8`×`×R8`Ù
/ ; 0 3B6ß^ÙGEC×?6 /10 }
2×Øß^Ú53 / ?× 6â
= 0 ^
Ù Ê×Ù7;C3B68`×R873 / G
Ù Ew;3ÛE×?6¨ß=8`×à×48àÙ2×ÊßkÚ53 / ]× :6Z3Ú*Ù}; 0 3B6ß^ÙGEµQ;;3Û¨Ú*×?6¨ß=3 /w/10 Ù|5 ^Û768£j
`
3Ú¼×ØÙGEµGD
Ý ×]7ØÙ¯^
ë :2NÙ3 /w/F0 Ù2>3Ú¼ßk×]6E¨GV@Ù ;3ÙOÝ / Ú¼ÙG3B2>E
3B68Bë¾â&Ýp2>3B]7; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGEG×]6.ÙØÙ:3 / ×]:6
3 /M/10 GÙ E#Ù5^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAEZ;kÛ7R8 ÊÙG3:8 / `8`×à×48àÙZ2×Øß^Ú53 / ?× 6â^ /10 ^Ûß 0 5Ú 3B¨×48xð#?®.8_2¿3 Y
ñ
3B68>#E ÛE / 3 ×?¨
6 ÙG@
8 ð*7î d3 ñ 3,E 7Q6; 0 Ú1:6Jk
ÛE /F0 ×?67¨
6 ×?
6 ßMBR
Ý×]7Ø Ù9ë^:N
2 Ù 0 32
E 5Ù>Ù
6 Ú¼Û7Ø ÙG8Zk
Û / ×?6
î&ä%
Ù 5kÛJ6873Ú¼×ØÙGE<GDÝ×]7ØÙ¯ë^:2ÙeEÛ}|N;3×ÊÙ6 /
/F0 4× Ev3B63G7JE×4ENQEb2>3G?ØÙEÚGEÙA;:68%j^Ú58`Ù>ÚS; 0 3B6¨ßkÙGE<3 /w/10 |
/ ZÚ1Q8àÛ;3ÙZ8à×à×48`Ù2N×ØßkÚH3 / ?× :6N3Ú*ÙME1E#×57ÊÙâ
~
V8W4XZY\[^]`_
iqTd
dÞjlnp{.lignpe
npo
gd
t}n
c,idy
~
~
d|c
yxest
dË{.gri
gd
c
!a
G!po>®¡!Zn
agU{ÊU® !¡UÇ!Z¡
4Î&3®aÀ-GU&¯>¤
¡Ñ
ÒhZÓ
ÓpÔÕ3Ö
{6× / ÙXjt8`×2ZÙEÚ*Ù6;&Ùc;6 / ?× 6àÛ× / 7lGñ2_Q8`Ù@×REÛE#ÙG8
jë
3B6×]6 /
ÙØÙ:3
Ù>ÚDj×4;3ÙNE
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2
Ú*×48àßkÙl 3B6YÙG8?57OE
/ ]× :6_GSEb2>3G?qE1;C3BØÙL¡ÙG3 /
/10 AÙ EÙº¡ÙA3 /
ÛÚ*ÙGEñ
Û¨Ú*ÙGE93Ú¼ÙË×?6¨× / ×R3B]7cØ×!
0 4× ; 0 kÚF23 //F0
/ GÙ 8n6 / F/ 0
Ù 8Q:2Ù[3B68 /F0 Z
Ù Ø×! / ?× 6¨ßdGE#ÛÚb3;3ÙI¡ÙG3 /
/10 9
ÙEÚ*×4E
×4;3ÙulBñUâR=
Ù
/F0
ÙzÙ:ÊÛ
/ ]× :6oG
Ù 2_Q8`Ù / 5
Ú 3;JE /10
/ 3ß:63 / GÙ 8
×R;3Ù>E / Ú*ÙA3B2>E&âM= 0 >
3Ú¼Ù\;C3Ú*Ú¼×ØÙG8f8~Gñ6MjtEb]:Ù@57×R;3ÙlGñUâ= 0
; 0 3Ú53; /
/ OE×?28Û7R3 /
Ù@×4;&Ù=E
Ùlq3G6YJEdB
Ù
Ù 8~2ÙkQGE / Ú¼ÙG3B2E,7JE / Ù 2
/ R× ;E G /F0 =
/ Ú*ÙG3G22>3Ú¼ßk×]6>3B68>E 0 GñLE /F0 3 /
/F0
ÙÞÙ:`×]6ßu8~2ÙG5$Ù k
Ú*Ù
ß Ù>Ú16
/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙGEñ 0 R× ; 0 :
ÛÚ¼ÙGE;3G6I5$Ù.ÙAE
Ù
/ ]× 2>3 / GÙ 8d¡Ú12
/F0
ÙÞÙ:ÊÛ
/10 Ù 7
/ ]× :6nG
Ù ¡Û76873G2Ù6 / 3B
/10 I
53:EÙA8N6c3IÙ>Ú@¡ÙG; / 7£j7R3:E / 4× ;L8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×] / ]× :6_G
Ù ØÛ72ÙS38>J*ÛE / 2Ù6 /</ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙe;kÚ¼Ú*ÙGE@ 68`×]6ß / /F0
0 w
Ù,×?6;kÚF ^Ú53
/ ?× 6_B /10
Ù
E / 3 ß:63B6 / Ý×?7ÊÙ#Ù@;3Ù$Ý / Ú*ÙG3G23:8>J53;3Ù6 // /10 9
Ù ò#q¯lq3G6YdGRÝ×?JØÙ9ë^:2Ù,×RE35 ^Û / îOj5î8
7ÙG3ÚHE3â1= 0 >
Ù Ú*ÙAEÙ6 /
ßkÙ2Ù
/ HÚ 7c3G68ÙØÙ3 / ?× 6G=EF;3Ú=¡ÙG3 /
ë^:2NÙLEÛß^ßkÙGE //10 3 /w/10 }
Ù 8~2Ù,×4E\×?6 /F0
/10
ÙUÚ¼ÙØ×R;
?U
ÙÙG3ÚF7ZE
l 3G6Y7EIG$Ý×?JØÙ
/10 q
/ 3ßkÙGEwBX8Q:2ÙkQAE / Ú*ÙG3G2}ÙØÛ / ?× :693G68 /F0 3 /
/ R× ;3Ù=E / Ú*ÙG3G2>E 0 3Ù=E / 3ß63 / GÙ 8ºÊÙGE1E /F0 3B6p87ÙG3ÚHE3ßâ
VXWMÕ`XYCWM
ÝÙÙ>ÚH3BwE@2>3B]G×R;3Ù98~2ÙGE3G68|Ú*×R8`ßkÙAE3B]:6ß
Ý 0
ÛÚ*ÙAE:6¡5
Ù>Ù
Ù Ý×?JØÙ
/10 G
`
3E / B /F0
V|ÙGE /
Ù
/ ðVP#ÙÝ ñ 3Ú*ÙM;2_2_6775kÛJ68`ÙG8G5&79Ø×]6ÙG3Ú / :kß^Ú53G 0 4× ;¡ÙG3 /
ÛÚ*ÙAEñ,×
^6
/ 3ÚH; / R× ;JÙ@;3Ù
/10 ñ,×R8 /10 E:6
î&äkä
Ù ^Ú58`Ù>ÚZG /F0
/F0 _
¡ÙA3 /
Û¨Ú*ÙGE
ÙÞ×4;3Ù
0 3EJ5Ù>Ù6
òÙñE13 / Ù ]Ø× /
×?6
/10 4× ;~6ÙAE1E6
/10
D
Ù>×ÊÚlq3G6YJE'ð,§+ -
l
/ Ù>ÚFÚ*Ù / GÙ 8u3:EZ3º ^Ú12Ù>ÚU×R;3Ù>E / Ú*ÙG3G2
/ GÙ ; 0 6×X!Û¨ÙGEZ3B68o8àÙ / 3×?ØÙA8
ÙÞ×?2>3ßk×]6ß
K) IuH DPOdQî kak ` ñ â^6¨Ù_B /10 ÙAEÙ
2>3Ú*ßk×]6xðHz]
D +K l I O IH DPORQî kPk ñ â
§S2ÝOEÛÚHÙ77E 0 3ÙËÙC63<57ÊÙG8
2N3B7×]6ß=B /10 }
Ù Eb3 / R× 3B©3 /1/ Ù>Ú16>3G68ÙÊÙ3 / ?× :6TB /10 G
Ù EÙ ý E1;3Úþ¡ÙG3 /
kPk `
î
ñ
âJÝ;3Ú¡ÙG3
/
ÛÚ*ÙAEù6?Ý×?7ÊÙ(ë^:2Ù}
/10
Ù6Ú*×48àßkÙJ5Ù
D
ÛÚ¼ÙGEwð]§+ -
/ ñ0Ù>Ù61Ù@;3ÙÝ / Ú¼ÙG3B2>E
`
8àÙ / 3×?ØÙA8
l
K) IH DPORQ
3G68IëJØ×ØÙ(j
îZ2Ù / Ù>Ú5Ew3<5Ù /10 =
Ù ÊÙÙB{3:; / × Ù^Ú,Ú*ÙG;&Ù6 / 793; / × Ù@×4;3ÙjE / Ú¼ÙG3B2NEwðãª×Øßârâ]î âhÙÑ 1
/ 0 AÙ EÙ
ñ
¡ÙA3 /
Û¨Ú*ÙGES3Ú*Ù}2>3ÚHÙ>Ú5EµÊÙ
/ 5Ù 0 ?× 685793 kÚF2Ù>Ú5lBñxÚ*ÙEßk×?2NÙ% /10 Ù 6 /10
3G68\E 0 3BÙM2>37 0 48×?6Q kÚ12N3 / ]× :6>35kÛ //F0
ix@
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ùrâ?îhzGÜ
Ù
/ ]× 2×?6ßM3G68º63 /
×?2>3ßkÙ>BÝ×?7ÊÙ@ëL:2ÙK3B68MÙb;&ÙèÝ
Ù>×ØÚwÚ¼ÙGEÙ6
oV
/ Ù ØÙ:3 / ]× :6
ÛÚ¼Ù=B P#ÙÝ.Ù:ØÛ
`
/ ?× 6â
3G68Më÷E 0 Gñ,×?6ßsØ×?6^j
/ Ú*ÙA3B2>E
ÙA3Ú / :kß^Ú53G 0 ×4; ý EF;3Ú þº¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ*ÙGEI6 /10 Ùl 3B6YJEIB$Ý×]7ØÙë^:2Ù9435ÙØÙG8 ý E1;C3ÚI¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ¼Ùþ
`
`
3G68 ý ëÇÛ;½¹ E9ã7 / þ`â
ÛÚ / ÙGE]7G9=@âÝ;3B2B5Emò3 / ×?63B|
k
Ý67Gñ3G6
8 Ùb;&ÙBë3 / 3
Ù6 / Ù>Ú
`
QL6×Ù>ÚHE× / 7ZG
?^Ú53:8Q
â
î3ä}8
^6¨Ù
0 7Q /10 AÙ E×4EX3<5^Û /µ/F0 GÙ E#Ù{¡ÙA3 /
×?6ßpE9×RE9×?68`×4;3
¡ÙG3 /
ÛÚ*ÙAE^2>3ÚH
Û¨Ú*ÙGEZ×RE
/10 3 /µ/F0
Ù>×ØÚÙØÙ:3
Ù Ý×?7ÊÙ
/ × ÙIBÚ¼ÙG;3Ù6 /=/10 ]× 676×]6ß>BZVP#ÙÝ`3B?6ß /F0 G
/10
ý / Ú*×]2_Ø×]6ÙþGS3:E / 4× ;3Ù[E 0
Ù
QT§+D- l K )F IUJ )Q@+K-.-[Q ñ âRÙÚ1EÙ[3dE#ÙG;68q3B / Ù>Ú163
Û
/ tj 8~Gñ6dGX3B6.×R;3ÙE / Ú¼ÙG3B2Ip3:8>J53;3Ù6 / ?× 6 /
×?6
/ ^ ^Ú12ÙEÚ<3; / × Ù7ME / Ú*ÙG3G2×?6¨ßÇÚ¼Ù>ßk×]:6E&â4
/10
Ù6×4;3ÙM;3ÛEÙAEEb2>3G?E1;3GØÙ
/10
ÙU×R;3Ù=E
/ Ú*ÙG3G2
E 0 Gñ
KNMNoF IJ )Q6+K-.-[Q.-
/ × Ù 0 7~ /F0 GÙ E#×4E /10 3 / :?]Gñ,×?6ß
/ Ú*ÙG3G2}Ú*×R8`ßkÙAE<3Ú¼ÙL3B?]GñCÙG8 / UÙgQ3B68
ÛÚ¼ÙGE^3E1E@Q;3×43
/10
ÙEÚ
/F0 3B6
Ù ^Ú12ÙEÚ2>3Ú¼ßk×?6>G
/ GÙ 8\ñ,× /10\/F0
ÙUÚ¼×48`ß^Ùâ
0 7Q /10 GÙ E×RE3â.°Oj@8u;:6 / ]× 6`Û¨× / 7>2_Q8`Ùª×4EÇÛEÙG8 /
ÛÚ¼ÙGE:6
/ /10
6ÙñE / ÙG3:87cE / 3 / %
Ù $×R;3ÙlBñ;3Ú*Ú¼×ØÙGE /10 =
Ù ¡ÙG3 /
; 0 3Ú53; /
ÙEÚ*×4E
; 0 3Ú53; /
ÙEÚ*×4E
Ùolq3B6YJEBS8~2Ùâ0E
Ù 8~:2Ù§Ú*ÙG3; 0 A
Ù E^3
/10 [
ÛÚ*Ù98QBñ6uE@?$Ùâ@ã7kÚ=39ñ,×48`Ù6Ú53B6¨ßkÙZBe8~2Ù
/ R× ;EmÙÙ6=2_Q8`ÙAE / 8~:2Ù0ÙgQ3B6E#×?6.Ú*ÙGE#Û7 / E ]× 6ZE1;C3Ú\Û7JØ×Ä / kÚ{3B6.×?6¨× / R× 3BÙ>Ú¼×?Q8Zâ
E#×?2_JØÙc3G63B7 / ×4;c;3G4;3ÛJ43 / ?× 6Ú*ÙR3 / ÙAE F/ 0
/ R× ;E G /10
ÙU×R;3ÙXjtE
0
Ù>Ù
ÛÚ*ÙAEÇßkÙ6¨Ù>Ú53G?7
Ù,Ù:ØÛ
ßkÙ2Ù
/ f¡Û76873G2Ù6 / 3B
/ HÚ 7â
Ù E1;3Ú{¡ÙA3 /
/ ?× 6ZB /10 L
Û¨Ú*ÙGE
/F0 Ù 2>E#ÙÙAE3â«= 0 GÙ EÙ
0 3Ù / :kß^Ú53B 0 4× ;Zñ3ÙÊÙ6ß /F0 E,Ú53B6¨ßk×?6¨ßN¡ÚF:2¿î / Þä×R;3Ù /F0 4× ;~6¨ÙGE1E#ÙGE
D- l K ) IuH DPORQvî kPk `
ð,§+
/ ?× 2N×?6ßuB /10 R× E Ù :ØÛ / ?× 6
Ù
/ Q>×R;3ÙXjtE / Ú*ÙG3G2
= 0 4× Ew; 0 3B / Ù>Úw8~ÙAE{6J / 3878`Ú*ÙAE1E /10
¡ÙG3 /
/F0 GÙ E#Ù_EF;3Ú
/10 3 / Ù g~3B6E#×?:6KBS3G6z×4;3Ùj8~:2ÙU×]6 / 93 kÚF2Ù>Ú1793:; / × ÙU×4;&ÙIE / Ú¼ÙG3B2ñSkÛ7R8b×]6× / 4× 3B]7
Ø×! / Eb2>3G?jtE1;C3BØÙ / :^ßkÚ53G 0 R× ;[¡ÙG3 /
Ù>Úfj×R;3ÙSE
Ùlq3B6Y>G
= 0 4× E=; 0 3B / Ù>Ú=8`ÙÙ?E /10 9
Ù EÙG;68
p3:E / w3B68
ñ3ÙG /10 4× ;Ù6×?6¨ß^ñ 0 ×R; Z
0 / 5Ú 3ÙRE3E /
/ :kß^Ú53G 0 4× ;I¡ÙG3 /
/ 5ÙIÊ×Ä / AÙ 8d:6 / /F0
`
/ CÙ ØÙ3 / ?× 6?ð±QKD-z_RO H
ÙEÙ
/
Ù E 0
/10 L
Ù EÛ¨Ú*Ú1^Û768£j
/ ]× :6UÚ*ÙR3 / × Ù / /10 S
ñ
Rc
âbç×?6¨ÙG3Ú¼× >ÙG8\Ù>Ú
Û 68`Û743 / ]× :6E@×?6
/ ÛÚH53 / ?× 6 /F0 Ù kÚH7\Ú¼ÙG8`×R; / E /F0 3 / 7
Ù E#ÛÚb3;3ÙZE 0 kÛ7R8\8`×2ÛEÙUÚ53G×48Q7×]6 / ?× 2ÙâV
/10 M
0 7 /F0 GÙ EÙ¡ÙG3 /
ÛÚ¼ÙGEL3B7ÙG3Ú
/ ]× 2Ù¾Ú¼Ù2>3×]6E3G6$ÙC6X!Û¨ÙGE / ?× :6Ea5¨Û / 4× E^ÚF53577PÚ*ÙC43 / ÙG8 / /F0
}ME\)M)LKNM IH DPORQî kPk ` ñ oâ V|Ùe3:EFEÛ72Ù /F0 3 /X/10 Ù
3 //10 Ù7>8~_6J / 8`×È2ÛE#ÙZ3ñ37S!
X Û¨×4;~7%Q3B68
Ù>×ØÚjEb3
/ dÙ>ÚHE×4E / Ù>Ú
/ 4× 3GSE1;3GØÙ1ð±%}\:k
-.%
/ ^ßkÚH3B 0 R× ;e¡ÙA3 /
|>;3×ÊÙ6
/ 7}Eb2N3B?
/10
/F0 Ù 7K3Ú¼ÙZ;3Ú*Ú*×ÊÙG8>3B]:6ß'57×R;3ÙlGñ
3Eù3:E³j
E×Ù2>3ÚHÙ>Ú5Eµ6 /F0
î k ` ñ
â
Ù×4;3ÙLE#ÛÚb3;3Ù%2Û;
Û¨Ú*ÙGEX3Ú¼ÙEÛ
0 Ø×ÙSñ3Ùkß^×ÙGE|ð¡ÙâÍߨâBU1
I
î
k 8 k 5æ^SDN\N\N_
MPs H KNMa
î&ä%
¨R
ÖªWP ù^Õ~4
Ì6$XWL4WÖÐÝXY<Í
Xjt8{6¨× /
Ù j@8`×2Ù>Ú*Ù6;3ÙM;:6
/ ]× 6`Û× / 7d2_Q8àÙRð 0
2_Q8`ÙCoþ ñ ×RE
ÛEÙG8 / / ÚH3:; /F0 Ù.ÙÊÙ3 / ×]:6 0 4× E / kÚH7>BLEF;3ÚL¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ*ÙGE:6s3B6zÙ:à×?6¨ß.×4;3Ù[8~:2Ù6×?
6 × / ×R3B?7
3B6YÙG8$5&7U×R;3ÙSE / Ú¼ÙG3B2NE3âV= 0
ÙC×]6× / 4× 3GQEÛÚ@3:;3ÙSÚ1{ØÙ0×4E<3E1EÛJ2ÙG8
l
ÙEÚ*ÙG3
/
Ù>Ú,Ú¼Ù¡Ù>Ú*Ú¼ÙG8
/ >3E /F0
Ù
ý D
ã ë
Ù 8~:2NÙ
/ #5Ùe3E / GÙ 3:8&7ME / 3 / L
/ Ú*Û76;3 / GÙ 8Z3 / × / E®lq3G6Y7ED57lq3 / EÙG; / ?× 6E<B×4;3Ù,Ú¼ÙÚ¼ÙGEÙ6 / ]× 6ßÚ*ÙÊ×4; / 4× ;3ÙeE / Ú*ÙG3G2>Eµñ 0 R× ; 0 6;3Ù
Bñ0ÙG8Ù>ÚF$ÙC68`×4;&Û743Ú / /10
Ù jt8J43B6¨ÙâzS\Ú*×]kÚ / cE / 3ß63 / ?× 6T8~2ÙµlBñ
×]6
l
E / Ú¼ÙG3B2
×4E=3:EFEÛ72NÙG8E
Ù 3B68 / ñSHjt8`×?2ÙC6E×]:63Gâ@Ý / Ú*ÙG3G2
/ GÙ 38&7%j@E / 3 / K
/ >8~2ÙlGñUâU^]®lÁÛ7gº¡ÚF:2
/F0
Ù¾×R;3ÙME
×R;3Ù\lGñ
/ Ú*ÙG3G2zâ // ?× 2ÙU5 Ù 8Q:2Ù[3 //F0
/10 9
Ù¾×R;3ÙZE
½E / Ú*ÙA3B2
;3ÙG3:E#ÙGE3G?:6¨ß /10
Bñ
l
Gñ
l
/ /F0
Ù×4;&Ù
×4EÙ>ÚFÙ68`×R;3Û743Ú
/ Ú*ÙA3B2÷2N3Ú*ß^×?6×4EÇ×]6;kÚFkÚ53 / GÙ 8Ë×]6 /
Ù6Ú*ÙÊ×4;
/ R× ;3ÙME / Ú*ÙG3G2÷3G68c3B]
×?6
Ù 8~2>3×]6|×REI3:EFEÛ72NÙG8 / I5Ù>;:6E / H
Ú 3×]6ÙG8 / /10 G
Ù Oj@8u743G6ÙIðãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù\râ. â
/F0 >
ñ
VPÙ93:EFEÛ72NÙ9,E 7Q2_
2 Ù / Ú7T<3 5k
Û /=/F0 Ù9`
8 ×à×4à
8 Ù%©Eb /F0 3 //F0 Ù>Ú¼Ù.×4E^67K`
8 ×`×R`
8 ÙIN
2 ×ØßkÚH3 / ×?:6``
8 ÛÚ¼×?
6 ß
Ù:ØÛ
Ù 6¨Ùñl×4;&Ù=E / Ú*ÙG3G22>3Ú¼ßk×]6>3 //F0
/ ?× 6âD= 0
ÙUÙG8`ßkÙ=G
ÙCØÙ3
/ ?× 65&79E@:2Ù,Ùg / ÙEÚ163G;:6E / HÚ 3×]6 / EÛ; 0 3Ew3B67 /10
Ù 8~2>3×]6×4E 0 Ù 48>3 /
/10 M
Ù>Úe3:;
× / C
E ×]6× / ×43B
Ù Ý×?7ÊÙ
/ × Ù,×R;3ÙLE / Ú*ÙG3G2zâªã^Ú /F0 P
ëL:2ÙkQÝ×?JØÙRÙ@;3Ù|Ý / Ú*ÙG3G2ËQÙ@;3Ù|Ý / Ú*ÙG3G2 ëoE,7JE / Ù 2 kÚÙg73G2_7ÊÙ%ñ0Ù3:EFEÛ72NÙ /F0 3 /v/10 S
Ù 3:; / × à× / 7
GRÙ@;3ÙÝ / Ú*ÙG3G2Ûël×4ECÛ76; 0 3G6ßkÙA8\3A / Ù>ÚLE / 3ß63 / ?× :6cG2Ý×?7ÊÙJÙ@;3Ù(Ý / Ú¼ÙG3B2E@ /F0 3 /
ñ,× /10
Ý×?JØÙBÙ@;3ÙGÝ / Ú¼ÙG3B2
×RE
0 Ù 48u3 / 3{g`ÙG8zÙÊÙ3 / ]× :6âNù /
8Q:2Ù8×4EM3B?]GñCÙG8 / zÙgQ3G68|×?6 / 1/ 0
ÙNÚ*ÙÊ×4;
ÙEÚ@×4;3Ù9E
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2E 0
Û
×
/ E2>3Ú¼ßk×]6
/ 8~Gñ6T /F0
/ 4× ;&Ù_E / Ú*ÙA3B2¿3B68Ú*ÙA3:; 0 3\6ÙCñE / AÙ 3:8&7sE / 3 /
;:6&{ß^ÛÚ53 / ]× :6u3:;C;kÚH8`×?6ß / >;6 / ?× 6àÛ× / 78Ú*ÙR3 / ?× :6E 0 ]× E3âEÇ×R;3ÙM3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / GÙ E 6 /10
×R;3ÙZE
Ù
Ù
Ù6Ú*ÙÊ×4;
/
Ù 8~:2NÙ¾ÙÙGEN3_Eb]:Ù98`ÙÙ]:EL3 /}/10 M
Ù 6ÙñT×4;3ÙME / Ú*ÙA3B2÷2N3Ú*ß^×?6â
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2Å3B68c3:E /10 [
L?ª×4;3Ù*lÛJgu3
Ù E / ]× ?jt3:; / × Ù6×4;3Ù[E / Ú*ÙG3G2
/=/10 R× E ^×?6 / 4× EÇ×]6;kÚFkÚ53 / GÙ 8P×?6 / /F0 _
ëã ^Ú@ÙgJ3B2_JØÙ
8Q:2Ù}3B68 /F0
ñ
âw=
ÙUÚ*ÙÊ×4;
Ù E1;3Ú^¡ÙG3 /
0 9
ÛÚ*Ù}Z×?6× / R× 3B?7_?Q;C3
/ 4× ;&ÙE / Ú*ÙA3B23 /
5
ð3Ù@;3Ù'Ý / Ú*ÙG3G2
Ù 5kÛ768J3Ú7I5Ù / ñ0Ù>Ù6 /F0
/ AÙ 8c3 //F0 &×RE3:EFEÛ72NÙG8 / 5ÙM3I3E1E×Ù2>3ÚÙ>Ú<6
/F0
Ù.×4;&Ù
Ù@×4;&Ù
E#ÛÚb3;3ÙM3B68Þ×4E / 5Ú 3:;ÙG8 /F0 1Ú ^Ûß 0K/10 R× ECÙ:ÊÛ / ]× :6>ÚFQ;3ÙGE1E&â
Ù6
/ ñSK8`×?2ÙC6E×]:6EN /10
Ù8ÙØÛ
/ ?× :6uB /10
EF;3Ú*×5ÙG8'5&7 /F0 M
Ù ;:6 / ]× 6`Û¨× / 7.Ú*ÙR3 / ?× :6E
Ù8×4;&Ù
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFExTð§ ñ /10 FÚ kÛß 0
/ ?× 2Ù65@×4E=8`Ùj
î3äQr
Domain Length D
Filled Volume V1
Initial Profile
h(x,0)
Final profile h(x,∞)
H0
∆L
Scar Feature
Ice Stream
Truncated Span = f L0
Initial Span = L0
Final Span = Lf
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù_râ.^hJÝQ;
0 Ù 2>3 / ×4;B /F0 Ù.×?6× / ×R3Bv3B68@{63GE / 3 / ÙGEBeE#×?2_7Ê×{ÙA8 ×R;3ÙZ8Q:2ÙkQEÚ*ÙÊ×4; / ×R;3Ù
E / Ú*ÙG3G2DE,7JE / Ù2zâÇç×]
6 ÙG8c3Ú*ÙG3_8àÙ67 / ÙGE /10 ÙZkÚ / ×]:6cB /F0 ÙZ8~2Ù=ñ 0 ×4; 0 ß^Ú1GñLE=8`ÛÚ¼×?6ß /10 Ù
Ù:ÊÛ / ×]:6>ÚFQ3
; ÙGE1&E â Ý / ×?J7Ø ÙG8T3 Ú*ÙA3d8`ÙC67 / ÙGE /10 Ù / / 3G~ØÛ72NÙ3878`ÙG8>8`ÛÚ¼×?6ß8ÙØÛ / ×?:6â
¡¢ xT𧨦¼5 ñ
ñ 0
Ù>Ú¼Ùc§
×4E
K
ê
¤ ¤ù¥
<𧨦¼5 ñ ¦
ðbrâ]î
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù%×4E /10
/F0 c
Ù 8`×4E / 3B6;3Ùc3G?:6¨ß¯lGñ¡Ú1:2
/10 `
;kÚH8`×?63 / }
Ù ½3G68rÇ×RE /10 =
Ù 2>3E1ER53BR3B6;3ÙâR= 0
ê
Ù
Ù
ñ
/ 5Ú 3G6E,ÙEÚ5EÙ 0 kÚ¼×Rc6 / 3B
0 ^Ú*×dc:6 / 3GX8`×Ù>Ú¼ßkÙ6;3Ù^G4×4;&ÙlÛ7g
¡£A¤£¥f¡NC¤G ¦
ê
¤ 4× E
ðbrâ!
ñ
¤£ ¦ G¤ 3 Ú*Ù /F0 Ù 0 kÚ¼×Rc6 / 3B©;:2_:6¨Ù6 / E<B×4;3ÙelÛ7gâ\EFEÛ72N×?6ß 1/ 0 3 //10 ÙÇ×R;3Ù /F0 ×4;%j
ñ
6ÙGEFEZ8~ÙGEZ67 / 3ÚH7f3:;&Ú1EFE /F0 ÙlGñØ×]6ÙIð ¡N x ñ 3G68 /10 3 /Z/10 Ù / Ú53B6E,Ù>ÚHEÙ'Ù]Q;3× / 7
ñ 0
Ù>Ú¼Ùð
;:2T 6Ù6 / 4× Ec>ÙEÚ1Gð
²
ñ
/10
Ù
0 ^Ú*×dc:6 / 3GslÛ7g>8`×Ù>Ú*ß^Ù6;3Ù
ê
¤ 5$ÙA;:2ÙAE
î&äN`
¡£ ð ° x ¥ x ¡N ðbrâ!4
ñ
ñ
²
²
¡ ;3G65$Ù,ÙCg~Ú¼ÙGE1E#ÙG8
= 0 Ù|:3Ú*×R3 / ×]:68×?6[8`Ù F/ 0 j@3Ù>ÚH3ß^ÙG8JÙ?Q;&× / 7=$
ÙEÚ1
Ù68`×R;3Û7R3Ú /
lGñæð ñ
²
×]6 / Ù>ÚF2>E G /F0 Ù$:
3 Ú*×R3 / ×]:
6 ×?6>,
ñ ×48 /F0 5$Ù / 0
ñ Ù>Ù6>3>8 J53:&; Ù6 / lBñØ ×?¨
6 ÙG¢
E ¡ ðb£
à D HIJ )LKNMT©î kak ä ñ
ê
¤ ¡N
= 0
Ù
²
°
¡²
¡£ ¡ ðbrâ ä
ñ
0 kÚ*×dc:6 / 3GslÛ7g>8à×Ù>Ú¼ßkÙ6;&Ù=;3B6 /F0 Ù 6G5ÙIñ,Ú*× /1/ Ù 6>3:E
î
¡£ ð¡
° x ðbrâ!8
ñ
ñ
²
= 0 Ù98`Ù /F0 j@3Ù>ÚH3ß^ÙG8@Ù?Q;&× / 7>3B]:6ß]lGñ ° ×4E8`ÙEÚ*×ÙA8N¡Ú12 /F0 ÙÙ?Q;&× / 7>EbØÛ / ×?6\ kÚ=3
²
3Ú53G?ÊÙjtE×R8`ÙG8_E@43<5`8`Ù ^Ú12×]6ßZ3;;kÚH8`×?6¨ß / G
^Ê Ù6©¹
E lGñ
R3AñXðbãD HIUJ )LKNMa©î kPk ä ñ ê
¤
¡
e
¦
° K
ð ¬:
ð ¡£ ï
x
ðbrâ!
ñhf
ñhf f
ñ
¶ ¥ ²
²
ñ 0 Ù>Ú*ÙJïhð§ ñ ×RE 1/ 0 Ù@×4;3Ù}EÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù
Ú1{ØÙ} ex×4E3G6Ù32ÙG; / ×ÙL8`ÙC /10 jt3Ù>Ú53ßkÙG8\lGño3ÚH3B2Ù / Ù>Ú
²
×R;3Ù8àÙ6E× / 7 ¬ ¤k îB9
r `ß}2 I ß^Ú53 `× / 3 / ×?63Bq3;3; ÙÊ Ù>Ú53 / ×?6 ¥k n`j2 E ê3G68 /10 ÙulGñ 43ñ
ÙCg~:6¨Ù6
/ ¶ 4àâD= 0 w
Ù 3Ú53G2Ù /
e
ÙEÚ Ú53G6ßkÙGE ¡ÚF:2î î Ygj v
S 3 I 3 Y / Mî
î U
I
S<3 3 U
8àÙÙ68`×]6ß>:6 /10 T
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6ËÚ53 / T
Ù 3B68s8`ÙGE×ÊÚ*ÙG8Ë×]6× / 4× 3Gw8~:2NÙkQGE / Ú*ÙA3B2D;:6&{ß^ÛÚ53 / ]× :6â
ã7^Ú
Ù ;3G4;3ÛJ43 / ?× 6EÚ*ÙGE#Ù6 / G
Ù 8Ë×]6 /F0 4× EM; 0 3G / ÙEÚ©ñCÙT3:EFEÛ72ÙT3lq3 / 5ÙG8xð,ïhð§
/F0 >
ñ 3G68¡ ^î â
xTð§ ñHñ
XÛ3
Ú*×dc:6 / 3G
/ ?× 6?ðbrâ?î ñ ×4ELEbÙG8>:6u3J{6× / ÙXjt8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6;3ÙUßkÚ¼×48\ñ,× /10\0 k
E@3:;&×?6ß=Ba#~2zâV= 0 ÙulÁÛ7.
g ×4E<;C3B4&; Û743 / ÙG8Z3 / /F0 Ù2×R8~k×?6 / BÙA3:; 0 ;3Ù?J3B68 /10 Ù 0 k
Ú*×dc:6 / G3
= 0 [
Ù ;:6 / ]× 6`Û¨× / 7Ù
E@3:;&×?6ßÞ×4E}3<5kÛ / ×4;&Ù /10 4× ;~6ÙAE1EÙAE3â6878`× / ?× 63BvEb2T /10 ?× 6ß>B /F0 9
Ù EÛÚ@3:;3Ù9E@?$Ù8×4EL67 /
6¨Ù>ÙG8`ÙG8 / Ú¼ÙÙ6 / 6àÛ72Ù>Ú¼×4;3G4×?6E / 3<5¨×?Ø× / ×ÊÙGEð¦^rDN\N\N_
MPs
= 0
Ù@;3Ù
Ù¢ÙCØÙ3
H KNMT^î k `~î^æ^ÂZ_
ME\)E+RFEDN\}O IUJ
î
k `
â
ñ
Ù 5kÛ768J3Ú*×ÊÙGEµG /F0 Ù 8~2>3×]6@×4E 0 Ù R8w{g`ÙA8 /F0 1
Ú ^Ûß 0 kÛ /</F0 S
Ù ;3BR;3Û7R3 / ]× :6â
/ ?× 6I3 /µ/F0 R
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFEè×REÙg / HÚ 3B:R3 / AÙ 8ß6ÙzßkÚ¼×48o ^×?6 / 5Ù7:68
Ù 8~2>3×]6
/10 u
/ f8àÙ / Ù>ÚF2×?6¨Ù /F0
Ù
k
î3ä
Û7gO8`Ù>Ú¼×3
Ù 5kÛ768J3Ú7fk×]6 / E3âM= 0 º
Ù 2TQ8`ÙC×REdE / Ù J$ÙA8s ^Ú1ñe3Ú58O3 / &!8j7ÙG3Ú
/ × Ù>3 /Z/10 1
l
×?6;&Ú*Ù2ÙC6
/ EáÛE#×?6ß`3B6PÙgQ7Ø×R;3× / 2NÙ /10 Q8â= 0
3Ú¼Ù¾ÛE#ÙG8 / 9Ú*ÙG8à×4; /S/10
V|Ù}3Ú¼Ù3G4EbU×]6
V|ÙK3E1EÛJ2Ù
/
Ù>Ú*ÙGE
Ù ¡ÙG3 /
/10 3 /Z/10 _
ÙÇÙCØÙ3
ÙU×R;3Ù=E
8 ¢ ¯ 𧩦*5 ñ ñ 0
Ù>Ú¼Ù
°
î
×RE
/F0
Ù
0
/9/10
Ù>Ù
Û¨Ú*Ù:6
/10
ÙÇ×R;3ÙE
0
Ù>Ù
ÙÞ×4;&Ù>EÛÚ@3:;3ÙK3EdE@67Gñ3:;;&Û72ÛJ43
/ EÛ¨Úb3:;&Ùâ
/ GÙ E3â= 0
° ¡ £ xT𧩦*5 ¥¡ ¢ xT𧨦¼5 ¦
î
ñ
ñ
0 ^Ú*×RcC:6 / 3BRÙ]Q;3× / 7K3 /=/F0
Ù
/ ;3G6@5Ù=ñ,Ú*× /F/ Ù 6K3E
Ù×R;3Ù9EÛ¨Úb3:;&ÙâB=
3:8&ÙA; / ]× :6cBh×4;3Ù /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1EN ñ 0 ?× ØÙ /F0 9
Ù EÙA;:68 / ÙEÚ12
×?6KEÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù@ÙØÙ:3
/ ?× 2Ù[E / Ù né
î^â
/ ?× 6 0 4× E / kÚH7ZB¨3}¡ÙA3 /
ÛÚ¼ÙbÚ¼Ù2>3×?6EM3
Ù>Ú / 4× ;3G½2_ / ]× :6_GS3Ik×?6 / :6 /10
/F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1E}3B68nE@?$Ù9¡Ú1:2
Ù 6Ùg // ]× 2ÙE / Ù Ké ¥
/^/F0 =
ÙU×4;&ÙlÛ7g>3
/ GÙ 8U×?6 /F0
Ù×4;3Ù
/ ]× :6d¡ÚF:28~:2Ù§Ù:ÊÛ / ]× :6â= 0
ðbrâ!r
Ù {ÁÚ5E /=/ Ù>Ú12
0 L
Ú¼ÙÚ¼ÙGEÙ6
Ú*ÙÚ¼ÙGEÙC6
ñ
/ E /10
Ù
/ E}3B6P×?6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙZkÚM8`ÙG;&Ú*ÙG3EÙ
0 ^Ú*×RcC:6 / 3B©2T / ]× :69B{3B6Þ×4;&Ù^3Ú / 4× ;ÊÙ=3 /
Ù
Ù E#ÛÚb3;3Ù¾×RE
/10 M
8 ¢§ °
î
n`
ðbrâ
oX!Û3
Ù E#× / ?× :6fG /F0 K
Ù E1;3ÚI¡ÙG3 /
/ ]× :6EGðbrâÄr ñ 3G68Mðbrâ!` ñ 3Ú*ÙÞÛE#ÙG8 / / 5Ú 3; /F0 _
8~:2NÙ@Ù: ÙG3E â
q
V|Ù
; 0 3Ú53; /
×4;3Ù
ÛE#Ù
ÙEÚ*×4E
/F0 4× EÞ×4;3ÙvlGñ
Ù Ý×?7ÊÙ
/ R× ;EE×]2×?R3Ú / /10 EÙZ kÛJ68 6 /10 '
/10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFE
2_Q8àÙ / mE×?28Û7R3 / u
Ù 3G6}×R;3Ùn8Q:2ÙkQE×4;3ÙsE / Ú*ÙG3G2
:
î
'K
2IeEb3G6æô
XÛ×:3GØÙ6
&]îOK.I23 Y R× ;3Ù@Ù
/
×]6
E,7JE / Ù 2
/10
Ù
ñ,× /10
3E / ]× 6§VPÙGE / L
6 / 3Ú5; / 4× ;C3&ñ 0
'K 8Q2I3G68m3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6
âªã7kÚLE#×?2_JØ×4;&×
43 / ×?6Ú53 / }
Ù 3Ú¼Ù=3:EFEÛ72ÙA8Zâ\ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ùrâ.4=E 0 BñLE /F0
E1;3ÙC63Ú¼×?Ehn8`×2Ù>Ú*Ù6 / 8~2ÙkQAE / Ú¼ÙG3B2
`
ÛÚ*Ù>3E
ñ
Ù>Ú*Ù
ÚH3
/
Ù
/ 7%3lq3 / 5$ÙA8º3G68>;:6E / 3G6 / 3;;3Û728ÛMj
ÙÙ:ÊÛ
/ ]× :6ZB /F0
Ù×4;3Ù}8~:2NÙ,Û768`Ù>ÚSE#ÙÙ>Ú53G
/ Ù>Ú5E#ÙG; / ]× :6fk×]6 / Em8à×È2Ù>Ú*ÙC6 / 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6wÚH3 / GÙ Em
8`×È2Ù>Ú¼Ù6 / 4× ;&ÙE / Ú*ÙA3B2ñ,×48 /F0 E3â4ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼ÙrâÍä9E 0 GñLE /10
Ù@Ù:ØÛ
/ ?× 6_EF;3Ù63Ú*×]E{ ^ÚL3IE@2>3B]ØÙ>Ú\×R;3Ù
8~:2NÙâ
Ùt6u3G?X;3EÙGEN©E1;C3Ú¡ÙG3 /
ÛÚ*ÙGE}3Ú*Ù6×?6× / R× 3B?7dÊ×Ä
5&7m3fñ3ÙcB /F0 4× ;Ù6×]6ßuñ 0 4× ; 0/ 5Ú 3ÙRE 3:E /
8~:2NÙ>3B7¨Ú13; 0 GÙ Ed3c6ÙñE / GÙ 3:87
/ GÙ 8º6 / /F0
Ù>Ú
/10 3B6
/F0
Ùlq3G6YJE^B
/10
Ù¾Ùà×?6ß98~2Ù
Ù|×R;3Ùðãª×Øßârâ.8
E/ 3 / %
Ù 4×4;3ÙQlGñ;3Ú¼Ú*×ÊÙGE /F0 K
Ù E1;3Ú ¡ÙG3 /
ñ
â;E
/F0
Ù|×R;3Ù
ÛÚ¼ÙGEZ8~Gñ6MjtEb]:Ù
200
100
50
0
0
0
2000
4000
time (a)
20
40
Distance from divide (km)
Elevation above bedrock (m)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
0
2000
4000
time (a)
20
40
60
Distance from divide (km)
80
E
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
100
0
0
2000
4000
time (a)
20
40
Distance from divide (km)
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù^râ.4^hDÙ@;3ÙSEÛÚ@3:;3Ù¨Ú1<{ØÙGE©7?
60
400
200
400
200
0
0
0
2000
4000
time (a)
20
40
60
80
Distance from divide (km)
100
D
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Elevation above bedrock (m)
0
200
600
0
60
C
1200
800
scar elev. change (m)
400
1000
scar elev. change (m)
600
B
1200
200
0
0
0
2000
4000
time (a)
20
40
60
Distance from divide (km)
80
F
1200
1000
800
scar elev. change (m)
scar elev. change (m)
800
scar elev. change (m)
Elevation above bedrock (m)
Elevation above bedrock (m)
1000
0
Elevation above bedrock (m)
A
1200
scar elev. change (m)
Elevation above bedrock (m)
î8
600
400
200
0
0
200
0
0
2000
4000
time (a)
20
40
60
Distance from divide (km)
80
8 ÙÙ>ÚH7$w7ÙG3ÚHE¨ kÚ{3B6.Ùà×?6ß,×R;3ÙS8~:2ÙeE×]2×?R3Ú
/1/ ÙG¾
×]6ZE#×Rc>Ù / $Ý×]7ØÙhë^2ÙâV= 0 Ù 0 ÙG3&7Ê×?6Ù4×]6¾ÙG3; 0 3B6ÙC / Ú53;3ÙGE /10 ÙSE× / ×]:6ZB 3E1;3Ú¨¡ÙA3 / Û¨Ú*Ù
^Ú12ÙA8c3 /=/10 Ù92>3Ú*ßk×]6cB}3Ú*ÙCØ×4; / ×43; Ù9E / Ú¼ÙG3B2zâB= 0 ÙB57R3:;c8~ / E 0 BñLE /10 Ù9E#× / ×]:6nGL3
EF;3ÚL¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ*Ù93 / × / E^2N3Bgà×?2.Û72 ÙØ Ù:3 / ×]:6c
Ú¼ÙG`
8 ×4; / ÙG8_¡ Ú1:2 3B6u3G63B7 / ×4;Z8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×] / ×]:6KB /F0 Ù
¨Ú15JØÙ2zâ(Ù6EÙ / 3B6ÙRE=E 0 Gñ /F0 ÙTE1;3 Ú9ÙCØ Ù3 / ×?6c< ÙEÚ / ×]
2 ÙI,
ñ × /10c/10 Ùd
Ú¼ÙG`
8 ×R; / ÙG8 / ×?
2 Ù=G
2N3Bgà×?2.Û72 ÙØÙ:3 / ×]:6c8àÙ67 / ÙG@
8 57 ¥ ð5 ÙXâ¨
r â. ñ 3G68
Ç ð3:U¨ -æ ©ª©oZÙXâ½
r â]î:î ñ â¾ã7^ Ú=3B]<;3E ÙGNE &]îZ23 U àÙg7&; Ù / k Ú3B6 ÙR ð8 ñ ñ 0 Ù>Ú¼Ù &!Z23 Y â
î8Qî
0
100
0
0
0
1000 2000
time (a)
3000
600
400
200
0
scar elev. change (m)
Elevation above bedrock (m)
I
0
200
100
0
0
5
1000 2000
time (a)
3000
10
15
20
Distance from divide (km)
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*ÙcrâÍä'hGÙ@;3ÙNEÛÚ@3:;3Ù>ÚF<{ÊÙGEI7?
25
400
200
0
10
20
30
Distance from divide (km)
800
600
scar elev. change (m)
200
200
100
0
0
0
1000 2000
time (a)
3000
10
20
30
Distance from divide (km)
800
Elevation above bedrock (m)
400
H
J
600
400
200
0
scar elev. change (m)
600
800
Elevation above bedrock (m)
G
scar elev. change (m)
Elevation above bedrock (m)
800
0
200
0
0
1000 2000
time (a)
3000
10
20
30
Distance from divide (km)
8 ÙÙ>Ú7¡è7ÙA3Ú5E kÚT3cEb2>3G?0×4;3Ù>8Q:2Ùâ= 0 Ù
1/ / ÙG
0 ÙG37dÊ×?6Ù@×]6ÙG3; 0 3B6Ù / Ú53;3ÙGE /F0 Ù=E× / ×]:6>B{3ZE1;3Ú¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ*ÙL kÚ12NÙG8_3 //F0 Ù2>3Ú*ß^×?6_G
3@Ú*ÙÊ×4; / ×R;3ÙE / Ú¼ÙG3B2zâV= 0 ÙO57R3:;Z8~ / E 0 GñLE /F0 ÙE× / ×]:6_GX3=E1;3Ú<¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ*ÙL3 / × / E<2>3Gg`×]2.Û72
ÙØÙ:3 / ×]:6\¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / ÙA8N¡Ú12D3dÙ>Ú@¡ÙG; / 7_7R3:E / ×4;Zà
8 ÙGE13; Ú¼×? / ×?6\B /F0 ÙI
ÚF57ÊÙ2zâ9Ùt6EÙ / 3B6¨Ù4E
E 0 Gñ /10 ÙuEF;3ÚÞÙÊÙ3 / ×]:6oÙ>Ú / ×]2Ù\,
ñ × /10o/10 Ùc
Ú*ÙGà
8 ×4; / ÙG8 / ×?
2 Ù>B[2>3Bà
g ×?8
2 Û72 ÙØ Ù:3 / ×]:6
8`Ù67 / ÙG85&7 ¥ ð¡5 ¢ÙX$ârâ. ñ 3G68
Ç ð3:U¨5-æ ©«©¢ÙXâ
r â]î:î ñ â ã7k
ÚT3B]L;3:#E ÙGmE &. 2a3 Y
ÙgJ;3Ù / kÚL3B6ÙCRð3
ñ 0 Ù>Ú¼Ùi ?î Z23 Y â
ñ
î8
5.5
5
0.05 τ
Scaled Thickening Rate
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
0.3 τ
2
0.5 τ
1.5
1
0.5
0
1τ
0
10
20
30
40
50
Distance from Divide (km)
60
70
80
`
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù\râ.8MhNS\Ú1:3ß3
×?6 ãG×Øß[j
/ ×]:6o3G68f8`×È2ÛE#×?6 G /10 ÙTñ3Ù_B /F0 ×4;Ù6×]6ß_ kÚ9;3EÙ
Û¨Ú*Ù>râ.4àâI= 0 Ù /10 ×R;ÙC6×?
6 ßNÚ53 / Ù×4EME1;3GØÙG8 / /10 ÙN3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ×?:6zÚH3 / Ù>3B68 /10 Ù>;&ÛÚÙGE=3Ú*Ù
8àÚ53ñ6ËÙÙEÚ7G7ÙG3 Ú5EL3B68>43 5$ÙCØ ÙGÞ
8 ×?Þ
6 Û76× / EBh: :U¨ 欩«©âO= 0 ÙIñe3Ù9×REEbÚ¼ÙG3:8\Ù>Ú /F0 Ù
8Q:2>3×?6>3 / Ù>ÚL35 ^ Û / .8:âR= 0 ÙIñeA3 Ù§×4E3B]2_E / ;2_7ÊÙ / Ù798`×È2ÛE#ÙG8>3A / Ù>ÚL3<5kÛ / î:Zâ
3G68
/10
ñ,× /10K0
Ù>×ÊÚÙÊÙ3
/ ]× :68`ÙG;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙGE3â
= 0
Ù
/ ?× 2×]6ßuB /F0 GÙ E#Ù|ÙÙC6 / Eè×RET3E / Ù>Ú_ kÚÞ×4;3ÙuE 0
Ù>Ù
/ E
0 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6ÞÚH3 / AÙ E^3G68 63Ú*ÚFGñsÚ¼ÙØ×R; / 4× ;&ÙIE / Ú¼ÙG3B2>E$ðãª×Øßâ©râ!4:3_3G68c8 ñ âPÝQ;3Ú5E
Ú¼ÙG3:; >
ñ ×4`
8 ÙðãG×Êßâ½
r â!4<5 ñ â#= 0 Ù / ×]
2 ×?6ß[3B68
0 0 ×Øß 0 ÙØ Ù:3 / ×]:6Eñ 0 ÙC6 /10 Ù6Ú*ÙÊ ×4; / ×43; ÙME / Ú*ÙG3G2 ×4E,
×Øß
2N3Bgà×?2.Û72
/ ]× :6sEÙ>ÙC2
/ 15Ù×?6E#Ù6E#× / × Ù / \ñ 0
Ù E / 3ß63 / G
Ù 8w×R;3Ù_E / Ú¼ÙG3B2
/10 K
57
/F0
ÙÊÙ3
Ù
/ ]× 2×?6ß=G /10
ðãG×Øߨâ râ.4:;M3B68K8
ÙUÙÊÙ3
ñ
Ù>Ú¼Ù
Ù 8~2Ù.×4E@×]6× / 4× 3B]7 / Ú*ÛJ6;3 / G
Ù 8
/F0 >
ðãG×Øߨâ râ.4ÙK3G68 â?= 0 K
Ù 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :6PÚ53 / K
Ù 3A2ÙG; / EI:677
ñ
/ ?× :6TÚ1Q;3ÙAE1EmY5¨Û / 6J //10
Ù9ÙCg
Ù EF;3Ú¡ÙA3 /
/ Ú*Ù2ÙÙÊÙ3 / ]× :6_G /10 I
Û¨Ú*Ù
â
= 0 T
Ù ñ3ÙdG /10 R× ;ÙC6×?6ß9ñ 0 ×R; 0 Ú13ßp3 / ÙGE Ù>Ú /F0 Ù_8Q:2Ù8×4E=E 0 B ñ6 ×]6ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ùºrâ.8
`
^Ú_;C3:EÙ
¡Ú1:2 ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùcrâ.`
4 âu= 0 ÙËÚH3 / ÙcB F/ 0 ×4;
Ù6×]6ßz×4E9E1;3GØÙG8 / 1/ 0 Ùu3;;3Û728Û7R3 / ×]:6
ÚH3
Ù 3B68 /F0
Ù ;&ÛÚÙGENQ8`Ú53ñ6Þ×?6j7ÙG3Ú,×]6;3Ú*ÙC2Ù6 / Em3Ú¼Ù=43<5ÙÊÙG8.×?6Û76¨× / EwB /F0 #
Ù :ÊÛ72Ù
/=
38>J*ÛE / 2Ù6 /9/ ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙG:
U¨ -©ª©
: æ ñ 0 4× ; 0
ñ0Ùc8`Ù>Ú¼×Ù×?6o3nR3 / ÙEÚ_E#ÙG; / ]× :6âTã7^Ú /10 R× E_;3EÙ
î84
G¨ -©ª©
: 5æ
îGr'7ÙG3Ú5E&â#= 0
Ù
Ù 8~:2>3×?6`3A / ÙEÚ=3<5kÛ / .8:Zâ
/F0 4× ;Ù6×]6ßZñ3ÙU×4EE@Ú*ÙA3:8\Ù>Ú /10 [
= 0 I
Ù ñe3Ù@×4E3G?2_pE / ;:2_7ÊÙ / C
Ù 798`×2ZÛEÙG8>3A / Ù>ÚL3<5^Û / î:â
V|Ù
Ù 2>3Ú¼ßk×]6G /10
0 3Ù3:EFEÛ72NÙG8 /10 3 /</10 S
×4EJ{gàÙG8f3
^67
/10
/
×
/ E¾×]6× / 4× 3G /10 R× ;Q6ÙGEFEI3:E.×Ä
Ù>ÚZpE1E×5×?Ê× / 7P×4E
/F0 3 /Z/F0
ÙÞÙØÙ:3
×
/10 3 /^/F0
Ù@ßkÚFGñ
Ù0ÙG8`ßkÙSB
Ù 8Q:2>3×?6
/F0 2N3Ú*ß^×?6fB3B6o3; / × Ù×4;&Ù\E / Ú¼ÙG3B2zâ
/ ]× :6nG /F0 4× EI2>3Ú*ß^×?6P×4EI67 / {g`ÙA8
57s3B67 /10
ÙÚ*ÙEßk×?6_kÛ
Ù>Ú.×R;3Ù
Ù 8Q:2>3×?6âãG×Øß^ÛÚ*ÙIrâ.
/ E×R8`ÙG /F0
/10 Bv3M8~:2Ù^QGE / Ú*ÙG3G2E,7JE / Ù 23E1E#Û72×?6¨ßI3G6Þ×?6&{6¨× / CÙ 7Iñ,×R8`Ù@×R;3ÙE / Ú¼ÙG3B2E@
Ù¾ÙA8`ßkÙ=B
Ù 8~2>3×]6b×RE3B]?GñCÙG8 / /F0 4× ;Ù6>3 /^/F0 M
Ù 3:;;3ÛJ2Û7R3 / ?× :6NÚ53 /
Ù :?]Gñ,×?6ß
/10 M
/ EºE / 3ß:63 / ?× 6â²Ù6
×
/ 4× ;&ÙE / Ú¼ÙG3B23 /v/10
/ ñCÙEÚ*ÙK3 6¨Ùñ
E / Ú*ÙG3G2I%5Û / R× E;6 / 1Ú ?ØÙA8L57.Ù:ÊÛ / ]× :69B /10
E 0 GñLE /F0
ÙCÚ*ÙCØ×4;
Ù E1;3ÚN¡ÙA3 /
/F0 4× E_;C3:EÙ} /10 u
Û¨Ú*Ùz×4EÚH3×4E#ÙG8
×?68`Ùm{6× / Ù 7O3:E_?6ßO3:E
/10
5kÛ768J3Ú*×ÊÙGE3Ú*ÙM3B]?GñCÙG8 / /10 R× ;Ù6â
Ù
Elevation Above Bedrock (m)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
20
40
60
Distance from Divide (km)
80
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ùurâ!MhIÝÛÚb3;3Ù\¨Ú1<{ØÙGEZBM3G6
Ùà×?6ßz×R;3ÙK8~:2NÙ>8`Ú53ñ6ÙÙEÚ7¡7ÙG3ÚHEIñ
0
Ù>Ú*Ù
8 ßkÙIG /10 ÙUÚ*ÙCØ×4; / ×4;3ÙME / Ú*ÙG3G2 ×4EL3B?]GñCÙG8 / /10 ×R;Ù6N3 //F0 ÙZ3;;3Û728Û743 / ×]:6ÚH3 /
/10 Ù6Ú*×Êß 0Q/ ÙGà
3A / Ù>ÚE / 3ß:63 / ×?6â|= 0 Ù / Ú53:;_G /10 ÙMEF;3Ú¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ*ÙU×REE 0 Gñ6@57 /F0 Ù 0 ÙG3&
7NEb:Ê×48_Ø×]6ÙâR= 0
Eb3 / ×R3B?7>;6E / 3B6 / 3;;3Û728Û743 / ×]:68Ú53 / ÙU×4E3:EFEÛ72NÙG8G&?î 2 3 Y â
Ù
Ù
î8ä
Ë\ÔJÍÈÖSWM`dðJÍ*©WM$Ð
¨(
µY<Í
òÛ72Ù>Ú¼×4;3G2_Q8`ÙRE<;3B65$Ù};2_Û / 3 / ]× :63G?7¾×?6 / CÙ 6E×Ù3B68_3Ú¼ÙÇß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3B?793B7JØ×4;C3<57ÊÙ:677
Ù 2TQ8`Ùâ
/ u3E@ÙG;3×{ ;_EÙ / GU×?6¨× / R× 3BS;68`× / ?× 6Ed3G68f3:EFEÛ72_ / ?× 6E¾ÛE#ÙG8f3:E.×?67Û /Z/ /10 _
L6o3B63B7
/ R× ;>8`ÙGE1;&Ú*×? / ?× 6
3878`Ú¼ÙGE1E /10
GM8~:2NÙËÙØÛ / ?× :6O3G68oE1;3Ú ¡ÙA3 /
SX!Û¨×4;wÙAE / ×]2>3
EF;3BÊÙGE3â>Ù6
Ù|ß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3BM;3:E#Ùu3B68o k
Ú
ÙPÚ*ÙÊÙ3B6
Ù ¡Û768J3B2Ù6 / 3G / ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙAEñ 0 ×R; 0
/F0 4× EZE#ÙG; / ]× :6T /10 º
/ Ú*Û76;3 / GÙ 8Ë×4;3Ù[8~:2NÙGE^3G68 /10
J43:E / R× ;8àÙGE1;3Ú¼×? / ?× 6_B4×R;3Ù=E 0
`
/ GÙ EZB /F0
Û¨Ú*ÙËÙCØÙ3
Ù.ÙÊÙ3
Ù>Ù
/ ?× :6cGeE1;3Új¡ÙA3 /
/ ?× 6
×4EZ6Ù>ÙA8`ÙG8 /
/_/ ]× 2ÙK3B68ÊÙ6ß /10
ß:Ù>ÚF6
ÙÙ:ÊÛ
/10
/ ]× :6nG
Û¨Ú*ÙGE3Ú*Ù98`ÙEÚ*×ÙA8N¡Ú12D3_Ù>Úb¡ÙA;
/ 7£j
/ Ù ØÛ / ?× 6â
/ :6u3µl 3 / 5ÙG8>ñ,× /10c/F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1ExTð§ ñ 3B68 0 kÚ¼×j
cC:6 / 3B;kÚH8`×?63 / ÙM§âRÙ / E /10 ×R;Q6ÙGEFE ÚF<{ÊÙ@×4CE ß^×ÙB
6 5&7 /10 ÙIE@:Ê Û / ×]:6 / /10 Ù k
ÚH;3Ù#53G43G6;3Ù
X
Ù !Û3
6E×R8`Ù>Ú=3dÙ>Ú@¡ÙG; / 7_7R3:E / 4× ;U×4;3ÙME 0
Ù>Ù
/ ]× :6T
ª' ñ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù
¡ x
¦
¡ §
K ¬: x
k
ðbrâ
Ù 53E13BE 0 A
Ù 3ÚSE / Ú*ÙGEFE3â4EFEÛ72×]6ß ª' 4× E\ÙÙEÚ7Qñ 0
ªb 4× E /10 O
X
Ù>Ú*Ù0Ù Û3B
ñ
Ù 7à×ØÙC48IE / Ú¼ÙGE1E
/ /F0 w
Ù EÛ¨Úb3:;&Ù¨Ú1<{ØÙU×4ECß^×Ù6G57
ª » /10 M
xað§ ñ ¯® ð,ôpKf§ ñ þ#ê
ñ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù
®
±° ¬:
ª »
3B68Iô
=©ZE#×?28Û743 / Ù 3G6×?6 /
E / Ú¼ÙG3B22>3Ú¼ßk×?6[3 / § ×4E
ÙEÚDj×4;3ÙeE
Ù Eb3G6?ð²³
/F0 M
/ Ú¼ÙG3B2
[aôCWôcñ 0
I
½î
Ú¼×48`ß^Ù%ñCÙ
k
8
ñ
ð@râ?î
ñ
â
/ Ú¼Û76;3 /
Ù
Ù Ú1{ØÙ}3 / 3 0 7Q /10
/10 L
Ù>Ú¼Ù|C>[CmîQ3G68d3E1E#Û72Ù
/F0 3 /w/F0
Ù,×?6
/
Ù
/ R× ;3B×4;&Ù
Ù>Ú¼×?^ÚG×R;3ÙlGñLE
Û 3BXE@3B6yþ@ðãG×Êßâ½râ. â´
/10 Ù 6× / E ý à×ØÚ / ñ
EF;3Úw¡ÙG3 / ÛÚ*Ù§×4E{ ^Ú12ÙA8Z3 E ×43; Ù}E / Ú*ÙG3G2
/ /10 ÙÇ×R;3ÙE / Ú¼ÙG3B22>3Ú¼ßk×]6_§ [aô0â|ÝÛ77pE Ù /10 3 //F0 ×44
3Eá×! /F0
E0
Û
Ù¾×R;3Ù@Ú¼×48`ß^Ù
/ Eµs3 /Z¶ 0 3E^3Zñ,×48 /F0 GwØÙ6¨ß /10 ô0âwô
×RE
àâ|ÙÑ5lBñu×4E;6&{6ÙG8 / d8à×?2Ù6E×?6Em /10 M
Ù 8~2Ù=ñ,×?]ZÙgQ3B68b×?6 / /F0
48Þ×4;3ÙME / Ú*ÙG3G23B68c3B7ÚF3; 0 3Z6ÙñPE / GÙ 38&7KE / 3 / M
Ù Ú1{ØÙâ´
$ÙEÚb¡ÙG; / 7_J43:E / R× ; R× ;3ÙME 0
Ú¼ÙGEb687EÇ×]6E
/
/ 3B6 / 3B6¨ÙkÛE@7 / T39; 0 3G6ßkÙ6×?6Þ× / Eù2N3:E1E253B43G6;3ÙMkÚO5 ^Û76873Ú7`;:68à× / ]× :6E|57
; 0 3G6ßk×]6ß@× / E /F0 4× ;Q6ÙGE1EX3B68Iñ,×48 /F0 ñ 0 ?× ÊÙ2>3×?6 / 3×]6×?6¨ß,× / EX; 0 3ÚH3:; /
·µ
ÙEÙ
Ù
ë× ÛE×]:6nGLE#ÛÚb3;3ÙdÙ>Ú /
ÛÚH53
/ ?× 6EQ;;&ÛÚ5EU×?6E / 3B6 / 3G6Ù^ÛEb7â'= 0
Ù>Ú*×RE
/ R× ;<3ÚH3<5:Ê×4;ÚF<{ÊÙâ
ÙEÚ*Ù ^
Ú*Ù%ÙØÛ
/ ?× :6cGL3
î88
743E / ×4;Ç×R;3Ù=8~2Ù / 93I6ÙñmE / GÙ 38&7_ÚF<{ÊÙñ,×?]½ÚFQ;3Ù>ÙG8 /F0 1Ú ^Ûß 0 3ZEÙ>Ú¼×ØÙGE<G<3Ú535 Ø×R; R× ;3Ù
E0
Ù ¹ à×ØÚ / Û 3G©E@3B6©¹Tôhð ¶ â
/ ?× 6_B /10 9
ñ
2 Ù_;3G?
6 5Ù_à
8 ÙGE13; Ú¼×5ÙG8z×?6 / Ù>Ú12NE^B}3
/ ×]2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ= kÚ¾Ù:ØÛ / ×?6G /10 Ù97R3:E / ×4;98~:N
/ Ú1{ØÙAE^8`ÙAE1;3Ú¼×5ÙG857 /10
ÙEÙ
= 0
Ù
Ù9Ù:ØÛ
¸K ¹EDNM]M I»ºº KNM IuH DPOdQðFî k ` k
Ùc8~2ÙPA
¼ E / Ú¼ÙG3B2 ;3:E#Ùz×4E /F0 Ù
ý ØÛ72Ù|{]Ø×?6¨ß / ]× 2Ùþ8`×4EF;3ÛEFEÙG8'57@z
:ÊÛ72Ù'{?Ê×?6ß
/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ_ kÚ /F0
½
:ÊÛ72Ù9$ÙEÚ.Û76× / ñ,×48 /F0
S8`Ù6J / A
Ù 85&7
/ ?× 2ÙÞ× /_/ 3ÙGE / {? /10
Ù
U¾ -©ª©
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù
râ.¢ß^×Ù6 /10
Ù
Ù 8~2>3×]6_B{ØÙ6ß /10 ôyh
/10 M
Ù
: æ
X
Ù
/10 Ù>E / ]× 77ØÙA8|Ú*Ù>ß^×?6w×]6
^Ù>Ú
Eb3 / R× 3B?7>;6E / 3B6 / 3;;3Û728Û743 / ]× :68Ú53 /
kÚ|3B]ØÙ78ß:R3:;3×ÊÙ>Ú5E&âD= 0
ñ
½
Aô
ðbrâ]î:î
râ?îî×4E /10 3 /[½ 2>37G5Ù_8à×·|N;3Û7 /}/ ÞÙGE / ×?2>3 / Ù6×Ä /10 Ù
2 ÙA8 /10 3 /=/10 ÙJ{63B
/ Ú1{ØÙ.×REÇÛ76YQ67Gñ6â'z¸K ¹EDNM]M I»ºº KNM IH DPORQDðFî k ` k ñ 3:EFE Û7
= 0 9
Ù 2>3×]6cÚ157ØÙ2Åñ,× /F0
Ù Û3
/ ?× 6
{63G¢×R;3ÙZE 0
Ù>Ù
×4;3ÙjEÛÚ@3:;3Ù
Ù ØÛ72NÙL; 0 3G6ßkÙ
0 3E3ZE×?2N×?43ÚSE 0 3G$Ù[3:EC× / EC×?6¨× / R× 3BqEÛ¨Úb3:;&ÙI3G68ÙGE / ?× 2>3 / GÙ 8 /10 P
5&7KE 0 ×Ä / ?× 6ß /F0
ñ
Ù¾ß43;3×ØÙ>ÚLÚF<{ÊÙZ3:;C;kÚH8`×?6ß
×4E:677G:3GØ×R8N k
ÚjEb2>3G?X;
0 3B6ß^ÙGE,×?6Ëß43;3×ØÙ>ÚLE@3B6s3B68 /10
Ù 8~2ÙP¼AE / Ú¼ÙG3B2;3EÙâ
/ /10 M
ã^Ú=3_Ù>Úb¡ÙG;
/ 7T743E / R× ;9×R;3ÙZE 0
X
/ × / E; 0 3B6¨ßkÙ¾×]6\ÊÙ6ß /F0 â#= 0 4× E3G7Ú1Ggà×?2>3 / ]× :6
Ù>Ù
/ ½
Ù>Ú*Ù ^
Ú*ÙM67
/
ß^Ù6Ù>ÚH3B]7>3G77Ø×R;3<5JØÙ
3:E3G6|ÙgJ3:; / 3G63B7 / 4× ;3G<E@:ØÛ / ?× 6â$Ù6 /
0
Ù>ßkÚH3
/ ?× 6ß
Ù Û3
ñ × /F0 Ú*ÙGE@ÙG; // N
§º kÚ /F0 Ù¾×]6× / ×43BRðEÛY5E1;3Ú¼×? / ñ 3B686{63B|ðEÛY5E1;3Ú¼×? / [ ñ
/ ?× :6¡ðbrâ?î ñ ,
Ú1{ØÙAE 7à×ØÙR87E /F0 Ù=67:6^j / Ú*Û76;C3 / ÙA86:ÊÛ72Ù}; 0 3B6ß^Ù%h
½
= 0
Ù¾×R;3Ù=E
¢Ê¢ 4
®
Û ôp¿¾ þ#ê Kôp¿» þ#ê
Þ
ðbrâ]î
ñ
ðbrâ]î4
ñ
ðbrâ]î3ä
ñ
ðbrâ]î8
ñ
/ Ú*ÙA3B2®ØÛ72Ù×4E
½ î -¢ À ³
= 0 J
Ù ØÛ72NÙ^G\×]6 /
½
Ù>Ú*ÙGE
w¾
ð,ô wKxôX»
ñ
®
ð]ôX»2K[Tôµ» þê ñ
/{½ R× E /10 Ù 6
½
¢Ê¢ K
4
½ î -¢ À ³
® ð,ôp¿¾ þ#ê
p¿
w¾
Kxô » #þ ê KMð,ô wKxôX»
ñ
ñ
®
ô » þ#ê ðFî|K[
ñ
þ#ê î8
1
0.8
0.6
0.6
5
0.
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
Scaled Dome/Stream Intersection f
0.7
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
Scaled Ice Stream Width F
2
:6 / kÛ¨Ú5E Gß^Ú1Gñ 1/ 09/ ]× 2Ùh: 5¾ æ-©ª©° : » Ù>Ú5E#ÛE<8~2ÙP¼AE / Ú¼ÙG3B2
[c3G68\EF;3BÊÙG8×43; ÙjE / Ú¼ÙG3B2ñ,×R8 /10
`
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ùrâ!r%h
´EFEÛ72N×?6ß
/F0 Ù 69ô
½
3G68
×?6
Ù4×4;3ÙSE
/F0
¥
X Û3
/ ¾Ù!
ôX»ð
/ .× / E¯{63BXE / 3 /
[
ñ
Ù>Ú¼×4E
Á
»
×]6
âFÝÛY5E
/ × / Û / ]× 6ß /F0 GÙ E#ÙCÙgQÚ*ÙAE1E×]:6EN Á=» ¯® ô » þê ¿
ê
ðð1î ¥
ñ
K ð1î|K[
¿ þ#ê~Koî ñ Â
[ ¥
/ 4× ;>38±Ã*ÛE / 2Ù6 /I/ ?× 2Ù×REèÚ¼Ù43 / GÙ 8
2TQ8`×{ÙA85&7 / Ù>Ú12NEjñ 0 ×4; 0
8Q:2ÙP¼AE / Ú*ÙG3G2
ñ
Ú*Ù¨Ú*ÙGE#Ù6
ÙÙg
/=/F0
Ù ; 0 3ÚH3:; /
/ Ù>Ú5E#ÙG; / ]× :6^×?6 / [ªâD= 0 S
-µ
Ù>Ù
ñ
þ#ê
Á
Ù>Ù
/S/ .ÙÙ
ð@râ?î
/ Ù6 / B×R;3Ù>8~2Ùß^Ú1Gñ /10
Ù>Ú*×RE
3B68 /F0
/ R× ; / ]× 2Ùª×4E×?68`ÙC$ÙC68`Ù6 / G /10
/ ñ0Ù>Ù6 /10
0 BñLE 0 Gñ
Ù
Ù4×]6× / 4× 3B
ÙN×?6× / 4× 3Gw3B68è{63GC×4;&Ù
/ ¨Ú1<{ØÙGE&â
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼ÙcrâÄr`E
ñ
Ù ¡Û76873G2Ù6 / 3G / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙG:5» / /10 >
×R;3Ù:ÊÛ72Ù93G68n8`ÙÙ687E677c6ØÛ72NÙZ8`× ZÙEÚ*Ù6;&Ù5$Ù
E0
Ù¢×]6× / 4× 3GQEb3G6ôX»
Ù 743E / 4× ;,×4;3Ù=E 0
/ / 3G / ]× 2ÙÚ*ÙXÛ×ØÚ¼ÙG8I kÚ /F0 =
Ù
À
/ Ù>ÚHEÙG; / ?× 6IE#× / ?× :6
JôX»ª×4EXEb:2NÙµ¡Ú53; / ]× :6 fG /10
Ù9×RE
U¾ -©«©
Á=» ° ôX»ðFî ¥
/ ]× :6ðbrâ?î:î ñ /F0
: 5æ
= 0 4× E9; 0 3Ú53; /
[
/ Ú*ÙG3G2
ñ,×48 /10 ô 3G68Lôw¾ ×?6
Ù 8~2ÙP¼AE / Ú¼ÙG3B2a3:8±Ã*ÛE / 2ÙC6 /M/ ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙ':U¾5æ-©«©o6JkÚ12N3BØ×dc>ÙG8
/10 K
î8r
/ /10
Ù
Á=» ° <T3Ú¼×ØÙGEñ,× /F0c/10 ÙT8~2ÙP¼GE / Ú¼ÙG3B2 ×?6 / Ù>ÚHEÙG; / ×?6
3:; / kÚ.âW= 0 Ùc38±*Ã ÛE / 2Ù6 /Z/ ×]2Ù tE1;3GØÙ×]6;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#ÙGE
¡Û76873B2ÙC6 / B3 / ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙ:5» 3:; / kÚG[m3B68
Ù×4;3ÙKE
/10
/ Ú*ÙG3G2
ñ,×48 /F0
ñ,× /F0 ?× 6;3Ú*ÙG3E×]6ß3B68c3Ew[ ^
5ÙG;3ÛEÙ×4;3ÙLE 0
Ù>Ù
Xj
îkâ|= 0 I
Ù 8àÙÙ68`Ù6;3Ù=B /F0
/ E / Ú¼Û76;3 / GÙ 8Z6ÙG3Ú /10
ÙE×ØÚw8`×`×R8`ÙGE2ðEb2>3G?U[
/ ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙL:6[z×4ECÙCg~ÙG; / GÙ 8
Ù
ñ
3Ú¼ÙL3:EFEbQ;3×R3 / AÙ 8dñ,× /F0 3E@2>3B]ØÙ>Ú
Ù 2>3Ú¼ßk×]6ð 43Ú*ßkÙ([ âhëÇÙÙ68`ÙC6;3Ù=B /10 Ù
/ / 3BV:ÊÛ72Ù}; 0 3B6ß^Ù /F0 3B6×Ä / Ú¼Û76;3 / GÙ 8>6ÙG3Ú /F0 =
ñ
:Ê Û7
2 Ù.ÙØ Û / ×?:6 / ×?N
2 ÙXj@EF;3BÊ ÙIx
6 [
×RE67 / 3EZE / ÚF:
6 ßP×?6 /10 ÙÞãDë2_Q8`ÙOð¡ÙâÍߨâ\ãª×Øßâ<râ.4Ù
3B68\HãG×Êß\râ ä5TX;Z3G688 ñ â(= 0 ÙZñCÙG3c8`ÙC$ÙC68`Ù6;&Ù¾×?6 /F0 Ù8ãDë 2_Q8àÙ<3Ú*×REÙGEw5ÙG;C3ÛE#ÙdG
8`×·µÛ#E ×?693B68Z3&
8 ÙG; / ×?:6
6 ÙGµÙG; / 3E âªã7kÚw3Çß^×Ù6U×R;3ÙSE / Ú¼ÙG3B2ñ,×48 /F0 ×4;3ÙSE 0 Ù>Ù / E / Ú*ÛJ6;3 / ÙG8 0 ×Øß 0
:6 /10
ÙE×ØÚlq3G6YJEj6¨ÙG3Ú
Ù 8`×à×48`Ù[3Ú¼Ù_3E1EbQ;&×43 / G
Ù 8cñ,× /10 3>Eb2>3G?TØÛ72Ù[; 0 3B6ß^Ù
/10 9
ñ^Û748 / Ù 68 / N8`ÙG;3Ú¼ÙG3:E#Ù /10
½
ñ 0 4× ; 0
Ù 2NÙG3B6`Eb?Ù 0
/ / 3BS3:8LÃ*ÛE / 2Ù6 // ?× 2NÙâZx^GñCÙÙ>Ú /10 Z
Ù
Ù>Ú*Ù6×4E
3BREb>E@2>3B]X;3ÛE#×?6ßNEb?GñÒlBñTÚH3 / AÙ E3B68 / Ù 68`×]6ß / _ÊÙ6ß /F0 Ù 6 /10 [
Ù 3:8±Ã*ÛE / 2ÙC6 // ?× 2ÙâhÙ@;3Ù
E0
ÙEÙ
/ E / Ú*Û76;C3 / AÙ 8º?Gñm:6 /10
Ù>×ØÚulq3G6YJE
0 3ÙI3IR3Ú¼ßkÙ>ÚO:ÊÛ72Ù}; 0 3G6ßkÙ
3º]:6ß^Ù>ÚZ38±Ã*ÛE / 2 Ù6 // ]× 2Ù ñ 5Û /=/10 Ù 7u3BREb 0 3AÙT3 0
Ú53
Ù>Ù
ã^Ú398~^ÛY57Ø×]6ßZB
Eb2>3G?ßkÚ1Gñ /F0 ñ 0
/10
ÙU×4;&Ù=E
0
ÙEÙ
/ Eb3G6\ñ 0
z C$C
î=3B681[
Ù>Ú¼Ù
/ E&â'= 0
Eb2>3G?â
ð;6 / Ú*×5¨Û / ]× 6ß /
Ù>Ú=2ÙG3B6uE@?$ÙN3B68R3Ú¼ßkÙ>ÚolGñ
Ú*ÙGE#Û7
/ 4× E /F0 3 / 8`×-µZÛE×?6u3B68
â
îI3G68
ô
ôX»
î«:G¾5æ-©ª©ÅÄu. Á=»
° â0ã7kÚ
ðbrâ]îBr
ñ
gc
0 3Ú53:; / Ù>Ú¼×4E / ×4;<38±Ã*ÛE / 2Ù6 // ×]2Ù tE1;3GØÙªÙÙ6
ð¡ÙâÍߨâÆǹEDGF HIUJZÈ æ}² IJI»º KNM uI H DPORQ7î kPk `3 â|= 0 ×4Eª×4ED5ÙG;3ÛEÙ}8`×·µÛE#×?:6
ñ
/ 4× ;\×4;&ÙwE 0
ÙEÙ
/ NE F/ 0
Ù>Ú*Ù4×RE©367:6Mj >Ù>ÚF;
Ú1Q;&ÙGE1E#ÙGEZ3Ú¼Ù\E@?GñCÙEÚ kÚZ6J:6Mj743E / 4× ;×4;3ÙTE 0
ÙEÙ
/
î:U¾ 欩«©Ú*ÙG8`Û;3ÙGE /
Á »
Ä =
Ù Ê×?2× / ô ^
/10 Ù>Ù
ÙEÚ*Ù([
:
ã7kÚX67:6Mj7R3:E
Ù 8àÙÙ68`Ù6;3ÙwB /10 S
Ù 38±Ã*ÛE / 2Ù6 /
/X/ Ù 68 / }8`×]2×?6×RE 0/F0 / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙL:6I[cÚ¼ÙG8`×4; / GÙ 8 ^ÚL3 J43:E / R× ; R× ;3Ù=E 0
E0
0
â = 0 I
Ù 6¨Ù /
/ GÙ E$ð;6 / Ú*×5Û / ]× :6 / TE 0 ^Ú / ÙEÚ38±Ã*ÛE / 2Ù6 // ?× 2Ù ñ R
3:8&ÙA; / ]× :6¾×]6M3^67:6^j7R3:E / 4× ;4×4;3ÙSE 0
×?6
×Øß
½
Ù>Ú¼Ù k
Ú¼Ù%©ñCÙ8ÙgQ$ÙA;
Ù>Ù
Xj
/ EZ3G68f3Ú¼Ùb×]6E / 3B6 / 3G6ÙkÛE kÚZ7R3:E / 4× ;×R;3Ù
Ù 743E / 4× ;Z3BJÚ1Ggà×?2>3 / ?× 6 / G5Ú*ÙG3u8~Gñ6nñ 0 Ù 6 ô×4E
/=/10 9
î8P`
Elevation Above Bedrock (m)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
20
40
60
Distance from Divide (km)
80
!` É´
ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*Ù>râ
;:2_3Ú*×REb:65Ù / ñCÙ>ÙC6 /10 Ù8×?6× / ×R3Bw3G68è{63GSEÛÚ@3:;3Ù9Ú1{ØÙAE}¡ÚF:23G6 ãDë
2TQ8`Ù;C3B4;&Û743 / ×?M
6 ðE@:Ê ×48nØ ×]
6 ÙGE ñ 3G68¡ÚF:2 3\Ù>Ú@¡ÙG; / 7u743E / ×R;>3B7ÚFGg`×]2>3 / ×?:6 ð873E 0 ÙG8
Ê×?6ÙAE ñ âu= 0 Ùc3Ú53BN
2 Ù / Ù>Ú ® ×?
6 ÙXÛ3 / ×?6
râ]î|×RE_; 0 EÙC6mEb /F0 3 / ×?6¨× / ×R3B7R3:E / ×4;\¨Ú1<{ØÙ
2N3 / ; 0 ÙGE /10 Ù6ãDëP2_Q`
8 Ù©¨
Ú1< {Ø ÙM3 /L/10 Ù[`
8 ×à×4à
8 Ù=3B68c3 /^/F0 ÙU×4;3ÙME / Ú*ÙA3B22>3Ú*ß^×?6âh= 0 ÙZE@3B6
GR{63Bv743E / ×R;
ÚF< {Ê Ùôw¾.×4EL; 0 pE Ù6uE@ /10 ÙI
ÚF< {Ê ÙZ2>3 / ; 0 ÙAE /10 Ù${63B ãDë Ú1 {Ø Ù[3 //F0 Ù
Ú¼×Øß 0~/ ×R3
; Ù=E / Ú*ÙG3G22>3 Ú*ßk×]
6 â
ÊEË Ð
= 0
^h
ÏÂÌÓo^ÕPÍhÎcð]Ï
Ù9Û
Ë r
Ð\ÔJÍÈÖSWÍhÎ Ì Ñ$ÓhÔÕaÍ
ÏNÑ'Ð
Ù 3:8±Ã*ÛE / 2NÙ6 /S/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙGE¨¡ÚF:23ZÙ>Úb¡ÙA; / 7d7R3:E / 4× ;}8`ÙGE1;&Ú*×?^j
/ ?× Ê× / 7ZBÙGE / ?× 2N3 / ]× 6ß /F0 M
/ ?× 6dGª×4;3ÙelGñ
×RE¢Ú*ÙA3BØ×dc>ÙG8I677.×! /10
ÙÇÙGE
/ ]× 2>3 / GÙ 8 / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙGEX3ß^Ú*Ù>Ùñ,× /109/10 pEÙ¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / AÙ 8
/ ?× Ø× / 7^GZÛE×?6¨ßÇÙXÛ3 / ?× 6'ð@râ?îî ñ
E ÙGE / ×?2N3 / Ù / /F0 Ù@Ù[ j
/ ¾ÙGE / ×]2>3 / ÙL8~:2Ùa¼GE / Ú*ÙG3G23:8±Ã*ÛE / 2NÙ6 v
/ / ×?2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙGEm}Ù<;:2T3 Ú¼Ù /F0 ×4\
¡ÚF:232_kÚ¼Ù¢Ú¼ÙG3BÊ×4E / 4× ;w8`ÙAE1;3Ú¼×? / ?× :6=GZ×R;3Ù5lGñUâR=© / GÙ E /X/10
ÊÛ / ]× :6 / ?× 2Ùj@EF;3BÊÙGEµÚ¼ÙG8`×4; / GÙ 85&7 /10
8àÙGE1;3Ú¼×? / ?× 6â4ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*Ù9rân`ZE 0 GñLE /F0
¨Ú1Gg`×]2>3 /
½
â=
Ù
/F0
ÙUãDë
2_Q8`Ùñ
ÙUÚ*ÙÚ¼ÙGEÙC6
Ù@×]6× / 4× 3B3B68{63B©ÚF<{ÊÙGE ¡ Ú12
Ù 3Ú53G2Ù /
0 d
ÙEÚ
®
X
×?6zÙ Û3
ÙCÛ
0 R× ; 0 ?× 6;ÊÛ8`ÙGEw3I2_^Ú*ÙÚ*ÙG3GØ×RE / R× ;á×R;3ÙelGñ
/ 3 / × Ù7R3:E / 4× ;@×4;&Ù=E 0
/F0
Ù6ãDëlÙ:ÊÛ
ÙEÙ
/ ¨Ú1<{ØÙGECÛE#ÙG8 / _3GMj
/ ]× :6_2_Q8àÙq3B68 / 9;3G4;3Û7R3 /
/ ?× 6xð@râ?î ñ 4× E}; 0 pEÙ6sEb /F0 3 /=/10
Ù.×?6× / 4× 3G\Ú*ÙCÚ*ÙGE#Ù6
Ù
/ 3 / × Ù
k
î8
743E / ×4;×R;3Ù9E 0
E1;3Úù¡ÙA3 /
ÙEÙ
Û¨Ú*ÙâR=
/ 2>3 / ; 0 ÙGE F/ 0
ãDëØÛ72NÙ;
0
Ù>Ù
Ù 8`×`×R8`Ù93B68
/ 3 /I/F0 >
Ù {63G©743E / R× ;Ú1{ØÙ=ÚF<{ÊÙZxT𧩦
0 $
Ú1{ØÙN3 /I/F0 9
Ù 2>3Ú¼ßk×?6uB /F0
:ÊÛ72ÙL; 0 3B6ß^Ù
×4;3Ù9E
ÙÞãDë
½
Ù8Ú*ÙÊ×4;
/ R× ;3Ù9E / Ú*ÙG3G2
×4EL;
ñ
3 /I/F0
3 /I/F0 _
Ù E#× / ]× :6nG /10
0 pEÙ6 / d2>3 / ; 0d/F0
ÙÙA8`ßkÙ_G
Ù
Ù.ãëu{63B
Ù 8~2>3×]6â'= 0
/F0 >
/ / 3B
Ù
¨Ú*ÙG8`×R; / AÙ 8ÛE×]6ß /F0 GÙ E#Ù743E / 4× ;^ÚF<{ÊÙGEC×4ES3<5kÛ / j8NÒØÙGEFE /10 3B6 /10
0 3B6¨ßkÙBð3=X3<57ÊÙ9î ñ
Ù
â
;:2_3Ú*ÙGE /F0 =
Ù 743E / 4× ;#:ÊÛ72ÙÙ:ÊÛ / ]× :6Þßk×Ù6'57ÙXÛ3 / ?× :6ð@râ?îî
Ù
ñ / /10
t â t ÙG;3 ÛE Ù /10 ÙPØÛ72NÙ
:ÊÛ72Ù@ÙØÛ / ×?6º¨
Ú*ÙG`
8 ×R; / ÙA
8 5&7 /10 Ù ãDë
2_Q`
8 ÙR
ð3; ÛÚÙA
E ´ã3G68
ñ
k
ãG×Øß^ÛÚ*ÙZrâ
; 0 3B6ß^ÙC×4EXE1;C3BØÙA8 /
½
¡Ú1:2
/F0
Ù,ãDëf2_Q8`Ùß^Ú1Gñ
3dEF;3BÊÙG8':ÊÛ72Ùñ 0 R× ; 0 4× EØÙGEFE /10 3G6ËÛ76× / 7_3 /
Q;;3ÛÚHE3 / /F0 }
Ù E13B2NÙ,Ú53 / ù
Ù ^ÚR5 /10_/F0
Ù 7R3:E / 4× ;\×4;&Ù8Q:2Ù / ÙEÚ12×]63 / G
Ù E©3 /
/10 B /10
/ ]× 2Ù
Ù>Ú
Ù§ãDëß2TQ8`Ù3G68
¶
×?6× / R× 3B?7>8`Ù
ßkÚFBñLEL3
Ù@ÙG8`ß^ÙB
ÙEÚ^2_Q8àÙâO=
/10
Ù.ãDëP2_Q8`Ù`×]6;3Ú*ÙA3:E×]6ß.×4;&Ù´lÁÛ7gK3Añe37N¡ÚF:2
/ / 4× ;ÙgQ:6ÙC6 / 4× 3Be;3ÛÚHÙIð1î(K
¶ ° U: ¾5æ-©«© ñHñ
ÙCg~«ð
Ù / R× EI;ÊÙG3Ú /F0 3 / kÚM3 / ØÙG3E /I/ ñS\;C3:EÙAEð;&ÛÚÙ
`
×4EZ3BREbuE
3_; 0 3ÚH3:; /
ãDë
/
Ù>Ù
â
GñCÙ>Ú6ÙgQ 6Ù6 / ¶
â
ÙãDë
/ R× ; / ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙM;?pEÙ
ÙUãë2_Q8`Ù3
/ Eb2N3B?
² IJI»º KNM IH DPOdQ
4&
Ú*ÙG8à×4; / GÙ 8 /10 e
Ù 3:8±Ã*ÛE / 2ÙC6 /X/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙµ ^ÚwEb2>3G?Ù>Ú / ÛÚH53 / ?× :6E<3 /</F0 2
Ù 5^Û76873Ú*×ØÙAE
BOÝ×]7ØÙ(ë^2Ù / B5$Ù935kÛ / rA7ÙA3Ú5E$ð±ÆǹEDGF
Ù
/ Ú*ÙA3B2
0 Gñ6
×?6pãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ù\râ k
Ù>Ú*×RE
Ù 743E / 4× ;3G7Ú1Ggà×?2>3 / ]× :6Z3×?RE / Z2>3 / ; 0Z/10
/ B:U¾ 欩«©Øâo´}E¢ÙgQÙG; / AÙ 8 /10 L
ô0â E1E#Û72×?6¨ß_43G2×?63ÚGñCÙ>ÚfjR3Añ©lBññ,× /F0
Ù@×R;3Ù=E
X2×4878QØÙZ3G68|Ú¼×Øß 0Q/ ;:ÊÛ72_6E /10
ñ
:ÊÛ72ÙUÙ:ÊÛ / ]× :6Þ×4E}3B7ÚFGg`×]2>3 / Ù 78ÙgQ 6Ù6 / R× 3BXñ,× /10
ñ
Ù6×4E
Ù 8Q:2Ù%3G68\E@?Gñ,×?6¨ß_8~2Ù
/10 I
â = 0 4× EL8~ÙGE67 /0 3B7Ù6`8`ÛÚ*×]6ß8Ù:ÊÛ / ]× :6_G /10 =
Ù 7R3:E / 4× ;×4;3ÙME 0
/F0 h
W´
ð1î kPk `3
â
ñ
/ 4× ;&ÙE / Ú*ÙA3B2
Ù ØÛ72Ù§ßkÚ1Gñ /F0 ÚH3 /
0 Ù E13G2Ù@Ú53 / ^
Ù ^Úw5 /10 ;3:E#ÙGE3âhqDÙ6 / Û 3G?7}3dE@?$ÙM8`ÙÙ?E3 //10
//F0 M
´^6O3:E,7Q2_
/10
Ù§Ú*ÙÊ×4;
/10
t
Ù 3:;;&Û72ÛJ43 / ?× 6N3G?Ê×?6ß9:6 /F0 9
Ù 8~:2NÙIE@ /10 3 //F0 Z
Ù 8~2Ù
/ Ù>Ú12N×?6ÙG89:677657 /10 [
2>3Ú¼ßk×]6b×]6 /F0
ßkÚFBñ
Ù>Ú*×]kÚ×4;3ÙolGñs×]6ËÙ>×
/F0 ]× 6× / 4× 3B]7
Ù 743E / R× ;^;C3:EÙ(ð;&ÛÚÙGEw´o3B68
/F0 L
= 0 4× EC×]6× / 4× 3G½3ßkÚ¼Ù>Ù2Ù6 / 4× E4Ùg~ÙG; / G
Ù 8Zâ= 0 #
Ù 5kÛJ6873ÚH7K3 //10
8~ÙGE67 / ×?6× / R× 3B?7>3µÙG; / ×]6 /
¾ -©ª© â¢Üw:ÊÛ72ÙßkÚFBñ
: 5æ
HIUJÈ
ñ
âO=
0 ×4E / ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ@×RE^;:6E#×4E / Ù6 / ñ,× /10
2_Q8`ÙC½ kÚ}Eb2>3G? ôfñ 0 4× ; 0 3E1EÛJ2ÙGE /10 Z
Ù E13G2ÙI 0 7JE×R;EB0×4;&Ù´lBñ
ØÙ / ;:ØÛJ2_6 ñ
k
ðãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ùdrâ â
G¾ -©ª©`×4ES3@ß:Q8bÙAE / ×]2>3
Ù / 4× EwEb2Ùñ 0 3 / ;k×]6;3×48àÙ6 / 3B /F0 3 / : 5æ
Ù B /10
/
Ù@ÙCg~:6¨Ù6
/ 4× 3GßkÚFBñ /F0
î
/ ?× 2Ùj@EF;3BÊÙ kÚ /10
Ù :ÊÛ72Ù
/F0 3 /w/F0 |
ãDë2_Q8`ÙCâV=
Ù
½
×4Ew35 ^Û
/10
ÙEÚ*Ù ^
Ú*Ù2_
½
Ù 3; /
/ R× E3 / ØÙG3E / 3Ú / 4× 3G?798`ÛÙ / /F0 ^
ñCÙMñkÛJ48\Ù>ÚDjÚ¼ÙG8`×4; //10 [
Ù ; 0 3Ú53; /
/ × 3 / GÙ 8 / =3E,Zñ 0
P¼AE / Ú¼ÙG3B2
ÚH3B6ß^ÙIGw8~2Ù
Ù@ßQ8º3ßkÚ¼Ù>Ù2Ù6
Ù 7R3:E / 4× ;;3EÙ(ðãG×Êßâ~râ!` D
â ÙÑ /10
/ 8 ÒPÊÙGE1EG×]6 /F0 ñ
¨Ú1Q8`Û;&ÙG8 /10 [
Ù E13G2Ù$:3GØÛÙ= kÚ
VPÙL3Ú¼Ù
0
Ù
/F0
Ù>ÚR:
¾5æ-©«©
×4Ev3B693BJÚ1Ú*×R3
/
Ù
Ù
Ù>Ú¼×4E
/ ñ}2Ù /10 Q87E
/ 4× ; / ?× 2ÙXjtE1;C3BØÙâ
/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ< kÚS3^ñ,×R8`Ù
;3:E#ÙGEmE#Û; 0 3E /10 pEÙZE 0 Gñ6Ë×!~{ß^ÛÚ*ÙAE^râ.493B68 râ äâ
0 BñLEw3M;:2_3Ú*×REb6_3G2_:6ßBðFî ñ /10 ÙÙØÛ / ×?:6ZG ½ ¡Ú12 /10 Ù§ãDëo2_Q8`Ù
ð 7ØÛEÙGE Yð F/ 0 ÙL3; ÛÚHÙ^
î K.ÙgQV
ðK ¶ ° : ñ ñ 0 Ù>Ú*Ù¯:¾×4E<8`Ù / Ù>ÚF2×?6ÙA8w5&7[3^ØÙA3:E / j@EX!Û3Ú*ÙAEa{ /</ ½
ñ
ñ
ðEbØ×48
ð34 3B68 /10 Ùj3; ÛÚÙ=
î KËÙgQ
ðHK ¶ ° : ñ ñ 0 ÙEÚ*Ù$: :U¾5-æ ©«©«ð873E 0 ÙG8 ñ k
ÚS3B]©8~
2 ÙP¼GE / Ú¼ÙG3B2
ñ
ñ
;:6&{ß^ÛÚ53 / ×]:6EE 0 Gñ
6 ×?Þ
6 ãª×ØßkÛ¨Ú*ÙGE
r â!4I3G68º
r â äâR=X<3 57Ê ÙZîE 0 GñLE /F0 ÙØ ÙA3:E / j@E X!Û3 Ú*ÙA
E { /S/ ×?N
2 ÙXj
ãG×ÊßkÛÚ¼Ùrâ?îIE
EF;3BÊÙ93B68P× / E^¡ÚH3:; / ?× :63Bw8`×-µÙ>Ú*Ù6;3ÙI¡Ú12
Ù { /F/ G
Ù 8ãDë
/F0 J
G¾ -©ª©
: 5æ (âB= 0
Ù8ÙGE
Ù :G¾5æ-©ª©<;6E×RE / C
Ù 6 / 7>Ú*ÙA8`×4; / E
/ ?× 2N3 / ¦
3:8±Ã*ÛE / 2NÙ6 /L/ ]× 2ÙXjtE1;3GØÙ / Tñ,× /10 ?× 6u3<5^Û / î ÒNâ(= 0 GÙ EÙ[;:2T3Ú¼×4Eb6EE 0 Gñ
/F0 3 / GÙ E / ?× 2>3 / ?× 6
G /F0 u
Ù 3:8LÃ*ÛE / 2Ù6 /Z/ ?× 2NÙXj@EF;3BÊÙ_¡Ú1:2
X
/ ?× :6 ð@râ]î:î ñ ÛE×]6ßO3743E / ×4;
3G7ÚFBgà×?2N3 / ×]:6>B /F0 ÙJØÛ72Ùj; 0 3G6ßkÙ6×4E,Ú*ÙG3Eb63<57ÊÙ.ÙÙ6_ kÚj3d67:^
6 j7R3:E / ×4;M8`ÙGEF;3Ú*×] / ×]:6
G\×R;3ÙXjVlGñUâ
Ù Û3
6
1
A
0
C
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
2
Scaled Time (t/τfill)
Scaled Volume Change
0
B
Elevation above bedrock (m)
80
300
3
0
0
1
0.8
B
0
1
2
3
Scaled Time (t/τfill)
î î
Q
2
4
Scaled Time (t/τfill)
0.8
20
40
60
Distance from divide (km)
æ
0.2
0
ë æê
Øáã
×Ø Ôè
Ô
0.4
600
Øå Ôæ
é
0.6
A
800
à×Ø è
0
C
1000
Øâå
1
1200
á
0
B
50
Øî ß é Ô
0.8
10
20
30
40
Distance from divide (km)
Elevation above bedrock (m)
600
áãç Ô
0
Scaled Volume Change
Elevation above bedrock (m)
700
è
Scaled Volume Change
800
ãÞ é Ô
ØÕ
õ
Øáã ö Ø-åÔæ Þðáß Ô Ö×Ø!ÕÓÔ
× Ôè ù ù ÿô é
×Õ ß ô ôô dëêæ áÞã é Ô Ú!ÜÛÙ
ß
òÞ Ú Ø é Ø ê ÞßàádÝ
é ì ØÞò× ß õ Øã ìí â ×
ÞØ àá Ø Ô Ô áÞã æ
æ é -âÔ
ä
Ø é ì Øã øæè÷ö Ø×Ø Ôæ àØ× Þã
Þ
-åÔ
â è Øã ï Ø Ø-åÔä
ØÞß æ â ù å î åë ä
Þò ì ô ßØ àá é è Øß æÞ
Ø
üß û Þ
õ
Ø ö ã Ôæè âå é Ôè ÖçÞ
×
î Ø
äÞßØ ×ã é ì ù ý Øáë óôô Ôå é Ôè
ô
Ø Þãà
áÖ áÞß á ÿô × Øâ ×Ø
ß
ì
Ø
ã×Ø Ô Ú é Ø-åÔ
Ôè
åØ Ø æ
Þã é Ô
æ ß à ñì dëé æê
Ö
õ ÖçÞ
üÚ á ÿÙ Øß è ãâ é àØ× Ø
×
ÿ á
é
ã ö å ù ÿô Þ×Ø ä àáØ Øî ã ì
Ø
æõ ØãÕ ì ß ôô á é ì ã é Ôí
Øá Ýö ×Þ × Øå ââ è Ø×Ø Ôæ
ä â
àà é ì Ø !ÕÔ õ âØÜ ò ìÞ Øã ï
× éì éì õ Ø å
ø÷ ö è Ø é ì ß
Þðá Øî ã Ôí
é øä÷ö ØÞ
ßÔ é
á
Ø ù
Þ
Ö
ç
æ
éÞã Ô ×Ø Ôæï ÿ ù Þã é Ôè ã è
Øã üß û üß ú á æ
û Þ dëê
Ø ÿ õ åß
ý ý áâÖ× ä áãá
àð Ø
Þ ùô ù Ø ã
õ æè á óô 'þá ôÿô åà× ä ë
áè
õ ß ß
Ø
î
å éÔ
ü Þí à
ü ü
Ú öö ö â è
à×Ø à×
900
ÖçÞ
× Ø
Ö×á é ñì
ê Ø æÞ
é
ÞãØ é Ô Ø é æ
ã
× é ì ã Ôè
ëÞ Ø Ô
é
õ ì
ØÞò è
á ôÙ ×Ø
üô
àá èä
é
Øã
!
âè
ü $#" òâ ìÞ
& % Ø
'
á ÿ éì
Û(Û
ÖçÞ
Ú ö ØßØ è
àØ
1000
800
700
600
500
400
10
20
30
Distance from divide (km)
A
C
0.6
0.4
0.2
4
A
Scaled Volume Change
1
0.5
0
1
1
2
Scaled Time
3
C
Scaled Volume Change
0
0.5
0
1
1
2
Scaled Time
3
E
Scaled Volume Change
0
0.5
0
1
1
2
Scaled Time
3
G
Scaled Volume Change
0
0.5
0
0
1
1
2
Scaled Time
3
I
Scaled Volume Change
Scaled Volume Change
Scaled Volume Change
Scaled Volume Change
Scaled Volume Change
Scaled Volume Change
î
0.5
0
0
1
2
Scaled Time
3
½ ¶
1
B
0.5
0
0
1
1
2
Scaled Time
3
1
2
Scaled Time
3
1
2
Scaled Time
3
1
2
Scaled Time
3
1
2
Scaled Time
3
D
0.5
0
0
1
F
0.5
0
0
1
H
0.5
0
0
1
J
0.5
0
0
½
)+*-,/.10325476-8:9<;>=/[email protected]=/?-.1H3*-=JI
ð
?@2RQSHN=
ð
=J0Q:*@IB,UH3=UH3VB2W)DëXAC=YQ:2P?[Z=/0
ñLKNMPO
ñTO/MPM
8F\CQ:=JAC2
H30N2 A]2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I
2
.BACA
03* P2RQ_*-Ia`
?-2c8
I[Q
V1=edfIa*-Ig)h*-,J.B032 476ji
K
O
MPOJK K^O/KDK
O
ORb
O
K
K
I[Qk4G6mlB6^no?-.
A
03pG2P0 ðrq
QY2PIB=/HN2sHNVB2sEG=J?-.BAC2t2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/Iu=eZLH3V12_)DëvAC=YQ:2P?w6f`<VB2 =/?@*xQ
O
K
O
K
ñ
K
.B03EG2y*
?@2
H G. 032
HD=eZTH3VB2y2 |. H3*@=/I}8D~}2PY
ðN~ R
H3=CHNVB2UD
) ëX2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=JI'6`<VB2
M
KDO
O/K K
O
K{z
O
ñ
Q
V12RQ
.B03EG2 =/0N032 =JI[Q H3=U8~52PYT
ð3~ R dfV12P032
x6`<*-AC2>* B032 2PIYH32RQs*@I_.BIB*-H
O/K
M
M
K
K
ñ
K
K
K
=RZ
P¼
X
¾ -©«©
X
dc
¶°
¶°
6
¾ -©«©
i P
J
8
µ
¢
¡½
»¼ ¹
m¯¡
ºµ
¢
°
´ ± ®±
m¯¡ ¯m¡ ¯m¡
µ· ¶ ¢ ¢
¢
§¥ ¤©
² §£
¸ ¸ ¸ § ² © ² ¦¨ ¥ ¤
£ £ ¦ ª¦ © £ ©
¦
¨
¸ ¸ ¸ § ² ©
¦£ § ¦ §§ ¨
§
¸ ¸ ¸ § ² © ² ¥
¤
¦§ ¤§ ¦ ¤© £¨ § ©
¢
¨ ¡¢
¡
¨¢
¥
¤
ª¤¤
£
¦
£
¢
¦¦ ¡
ª
©
¨
¥¨
§¨ £ª
§¡
¢
¥
¦
¤¤
¢
ª¤§
¡
§
ª©
¦¦
¡¬
¥£
¤§
¨
¦§
£¤¥
¨ ©
© ¡¢
££
§
¸ ¸ ¸³§ ² ² §¨
¦ £ ¤£ ©¦¨ £¤ ¸ ¥ ¸ ¸³§ ² © ² ¤
¦© £ ª ©¨ ©
¢
§¡
£
¤¥
¥
¢
¤¡
¤
¦©
§ ¸ ¸ ¸³§ ² ² ¤
¦ª ¦£ ¤ ª£ª § §
¸ ¸ ¸³§ ² ² £¥
§¦ ¤¦ ¦ §© ¦ ¨ §
¸ ¸ ¸³§¥ ² ² £§
¦§ ¤ © £¥¨ ¤© ¸ ¸ ¸ § ² © ² £§
¥¦ ¤ ¥ £¥ ¤¦§
© ¨
¢
¥¦ ¡
©¤
¤
° ®j ««
¯m¡ m¯¡ ¡ ¡
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
¸ ¸ ¸³¥§ ² ³²§£
¦¦ ¤ © £¥¨ ©£ °»
ØØ á
Ø
çÞÖØ è ×Ø Ôæ Øß è Ø ñê
ß Øï ã è
áå ãå â
é ÚÙ
Øã ì ãàØ Ô ×áÞ ä ÿÜ
ØÕ ×Ø Øå ÖÞØ
ØØò ê åã ââ ßØ è
é × ãØ é ä × é ÖçÞ
Þß
é ì Ø ÖÞÕ ì Þã é Ôè
é Øî
ßØ Ó Ø ìí â ì ßá é Ô
Þá éé ò ìÞ Øâå
æè Øî ß æ ã
ã á é Ô ã Ô Øâ× è
Ø æ Øâå
Ø
àá é ì Ö×Ø!ÕÓÔ Ôæ
è â ç×
âá è á ÞßØ æä
àåà é Ô Ú Ø Ú Ù á
× á ñì ã Ö
Þðá â× è ÚÙæ é Ô
ß Ô é 'Úú Þã
Þò Ø
éÞã Ô â ñì ÚÙ
ã
Þ Þò ì ÖßØ Öâ ÿÿ
× ä âØ × ê ãØÕ Ô
ÞßØ ä á× é ì âãàá Ô á é ì
áÖ å ä ×Ø ØÖç
á éÔ
Þã ãØ â è
Þã é Ô Ø è Ø é Øâ Ôè
áâ ì
Ú ÿÙ ×Ø Ôæï ×Øâ ã é æ
Ô
Ú Øã
å Ø Øé
ÞØ ×á é ì Øò ìèÞ
é äì å ä ×á
á á éÔ Ø
éÞ Þã é ê
é
è è è
8Fel
ÊEË¿¾
´
K3K
[=
ÎGTÍÐÃvÄÆÅ>ÇÉÈoÎ
À+ÁGÂ
K
.1AC*-IB,^H3V12
0ËZ2
K3MPO
PÌ Á ÇPÏ
Â1ÁuÊ Ç Â Ä
H3.1032f032FA
O
*-HN*-=JIÎH3V103=/.1,/VÎHN*-AC2
I
MPO
*@I
O
=JI5HNVB2^* 2 .B0ÌZ
2
I1=ed
M K
O/M OJK<K
K
2df03*-HNH32PI
b
OJK
¶
¶
Ik*@I
O
.B0rZ
K
0 _
H H32P0NAÜ0N2PB0N2 2PIYH H3VB2
K
K
K
z
M
0N2
25=J0sQY2
O/K
2_032FA
OJM
*@I
O
QY=/AC2D,J03=RdfH3V
M
=UH3V
2U*-IÉ2F?-2PE
O/K
H*-H
KâO
K
032
=J03*-,J*-I
K
H × Ï Ùaä
O
Q:EG2
O
\
H3*@=/IÉdfVB2FIÉH3VB2
O
z
2F?-2PE
O
HN*-=JIuQ:2
8
ë *@I
M
0N2
M
Í
HNVB2ÎEG2F03H3*
O/K
2
MPO
?L[=
ä
2H3V12sEG=/[email protected]^2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/IuV
2FEG=/?-.1H3*-=JI
¶
I
î Ñ Ô P
M O
b
2df03*-HNH32PI
×GÏÙ
~
´
2
M
=JI[QÝH32P0NAÞ032P1032
8*-H
25HÌdL=CH32P0NA
K^O
2PI:H
K
032_2Úã|.
O
z´
?³6
K3K
K
.1AC*-IB,
2P?-2FE
K
0_Z2
K3MFO
O
k
ÑÌ4G6-8
O
H3*@=/IC*@I
HN.B032u*
M
032
O/K
2
H NH *
dfV12PIèå
KUK O /
M é
K
êÜ8
Í
*-H
Ô
K
6
Ia2P:[=JIB2PIYH3* ? V 0
H32P0 I[Q
O M O O/M
O
OJKDO
OJKâO_K
K
Û
Õ[Öo×GØRÙ
*@H3*@=/Iè=RZH3V12
K
I[QSdfV12PIuå
KÆé[O
K
Ô
IB2
å
æçV12PIèå
ÑÌ4G6-8
H32RQÉH3VB* Y
p IB2
dfVB*-?@2CH3VB2
M
KNKÆÍ
M
dL2sQY2
Í
× Ï Ù Ñ³Ò'Ó ÔÛ
HN*-=JIßZ0N=/AàQ:=JAC2_2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I'6 á,J*-EG2PIÉ[=/*@I:H=JIÝH3VB2U* 2
M
O
?o2P?@2PE
O
L`
¶
QYÏÐBѳÒ'Ó Ô Õ[ÖÌ×|ØÚÙ ÑwÒ'Ó Ô q
`<V12
.BA5.1? NH 2
@* H EG2P0NH3* ?
O
KÆÍ K
MFO
O/MPM
½íìvî ¿Nïrð Í
HNVB2
K
O
I
*-AC*@? >
0 2PY[=/IB2FI:HN* ?ñZ.1I H3*@=/Iu=eZH3*@AC2
O
O
M
Í
¾
¶
î Ñ Ô
î ^~}ò
¶ °R
î 2PY~
Ó
ÑÌ4G6jóJ\ Ô
dfV12P032
¾ -©ª©
ô Û
`<V12õIY.BAC2F0
O
HN=/0L*-Iu2RãG.
O
HN*-=/IöÑÌ4G6-8
×Ù
×
k
¶
´
K3K
®
ÑÌ4G6jóY8 Ô
Ô * K HNVB2PI
®
ó
ó
Ñ î
~ÝÒ Ô3÷1ø ïÌð
Ñ î
~ÝÒ Ô ÷1ø ïÌð
ò
× î
×
¶
ÑÌ4G6jóJó Ô
î
2F:Ñ3~
¶ °Ú
Ô
ÑÌ4G6jóJi Ô
Ñ î Ñ Ô ~ÝÒ Ô ÷Bø ïrð Ó
ÑÌ4G6jóRl Ô
°
.1AC*-IB, Õ Ñ³Ò Ô ù Ò RÙ Ñ³Ò Ô H3VB2yQ:2FIB=/AC*@I HN=/0f*
Í
O
K
Õ Ñ³Ò Ô ×GØRÙC
~ ù
Ò
¶
®
٠ѳÒ'Ó Ô ó
¶
8PJú
I[Qu2RãG.
O
k
HN*-=/IöÑÌ4G6-8
O
Ô b 2 M =/Ac2 K
t
O/K
df*-?@?BH
Z=/0
2ÚQõ=/I_HNVB2
pG2âHNVB2
O
P¼
H30N2
K
¶
Y*-AU.BA
Aí2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=JI
O
8
2P?-2PE
O
I[Q}2P?-2FE
Ñþ2RãG.
Y*-2F?xQ
dfVB2PIöå
O
H3*-=JI
8
ÒkQY=G2
.
O
HD[=
O
î HNVB2
K
K
HN.B032
A
O
O
K
K
IB,J2sAU.
O
¶
HN.B032
O
b
4G6ji
2PI
K3M
0h2FEG=/?-.1H3*-=JI
K3MPO
03*@=B6>`<VB2
O
0N*-H3*
M
¶
?+H3*@AC2
MPO
0ËZ2
K3MPO
× ÏÙ
H3*@=/IÝHN2P03A
O
22
O
0N2
K
O
±Ã
Q 3.
Ù Ñ
Í
d<2
MFO
Is1032RQ:* '
H VB=RdÝ?@=/IB,D*@H
M
Ñþ2RãG.
O
V5*@H
O/M
K3MPO
A
K
O
:*@A_.BA
H3*-=JIè4G6üó/i Ô
I[QÝH3VB2aQ:=RdfI:ÿ ?@=/[2
O
K
,JIB*-HN.[Q:2G6 ë =/?@E:*@IB,D2RãG.
O
dfVB2FI
H3.1032^df*-?-?[0N2
O
0
KO
M
K
=/030N2
M
O
H
K
ò
2
b
H3Ac2PI:HH3*-Ac2Æÿ
VkHNVB2P*@0DA
HN2RQ
ù
Ò
.
MPO
HN*-=JIuÑr4G6üó/ú Ô
O
0N25B0N2RQ:* 3H 2RQuH3=u032
VÉH3VB2P*@0
M
O/M
?@2
K
[2
O
M
Ù Ñ
Z03=JA
VB=Rd
Y*-AU.BA
O
HNV
O
H
K
H
¶
2F?-2PE
î Ó
MPOJK
O/MPM
2
K
.B0
O
Ñr4G6üó/ Ô
Û
2ÎdL2S*@,/IB=J032RQ}H3VB2CZ
K
KNMPO
2F*-IB,U2P?-2FE
K^b
¶ ٠ѳÒ'Ó Ô
î
KoO
H32RQöѳ)h*@,
*Z
H_H3V
OJM
O
H
Ù
O
I[Q
Ò
032D0N2P? 3H *-EG2F? DZ H H3V12
0L= *@H3*-=JI
O
O/K Í
KNMPO
K
¶
K
6 476ji
Ù ÑwÒ'Ó Ô H3=
î Ó Ô 6³IYH32P0NAC2RQ:* O H32tE O ?-.B2 K
HN*-=JIS*@IuAC=
O
VudfVB*@?-2*-H^*
M
O/M
I[Q5476 l
Y*-AU.BAX2F?-2PE
~ ?-=/,
HN*-=/Iö4G6üó/:6>æö2õZ.B0NH3VB2P0
H3*@A
K
H303* 3H ?
M
K
2^H3V12
٠ѳÒ'Ó Ô
Í
I
KfMPO
.
MPO
IB=JH
K
*-Iu2RãG.
0Z2
KNMPO
)h*-,J.B032
*-H
V
M
*-HN*-=JIöÒ
K
H3*@AC2
Z2
476jó/É*
2WÒ
K
IB=JH
K
Ñr4G6üó/ú Ô
Û
H3*-=JI'6
O
¶ 6
<2
Q:2P[2PI[QU=/I
=RZ[H3VB2
K
H3*-=JIC4G6üóel Ô 032^2Rã|. ?B*@I_A
O
O
O
¶
ýãG.
Ô Ù
ù Ò
0N*-BHN*-=/I
K3M
¶ °Ú
2P:ûÑ3~
H3.B0N2fH3=y03* f
2 H3=*-H VB*-,JVB2 H>[=/*@I:H I[Q5dfV Hý*@H VB*@,/VB2 H>=J*-IYH>df*-?-? 2
K
K
K
O
O
K
K
b
O
Õ Ñ³Ò Ô ×GØFÙ
AC=/HN*-=JI_H32P0NA
O
0ýZ2
K3MPO
H3*@=/I}dfVB2PI}å
O
Z=/0
*@ACB?@2oQ:2
K
,/*@EG2PIUQ:=JAC2
O
2P?-2FE
A
2
K
î
ò
å
b
O
I[Qk4G6ml Ô 6t`<VB2P0N2ÆZ=/0N2_d<2
2sHNVB2
¶
z
I
O
?+* D
2 H3VB* pYIB2
M
M
KNK
Z=J0 ٠ѳÒ'Ó Ô .1I[Q:2P0Ìÿ³B0N2RQ:* f
H H3VB2
M
HN*-=JI'6C`<VB2UA
O
:*@A5.BA
2P?-2PE
O
H3*-=JIÉ=eZ
KNMPO
0
Ô 6
O
H32P? õ1032RQ:* H HNVB2fH3*@AC2odfVB2FI_H3VB2
0o032
V12
M K
K3MPO
OJM
K
6<`<VB2B0N2RQ:* 3H *@=/IC* -? 2
.10 HN2dfVB2PIÎHNVB2032P?@* H
M
K
NK KfO/MPM
O
M
O IBp K =eZ^HNVB2uQ:=JAC2G6c`<VB2uQ:* K ÿ
032F I
0N* 2
2
. 2 .B0rZ
2_EG2P?-= *-H3*@2
032_0N2P? H3*@EG2P?U? 03,/2UH3V12P032
I[QöÒßE 03*-2
*@,eÿ
M
O M
O K Kâb MPO K K
OJM
M
K^O
O
O
O
O
KDK
IB*
IYH3?S=REG2P0^H3*@AC2G6f`<V12_H3*-Ac2Æÿ
?@2 ¾
V1=edfI
? paQ:=/H
? =uB0N=YQ:. 2
,/=G=YQ
zMPO
KNMPO
Í'K
b
b O/M
KDO K
M KtO
2 HN*-A
H32âZ=J0fH3VB2A
:*@A5.1AX2P?@2PE H3*@=/ICHN*-AC2t*-ICIB2 03?
?@?
2 6
K
O
O
O
O
O
MPO/K K
* 2
M
K
HN032
O
AÜ*
K
H3VB*@I
O
I[Q
K3MPO
0õZ2
O
H3.B0N2
K
=
MPM
.B0s?@=ed
=/IÝHNVB2
8F/
ÍhÎ Â uÄ ÍÑbÐXÄLÑ È Í Ç"!§Ñ$#çÇ
ÊEËÊ
ë 2PEG2P0
?[?-*-I12
O
*
dfV1* V
M
=RZ+2PE:* Q:2PI
K
±Ã O/M 2PI:HH3=, M 2
%
.BB[=/0NHâHNVB2DV :[=/HNVB2
K
'+â=JAC2
H30N2 A
O
K.-
ë *-1?-2
I1p
O
2
M
032
O
=
OJK3K
* HN2RQ
M O
'&K3MFO 0)(sZ2 O H3.B0N2 K
* HNV HfHNVB2DHN=/[=/,J0 1VB*
K K
O
O
M
df*@H3VÝA
03,J*-I
O
K
=eZ^Z=/0NAC2P03?
HN032
K
AC*-IB,u0N2P,/*@=/I
O
K
/+s6Y`<VB2 K 2f*-I M ?@.[Q:2ÑN8 Ô Q:* K 03.B1H3*-=JI_=eZûH3VB2f*@I:HN2P03I O ?B? O G2P0N*-IB,
H<HNVB2
O
&KNMPO 00(õZ2 O HN.B032 K Ñ K 2P2t)h*-,16B:6üó é$13254)6578)98): 2;9<Í 8>=;=/ Ô Í Ñ³ó Ô 2PEY*xQ:2FI M 2<Z=/0L?-* ã|.B* Q d O HN2P0
HoH3V12
2ÚQ
2PIB2 H3V_HNVB2f032F?-* H'* 2 H30N2 A
Ñ@?
O
b
b
O
M
M K
O
K
25AB8 º Í 8>=;=;C Ô Í1O I[Quѳi Ô H3VB2f?@=Rd K .B0rZ OJM 2 K ?@=/[2 K
=RZ^H3VB2U032F?-* HD* 2
HN032 A
ѱÆǹ
M
M
K
O
K
2D$:E8F//G é.HI4)25JK7)6 º 8):L2;9< Í 8@=;=MC Ô 6Y´ K3K .BAC*@IB,uH3VB2 ë *-1?-2N M 2
ë H3032 A
I QO^
+ . M pQP K )B=G=/H O 032_Z=/0NAC2P0* M 2 K HN032 O A O 0N2 O/K Í H3VB2 K 2CAC=YQ:2F? KDO I[QÝH3*-Ac2Æÿ KNMPO ?@2 K
O
O
ë
Q
O
I
MFO
2_.
b
1032
K
K
2RQ
B0N2RQ:* 3H *-EG2yH3=G=J? H3=u2 H3*-A
M
K
K
O/K
2PI:Hf2F?-2PE
HN*-=JIC=eZ>HNVB2P*@0
O
P¼
)B=/0>HNVB2f03* Q:,/2
TS Äá/\SpYA
î
HN*-AC2 ÿ
A
Y*-A_.BA
O
A
Y*-A_.BA
O
IB2P?
O
HN032
K
A
O
K
Ä]i/\CpYA
î
0fZ2
K3MFO
HN.B032
O
Äá\
ù
Í
H32yH3VB2_HN*-AC*@IB,U=eZfHNVB2P*@0
H ,/I H3*@=/IÝ,J*-EG2PIÉHNVB2
K O
O
6
K
HN2PAX0N2PB0N2
K
O
2PIYH32ÚQ
K
Û 8F\SA
R+
ë *-B?@2 â=JAC2
b
Ä]\
I[Q
O ÷Bø Í+O
I[Q5HNVB2f032P?@* +
H * 2 HN032 A
M
M K
O
O
±Ã
Û Y65`<V125EG=J?-.BAC2 O Q 3. K H3Ac2PI:H
=/.BHu8Fú/\J\
KtOeb
V12P*-,JV:HD=RZ
=J.BHyó/úJ\SAC2PHN2P0
ORb
6
M Ô
WÎ2 OJK .B0N2PAC2PIYH K
=eZ
2RQõHN=/[=/,J0
b
O
B
BV
+
=REG2_H3V12_*-IB*@H3* o
? * 2 HN032 A
O
M
K
O
K^Oeb
O
I[QsHNVB2
A
03,J*-I}ѳ)+*-,B6+4G6ji
O
[ M 2
.BAC*-I1,õHNVB2 ë *@B?-2
H ,/I H32RQ
K O
O
d
O
H
K
.B0rZ
2uB03=
OJM
K
K
2
M
HN*-=/I
K
K
032PB0N2
0N*
K
M
V_HNV
aG2 O 0 K
Z=J0Uú/\/\J\
K3M
.
Ä `úJ\kp:A
H
O
0N.BI
df*@H3VCHNVB2B032
A
\+
I[Q5H3V12 â.
O
O
b
2RQ
b
R^ ° ^XÑw\
K_OJK3K
.1I:HN*-?<HNVB2
O
B
BV
]P K
p
Ô
YXZ ë
*-1?-2 â
+ =/Ac2
) =G=JH
O
032âZ=J03AC2P0
2FHrdL2P2PI
b
°
ѳÒ
O
O
z
K
I[Q
2FI:HN*-IB,_HNVB2032P?@* L
H * 2 HN032 A
M
M K
O
Y2RQ
.B0ÌZ
O/M
OJMPM
K<O
HCHNVB2P*-0cB032
2uB0N=
z
?@2C*
Ac*-IB,
O
K_K
K
H32
2PIYH52P?@2PE
O
B
Q
O
H HN2
K O
M
=/.BI Q
b
O
QBQ:2ÚQSH3=UH3V1*
KfK
HN2
O
%
Q
2
OJK
LÆǹ 2D$:_8FRG
Ô 6
0N*-2
O
¯´âIç*@IB*-HN* O
K
HN*-=/Iû6
O
I[Q
M
=/I
* H32PIYH
K K
.BAU.B? 3H *@=/I_ H3H32F03I'6>)h? H .B0rZ
2
I Q
O
O
O K
OJM O
032
032
Ñ
H_H3V12
O
dfVB* V
M
O/K
HN=D*-I
K
úJ\Dp:A
H3*-=JI
O
0N2
O
LÃ O/M 2PIYH[=Rd}?-*@IB2
î>Ô ð qÉ8 Í dfVB2F032 î
O
H30N2
K
Q
.BAC2RQÝdfVB2P0N2uH3VB2a2P?-2PE
Ô O 032ÉV12P?xQ
2RQ5HN=/[=/,J0
M
H3VB2Ldf*xQ:HNV
H
?-2a=eEG2F0sH3V12ÉQ:=JAC2C*
z
=RZyH3VB2öQ:=JAC2öÑ
Ac=YQ:2P?<*
O
*-AC*@? ñ
0 H3*@AC2 6ñæk2 ?-?@=ed
O
K
O
K
Z03=JAíH3VB2^Q:*@E:* Q:2
O
´
O
ë HN032
Í
.BAU.B? 3H *@=/ID H3HN2P03Iy*-I:Z2F03032ÚQ Z03=JA
O
O
OJMPM
? G2P0 V [2
I
2L*-IBB.1HhHN=âHNVB2f) }AC=YQ:2P?JH3=^B032ÚQ:* H'HNVB2<2 03? D2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=/I=RZ ë
O
K O
KoMFO
b
M
O
OJK3K
KÆÍ
UG2 O 0 KDO I[QöH3VB2UH3*@AC2sdfVB2FIkHNVB2 KNMPO 0* K 1032RQ:* M H32ÚQÎH3=u032 OJM Vö*-H K
2F?-2PE HN*-=JIÎ*
=J.BHyó/\J\/\VG2 0 6_`<VB2
0DZ2 H3.B0N2
0N2_B032ÚQ:* HN2RQÎH3=c032
V
O
KORb
O K
KNMPO
O
KDO
M
OJM
O
?@2s*
KNMPO
ò
Í
I[Q
O
b
2RQ
H H32s103= ?-2
I[Q
K O
z
O
?
8PG4
Distance above bed at divide (m)
1000
800
600
Surface
400
200
0
Bed
−200
−400
−80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
40
60
<−Ducks Foot Distance from divide (km) Siple Ice Stream−>
+
)h*-,J.B032C476-8J8/9 ë .B0ÌZ
2_B0N= ?@2 Z 03=/A H3VB2W) X2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=/IaAC=YQ:2P?ñZ=J0 ë @* B?-2WQ:=/AC2
H\ óJ\/\
O M
/
z
K
O
Í
Í
lG\J\
I[Q /\J\ G2 0
*-I 2
:I B
V 0N=/IB=J.
H ,/I H3*-=JIç=eZHNVB2 â. p
) =G=/H
B
I[Q ë *-B?@2
2
Í^O
O _
K K
M
K
M
K5K O
O
M
K
O
M
ë H30N2 Ag6
O
a
H3VB2_Ac=YQ:2P?+*
B03=
?-2
z
K
O
,
6f)h*@,/.B0N25476-8/8
ZHN2P0^ó/\J\
O
0N.BI
K
Í
lG\/\
ÍñO
'G2 O 0 K
*-IÉZ=/0_8F\/\/\
O
K
V1=ed
K
b+
H3=u=
b
P¼
H3VB2y*-IB*@H3* '
? Q:=JAC2
O
G2 O 0 K 6
H
K
O
]P
*-IÉH3V12_B032RQY* NH 2RQ
M
H30N2
O
A
B03=
z
?-2
O
'
K+^=/AC2y2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I
ë *-1?-2
I[QÎHNVB2
K
.B0ÌZ
O/M
2y2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I
I[QÎJ\/\
+â2PH O *-?@2RQèH3=J=J,/0 O BVB* M *@A O ,J2 K =eZ ë *-B?@2"+â=JAC2 K VB=Rd H3V O HCHNVB2 ë *-1?-2" M 2 ë H30N2 O A * K
,/2PI12P0 ?-?" H_=eEG2F0sAC= Hs=RZD*@H
032 6c³H
B[2 0
H3V H_H3VB2edf 03H_=RZDHNVB2aQ:=/AC2UV
O
O
K
K_O
O
O
O K
O
O
OJK
2PY I[QY2RQ
?@*-,JV:HN?s*@I:HN=H3VB2âZ=J03AC2F0o* 2 H30N2 A
0N2
Ñ
8@=M=;C Ô 6<`<V12DB032 2PIYH
O
K
M K
O
O
O HQ4)25JK7)6 º 8): 2;9<Í
K
,/2P=JAC2PHN0*
*-AC*@? 0hHN=õHNVB2fB0N= ?@2
V1=edfIU*-Ic)h*@,/.B0N2â4G6@8/8tQ:.B03*@IB,DHNVB2fEG2P0y2 0N? H ,J2 =RZ
KoK
O
z
KoK
O
K O
K
2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I'6T`<VB2
0fZ2 HN.B032
= * H32ÚQSdf*-HNVÎHNVB2õZ=J03AC2P0LA
0N,/*@IS=RZLH3VB* [
=Rd Z2 O H3.1032* K
KNMPO
O
O/KNK M O
O
K
B032 2PIYH3?
=J.BH>úJ\Úÿ 8P\/\^AC2PH32F0
=eEG2>HNVB2>?-2PEG2P?R=RZQ 2 ë HN032 AgÝ
+ df*-H3VyVB*-,JVB2P0'2P?@2PE O HN*-=/I K *-I
K
ORb
KñORb
M
O
H3VB2fI1=/03HNVB2
H32F03I_032F,/*-=JIsdfVB2F032 ë *-B?@2Râ
+ =JAC2 O B[2 O 0 K H3= b 2L2P: O I[Q:*@IB,D*@I:HN=âHNVB2ýZ=J03AC2P0'* M 2
OJK
K
HN032
O
A
O
0N2
O
6>`<VB*
K
2P?-2FE
O
H3*@=/Iu
O
HNH32P0NI
MPO
I
b
22PYB? -* IB2ÚQ
O
b
K
VY.BHÌÿÌQ:=RdfIa=eZH3VB2* 2 H3032 A
M K
O
;C
8F
I[Q
O
.
K
`<V12
2RãG.B2PIYHD*@I
b[K
,J2õ*
O
K
B03=
K
I[QÉH3VB2cQ:=/Ac2
O
HNVB2
,/2D2
O
_
K
H3*@A
? CHN=ed
b[Oeb
=JIkHNVB2UIB=/0NH3V
H3*@=/I
O
LÃ
Q 3.
K
f
0 Q
HNVB2 G=J.BIB,_2PI[QU=eZH3VB*
O
h+
HNAC2PIYHâ*
HN2RQõZ03=JA
O
I
O
O/K
.1032PAC2FI:H
K
032U?-*@pG2P? C,J032
O
HNVB2P0N2ÆZ=/0N2sZ
K
?
O/K
0
K
O
I
O
I1,/2
H32P0HNV
O
2P,
b
K
UG2 O 0 K^O ,J=B6
=J.BHU8P\J\Úÿ ú/\/\
ORb
*@I
M
2^H3VB2
I}\ Û 8F\
A
O
O/MFM
.BAU.B? 3H *-=JI_0 H32
O
O
K
Æǹ 2D$:E8Fji Ô
Ñ 2P2
O ÷Bø K
HN2P0Uѳ)h*@,Î4G6@8/8 Ô 6U`<VB*
,/2U*
=/I * H32PIYHDdf*@H3V
KO
KM
K K
* =RZoHNVB2^*-IYH32P0NI ?[? G2P0> H3HN2P03IuQY2PH32 H32RQ
_0 Q 0f*-ICHNVB2
K K
O
O
O
M
b
O O
EY* -* IB*@H É=RZDHNVB2u?-=Rd<2F0s 03HU=eZtH3VB2
M
O
Z0N=/AíAC2
,+
ë *@B?-2 â=JAC2sdfVB* V
M
b
*xQY2_=eZ ë *@B?-2 â=/AC2
O
O
=/0N[=/0
M
b M 2
ë *@B?-2
=RZ+H3VB2tQ:2PBHNVC=eZ
b
.B03*@2RQ
M
ë HN032
032PE
O
A
"G2 O 0 KÆÍ ? 25AB8 º Í @8 =M=;C
Ñ3ê
2
O/KNK
K
l7\/\
*@ICH3VB2^.BB[2P0L
O
Ô
O
I[Q
[ M 2
0NH<=RZ+H3VB2 ë *-1?-2
jG2 O 0 KÆÍ ² <lkm65FAon$D$8F º <4)65JKJ<R:p6qr< ? 25AB8 º é ? 25AB8 º Í 8@=M=;C Ô 6
`<VB2yIB=/0NH3VB2F03I:ÿwAC= H
0fZ2 H3.B0N2 dfV1* V
=/ACB0N* 2DH3VB2h+â. p]P )B=G=/HD?@*-2
=/.1Hó/\PÿÌiJ\
K KNMPO
O
K
M
M
K
M
K
Oeb
Ac2PH32P0
=REG2õHNVB2B032 2PIYH<?@2PEG2P?[=eZ 2 ë H30N2 A
K>Oeb
K
M
O
- ѳ)+*-,B6[4G6@8 Ô 6L`<VB2 K 2?-=Rd<2P0L2P?-2FE O H3*@=/I KfO 032
=/I * HN2PIYH<df*-HNVuH3VB2DV%Y=JH3VB2 * HNV H H30N2 AC*@IB,
H3*@E:*@HE_V
2
2ÚQ
HfHNVB2,+â. p]P )B=G=/H
M
K K
K K
O K
O
OJM
O/KfM O/K
O
M
K
Ac=/032^032 2PIYH3?yH3V IuH3=sHNVB2DIB=J03HNVS=RZ ë *-1?-2[â
+ =/AC276
âs =Rd<2FEG2P0 Í O 03Hf=RZ+H3VB2 Q:*·µ2P0N2PI M 2 M =/.1?xQ
M
O
2uQY.B25HN=ÎHNVB2CQY*·µ2P032FI 2U*-I
.1A5.B? HN*-=/IÉ0 HN2C=REG2P0DH3V12uQ:=/Ac2G6jâ
s *@,/VB2F0 OJMPM .BAU.B? O H3*@=/I
b
M
O/MPM
O
O
0 HN2
=/030N2 [=JI[QßHN= Z HD2FEG=/?-.1H3*-=JI
I[Q
= * H32ÚQÎ0 HN2 =RZ>.BB?@* ZHP6f^
t *-EG2FISHNVB2 OJMPM .BAU.:ÿ
O
KâM
K
OJK
O
O/KNK M O
O
K
? HN*-=/Ic,/0 Q:*-2FI:HL=eEG2F0 ë *@B?-2[â
+ =/Ac2Ddf*-HNVC?-=Rd<2F0 OJMPM .BAU.B? O H3*@=/IU0 O H32 KLK =/.1H3VÎ=RZ+H3VB2 Q:*-EY*xQ:2 Í *@H
O
O
* [=
* ?-2_HNV HtH3VB2/â
+ . M pQP K )B=G=/HIB2 O 0\ M 2 ë HN032 O A - O I[Q ë *-B?@2r M 2 ë H30N2 O A =JIkHNVB2Kdf
K
K3K b
O
O IBpC=RZ ë *@B?-2\^+ =/AC2DV O EG2 K *-AC*@? O 0 K H O ,JI O HN*-=JI O ,/2 K 6
ë H3032
O
AÞÑwó/i/\PÿÌiJú/\
ë *@I
M
t
=Rdv?-*@IB2
[
2 Dn ë AC2
OJK
.B0N2PAC2PIYH
K
=eZ
K
>
.B03EG2 õ[=J?-2
KoO
?-=JIB,H3VB2
K
=/.BHNV
O
u+
IBp_=eZ ë *@B?-2 â=/Ac2<d<2F032
+ Ac=YQ:2P? O I QÎ*-I:Z2P0N032RQCZ03=JA
ttn ë AC2 OJK .B0N2PAC2PIYH KMPO I b 2 M =/AC O 032ÚQñ6+`<VB2 MPO ? M .B? O H32ÚQõVB=J03*Fv =/IYH O ?5[.BWQ:*-EG2F03,/2FI M 2 O ?@=/IB,
HNVB2 =J.BH3V" IBpÎ=RZ ë *-B?@2K+â=JAC2 .B,/,J2 H H3V HDHNVB2 =J.BH3V" I1pÎ* H3VB* pG2PI1*-IB,U0 B*xQ:?u*-I
K
O
K
K K
O
K
O
K
M
O
vP=JIB2_Z03=/A Oeb =J.BHsl7\epYAÞH3= ORb =/.BHU4R\SpYA Z03=JAÞH3VB2cQ:*@E:* Q:2uѱÆǹ 2D$:E8FKG Ô 6c)h*-,J.B032u4G6@8Pó
O
VB=Rd
H3VB2cH3VB* pG2PI1*-IB,u0 H32
1032RQ:* H32ÚQ
kHNVB2u)
+ AC=YQY2P?oZ=/0u8P\J\ ó/\J\
iJ\/\ lG\J\
I[Q
K
K
M
O
K
M
b
Í
Í
Í
ÍLO
úJ\/\KG2 0
*@I 2 YI VB03=JIB=/.
H ,JI HN*-=/IÉ=RZoHNVB2,â
+ . M p]P K )B=G=/H O I[QuH3VB2 ë *@B?-2\ M 2 ë H30N2 O AÉ6
O KfK M
K
M
K^K O
O
`<V12
V 0
H32P0c=eZyH3VB2ct
t n ë ÿw*-I:Z2F03032ÚQèH3VB* M pG2PI1*-IB,ö* KCK *-AC*@? O 0_H3=ÝHNVB2ÉH3VB* M pG2FIB*-IB,ö O H3H32F03I
M O OJM
1032RQ:* H32ÚQ
ÉH3VB2
)
+ AC=YQ:2F?>ó/\J\Úÿ ú/\/\wG2 0
ZH32P0 H ,/I H3*@=/I =eZ^H3V12jâ
+ . M pQP K )B=G=/H O 032 O
M
b
O KõO
K O
O
O
?-=JIB,
O
Í
HNVB2sHNVB* G
p 2PIB*@IB,_0 H32 B032ÚQ:* HN2RQ
M
O
K
M
b
uH3VB2W)
M=
Inferred Rate of Thickness Change (m/a)
8P
GPS Measurements
Continuity Model
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
−80
−70
−60 −50 −40 −30 −20
Distance North of Summit (km)
+
−10
0
+
QP
E
) *-,J.B032f476-8PóY9
h
VB2RQ
.B03EG2
VB=RdÝB0N2RQ:* H32RQâHNVB* pG2PIB*@IB,>0 3H 2> HNH32P0NIõZ0N=/Av)
=JI:HN*-IY.B*-H
O/K
M
K'K
M
M
O
O
M
AC=YQ:2P? H8P\J\ óJ\/\ i/\J\ lG\J\
I[QÉúJ\/\ G2 0
*-I 2 H ,/I 3H *@=/IÉ=eZËH3VB2 â. p
)B=G=/H 0N2 6
O
Í
Í
Í
ÍO
O KfK M K O
O
M
K
O
O
ë V Q:2RQ
032
V1=ed
HNVB2âHNVB* pG2PIB*@IB,^0 HN2â*@I:Z2P0N032RQDZ03=/A tn ë C
A 2
.1032PAC2FIGH =eZûVB=/0N* P=JI:H ?
O
O
OK
K
M
O
O/K
K
O
ë ÿ³*@I:Z2P0N032RQ
EG2P?-= *-H
I[QCH3VB2
.BAU.B? H3*-=JI5 H3HN2P03Iû6
M
O
O/MFM
O
O
K
E
HN032
K
O
O
Y*-AU.BAíH3V1* G
p 2PIB*-I1,_=
.B0N03*-I1,
M
MPM
O
IY.BAC2F03*
I
MFO
K
*@=/Ia=eZ
MPO
O
0
OJM
óPÿÌQu* y
2 Q:=JAC2*-IYH3=
M
O
?<Ac=YQ:2P?
EG=/[email protected]=/[email protected]*@=/I
V
Ã
HDHNVB2õZ=J03AC2F0 3.BI
M
H3*@=/IÎ=RZLH3VB2WQ:=/AC2
O
I[QÎ* 2
M
!SÍ
ÏNÎ]ÌbÏÏÍhÑbÐ
`<VB2s2F:
M
O
v
AÉ6
Ê]Ëy
O
xt
,X
df*-HNVÉH3VB2yA
,+
H32F03* 3H *
K MPK
HN2RQSIY.BAC2F03*
MFO
O
O
I[Q
K
I Q
=eZWH3VB2
?[AC=YQ:2P?
K3MPO
*-AC1?-2
05Z2
P¼
Q:=JAC2
K
K
O
H ,/I H32ÚQß* 2 HN032 A
OUK O
O
M K
O
E
=JI:HN*-IY.B*-H ö032P? NH *-=/I VB*@ 6
O
K
K
M
HN.B032a2P?-2FE
H30N2
O
A
K
H3*@=/I
K
O
MFO
I
b
H32FAÉ6]`<VB*
HN=CQ:2FH32P0NAC*-IB2^=/0 Q:2P0Ìÿ³=RZxÿ³A
O
K
MPO
2
b
K
`<VB2ÎHN*-AC2 ÿ
2öQ:2F03*-EG2ÚQ
2P?@*-AC*@I
I
O
HN2
KNMPO
Z0N=/A
K
,/IB*@H3.[QY2õHN*-AC2 ÿ
*@A5.B? NH 2RQ5. *-IB,
O
K
?@2
H3V12ÎZ.BI[Q
H3VB2öIB2P2ÚQ
KNMPO
,J=eEG2F03IB*@IB,
K
?@2
K
Z=J0
Z=J0
O
AC2PIYH
O
O
M
O
=/ACB?@* ÿ
03HN* B
. ? 0
M
O
?
8R4R\
P¼
QY=/AC2
2FI
2
M
H ,/I H32ÚQõ* 2 H30N2 A
K O
O
M K
O
B
.BAc25HNV
O/KNK
H*-H
O
*-I'6`<VB2
O
HN*-=JIÉ032P? 3H *@EG2DH3=cH3VB2
O
HNVB* G
p 2PI
M
O
2<HNVB2<HN*-AC2Æÿ
K
\s
HN032
K
V
ÍGM
2FEG=/?-.1H3*-=JI_=eZ+HNVB2DQY=/AC2f=JIB?
0<Z2
KNMPO
O
H3.1032
O
M
V
*
\
IB,/2
O
LÃ O/M 2PIYH
·µ
E
?-*-H
O
H3*@EG2P?
OJM
HõHNVB2
0
O
M
=/.BI Q
b
H30N2
K
0N*-2
O
HNVB2
K
2FI:HL2P?-2PE
ÿ
O
Ac*-IB,_0N2P,/*@=/I
K
I[QCH3V12õ0N2ÆZ2P0Ìÿ
O
=J.BI[Q
b
VB2F?xQ
K
AC*@IB,C0N2P,/*@=/I
d<=/.1?xQ
K
?-2G6
K3MPO
*@Ik*
O
O
O
=JI[Q:*@H3*-=JI
EG2f=eZ+HNVB* G
p 2PIB*@IB,^032
VB2ÚQ
M
OJM
O
H30N2
K
H3*@EG2P?
Í[OJM
=/.BI[Q
b
KO
HNAC2PIYH<H3*@AC2Æÿ
K
*-I:Z2P0N032RQ_Z03=/A]H3V12P*-0fB0N2
K
.1AC2RQ
LÃ
Q 3.
O
Q
O
K
H32^H3VB2
6 ³Ia032
K
OJK3K
HN*-=/I
ZH32P0LH3VB2^d
O
QY2P[2PI[Qs=/I1? D=JI_H3VB2TQ:* 2P0Ìÿ
K
H_HNVB2C2RQ:,J2C=eZ^HNVB2uQ:=JA
O
I
O
AC*-IB,U032F,/*-=JI
O
2P?@2PE
Í
?-2
K3MFO
O
03,J*-I
O
_
IB,/*@IB,_H3VB2
O
H3*@=/IÉ?@2PEG2P?³6 ^=edL2PEG2P0
O
AÜA
O
H3*@E:*@H u=RZ
OJM
,J2õ=RZ>H3V12
H3*@EG2P?
OJM
HN032
K
aH3VB2
b
I[QuH3VB*@IC=REG2P0fH3*@AC2
O
2_2P?@2PE
M
.
?[* 2 VB2P2FHoB03= -? 2
Q:2PH *-?@2RQspYIB=Rdf?-2RQ:,J2â=RZ'HNVB2
2RQY03= p
M K
z
K Í
Æ
O
b
M
O
H_HNVB2C032F?-* D
H * 2
M
M
O
*-IB*@H3* h
? 2F?-2PE HN*-=JI
O
O
K
=J.BH x* Q:2HNVB2yQ:=/A
K
2FI
I
z
MPO
BV a=/0f* D
2 H3V1* p:IB2
* I1=/Hf032Úã|.B*@032RQUH3=U2 HN*-A
M
M
K3K K
K
O
æö2
:2RQ
l
HN2PAÉ6 <2
K
2PHÌd<2P2FI_H3VB2^*-IB*@H3* ? I[Q
O O
b
HN=/[=/,J0
z
K
O
O
µ2
03*-2
M
HõHNVB2
=eZ+HNVB2
K
boEG=/?-.1H3*-=JIÝ=eZ^HNVB2uQ:=JAC2P¼F032P?@* M HD* M 2 K H30N2 O Aà* K *-IB*@H3* O ?-?ÎHNVB2 K3O AC2_Z=/0 b =/HNV HNVB2
:2RQ
=/.1I[Q 0
2CÑw)h*-,16ñ4G6ji Ô I[QSZ=/0^H3V12sIB=JI:ÿ :2RQ
=/.BI[Q 0
2cѳ)h*@,B6ñ476j Ô 6 ë *-I 2
z
b
O
MPO/K
O
z
b
O
MFO/K
M
ë *-B?@2r+^=/AC2*
B 032PIYH3?S*@IuH3VB2y2 0N?
H ,J2 =RZLQ:=/Ac2P¼ H3032 A 2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=JI H3VB2
.BACYÿ
KfO
O
O
K O
K
K
O
Í
O/KNK
HN*-=JIkHNV HyH3VB2U2P?-2FE H3*@=/I
HH3VB2UIB2Pdí* 2 HN032 A
=/.BI[Q 0 *
Y2RQkQY=G2
IB=JH
µñ2 M H=/.B0
O
O
O
M
K
O
b
O
Kâz
K
O
*@I:HN2P031032PH H3*@=/IC=RZ>H3V12
,/2=eZËH3VB2032F?-* H[
=RdçZ2 O HN.B032 KfO HâHNVB22RQ:,J2 K =eZ ë *-B?@2\+â=/Ac2G6
O
O
M
QY=/A
*-I'6
O
`<VB2
?-=/[2aQ:*
K
Ac=YQ:2P?[*
%
IB=/HfBV
K
E
=JI:HN*-IY.B*-H
K3M
Q:=G2
`<V1*
E
K^O/K3K
HNVB2
HN0
HNVB*
M
.BACBHN*-=JIS*
=/I
0fZ2
KNMPO
K
O
K
I
K
H3.B0N2õ*
O
E
K
"vP=/IB2
*xQ:2P0
O
O
H
K
A
?-=/[2
K
O
O
b
?-?
O
?
O
M
HUH3VB2a* 2
M
=/.BB?@*-IB,
b
K
HN032
A
0N,/*-Iö*-IYH32F0rZ
O
[2
A
¶
HNVB2Q:=JAC2â103=
dfVB2PIÉH3V12
HN*-=/IÉ=RZf?@=/IB,J*-H3. Q:*-I
O
?
K
K
.B0ÌZ
HN032
KNK
O/M
I[QÉ* 2
M
2
,/0
O
K
M
2P2ÚQ
KfO/K
Q:2PHN2P03AC*@IB2RQ
K
Ez\{}| A5JK25F º ¹ Í >8 =;=Ji
Ô 6
`<VB2
?+2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/Iu=eZ>HNVB2* 2 VB2P2PH
.BH^IB=/H
M
K
ÍBb
O
P¼
_zL{}| A5JK25F º ¹ Í @8 =M=/i Ô 6~^I
O
*
0N,/*-IÑ
O
*
2PV EY*-=/0
HtH3VB2y* 2yQ:=JAC2 P* 2 H3032 A
M z Mõb
O
O
M
M K
O
2PHÌdL2P2PIÉH3V12UQ:=/AC2
+
2C*-IÝHNVB2a)
O/M
2PHÌd<2P2FISHNVB2s* y
2 Q:=/Ac2
I[QÎ032F?-* H<* 2 H30N2 AÉ6
M
O
M
M K
O
?-*xQ5Z=J0âAC=YQY2P?-*@IB,_H3VB2,J2PIB2P0
K
A
O
Z=J03AC2ÚQÎÑ
K
*-HN*-=JI
vP=/IB2
Z
Z
IB=C?@=/IB,J*-H3. Q:*-I
K
?-*xQCZ=/0^AC=YQ:2P?@*-IB,_HNVB2
O
O
?-.[QY2
M
A
O
I1=/H^2P:* H I[QÎH3V HâHNVB2s* 2 [.1SHN=5HNVB2s* 2 HN032 A
K O
O
M
M
K
O
K
ÝHNVB2Î* u
2 H3VB* pYIB2
I[Q
M
M
KNK_O
Ac=YQ:2P?'*-I
H30N2
K
*
?-? _032 -? * 3H * 6hæö2
.1AC2âHNV Hf* 2 [=RdçZ03=JA
K F
M O
O K M
OJK3K
O
M
*ZoHNVB2s* 2 HN032 A
M
K
O
b
P¼
H_HNVB2C* u
2 Q:=JAC2 P* 2
M
M
O
HN032
K
?-=/[2UE
Q:*-2FI:H
K
O
03*@2
, I
6
O
K
=/Ac2
A
O
KDORb
O
H
¶
A
K
O
?@?
\:6
HN0
Í
H3VB2_HN0
K
E Á
.B0
MPM
03.B1H3? a=REG2P0âHNVB*
Q1Q:*-HN*-=/I
I
?@25Ñ yÑ
KNMPO
´
O
O
I
K
K
O
*@H3*-=JIÎdfVB2F032
ÔNÔ Í HNVB2P0N2õ* K
HN2sAC=YQ:2F?-*-I1,5=RZ
032P,J*-=/Iö032Úã|.B*@032
*vF=/IB2_AU.
*@H3*-=JI
K
K
H
8e478
2f*-IB*@H3* -? ?
O
b
=eZH3VB2
Gµ
2D2 2
K
`<VB2
=/I
M
H30
K
H
M
*@IB2RQ
H3*@I:.B*@H _*
EG2<*@IsB0N=
MPO
=/IYH303*
K<M
2u2P0N03=J0
K
O
E
=JI
M
QY=ÉIB=/H
K
j;
`<VB032P2 ÿÌQ:*@AC2PI
H30
I
O
HN032
K
*-2PIYH
K
A
O
?
O
,/2s=RZoHNVB2
O
2PV
b
032
O
M
+
*-ICHNVB2)
K
H_=/.B0
=/I
M
?-.
M
?'2F?-2PE
O
I Q
?@=/IB,J*-HN.[Q:*-I
O
V
?
O
µ
0
O
´
H30N2
K
,J0
K3K
QY*-2PIYH
O
H
M
df*@?-?
K
µ2
O
iÚÿ Q}Q:=/AC2_*
O
M
HDHNVB2sHN0
K
=JI:HN03=J?-?-2ÚQ
KsM
*@2PI:H
?-=/[2
K
BV1*
O
Z=/0NAC2P0
?@=/IB,U*-H
KfO
H3*@A
K
I
?-2PIB,JH3V'6 ^?-H3*@A
K
,/=REG2P0NIB2RQ
K
HN2P?
O
Í
H3VB2HN0
cH3VB2EG=/[email protected]^032
b
I
O
[=/I
K
Í
H32
O
K
E:*@=/0^=eZLH3VB2_* 2 VB2P2PHF6D`<VB2
M
K
MPO
? [.Bö*-IYH3=uHNVB25Z=/0NAC2P0D* 2
M
HN=
K
2a2P?-2FE
b
K3MFO
0_Z2
Gµ
2sH3*@AC2Æÿ
K
H3.B0N2
O
IB,/2RQ6
O
*-2FI:Hf2 2
K
*@I
O
O
H3.1032
O
,
HN*-A
K
K
=JI:ÿ
K3M
O
0DZ2
KNMPO
I[Qç* É
2 H3VB* pYIB2
M
M
KNK
KaO
Z2
V
M
2FV
b
H3.B0N2
.B0rZ
K
2
OJM
c032P?@* >
H * 2 HN032 A
M
M K
O
b
b
O
_HNVB2P032 Z=/032
Z
2
b
Z.1I[Q
O
A
M
=/ACB?@*
Ac2PI:H
O
O
H3.B0N2
MPO
K
0N,/*@I
O
Q
O
Z=J0sHNVB2C
OJK
H32RQ6h`<V12õHN*-AC2 ÿ
?>B0N=/[2P03HN*-2
H
H
M
df*-?@?D2PY
I[Q
k2PY* H
K
O
Q:*@AC*-IB* V
K
K
O
H32RQö.BIB* Z=J03AC? G6
O
HN.B032aA
O
H
O
I[QuH3VB2
O
?-2G6
K3MPO
=JI
?@2
KNMPO
K
b
K
2_HN*-AC2 ÿ
2C.
EG=/[email protected]
O
K
KNMPO
2RQÝH3=É2
±Ã
Q 3.
K
K
?@2
H3*@A
K
2y2P?-2FE
b
H30N2
K
M
=eZ^HNVB2C* 2
M
K
I
K<MPO
LÃ O/M 2PIYHD* M 2
u,J03=RdfH3Vö=eZLH3V12
H3*@=/Iö=eZ^Z=/0NAC2P0 [=RdXZ2
O
HN2RQSZ03=JA
O
?-2ÆZH
K
HN*-=/IöÑÌ4G6-8J8 Ô 6
O
`<VB2
MPO
O
Ac*-IB,
O
* 2 VB2P2PHfA
M K
2S2
Z2
M
H30N2
K
=eZtH3VB2U2P?@2PE
2RãG.
.BI
K
ÉH3VB2c?-=
b
=RZ_HNVB2ÝQY=/AC2Édf*@H3Vç? 30 ,J2
O
OJK
I
O
*
K
?-?
O
,JIB*-HN.[Q:22
O
H3.B0N2C*
O
Ñ'Ð Î ÌbÏÍhÑ'ÐpÏ
` =J[=/,/0
b
¶6
?-?
O
?-=/[2UQ:*
K
*@=/I
K
A
K
0õZ2
K3MPO
?@.
M
H
O
Ñ ×GØ BØØ Ô
2 =JAC2 A
b M
K
K
H32P0^=eZ>HNVB* G
p 2PIB*@IB,B6>`<VY.
HNVB2s=J0Q:2P0^=eZËA
M
K Í
O/M
?'2 2
O
2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/Iu=eZH3V12sQY=/AC2D*
Ê]Ë
T
AC=G=JH3V'6 Ë
KK
HN*-=JIÝ=eZtH3VB2
O
H I:HU*-I}HNVB2Î2 03? Ý2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I}B0N= 2
H3V12
K O
O
M K3K Í
HN*-=JI
O
0 s*
O
?h2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=JIÎ=eZËH3VB2WQ:=/AC276 {ZH32F0s8F\ ð G2 0
HNVB2
O KÆÍ
O
Gµ
*-=JI
K
´{H O BI },J*-EG2PI}*-I
2PEG2F0
=/.BI Q
b
6ö`<VB2C2F?-2PE
K
AC=/0N2uãG.B* :
p ? G6ö`<VB2P0N2ÆZ=/0N2 d<2aQ:=ÉIB=JH52F:[2 H
0
M
Í
M
K3MPO
K
A
O
B0N2RQ:* 3H *@=/IU=eZ
0f2P?-2PE H3*-=JI
M
K3MPO
O
*-=JI
K
H30N2
K
VY.BH^Q:=RdfIÎ=RZ>H3V12õ0N2P?-* >
H * 2 H30N2 A
M
M K
O
K
´^032
6
O
M
EY*-=J0s=eZ
O
HoH3V12fQ:=JAC2
O
×|ØÚÙ Ô 6_`<VB2_2P0N03=J0
2 HHNVB2_ 0NH3* .B? 0D2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=/Ia=eZTH3VB2
KO
M
O
M
O
.BH^IB=/HtH3VB2,/2FIB2P0
Z=/0^H3VB2
µñ2
O
AC=G=/HNVB2RQ5=J.BH
K<K
P¼
=DH3V
K
HN=_2P030N=/0
K
CH3VB2y,/2PI12P0
b
Ñ J
= AC 032RQÎHN=
M
O
b
.BHN2
b
?@2
z
z
O
,/.10
HN2_H3VB2CHN*-AC*@IB,u=eZt* 2
M
H3AC2PIYHUH3*-Ac2Æÿ
KNMPO
?@2u032P?@2PE
O
K
HN032
O
A
HN*-=JI
O
U¼
O
K
H3032
O
=RZ^* 2
M
A
O
HN032
K
IBpç0N2P?-* 5
H * 2
M
M
K
a¼
Q:=/AC2
H ,/I H3*-=JI'6Ý)B=J0
K O
O
df
IYHCH3=ÝHNVB2
[
03* Q:,/2G6 ³I:HN2P03B0N2PH
VB2P2PH P* 2
M
O
H32RQU032P? 3H *@EG2âHN=_H3VB2
O
H3*@=/I
O
A
O
K
K
HN032
O
H32FA
A
j+^=/AC2
H30N2
O
A
*
*-I
H32FA
K
ë *-B?@2
K
I
MPO
OJK
K
=/0
K
,/=REG2P03I1*-IB,_HNVB22PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I
H3=/,J2PH3V12P0âdf*@H3VaH3VB2yAC=YQ:2P0NIS,J2P=/Ac2PH30 C=eZ
KÆÍ
A
O
KCOeb
Í
H3VB2
=/.1H
8R4Ró
eG2 O 0 K 6D`<VB2_1032 K 2PI:H^,/2F=/AC2PHN0 O I[QÎ2P?@2PE O H3*@=/Ia=eZ ë *-1?-2,+â=/Ac2 O I QÎ*-H K 2P:* K HN*-IB, KNMPO 0
Z2 H3.1032
.1,/,/2 HsHNV H ë *@B?-2/^
+ =/AC2U* K *@IkHNVB2U2 O 0N? K H O ,/2 K =eZ^2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=/IÉdfV12P032 ¶ ê ¾ x6
O
KK
K
O
OJK 2RQÎ=JIkHNVB* KO I O ? K * KÆÍûK VY.BHyQ:=RdfIk=RZ<HNVB2 ë *-B?@2K M 2 ë H30N2 O AÞB0N= b[ORb ?a= MPM .B0N032RQÉ*-IÉHNVB2
H ú/\/\'G2 0 6t`<VB*
,/2U*
=/I * H32PIYHDdf*@H3VÉ=/HNVB2P0D2 H3*@A
HN2
2RQÎ=JI
I ? * =RZ<HNVB2
O/K
O K
KDO
K^M
K K
K
O
K<b[OJK
O O
K K
*@I:HN2P03I ? H30 HN*-,/0 BV%
03=
H3VB2<Z2 H3.B0N2Ñ@?
O K O
O
O/M
KNK
O
25AB8 º Í 8@=M=;C Ô 6<`<V12 K3MPO 0ËZ2 O H3.1032 K =JI5HNVB2 K =J.BH3V
O IBpa=eZ ë *-1?-2K^+ =/AC2 M =J.B?xQ b 2 O/KNK = M * O HN2RQßdf*@H3V O [ =RdX0N2P,/*@AC2DdfVB* M V K VY.BHQ:=RdfIÉIB2 O 03?
:I VB0N=/IB=J. ?sdf*@H3VUH3VB2 ë *@B?-2 2 ë H30N2 Ag6h`<V12âHNVB* pG2PIB*@IB,f0 H32^B032RQY* HN2RQ
AC=YQ:2F?:=RZ
K
M
K
M
O
M
O
M
b
O
ë *-B?@2â
+ =/AC2^2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=/I_Z=/0LH3VB2[â+ . M pQP K )B=G=/H O 032 O * K ,/2PIB2F0 O ?@? M =JI K * K HN2PI:H>df*@H3VUH3VB2D0 O HN2â=RZ
HNVB* pG2PIB*@IB,^*-I:Z2P0N032RQsZ03=JAxt
t n ë AC2 O/K .B032FAC2PIGH K ѱÆǹ 2D$:E8FG Ô Z=/0 O IC* M 2 K H30N2 O A K H O ,/I O H3*-=JI
M
,/2y=eZËó/\/\PÿÌúJ\/\jG2 0 6
O
O K
`<VB2_0N2 2PIYH VY.BHrÿ Q:=RdfI
,J2_*-AC1?-*-2ÚQcZ=J0DH3V12 ë *@B?-2h 2 ë HN032 A
I[Q*^
+ . M pQP K ) =G=JHV O/K
M
K
O
M
O
O
*@ACB?@* H3*-=JI Z=J0âHNVB2D2PYB? I HN*-=JI
Z=J0fH3VB2yQ:*@E:* Q:2DAC*@,/0 H3*@=/IUH3=Rd 0Qb 2 ë H30N2 A+ dfVB* V
MPO
K
O O
O
O
M
O
M
V
?-*@pG2P?D[2P0 * H32ÚQWZ=J0 H>?-2
HoHNVB2f
HD8F\/\/\\G2 0 ѱÆǹ
O/K
K K
O
OJK
O/K
O K
2D$:E8FB é ² 8F8 º 6 | 8):2;9< Í 8@=M=;C b Ô 6
³Iö=/0 Q:2P0H3= MPO . K 25HNVB2U*-I:Z2P0N032RQÉQY*-EY*xQ:2_AC*@,/0 O H3*@=/I Í+M V O I1,/2 K = MPM .10303*@IB, O H b =J.BI[Q O 03*@2 K =RZ
ë *-B?@2"â
+ =JAC2ÎAU. K H O ? K =}V O EG2Î[2P0 K * K H32ÚQ Z=/0 O HS?@2 O/K HÉ8P\J\/\cG2 O 0 K ÑLÆǹ 2D$:_8F È é ² 8F8 º 6 |
80:\2;9< Í 8>=;=MC O Ô 6Ý`<VB2cAC=/0N250N2 M 2PIYH K VY.BHrÿ Q:=RdfI O ,/2cB032RQY* M HN2RQ b öH3VB* KsO I O ? K * K Q:=G2 K IB=/H
.BB[=/0NHâHNVB2DV%:[=JH3VB2 * H3V HfH3VB2yQ:*@E:* Q:2âAc*-,/0 HN*-=/IU*
. 2RQ
5HNVB* pG2PIB*@IB,=eZ+H3V12 ë *-B?@2
K
K K
O
O
KLMPO K
b
M
M 2 ë H3032 O A K *-I M 2â*@H KoK H O ,JI O HN*-=JI'6<`<V12âHNVB* M pG2PIB*@IB,â*@I:Z2P0N032RQ O ?-=/I1,sH3V12 K =/.BHNV O IBp_=eZ ë *-B?@2
+ =/AC2u* K_O ? K = O 0N2 M 2PIYH_2PEG2PIYHCÑNê úJ\/\*G2 O 0 K Ô O I[Q dL=/.B? Q HN2PI[Q HN=kAc=eEG2cH3VB2aQ:*@E:* Q:2u*-I
^
HNVB2u=/B[= *-HN2öQ:*-0N2 HN*-=/I H3V Iè* *-IYZ2P030N2RQkZ03=/A
H3VB2u*-IYH32F03I ?f? G2P0s H3HN2P03I ѱÆǹ
K
M
O
K
O
O
O
2D$:E8FKB é
² 8F)8 º 6 | 8):u2;9< Í 8>=;=MC b Ô 6R³ H O 12 O 0 K H3V O HfH3V12D032 M 2PI:H K H O ,/I O H3*@=/Ia=eZH3VB2 K 2Z[ =RdçZ2 O HN.B032 K * K
I1=/H^H3VB2
. 2=eZ>HNVB2_Q:*@E:* Q:2DAC*@,/0 H3*@=/I'6´ 032PA
*-I1*-IB,y=
* *@?-*-HEC*
H
H3*-EY*-HEU=eZ>HNVB2
MPO K
O
O
K3K b
K
O/K O/M
I1=ed<ÿw032F?-* H. =edçZ2 H3.B0N2 dfVB2FICH3VB2>5dL2P032
HN*-EG2G6T³ IC 0NH3* .B? 0 ,/0 Q:. ?'H3V1*-IBIB*@IB,s=RZoHNVB2
M
O
K
O/M
O
M
O Í
O
O
=/.BHNVÎA
03,J*-IC=RZ ë *-1?-2\â
+ =JAC2 O/KNK = M * O H32ÚQSdf*-HNVu O/K H K H3032 O AC*@IB, O/M HN*-EY*-HE_=eZ M 2 ë H30N2 O A K
O
I[QU^
+ . M pQP K )B=G=/H^d<=/.1?xQSAc=eEG2^H3V12sQY*-EY*xQ:2D*@ICH3V12õ= b[K 2F03EG2RQuQ:*@032 M HN*-=JI'6
O
8Fú/\J\
/]
MBj
wR
`<VB2
*-IYH32P0
* 2
M
-
?
O
=/I1IB2
M
=ed
*
I[Q
K
K O
+
H ë *-B?@2 â=/Ac2
O
2PIYH
H3VB2cB032
*-I:Z2F0o
H3VB2UA
K
H
O/K
[2P03*@=YQ
M
O
*@I
M
=/I
V
I1,/2
O
?@.
O
M
*@=/I
K
K
v
* P2
K
K
a[=Rdí=eZ
MPO
HN*-=JI
K
Q:*
KNK
2P0NH
H3V12
Í
KhORb
H3VB2U*-IYZ=/03A
=eZ^HNVB*
I Q
2FI:HN2RQÎ*-IöH3VB2UB0N2PE:*@=/.
QsHN=s*@ACB?-*
O
*-I_* 2 [=Rd
ѳi Ô
M
Í
K
K
03=/.1,/VYHsH3=J,/2PHNVB2P0
b
:IYH3V12
K
B0N2
K
I[QkÑl Ô H3VB2*@ACB?-* HN*-=JI
MPO
K
KâO
y¡¢
*@=/I
K
I[Q5?@2
O
BH32F0
O
2PIYHõ,J2P=/Ac2PH30
K
?@.
M
v@vF?-2G6sæçV12PI
+s6+`<VB* KyM V
K
=/I
M
HN2RQÎB.
M
I[Q
O
B032
I
O
O
O
K
2_B*@2
=/.BHLH3VB2^
V
M
KM
2
Q:2
K
H
O/K
1H32P0
O
OJM
K3M
03*
b
KõO
032U
O
_ M 2
HN*-=JIÝ,/0N=/.B[2RQÝ*-IYH3=CZ=J.B0
=eZ
K
O
I
2UH3VB2UVB* 3H =J0 É=RZ
K
H3*@E:*@H =RZ
H3*@=/IÎZ0N=/AàH3VB2UB032FE:*@=/.
0NH
KM
MPO
V
O
ë HN032
BHN2P0
H32P,J=/0N*-2
O
KyO
K
A
K
I[Q
9SÑN8 Ô
N+â=JAC2 Í Ñ³ó Ô H3V12C.BH3*@?-*@H_u=RZ^. K *@IB,"X ë Q O H O H3=
HNVB2^VB* H3=/0_=eZû* 2[=Rd
H ë *-1?-2R+^=/AC2f=REG2P0oHNVB032F2fH3*-Ac2
K
M
O
Z=/0fH3V12õ
H
H3*-EY*-HEU=eZ. 2 ë HN032 A
I[QU+y6
O/K O/M
M
O
KZ-çO
ë *@B?-2
'£¥¤¦oÇ Á5§g¨ BÇ ¤$#çÇYÄ Áª© ¤$«âȬ Ç"!*¤$#çÇ
À ÅËÇ
N+â=/AC2_* KO IÝ*@I:HN2P0rÿw* M 2 K H30N2 O AÞ0N*xQ:,J2 ORb =J.BHu8P\J\SpYAÞdf*xQ:2U=REG2P0 OSb 2RQ:0N= M pÉ1? O HN2 O .
ë 8Æl®C:6¯CJ\;CY8 æ I[Q
2PHÌd<2P2PIe 2 ë H30N2 A
I[Q'+s6[`<VB2 .BACAC*@Ho?-=
H3*@=/Iu* C:8/6ü/úRlGi
b
M
O
K- O
K
MPO
K
Í
Í[O
/óJóõAXV1*-,/VU032F? HN*-EG2>H3=HNVB2fæ°t ë R
C lõ2F?-?-*@ K =J*xQñ6 M 2fHNVB* M p:I12 K3K+O H>H3V12 K .BACAc*-H'* K 8P\/\M=m`a4DA
O
Ac2
.B032RQ
,X ë Ñ_± 25²;JK6 | Ar8):2;9< Í 8@=M/= ú Ô ÑN8P\/\Rl]`UúDA Z0N=/A b =/0N2PVB=/?@2fAC2 OJK .B0N2PAC2PIGH KÆÍ
O/K
O/K
b
z <³ |;´ 98µ325FA;:}nRD$8F0¶<a4)65JKJ 6 Í 8@=M=;C Ô 6É`<VB2 OJMPM .BAU.B? O H3*@=/IÉ0 O H32c* K 2 K H3*@A O HN2RQÎH3= b 2 ù5
\ Û 8/8A
Z=J0âHNVB2
H8P\/\J\G2 0
I QÎ\:6@8Pi_A
Z=J0fH3VB2
Hti/\KG2 0 Ñ_·
O ÷Bø
O/K
O KfO
O ÷1ø
OJK
O K
25²¸8¹m¶)º {
W 2 O/K .1032PAC2FI:H K =RZ_* M 2V[ =Rd I12 O 0uH3V12öQ:*-EY*xQ:2 K VB=Rd H3V O He =ed * K IB2 O 03?
8):N2;9< Í 8@=M/= ú Ô 6xÎ
ë *-1?-2
K
óÚÿ Q:*-Ac2PI
K
*@=/I
O
?
O
I[Qè[2P0N[2PI[Q:* B
. ? 05HN=ÝH3V12Î03* Q:,/2adf*-HNVB*-I
M
O
@» µ32D$:E8F\G Ô 6
K
2FEG2P0
O
?â* u
2 H3VB* pYIB2
2
=RZH3VB2
M
M
KNK K
.BAcAC*-H^Ñ
¼
K3K
.BAC*-I1,
OÝK
O
HN* -? ?
O
M
=JI
H IYH
K O
O/MFM
.BAU.B? 3H *-=JI}0 HN2ÎVB* HN=/0
O
O
K
df*-HNVç\:6@8P\kA
O ÷Bø
* 2
M
8R4Pl
2Úã|.B*@E
V
O
?-2FI:HWQ:.B03*@IB,É*-IYH32F03,/?
O
EG2.
2RQ
K
O_z
¸½
80:2;9<Í 8@=M/=
=/.BHJ\
ORb
`<V1*
*
K
¸½
=J.BHUlG\ à?@2
ORb
r+
K3K
Q:.103*-I1,É,/?
* ?f[2P03*@=YQ
OJM O
KÆÍ
o¾\G2 O 0 KfO H
>Ñ » µ32D$:_8FGÁ é]Â,8F8¶>6 |
IB*-HN22P?-2PAc2PI:H>AC=YQY2P?'=eZ ë *-B?@2 ^=/AC2H3=UB0N2RQ:* H IÉ* 2
,J2_=eZ^8F\
M O
M O
;¿fG2 O 0 KfO H\=/\5½
Q:2PBHNVÝѳJ\/\5A
Ô O I QÝ8P\
À=
QY2PBH3V
Ñ J\/\5A
Ô
Ô 6f`<VB2tH32PAC[2P0 O HN.B032 O HLH3VB2 b 2RQC* K B0N2RQ:* M H32RQ_H3= b 2 b 2P?@=edçHNVB2DAC2F?-H3*@IB,D[=/*@I:HF6
=JI
KâM
* ?L2F03*-=YQ
I[Q
O/M O
K5O
* HN2PI:H^df*-HNV
K K
O
I
gX
?
O
*
VB=Rdf*@IB,C?-=Rd
K D
K K
ë
032
2
M
E
H3*@E:*@H 5=RZ<HNVB2
2RQÎ.1I[Q:2P0 ë *-B?@2
b
+^=/AC2C0N2P? O H3*@EG2CH3=É0N2 M 2PIYH3? K H3032 O AC*@IB, O 032 OJK dfVB* M V O 032 O HUH3VB2uAC2F?-H3*@IB,u[=/*-IYHuÑ@? 25AB8¶7Í
8>=;=MC Ô
I[Q}df*-H3V
=J032PV1=/?-2aH32PAc2F0 HN.B032UAC2
.B0N2PAC2PIYH Ñ_z
O
b
O
OJK
K
<³ |;´ 98µ325FA;:}nfD$8F¶<Ã4)65JKJ<¯n
8>=;=MC Ô 6
³ IYH32P0NI ?? G2P0 Q:2FH32 HN2RQ
NXZ ë O 0N2 M =/IYH3*@I:.B=J. K =REG2P0LH3VB2t2PI:HN*-0N2âdf* Q:H3Vu=eZH3V12Q:=/Ac2
O
O
K
M
b
I[QöQ:2PH32 H32RQuH3=
=J.BH_4R\¸½ =RZfHNVB2_* 2WQ:2PBHNVèÑH3=Î4Ú\/\uA Ô 6`<VB2
=JI:HN*-IY.B*-HEC=RZf? G2P0 *
O
M
Oeb
M
M
O
K K
QY* 0N.BBHN2RQÎdfVB2P0N2sH3V12_B03= ?-2
0N=
2 Z=J03AC2F0 VB2 0tA
0N,/*-I
=JIk*@H IBp 6y`<VB2_*-IYH32P0NI ?
K
z
M
KNK K
K
O
O
K
K
O
K
O
? G2P0
0N2Cd 03[2RQ
O
KO
O
M
=/IYEG2P|ÿw.Bö*-I
032P,J*-=JI
O
K
IBIB*@IB,
O
=/.1H_lÎpYA
Oeb
2FIB2
b
HNV}H3VB2UB032
O
K
2PIYH
QY*-EY*xQ:2G6`<VB2É? N0 ,/2Æÿ
?-2a*-IYH32P0NI ?^? G2P0_ H3HN2P03Iç*
YACAC2PHN03*
=/.BHuHNVB2ÉQ:*@E:* Q:2G6
O
K3MPO
O
O
O
K5OJK
McOeb
2PI:HN0
M
?B
O
0NH<=RZ+H3VB*
O
=edçAc=YQ:2P?
ym¡ÅÄ
KO
K
Q:*
K3K
2F03H
H3*@=/IU*-IYEG=/?-EG2
O
KoO
I
?
O
¼
* =eZ+HNVB2 V 2t=eZ+H3V12 2^? G2P0 . *-I1,s* 2
K K
K O
K
O
K
K
M
I[Q5I12Pdç*-IYEG2P0 f
2 H32 VBIB* ã|.12 H3=y*-I:Z2F0ýHNVB2^VB* H3=/0 _=eZ+* 2
K
M
K
K
M
=ed
O
+
H ë *@B?-2 ^=/AC2G6
Æ,Ç ¬ § Á ©
à È'ÉsÈËÊ § ÄPÇ Á¸§oÂ3RÌfÂo© Ç Á;Ç @
Ä ¤wÊ § «NÇ Á Ê;ÍGÇ5Î Ê ¤$ÏÑÐ"¬ Ç @
Ä ¤ @
³Iu,/2FIB2P0 O ? Í1O_K 2PHf=RZ>*-IYH32P0NI
`<V12sIY.BA
b
2P0L=eZ>*@I:HN2P03I
O
?? G2P0 Q:2PHN2 HN2RQ
O
K
M
O
?'? G2P0 dfVB* V
O
K
M
MPO
I
b
O
H
O
2_Q:2PHN2
,J*-EG2PIc?-=
HN2RQC*
M
K
MPO
H3*-=JIÎ.
/X
*-IB,
K
ë
*
K
Q:*
K3M
0N2PH32G6
hXZ
*-IYEG2P0 P
2 ? _0N2P? H32RQuH3=UH3VB2
K
O
ë
¼ ? K = Íýb 2 MFO . K 2Î=eZt*-I M 032 OJK 2RQÃX ë K *@,/I O ? O HNH32PIY. O HN*-=JIèdf*-HNV Q:2PBHNV Í
? G2P0
032sAc= Hf2
*@?uQY2PH32 H32RQC*-IuHNVB2s.B12F0â 03H^=eZ Ia* 2 VB2P2PHF6 ¼ H^QY2PBH3V =/IB?SHNVB2
O
KfO
K
O/K
M
O
O
M
K
Í
? G2P0 df*@H3VÎHNVB2 H30N=/IB,J2 HD0N2[2 H3*-=JIuB03=J2F03H3*@2
I
2WQ:2PHN2 H32ÚQñ6R
VÎ=RZ>H3VB2WQ:2PHN2 H32ÚQ
O
K
K
K
M
K^MPO
b
M
O/M
M
K
*-,JI
O
?^d
EG2P?@2PIB,/HNV'6
O
? G2P0 *
= * H32ÚQßdf*@H3V
O
K K^O/KNK M O
Z=J0fH3V
O
Hâ?@=
f
MPO
O
I
b
O/MPM
=/0QY*-IB,CHN=CH3V12
O
,/2 ÿÌQ:2FBH3Vö032P? NH *-=/I VB*@
O
K
O
1B03=JB03* 3H 2
O
HN*-=JI'6
`<VB2 [=RdVB* 3H =J0 CdfVB* V
K
M
?@*-AC*@H32RQ
,/2
O
yH3VB2P*@0hIY.BA
b
2P0oQY2PI
MPO
K
I
E
*@H
2*@I:Z2P030N2RQ
b
O
Z0N=/A
HNVB2
K
V
O
2y=eZH3VB2
K
2? G2P0 * H3VB2F032ÆZ=J032
O
K K
E
I[Q_Q:* 3H 0N* .1H3*-=JI_df*-HNVUQ:2PBHNV'6 þZH3VB2^QY2PI *@H õ* .BIB*Z=/0NA
K
b
K
K
8e4Úú
*[=Rd
=REG2P0_H3VB2a* c
2 H3VB* pYIB2
H3VB2PI}HNVB2ÎHN2PAC[=/0 ?f032 =/[email protected]*@=/I}=eZ H3VB2a*-I:Z2P0N032RQ
M
M
KNKÆÍ
O
K
?-*@AC*-HN2RQ
[=Rd
öH3V12
b
?-=J2u=RZDHNVB2
K
,/2uEG2P0 .
Q:2PBHNV}032P? H3*@=/I VB*-û6k)B0N2Rã|.12PI:H V IB,J2
*-IÝ* 2
K K
O
K
M O
K
M
O
°Ò/Ó ù Ô 032PB0N2 K 2FI:HN2RQ b UH3V12D.BB[2P0
0NH5=RZDHNVB2u* 2
VB2P2PHydfVB2P032uAC=J032C? G2P0
032u,J2PIB2P0 ?-?}Q:2PHN2 HN2RQ
I Q dfVB2P0N2CH3V12
,/2Æÿ
O
M
K
O
KyO
O
M
O
O
Q:2PBHNV
?@2_*
1B03=RY*-A
H32P?C?-*@IB2 0tdf*-H3V Q:2P1H3V'6K<
2F?-=Rd Oeb =/.BHWú/\5½ Q:2PBHNV Í dfVB2P032_* M 2
KNMPO
KO
O
O
,J2C* ,/2FIB2P0 ?-?Î=/? Q:2P0H3V IÔÒ/Ó ù =JIB?ÉHNVB2 H30N=/IB,J2 Hy032[
2 M H3*@IB,C*-IYH32F03I O ?ý? O G2P0 KDMFO I b 2
O
K
O
O
Í
K
K
Q:2PHN2 H32ÚQñ6<`<V12
,J2sEG2P0 .
QY2PBH3V
?@=/[2sVB2F032
? = H32F2P[2PI
*-,JIB*
IYH3?G6>`<VB2P0N2ÆZ=/0N2 H3VB2
M
O
K K
K
O K
K
K^K
zMPO
Í
Z2Pd*-IYH32P0NI ?[? G2P0 dfVB* V
I
2yQ:2PHN2 HN2RQ
032 2F 0 H32ÚQ
UEG2P0U?-=JIB,_[2P03*@=YQ
=eZH3*@AC2
O
O
K
M
MPO
b
M
O
K
O O
b
K
Í
A
pY*-I1, V IB,J2 *-Iu
Hâ* 2Z[
=Rd?-2 KNK 032 K =/?@E ORb ?-276
O
M O
K
O/K
M
O
032D,J2PIB2P0
`<VB2s*@I:HN2P,/0
V1* NH =/0 Ý*
K
K
?@?
O
O
2
b
HL032
K
Õ
H32ÚQ
2 ñ2
=/?@EG2RQWZ=J0fH3VB2t032
K
f
Hf=eZ>* 2 [=Rd
M
M
2FI:Ho
M
O/K
HÑNê
=REG2P0<HN*-AC2
? =5?@*-AC*@H H3V12s032 =/?@E
?@2õV1* HN=/0 C=eZ>* 2
O K
K
K
Oeb
K
M
[=RdôZ0N=/Aí*@I:HN2P03I O ?[? O G2P0 K V O [2 K 6 oEG2PI5*Z O IS*@I z IB*@H32fIY.BA b 2F0ý=RZ+*-IYH32P0NI O ?[? O G2F0 KoM =J.B?xQ b 2
Q:2PHN2 H32ÚQ
\X ë Í * M 2
[=Rd MPO . K 2 K H3VB2 K V O [2 K =RZ[*-IYH32F03I O ?G? O G2P0 K H3=^?-= K 2>*-I:Z=J03A O H3*@=/I Oeb =/.1H
M
b
B03*@=/0[
=Rdç032P,J*-AC2 K =eEG2F0oH3*@AC2G6+`<VB2^H3*-Ac2Æÿ KNMPO ?@2ýZ=J0<H3V1* K *@I:Z=/0NA O HN*-=JI_?-= KNK * K 032F? O HN2RQsH3=yH3VB2
Z.BI[Q AC2PIYH ?fÒÓ ù H3*@AC2Æÿ
?-2G6 `<VB* 2Õ2 HU* *-?@?-. H30 H32RQÝ*@I
O
O
K3MPO
K
M
K
K O
- V O BH32P0
ßZ=/0CE O 03* O H3*@=/I K
*-I}H3V12
HN* ?
.1A5.B? HN*-=/Iö H3H32F03I
H ë *@B?-2eâ
+ =/AC2 O/K3K .BAC*@IB, OöK *@ACB?-* z 2RQÎAC=YQY2P?<=RZ
K O O O/MPM
O
O
O
? G2P0TQ:2ÆZ=/0NA
O
O
HN*-=JI'6o)B=/0
O
,/*@EG2PI
Õ M HL=/IuH3VB2t*-IYH32P0NI O ?[? O G2P0
2 MPO . K 2^=eZ+HNVB* K [=Rdç2Õ2 M H Í
<
2 2
=eZ>HNVB2yQ:2P2P[2
K
Hf*-IYH32P0NI
O
K
V
O
M
V
[2
*-I:Z=J03A
IB,J2*-ICHNVB2
O
*
K
O
?? G2P0 Ñ ää
O
K
K
032RQ:.
H3*-=JI
Ò/Ó ù Ô
2RQ
M
K
H3* +
? Q:* HN03* .BH3*@=/IC=RZ
.BAU.B? H3*@=/I @* H
O
K
b
OJMPM
O
Í K
O
b
O
Z
R
Ó;Ö Ô
HN=/0f=RZLÑ38<~}8
O/M
=/.1HfH3VB2 [=Rdç032P,J*-AC2
Oeb
*
?-=
K
OJK3K
=
O
ZÒ/Ó ù
ZHN2P0
G2
O
0
6
K
* H32RQ5df*@H3VUH3VB2
,/2
M O
O
HF6
K
tâ*@EG2PIH3VB2 K 2>?-*@AC*-H O H3*@=/I K Í XZ ë Ac2PH3VB=YQ K d<2F032>. K 2ÚQ O H ë *-1?-2 +â=/Ac2oH3=^Q:2FH32 M H'E O 03* O H3*@=/I
*-Iy* 2 =ed =eZ[[2P0N*-=YQ58F\o×
=eEG2F0ñH3V12<
HúÚÿ 8P\âp
Ñ3ê°Ò/Ó ù Ô 6>`<VB2>0N2 =J?-E
?@2[=RdÝE 03* H3*@=/I
M
O
OJK
O
K
Oeb
O O
0N2f?-*-Ac*-H32ÚQ{HN=DH3VB=
O
8P\uAC2PH32F0
K
Ñ
ORb
K
2fdfVB* V
. 2<*@I:HN2P03I ?Y? G2P0 V [2 HN=
2^Q:2ÆZ=/0NAC2RQDAC=J032>H3V I
M
MPO K
O
O
K O
K
b
O
oØ
;W v
=/.BHc8 G8F\S=RZfH3V12Uó ÎV
*@,/I
?ýd
O
O
EG2P?-2PI1,/H3Va*-IÉ* 2 Ô 6yno03*@=/0H3=
M
O
I Q
?@=/IB,Rÿ³?@*-EG2RQ
M
V
O
IB,J2
K
*-Ic* 2
M
Z
Oeb
=ed
O
K
=/.1H
=J.BHU8P\Sp
I[QÉIB=
. V
V IB,/2
dL2P032WQ:2PHN2 H32ÚQS*-I ë *-B?@2K+â=JAC2_Q H 6s`<VB2F032ÆZ=J032 HNVB2r[=RdvVB* H3=J0
O
K M
M O
K
M
O O
Í
K
=eZ ë *-B?@2\+â=/Ac2D*-I:Z2F03032ÚQcZ0N=/AÙX ë AC2
.B032FAC2PIYH * ?-*-Ac*-H32ÚQ HN=_H3VB2
Hy8P\o¾[G2 0 6
O/K
K K
OJK
O K
Ñ ä
Ò/Ó ù Ô Í =JIB?UEG2P0_? O 0N,/2
K
Oeb
K
O
032[=/HN2PI:HN* -? ? UQY2PH32 H
?-2
O
M Oeb
8R4R
ym¡ÅÚ
'Ð"¬ Ç >Ä ¤ ªÁ © ¤$«âÈm¬ Ç"!*¤$#çÇ
À ÅËÇ
Û <GB<}Ü Ý]µ$8fÞ { ¶:p2 | :ßu2o¶:fà ä
`<V12
E
=JI:HN*-IY.B*-H u=eZTH3VB2_*@I:HN2P03I
M
=REG2P0Ìÿ³0N.BI
QY2P2P[2
HTQ:2PHN2
K
*@I:HN2P03I
_Z
b
H32ÚQ
*@I:HN2P03I
*@ICH3VB2^
K
.B,J,/2
K
¾RG2 O 0 KÆÍ
t
K
/+â=/AC2_V
O/K
BB0N=eY*-A
H32
ë *-B?@2
H H3V H
K K
O
H8P\
OJK
H3VB2
O
O
I1=/H
O
b
2P2PI
,/2=eZ+HNVB2
?ñ? G2F0P6+)B.B03HNVB2P0 H3VB2tB032 2PI 2^=eZH3V12DIB2 0rÿ Q:*-EY*xQ:2
.BACU*-ICHNVB2
O
Í
K
M
O
b
O
E
2PIYH>* ^
2 H3VB* pYIB2
I[Q
M
M
KNK>O
+
*@B?-2[+â=/Ac2
H
*-?-*@H s=eZûH3VB2 ë *@B?-2 â=JAC2^Q:*@E:* Q:2f[=eÿ
K e
O b
?B? G2F0h H3HN2P03IC*
.1,/,/2 H3*@EG2â=RZ'?@=/IB,Rÿ³HN2P03A
O
O
KoK
K
O
*-HN*-=/Iû6 ^*-EG2PIUH3V12DB032
K
?o? G2F0â H3HN2P03I
O
O
O
Hrÿ [=Rdf*-IB,_* 2 H30N2 A
M K
O
O/K
M
2á
ú/\J\/\
O/MFM
.BAU.B? 3H *-=JI_0 H32
H ë
O
O
O
ÍGOsb
.BAc
B
Hy?-2
Hyú/\J\/\UG2 0 H3=gQ:2PEG2P?@=/ÉHN=Î*-H
O
OJK
O K
K
1032 2PI:H ACB?@*-H3. Q:2sÑ>»
K
O
µ32D$:_8FBé]Â,8F)8¶>6 | 8):R2;9<Í 8@=;=MC b Ô 6Rsâ=Rd<2FEG2P0 Í d<2 MPO IBIB=JHâ2P?@*-AC*@I O HN2
HNVB2[=
* *@?-*@H__=RZ>H3V1*-IBIB*@IB,s=RZ ë *@B?-2\^
+ =/AC2D*@ICH3V12õ O/K HfdfV1* M VSA O _V O EG2 b 2F2PIu032P? O H32ÚQ5H3=
K3K b
HNVB*-I1IB*-IB,_=RZ>æ ¼ ë
I[Q$P
Ø =/0tH3VB2*-I1*-H3* O HN*-=/Iu=RZ>* M 2 K H30N2 O A OJM H3*@E:*@H_76X O B*xQCH3V1*-IBIB*@IB,Ud<=/.1?xQ
O
QY2 032
2fHNVB2 Ac=/.BIYHo=eZûH3*@AC2>032RãG.B*-0N2RQsH3=DZ=J03A
Q:*@E:* Q:2
.BAC
_Q:*ñ
Õ 2F032PIYH3* O ?1Q:=RdfI:d O 0Q
M
O/K
O
O
b
b
Z=J03AC2ÚQ
ÉIB=JI:ÿw?-*-I12
b
O
0* C
2 Q YI AC*
d<=/.1?xQÉH pG2
M
O
MPK
O
Ac=/H3*@=/IC=RZ>H3V12õ* G
2 6
M
`<VB2U
H3H32F03IÝ=RZf*-IYH32F03I
O
?o? G2P0 *
=JI * H32FI:Hdf*-HNV
O
K KM
K K
O
¾
I
O
.BAU.B? 3H *-=JIÎ H3HN2P03IödfVB* V
O
O
M
O/MFM
/Xf2P? O H3*-EG2_HN=uH3VB2cQ:*-EY*xQY2 Í H3V125 O H3HN2P03IöB032ÚQ:* M H K
.1ÉH3=uJ\¸½ ?@2
.BAU.B? H3*-=JIuH3=CHNVB2 =/.BHNV
I[QÎlG\5½ AC=J032
.BA5.1? HN*-=JISHN=CH3V12sIB=J03H3V
K3K^O/MFM
O
K
O
O/MPM
O
Ñ>»
µ32D$:_8FâiRéÂ,8F)8¶>6 | 8):h2;9<Í 8@=M=|4 Ô 6`<VB2aQ O H OÝO ? K = O ?@?-=Rd HNVB2u[= K3K * b *@?-*@H_öZ=/0 OöK ?-*@,/VYH
QY2 032
2L*-I_HNVB2 =J.BH3V:ÿwIB=J03H3VU,/0 Q:*@2PIYHo=/I_HNVB2fIB=/0NH3VK I1ps=REG2P0+H3VB2f
H 2PEG2P0 ?YH3VB=J.
I[Q
M
O/K
K
O
O
OJK K
O
K3O
G2 0 6 ë 2PI *@H3*@E:*@H_öH32 H
V1=ed H3V HC? 03,/2u=J0C?-=JIB,eÿwH32P0NA
V IB,J2
*-IèHNVB2
.BAU.B? H3*@=/I
O K
K
K KUK
O
O
M O
K
OJMPM
O
V
I1=/H
O/K
I1=/H
K
I[Q
HNVB2
OJMPM
V
V
O
IB,J2RQk*-IÉHNVB2U
H3HN2P03I}dL=/.B? Q
O
O
M
O
2FI
HNV
b
O
K
*@H3*-EG2^H3=
H_HNVB2
=/.1I[Q
O
K
0N*-2
2ÎQY2PH32
b
K
K
2PI
A
K
O
0
O
VB=/0NHrÿwH32P0NA
E
K
*-HN*-EY*-H
Q:2
=/Iu2P*@H3VB2F0
¼
G2
K
K
0N2
M
O/K
2
K
HNH32P0NI
O
V
M
6
K
?-2C*@IÝH3VB2c
Oeb
?-?[=/0
.BAU.B? 3H *@=/I H3H32F03I'6
O
O
Õ
H
M
HC8P\
O/K
O
df*-HNV
\+
IB,J2
O
K
=RZD*@I:HN2P03I
*@ICH3V12
K
?<? G2P0
.BH_? G2P0 V 2
032
O
K Íhb
O
K O
K5O
O
O
H3* ?
.BAU.B? H3*-=JICQY* HN03* .BH3*@=/I
O O/MFM
O
K
b
Í
ë YI
,/2u=eZ H3VB2u2PEG2PIYHP6
* Q:2=eZ ë *-1?-2 â=JAC2^d<=/.1?xQC=/IB? CAC*@IB*-A
:I
M
VB0N=/IB=J.
EG2U? 30 ,J2P0_2 2 H
. *-IB,É*@I:Z2P030N2RQ
O
M KÆÍoMFO K
K
H3VB*@IBIB*@IB,D=eZûH3VB2
O/MPM
b
=J.BI[Q
O
03*-2
M
V103=/I1=/.
K
HNVB*-IBI1*-IB,É=RZ
O Õ2 M HfHNVB2*-I:Z2F03032ÚQ
=RZ ë *@B?-2uâ
+ =/Ac2fd<=/.1?xQ
?@?
O
K
.1A5.B? NH *-=/Iö0 H32
=/I}H3V12CH3VB*@IBIB*@IB,
O
O
K
K
*xQ:2C=RZDHNVB2
8e4J4
Q:=/Ac2DH3=
b
2
O
03HN*
* ?@? U?-=Rd6
zM O
Û <GB<Á ]Ý µ$8Zã | :_8FJ8A { 2;:E8fßu2o¶:àEÜ5ä5ä5äå%æBä5ä5äh2á
¼ I O ? K * K =RZ>H3V12 K V O [2y=eZ>HNVB2yQ:*-EY*xQ:2 b .BACC1032 K 2PI:Hf*@IuH3VB2*-IYH32F03I O ?'? O G2P0< O H3HN2P03I K VB=Rd K
H3V HH3VB2UQ:*@E:* Q:2_V
2P2FIÉAC*-,J0 HN*-IB,cH3=Rd 0Qw 2 ë HN032 Aç+
Hy\:6ü\/úCH3=a\:6üú/\CA
Z=/0
O
OJK b
O
O
M
O
O
O ÷Bø
H3VB2u
HsZ2Pd]H3V1=/.
I[QÃG2 0 6Ýn+=
* ?@2
. 2
=eZ Q:*@E:* Q:25Ac*-,/0 HN*-=/I *-I ?@.[Q:2
H32 QB
OJK
KNO
O K
K3K b
MPO K K
O
M
OÉK
O
*-I 032
2<*@IsHNVB2 =/.BHNV:ÿ³I1=/03HNV
.BAU.B? H3*@=/ID,J0 Q:*-2PIYH+=eZ\ Û 8P\~_\ Û ú
è 8P\ ÷5é O ÷Bø Í =J0 O 0N2P? O H3*@EG2
M
OJK
K
OJMPM
O
O
H3VB* pG2FIB*-IB,_=RZLH3VB2yIB=/0NH3V
* Q:2_=eZ ë *-B?@2Kâ
+ =JAC2 O H O 0 O H32y=eZT\ Û \/\Jús~è\ Û \RlG\CA O ÷Bø Z=/0^H3VB2
M
K
HCZ2Pd H3VB=J.
I[Q°G2 0
Ñ@»
O/K
K3O
O K
µ32D$:E8F"/æ éÂ,8F)8¶>6 | 80:j2;9< Í 8@=;=MC O Ô 6]`<VB2 K O H3* O ?D O H3HN2P03I
=eZ
.1A5.B? NH *-=/Ia*-I:Z2F03032ÚQ
Z03=JAÞH3VB2_? 0N,/2Æÿ
?-2U? G2P0 V [2
VB=Rd
I1=S2FE:* Q:2PI 2Z=/0
I
O
O
K3MPO
O
K O
KsK
K
M
O
O/MPM
jG2 O 0 K 6D`<VB2_=JIB?u2PEY*xQ:2FI M 2DZ=/0
V IB,J2D* *-I_HNVB2^=/B[= *-HN2 2PI 2âHN=õHNV HL032RãG.B*@032RQsHN=sAC=REG2<HNVB2tQ:*-EY*xQ:2fHN=Rd 0 Q 2 ë H3032 A
M O
K
K
K
K
O
O
M
O
+ÞÑþ*³6m2G6 Í+OÃAB84@F)82o¶8 *@IÝ,/0 O Q:*@2PIYH Ô 6â Hy* K H3VB2P0N2ÆZ=/0N2C.BIB?@*-pG2P?ÎHNV O H M V O I1,/2 K *-IÝHNVB2 K O H3* O ?
*-I
032
M
O/MPM
OJK
2s*@IÎHNVB2
O/MPM
.BA5.1? NH *-=JIC HNH32P0NIuV EG2
. 2RQCH3VB2=
2P0NEG2RQuQ:*-EY*xQ:2tAC*-,J0 HN*-=JI'6
O
O
O
MFO K
b K
O
`<VB* G
p 2PIB*@IB,Î=RZ
M
,/0
O
.BA5.1? NH *-=JIS,J0 Q:*-2PIYH^*-IÎHNVB2_
HúJ\/\/\
O
O
OJK
H3*@=/I
Í
;Ø
*Z
' M 2
ë *-1?-2
ë H3032
O
A
K
*-I
M
2c*-H
H ,/I H3*-=JIè=
.B030N2RQÝAC=/0N25HNV I
K O
O
MPM
O
=eZTQ:=JAC2 P* 2 H3032 A
M K
O
2PEG=/[email protected]*@=/I
K
.1,/,/2
K
HDHNV
O
H ,/I H3*-=JI
K_K O
O
H
Oeb
M
=/.1?xQ
? =
O K
MPO
.
K
2aQ:*-EY*xQ:2cAC* ÿ
aG2 O 0 KyO ,/=16Ãsâ=Rd<2PEG2F0 Í
=J.BHCóJ\/\J\
H ,/I H3*@=/IÉ=RZ<HNVB2032P?@* Hf* 2 HN032 A
K O
O
M
M
K
O
K
AC=YQ:2P?
dfVB* V
M
+
M 2 ë HN032 O A O I[Q/+â. M p]P K )B=G=/H Ô = MFM .B030N2RQ_?-2 KNK H3V O ICúJ\/\\G2 O 0 KoO ,J=
Ñ@»
µ32D$:E8Fjê Ô 6 ¼ IB O >Q ë3. K HNAC2PIYHâ=RZ<HNVB2 K V O [25=RZ ë *-B?@2K+â=JAC2 OJK3K = M * O H32RQÉdf*-HNVÉH3VB* KDK H O ,eÿ
I HN*-=JIÎ* 3ë . H^IB=Rd
2P,J*-IBIB*@IB,UH3=
Õ2 M HâHNVB2yQ:*-EY*xQ:2t= K *@H3*-=JI'6 ë *@I M 2H3VB2yQ:*@E:* Q:2DV OJK ?@*-pG2P?
O
K
K
b
O
2P2PIÝAC*@,/0 H3*@IB,CZ=/0yH3VB2C
HsZ2FdíH3VB=J.
I[QcG2 0
dL2
IÝ03.B?@25=J.BH_032 2PIYH H ,/I H3*-=JI
b
O
O/K
K3O
O KÆÍ
MPO
M
K O
O
=eZ^HNVB2 2_0N2P?-* HD* 2 HN032 A
H3VB2
. 2C=eZTH3VB2UAC*-,J0 H3*-=JI'6 ¼ 032PA
*-I1*-IB,U[=
* *@?-*@H_a*
K
M
M
K
O
KDO/K
MFO K
O
O
K3K b
K
H3VB2
HN*-EY*-HEU=eZ>HNVB2032P?@* Hf* 2 HN032 A
B0N*-=/0^H3=
H ,JI HN*-=/Iû6â`<V1*-IBIB*@IB,U=eZ>HNVB2K 2 ë H3032 A
O/M
M
M K
O
K
K O
O
M
O
- ÿ K *xQ:2y=eZ ë *-1?-2Q:=JAC2 Í =/0fH3V1* M pG2PIB*-I1,õ=RZ>H3V12r M 2 ë H30N2 O A5ÿì+ K *xQ:2d<=J.B?xQCHN2PI[QCH3=_AC=REG2^H3VB2
Q:*-EY*xQY2_H3=Rd 0Qc 2 ë HN032 Aís
+ 6³ Hõ* K = K3K * b ?@2CH3V O HsdfVB*@?-2/ M 2 ë HN032 O A - O I[QöH3VB2Nâ+ . M p]P K
O
M
O
)B=G=/H^d<2P0N2
HN*-EG2P? HN032 AC*-IB, H3VB2* 2 H3032 A
?-=Rdf?UH3VB*@IBIB2RQ
I[Q
. 2RQCH3VB2 =/.BHNVB2P03I
O/M
K
O
Í
M K
O
K
O
MPO K
K
K
O
I1p
ë *-B?@2 â=/Ac2DÑ ë *-B?@2
C
8R4
=J.BI[Q
b
O
+
0 U=eZ ë *@B?-2 â=JAC2fH3=y,/0
Q:.
O
?-? UQ:2
O
M
0N2
O/K
2f*-IU2P?-2PE
H3*-=JI5.1I:HN*-?B*@H
O
K
032
2PI:H
M
H ,/I H3*@=/I'6
K O
O
Û <GB<G ßuF8¶8 | :R2 | A ± 8 48 | :
ßR2o¶:\à ê 8F\/\J\ 2á
WÎ2 O/K .1032PAC2FI:H K =eZVB=J03*Pv =/IYH O ? K H30 O *-Iy0 O HN2 O I[Qs2 K HN*-A O H32 K =RZ[H3V12 O/MFM .BAU.B? O H3*-=JID0 O H32 K .B,/,J2 K H
HNV H'HNVB2 .BAcAC*-H[=eZ ë *@B?-2^
+ =/AC2o* K IB2 O 0 K H32 O QB K H O HN2ý=J0 K ?-*@,/VYH3?^H3V1*-IBIB*@IB, O H'*@H K'K .BACAC*@H O H
O
K
=JIB2s=J0DHÌd<=
2PIYH3*@AC2PH32 0 [2P0ZG2 0yÑ@»
M
K
O
µ32D$:E8FrG Ô 6Zttn ë Ac2 O/K .B032PAc2PI:H K =eZ K .B0ÌZ O/M 2yEG2P?-= M *-HE
ë *@B?-2ââ
03=
+ =/AC2 K .B,J,/2 K HÎHNV O HC*@HC* K H3VB* M pG2PI1*-IB, K *-,/I1* zMPO I:HN? O ?@=/IB,}*@H KCK =/.BHNVî O IBp
OJM
K3K
0N2P? H3*@EG2fH3=sHNVB2tQ:*-EY*xQ:2 df*-HNV5HNVB2DAC= H>B03=JIB=/.1I 2RQ5HNVB* pG2PIB*@IB,D=
.B030N*-IB,lG\@Y
ï J\ pYAXZ03=JA
O
Í
K
M
M
MPM
HNVB2 .BACAC*@H[dfVB2P032>HNVB2[
.1sQY*-EG2P0N,/2PI M 2o* K IB2P, O H3*@EG2^Ñ@» µ32D$:E8FG Ô 6o`<VB2 K O H3* O ?: O H3HN2P03I O I[Q
K
A
,/I1*-H3. Q:2_=eZTH3VB2_HNVB* pG2PIB*@IB,5*
=/I * H32PIYHDdf*-HNVkHNVB2_V%:[=/HNVB2 * H3V HH3VB2Nâ
+ . M p]P K )B=G=/H
O
M
KM
K K
K K
O
032
*
Z=/03Ac2P0h0N2P,/*@=/IU=eZZ H
[
=Rd dfVB* M V M 2 O/K 2ÚQ ORb =J.BHLi/\J\ªYï úJ\/\KG2 O 0 KoO ,J=CÑ>» µ32D$:_8Ffê Ô 6
O
O KoO
O/K
¼ MPM =/0 Q:*-I1,âHN= O Q:=JAC2;Ø K H30N2 O A 2FEG=/?-.1H3*-=JIsAC=YQY2P? Í H3VB2LB032 K 2PIYHh2F?-2PE O HN*-=JIs=eZHNVB2 KNMPO 0hZ2 O H3.1032
=JIuH3VB2DI1=/03HNVj IBpc=eZ ë *-B?@2f^
+ =/AC2 K .B,/,J2 K H K H3V O HfH3VB* KfO 0N2 O_O ? K = K H O ,JI O HN2RQC?-2 KNK H3V O IÉúJ\/\
O
G2 0
,/=B6u`<V1*
I[Q:*@IB,Î*
=/I * H32PIYHDdf*-HNV
I ? * =eZfHNVB2U*-IYH32P0NI ? H30 H3*@,/0 BV%k=REG2P0
O KO
Kâz
KM
K K
O O
K K
O K O
O
HNVB2032P?@* HLA
0N,/*@IÉÑ@?
M
O
25AB87¶ Í 8@=;=MC Ô 6
Û <GB< » 65JZD$9 { J8 | :p25F²H$:pðBA { 8¶
WÎ2 O/K .1032PAC2FI:H K Z03=/A HNVB2UQ:2P2Pa* M 2 M =J032_df*@?-?'VB2P?@ÎHN2 K HDHNVB2 K 2sV%:[=/HNVB2 K 2 KDOeb =J.BHH3VB2\[=Rd
V1* HN=/0_=eZ ë *-B?@2f+â=JAC2G6WÎ2
.B0N2PAC2PIYH =eZ+HN=/H ?[,
=/IYH32FI:H>*-IUH3V12â* 2 VB=J.B?xQUQ:2PHN2P03Ac*-IB2
K
OJK
K
O
O/KLM
M K
dfV12PH3VB2F0 ë *@B?-2hâ
+ =/Ac2sV OJK H3VB* M pG2FIB2RQC=/0DHNVB*-I1IB2RQS0 O B* Q:?u*@IÉH3VB2y O/K HP6,WÎ2 O/K .B032PAc2PI:H K =RZ
IBIY.
O
O
=/.B? Q
M
?>? G2P0^H3V1* p:IB2 2 df*-?@?hB0N=RE:* Q:2
O
M
K3K K
b
2_.
K
2RQÎ*@I
%
M
? NH *-=/Iu0 H32yB03=R
O
O
df*@?-?
I[Q
M
H3*@=/IÉdf*@H3VÉAC2
OJK
.B0
O
H32UQ
K
K
*@I[Q:2P2RQC*@I
H32
O
.B0N2PAC2PIYH
K
Z=/0HNVB2
K
=RZ
b
H30
K
H3*@,/0
2F0 Y?-?-*@.BA
O
O
BVB*
* /
= HN=/[2
K
K
? G2P0
I[Q
O
K^O
Ñ
M
O
I
OJMPM
.BAU.:ÿ
Ô HN=CQY2PH32P0NAC*-I12âHNVB2 K 3H 0 O *@IÎVB* K H3=J0 u=eZËH3VB2yQ:=JAC2G6>`<VB2 K 2sAC2 O/K .1032PAC2FIGH K
2PHNH32P0^Q:2FH32P0NAC*-IB2^H3V12sVB* 3H =J0 C=RZ
.1A5.B? HN*-=/I
K
O/MPM
O
b
Ac*-H>*
O
ë
=/I 3.1I
O/MPM
K
H32
O
B
Q
=/.1H3Vö=eZfHNVB2cQ:*-EY*xQ:2
W
H HN2G6 Î2
.B032PAc2PI:H Z03=/A
K O
O K
/
K
MPO
I
b
2_.
K
2ÚQßHN=SHN2
K
HtH3VB2
I[QudfVB2PH3V12P0fH3VB2
O
8P\/\Pÿ³A
O/MPM
M
=/0N2
K
H
O
pG2PI
,+
ë *-1?-2 â=/Ac2
O
H^iJ\
pYA
K
.BAUÿ
IB=J03H3V
.BA5.1? NH *-=JIÎ H3H32F03IÉ*-IYZ2P030N2RQSZ03=JA
O
O
ª=
8e4
XZ
ë
? G2P0 *-IÉHNVB*
I ?
O
K
KO O
@» µ32D$:E8FjiRéÂ,8F8¶>6 | 8):f2;9<Í >8 =;=G4 Ô 6NWÎ2 O/K .B032FAC2PIYH K
* Ñ
K K
Q:2PBHNV}Q:* 3H 0N* .1H3*-=JIÝ=eZ^EG2F03H3*
? 3H 0 *@IÝIB2 0sH3V12
K
b
MPO K O
O
Q:2
03*@BH3*@=/Is.
KNM
*-IYH32P0NI
Ac=YQ:2P?
K'O
.BAcAC*-H^df*-?@?
b
2PHNH32P0
I[QUQ:2PH32F03AC*@IB2odfVB2PHNVB2P0+H3VB2^QY*-EY*xQ:2
; Õ
?'? G2P0 *
IB=JI:ÿ³?@*-IB2 0^03VB2P=J?-=J, C2 2 Hf=/0 I
O
K KfO
O
M
O
O
y¡}ñ
r
2RQs*@I [=Rd
K
K
O/MPM
b
M
=/I
K
H30
.BAcõZ2
=eZTH3VB2
/[=Rd
*@IÝH3VB2
O
O
H3.B0N2<*-IyH3VB2
Õ
.BA5.1? NH *-=JIuQ:* H30N* .BHN*-=JIC2 2 HF6
O
K
b
M
Á òÂ Ç Ä ÍGÄ)¬Eó ¬³Ä © ¤$«RÊ;ÍGÇÉÈ>Ä Á Ç Â # ÇU I
 § ¦Ô!
Ê# ¬ÀÍ Â )Ä ¬À¤ §Ç «¤ ë 2PEG2P0
O
??-*-I12
*
=eZ2PE:* Q:2PI
K
M
2
K
%
.BB[=J03H^H3VB2DV Y=JH3VB2
'&K3MFO 0)(õZ2 O H3.1032 K
* HNV HfHNVB2DHN=/[=/,J0 1VB*
K K
O
O
M
e+â=/AC2 O 032 O/K3K = M * O H32RQ}df*-HNV A O 03,J*-I K =eZ^Z=/0NAC2P03? K H3032 O AC*@IB,Î0N2P,/*@=/I K
Q@ë
2PIYH>H3=, 2 ë HN032 A
I[Q/+s6G`<VB2 2^*-I ?@.[Q:2tÑ38 Ô Q:* 0N.BBH3*@=/IU=eZûH3VB2f*@I:HN2P03I ?:? G2P03*@IB,
O
OJM
M
O
K- O
K
M
K
O
O
H^H3VB2
O
& K3MPO 0)( Z2 O H3.B0N2 K Ñ 13254)6578)9
8):u2;9<Í 8@=M=/ Ô Í Ñwó Ô 2PEY*xQ:2FI M 2D=RZ>?-* ã|.B* Q5d O H32P0 M .B030N2PI:HN? O H
H3VB2
2RQ
2PIB2 H3VÎHNVB2s0N2P?-* Hf* 2 H30N2 A
Ñ>?
b
b
O
M
M K
O
K
25AB8G¶ Í 8@=M=;C Ô Í'O I QÝѳi Ô H3VB2?-=Rd K .B0rZ OJM 2 K ?@=/[2 K
=eZtH3VB2c032P?@* HD* 2 H30N2 A
Ñ@»
M
M
K
O
K
µ32D$:E8Fj/G é
HQ4)25JK7)6o¶b8):,2;9< Í 8@=;=MC Ô 6ô^t *@EG2PIÝH3V1* K 2FE:* Q:2PI M 2 Í *@H
* 032
=/I
?@2SHN=
.1AC2CH3V12jâ
+ . M pQP K ) =G=JH O I[Q ë *-B?@2j M 2 ë HN032 O A O 032C*@I[Q:2P2RQö032P?@* M HD* M 2
K
OJK
Oeb
OJK3K
dfVB* V
M
K
HN032
O
A
O
O
O/K
ë *@B?-2
IBp
0N2
O/K
2ÚQk=/I
6
O
;Ø K H3032 O AÞ2PEG=J?-.BHN*-=/IöAC=YQ:2F? Í
Q:=/Ac2
H3VB2UAC=YQ:2F03Iö2P?-2PE
O
H3*-=JIk=RZ^H3=J=J,/0
O
BVB*
M
&KNMPO 00(cZ2 O H3.1032 K Í[O I[QÎHNVB2s O H3HN2P03Ia=eZLAC=YQ:2P0NIu*-I:Z2P0N032RQCHNVB* M pG2PIB*@IB,_=/IaH3VB2 K =/.1H3VU O IBpÎ=RZ
ë *-1?-2 â
+ =/Ac2 Í/K H O ,/I O H3*-=JI5=RZ[H3V12R+â. M pQP K ) =G=JH O I QõH3V12 ë *@B?-2u M 2 ë H3032 O AvB03= b[Oeb ?= MPM .B0N032RQ
df*-HNVB*-I H3VB2u
HuúJ\/\*G2 0 6ç`<VB* 032 2PIYH H ,JI HN*-=/I
,J2SZ=J05HNVB2 ë *@B?-2b 2 ë HN032 A
*
OJK
O K
K
M
K O
O
O
M
O
K
=/I * H32PIYHsdf*@H3Vö=/HNVB2P0s*@I[Q:2P[2PI Q:2PIYHõ2 H3*@A
HN2
2RQö=/I
I ? * =RZ^H3VB2c*-IYH32P0NI ?>? G2P0
M
K K
K
O
Kâb[OJK
O O
K K
O
O
HNH32P0NI
I[QSAC2
.1032PAC2FI:H =eZ>HNVB2yQ:2PBHNVuH3=
.B03*@2RQ
032FE
2
Ñ
O
O
O/K
K
b
M
OJK3K K Âr<Qk65FAonQD$8F¶<4)65JKJ¥:p6
qr< ? 25AB8¶ é ? 25AB87¶ Í 8@=;=MC Ô 6 ¼ I O ? K * K B0N2 K 2FI:HN2RQs*-I - V O BHN2P0â4 K .B,J,/2 K H K H3V O H K H O ,JI O HN*-=/Iu=RZ
H3VB2,â
+ . M pQP K )B=G=/H^* KLO ? K =_032 M 2PI:H O I[QCA O b 2IB2 O 03? K :I M VB0N=/IB=J. K df*-HNV K H O ,/I O H3*@=/IÎ=RZ+H3VB2
ë *-1?-2, 2 ë HN032 AÉ6
M
O
`<VB2s,J2PIB2P0 ? H
*-?@*-HE5=RZoHNVB2 ë *-1?-2\â
+ =JAC2Q:*@E:* Q:2D[= K *-HN*-=/I O I[QCHNVB2IB2 O 0 K HN2 O Q%|ÿ K H O H32
O K ORb
*@H3. H3*-=JI =RZ_HNVB2
.BACAC*@H
0N2
.B,J,/2 H
HNV H
IBç* 2
H3032 A
H3*-EY*-HE}H3V Hu=
.B0N032RQ
K
O
K
O
O}K
K K
O
O
M
K
O
O/M
O
MPM
B03*@=/0H3=cH3VB*
H ,/I H3*-=JIèÑ ä úJ\/\jG2 0
,/= Ô A5. H^V EG2
2P2PI
. VÉHNV HHNVB2 .BAcAC*-Hf=RZ
KõK O
O
O KDO
K
O
b
K M
O
K
>C
8 /\
f+
ë *-B?@2 â=JAC2^d
=J.BI[Q
b
=/I
M
H30
K
03*-2
O
?-?@=ed
ÍGO
HNVB2* 2 H3032 A
M K
O
HNV
032P? 3H *@EG2P?
O
HhHNVB2
O
H3?
K
+^=/AC2G6
O/K
H
H30N2
K
A
O
QY*-032
0
?@2
Oeb
Ñ*-I
K
V
M
O
IB,J2
K
YI
M
0
O
V103=/I1=/.
2âZ=/0^AC*@,/0
?BH3V1=/.
H3*@=/Iu=REG2P0fH3V
Í
M2
O
*@IB2RQ
O
K+â. M Qp P K
*-HN*-=/I
K
:2ÚQs=/0
E
*@H
V
H3*@=/I
O
2P?@2PE
:I
K
B*xQC=/IYÿ
KNO
M
032
2
O/K
=/0TQ:2
K
jG2 O 0 K
*@I[Q:*
\ M 2
ë H30N2
0N2fIB=/H
O
HâHN*-AC2
O
oÕ
K
I Q
ÍBO
df*-H
M
K
H32
MFO
*-I
0N2
O/K
2
*-Ic2P?-2PE
K
t
*@,/IB*
V
M
*@2PIYH3? cãG.B* :
p ?
M
O Õ2 M HN2RQ
=/.1I[Q
b
K
VB*-I1,â=RZ
*-IYEG=/?@E:*@IB,<,J0
K
HfH3VB2
O
M
O
0N*-2
K
Ñwó Ô
Í
*@IsH3V12P*-0+2P?-2FE
K
A
O
M
df*@H
K
I:HN?
zMPO
IB,J2
O
HN032
K
Ô K .
=J.BH3V
K
? G6 ^*@EG2PI_H3VB*
K
Õ
%õ
A
O
K
H3*-=JI
O
\+
H3*-I1,õ=JBH3*@=/Igó:6 ë *@I
O
M
VB0N=/IB=J.
M
I[Q
O
H3*@=/I
O
QY.
O
O
?
=RZ ë *-B?@2
V M 2 ë HN032 O AÙ+ Z=J0âHNVB2
H3*@E:*@H_=RZ'H3V12
=/.1I[Q:*-I1,s* 2
K<OJM
b
M
ë *-1?-2 â=JAC2* 2 Q:*-EY*xQ:2HN=ed 0 Q
M
O
H3*@=/Iu=eZH3VB2
O
I[Q
I[Q|ÿw=
O
*@I
K
=/HNVSI1=/03HNV
b
?@.[Q:2tÑ38 Ô =/I:ÿ I[QGÿ³=
O
M
HN*-=/I
O
H
O
IB,J2RQ
O
ë *-B?@2
I Q
O
K
M
HN*-EY*-H *-I
O/M
)B=G=/H
I Q
O
HfH3V12D2P?-2FE
O
z
*-I_* 2 H30N2 A
M K
O
?@.[Q:*@IB,sHNVB2
M
H3V
K
Q
O
ïU2F?-*-Ac*-I
K
M
HN2
O
M
2PEG2P0
K
032RãG.B*@032
%[=Rd}=eZH3V12<* M 2 K H30N2 O A K df*-HNV_IB= OJK3K = M * O HN2RQ
03*@2 =eZ ë *@B?-2.â
+ =/AC2 Í =/0Lѳi Ô K HN2 O Q%Z[=RdÝ=eZ H3VB2>* M 2
O
K
K
oEY*xQ:2PI
u+
HN2
K
=/.BI[Q
b
.BHfAC=
b
+
HH3VB2 ë *@B?-2 â=/Ac2^Q:*-EY*xQ:2>[=
O
O
Õ2 M HN2RQñ6>`<VB* K
O
=RZ ë *@B?-2 ^=/AC2f2P*@H3VB2F0h0N2PA
K
*-IYH
O
.1I
O/K
KoK
?@*-,/VYH
2DHNVB2_QY*-032
M
2H3VB2P0N2*
M
O/K
K
:I
M
VB0N=/IB=J.
M
H3*@=/IC=RZLQ:*-EY*xQY2DAC=/HN*-=JISV
IB=C2PEY*xQ:2FI
VB*@IB,uÑþ=JBH3*@=/IÝ8 Ô 2P2PA
K
K
?-2
KNK
2âZ=J0
M
M
V
I1,/2
?-*@pG2P? _HNV
O
O
2F2PIu*-IÎ=JIB2
*-IaH3VB2yAC*-,J0
K
Ia,/0
O/Kfb
O
Q:.
O
O
HN*-=JI
?hHNVB*-IBI1*-IB,_=RZ
- O HDH3VB2 K =/.BHNV b =J.BI[Q O 0ö=eZ ë *-1?-2K+^=/AC2_0N2P? O H3*-EG2HN=SHNVB2 ë *@B?-2h M 2 ë HN032 O A
v
Ñ=/BHN*-=JIÉi Ô 6wZË=/BHN*-=/Igi5*
=J03032 H I[QÎ* 2 HN032 Aö =ed V
2P2FI
?@*-,JV:HN?
YI V103=/I1=/.
K^M
M O
M
K
O
O/Kâb
K
OJK
M
K
.BH
H32 QBÝZ=/0 2PEG2F0 ?fHNVB=/.
I QÔG2 0 B03*@=/0UH3=
H ,/I H3*@=/I=eZ ë *@B?-2b 2 ë HN032 A
I[Q
b
K
O
K
O
K3O
O K
K O
O
M
O
O
+^. M pQP K )B=G=/HcÑ O I[Qc M 2 ë H30N2 O A - Ô Í H3V12PIkHNVB2C0N2 M 2PIYH K H O ,JI O HN*-=/I}2PEG2FI:H KõO 032UIB=/Hy O 0NHs=RZ
HNVB2_I H3.B0 ?>E 03*
*@?-*@H_u=RZfH3V12_* 2 H3032 A
I[QÉA
u032P1032 2PI:H
A
ë3=/0^032P=J03, O IB*v O HN*-=/I
O
O
O Oeb
M
K
O
K^O
O
K
O
O
ë H30N2
O
A
=RZoHNVB2* 2 H3032 A
M
K
O
`<VB2c2PE:* Q:2PI
?@=/IB,Rÿ³HN2P03A
H30N2
K
O
A
1? NH 2 .
O
O K
K
M
V
O
IBIB2P?
K
K
H32PAÉ6
2sZ=/0s0N2
M
2PIYH032P=J03,
O
v O HN*-=/I
IB*
=eZ^H3V12C* 2
M
K
H30N2
O
A
M
=/I
z
,/.B0
O
HN*-=/IÝZ=J?-?-=Rdf*@IB,
cG2 O 0 KsO I[QÝH3VB2U2PEY*xQ:2PI M 2sZ=/0
H
*-?@*-HE=eZ ë *-B?@2+â=/AC2 .B1=J03H
ãG.
*ÿ H
?@2âV%Y=JH3VB2 * Z=J0ýHNVB2fæ ¼ ë * 2
K ORb
K
KfO
OJK K Oeb
K K
M
H32FAÉ6\³I:HN2P0â* 2 H30N2 A 03*xQY,/2
2
. 2UH3VB2@
=/AcAC=/IB?5=
.B0D=REG2P0
2RQY03= p
K
M
K
O
K Íñb MPO K
M
MFM
b
M
Ñ
H µ3257:p2 { 8'2 | Aa÷f8 | :ø98² Í 8@=MC|4 Ô Í A O b 2u032P? O HN*-EG2P? K H Oeb ?@2 O I QèQ:2 z IB2C,/2FIB2P0 O ?
Z=/0>* 2 HN032 A
6T 2 H3032 A
=edf*@IB, O 0N=/.BI[Q_H3V12 b 2RQ:0N= M pyB? O H32 O . K>MPO IcãG.B* M p:?
M K
O
K
M K
O
K
032P? NH *-EG2P?
O
O
M
K
H
?@2C[2P03*@=YQßZ=/0yH3VB2cB03*@=/0 2PEG2P0 ?>H3VB=J.
I[Q
K e
O b
K
O
K3O
@C
8 Y8
df*@H
K
M
Vè=/I
?@?-=Rd<2RQ
O
M
V
O
O
oÕ
I[Qè=
I1,/2
K
=/0
M
V
O
IB,/2aH3VB2F*-0
*@Iõ* 2 H3032 A
M K
O
M
=JI
z
=J.BI[Q
b
,J.B0
O
H3*-=JI
03*@2
O
O
=REG2P0
K
032>
O
K
0NH3* -? ?
O
VB=J03HCHN*-AC2Æÿ
M
=JI
K
HN0
O
?-2
K3MFO
*@IB2RQ
b
K
Ñ38F\ ð
DH3VB2>B0N2
6
O Ô
K
2FI
M
`<VB2
2o=RZ
M =JI:HN03=J?-?-2ÚQ b H3VB2F03A O ? O I QsBVB K * MPO ? M =/I[Q:*@H3*@=/I K
HD=J0DIB2 0DH3V12_* 2 HN032 A
2RQöÑþ2G6m,B6
8@=MC|4
8@=M=:8
| 2 | A52oºMF { ¶)µ | 2 |
O
O
M K
O
b
Ílq998²a8):2;9<Í
é
ù,25JK7/Í
é.q
2 | Aq998² Í 8@=;=G4 é1 254)657)¶>6 | 2 | A ± 25²MJK6 | ñA Í 8>=;=MC Ô 6
H3VB2L*-IYH32P0Ìÿ³* 2 H3032 AX0N*xQ:,J2
I[QB03=
?
M K
O
K+O
b[Oeb
úBúûK ü°ýþ ÿ*
¼ ?-?-2> Í X6fD6 Í )h?-=Rd<ÿw? O dÞVBY[=/HNVB2 K 2 K
G Û Ñ38Fó;= Ô Í óel7úªï|ó/ú/ Í 8@=;=Jó:6
¼ ?-?-2> Í X6lD6 Í
2FH
O
?w6
+ H3VB2 D=J.BIB,J2P0 â0
¼
Í
OJK
K1365ðBF | 2;9,6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
Z=/0É* Æ
2 ÿ VB2P2PHuAC=YQY2P?-*@IB,
M K
Í
ct^0N2P2PIB? O I[Q K IB=Rd OJMPM .BAU.B? O H3*@=/I
2FEG2PI:H
Í Â\2;:pðBF)8/Í GBio
Á Í ú/óG4ï|ú/ó;= Í 8@=M=/iY6
b
0N.BBH*-I
M
032
OJK
2_*-I
O
¼ ?-?-2> Í X6D6 Í 2FH O ?³6 Í ;t* K . O ? ÿ K HN0 O H3*-,J0 O BVB* M Q O H3*-I1,S=RZ^H3VB2jt[ ë n>óS* M 2 M =J032G9
Q:. * *-?@*-HE
I[Q
BB?-*
HN*-=JI
|
? 8 6D µ3²ª¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4)µ'Í\Ü5äÁ Ñ M b
ÍO
O
MPO
Íf1365ðBF 2;96
ó/ i;Y
C 8 Í 8@=M|= 4G6
Í
¼ ?-?-2> Í X 6 D6 Í1O I[Q
H3*
| | 2;9 ¶6
MPO:Í$q
- 6$X6 <2PIYH3?@2@ Í M 2 ÿ M =J032 O I O ?
? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
Ü5Ü'Í 8)ïB4 Í 8@=MC;CY6
-
ë *@B?-2
* =/IuH3VB2
K K
=
¼ ?-?-2> Í õX 6 D6 ÍO I[Qw6]WÝ6ñæçV1*-?-? O I K Í fX 2 K =JI K 2U=eZ O/K H ¼ IYH O 0 M HN* MPO
03* 2
|
? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶8 25F4µ'Í Û Í Rl5CG4ïYRl5=Ji Í 8@=MCelB6
K ÍQ1 65ð%F 2;9l6
¼ ?-?-2> Í X6]D6 Í[O I[Qb6]WÝ6BæçVB*@?-? O I K ÍmÁ%æ@ ѳúJ\/iRl Ô Í =Jú;=@ï%=/Ji Í 8@=M=:8J6
V
O
IB,/2
K
*-IaH3VB2yæk2
K
H
¼
I:H
O
0
M
O/K
HH3VB2U2PI[QÎ=RZ
*
0N2PB0N=eÿ
b[OJK Æ
K Í
ï
8Fó Ô óJ iJ|4
Í
Í
Hf=eZæç2
* 2 V12P2PHDHN=
M
K
H3*
M
M2
ë VB2F2PH
¼
H
K
K
I:H
2
0
O
M
ÿ
?@2PEG2P?
O
]HQ4 { 8 | 48JÍ
Í
¼
¼ ?-?-2> Í Xõ6 D6 Í +s6l+s6l<? O IBpG2FI K VB*@ Íl- 6lXõ6 <2PI:HN?-2@ Í[O I[Q ë 6'`D6lXf=G=/I12@ Í `<*-?@?
<2PI12 O HNVw M 2
ë H30N2 Aö i:6`<*-?@?+â2ÆZ=/0NA
HN*-=JI'9oEY*xQ:2FI 2
I[Q"³ACB?-* HN*-=JI
|
? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9
O
O
M O
MPO
KÆÍ$1365ðBF 2;9T6
± 8¶825F4'µ Í Á ÑpR= Ô Í C;J= ó:8)ï%C;=Jó;= Í 8>=;CG4G6
I
b
O
I[Q
Ud
*X6D6 ¼ ?@?-2@ Í ë H O ,JI O HN*-=/I =eZ M 2 ë H3032 O A ^- Í æö2 K H ¼
? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶852 F4µkT8)::_8F¶GÍlÁ ѳi Ô Í ó/JúªïYóJ;C Í 8@=M=|4G6
ë 6
pY03* B
V I I
I Q
K
O Í
Í'O
O
O
H32P0^B*@0
O/M
Í
IYH
O
0
M
HN*
MPO
@C
¼
8 Ji
I
X ¼ ?@?-2@
pY03* B
V I I ë 6 6 D6
K
O Í
Í
I[Q
O
[=
O
't^032P2FIB? O I[QsH3=
*-HN*-=/IU*-I
K
lJl/l
@=M=el16
?@*-A
M
V
K3M
O
2FI:HLBV
M
O
H32
8
Í
<2PIYH3?-2> Ím- 6 Xõ6 Í ¼ IYH O 0 M H3* M M 2
Á ÑpR= Ô Í C;CRlGi@ï%C;CJ;C Í 8@=MC|476
<*-I[Q
'f6 +s6Yæ O QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I Í ë 2FI K *@H3*-EY*-HE_=RZ+H3VB2D* M 2Æÿ Q:*-EY*xQY2
V IB,J2 ?
M O
Í
8 6D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4)µkT8)::_8F¶GÍ$Á Ü Ñw Ô Í lJlB8)ï
I[Q
Í7O
Q:?@2P0
O/K
Í
X6 Í ¼
2s=RZ
ë HN032
A
O
K
9
¼ X{2FE:*@2Pd Í 1365ðBF | 2;9T6 ? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4µ'Í
O BB?@*-2RQUH3=sHNVB2yã|.1*-2 K ÿ
.B0N,/2ÆÿwHE:[2y,/? *-2F0
|
? 9254 { ;6 96 ´ ²BÍÁ Û ÑÀ=M= Ô Í ó/i;=@ïYóJ/ú Í 8@=;CJó:6
O_K
OJM
Í]1365ð%F 2;9 6 IY.BA
b
2F03*
MFO
?BAC=YQY2P?[=eZH32PAC[2P0
O
HN2â,J?
O/M
*-2P0 [=Rd
<*-I[Q K3M V O Q:?@2P0 Í Xõ6 Í[O I[QÉn+6B;>=/03I b 2P03,J2P0 Íl- V O IB,/2 K *-IuH3VB2yæç2 K H ¼ I:H O 0 M H3* M M 2 ë VB2F2PH K *@I M 2
8>/
= /i_Z03=/A Q:2 M ? O/K3K * z 2ÚQ KNO HN2P?-?@*-H32^BVB=JH3=J,/0 O BV% ÍmHI4 { 8 | 48JÍ
Á$ê Ñwú/i/úY8 Ô Í MC;=ªï|;=Jó Í 8>=;=;CY6
<*-I[Q K3M V O Q:?@2P0 Í X6 ¼ 6 Í 2RQñ6 Í
"8¶:q | :p25F4: { 4Lã48ZH µ$8)80:.ã | { : { 2;: { 8HI4 { 8 | 48,2 | AKãJZD$98J8 |
:p2;: { 6 | ß 92 | Í æ ¼ ë æk=J03pY*-IB,jt^0N=/.B Í d O H3*-=JI O ? ë M *-2PI M 2)B=/.BI Q O HN*-=/I Í 8@=;=Jú:6
<=/?v O I Í 6f)<6 Í f6R+y6{æ O Q1Q:*-IB,JH3=JI Í X 6RD6 ¼ ?@?-2@ ÍfO I[Q+s6 ¼ 6RWÎ2P2 K 2 ZÍ - =/I K H30 O *@I:H K =/I
s =J?-= M 2FIB2D* M 2Æÿ³HNVB* M pYIB2 K3KM V O IB,/2 K *-I M 2PIYH30 O ?ltâ0N2P2PIB? O I[QsZ03=JA HNVB2rt[ ë n>ós* M 2 ÿ M =J032tQ O H O:Í
â
q | | 2;9 ¶/6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍlÁ Ü'Í i/i@ïYi;= Í 8>;= =Jú:6
<=
Q Í[O I[QbXõ6 - 6$+â* nË0N*-A OYÍI³ 98J8 | :À25F²Þ { 8F)8 | : { 2;9]³
>ðB2;: { 6 | ¶/2 | AN÷65ð | A525F²
;2 9 ð 8\ßuF65798J¶GÍ =/V1IÎæç*-?@2@ ë =JI KÆÍ dâ2Pd>=/0Np Í d Í lJH3Vu2RQ:I'6 Í 8@=MC/:6
M
2
Í
æv6 {6
<03=JA5df* M V Í s+ 6$ss6 Í
8 l5=ªï 8PMC 8@=MC;C:6
Í
ë I1=ed<Z -? ?'*@ICVB*-,JV
O
K
=/.1H3VB2P0NIÎ? 3H *@H3.[QY2
O
KÆÍ
± 8 @{ 8 ¹m¶,6 ? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 4)¶GÍ]Á i
Ñ38 Ô
Í
<03=JA5df* M V Í +s6 ss6 Í _6%+â. Í[O I QC`D6 X6Bn O 03* K V Í dâ.BAC2P0N* MPO ? K *-AU.B? O H3*@=/IU=eZ+df*-IYH32F0<p O H Oeb[O H3* M
df*@I[Q
Z0N=/A
æç2 H ¼ IYH 0 HN*
0N=
*-I1, ë *-1?-2
K
K
O M MPOÉM
KNK
- = O/K H O I[QèHNVB2"Xf= KNK M 2 ë VB2P?Z Í · 6 | <
"82;: µ$8F ± 8 < Í
ÜÁ5oÁ Í 8ÆlB8R4ï 8ÆlGiJú Í 8@=M=el16
>C
8 el
+s6%ss6%<0N=/AUdf* M V Í/O I[Q+6[*-. Í WÎ2 K = K3MFO ?-2 M M ?-=JIB2 O/M HN*-EY*-HE=eEG2F0 ¼ I:H O 0 M ÿ
H3*
Q:.B03*@IB,U8@=M=:8/6'8J6%W
03*@2fY0Q I Q
|
? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4µûÍ]Ü5äÁ ÑÀ+y8Pó Ô Í
MPO
O
O
Íl1 65ð%F 2;9$6
8Pi =/óJiªï 8Pi =/iG4 8@=M|
= 4G6
Í
Í
Í
-LO 030 O/K3M =
-
6Y)<6
Í
Í
- 36 Xõ63<2PIYH3?-2> Í oE:* Q:2PI
ÑlG Ô )<8@R
= l Í 8@=M=/ú:6
Í ³!H<Í ê;i
Í
? N0 pG2 `D6 ë 6
I Q
O
Í
ÍBO
A
0N,/*@I
O
- %. Õñ2>
W
#"
6 Ý6
Í
t
± 8¶825F4µ'Í 8>=;=|476
*-I
-
2PIYH30
M
.1H3?-2F0
Í
Õ
t[ ë
+
O/MPM
ds6 ¼ 6 Í-
+
I
O
H3.B0N2
O
ÍO/MPM
2PIYH3?
I[Q:=JIB2RQS* 2 H30N2 A
M K
O
Oeb[O
.1A5.B? NH *-=/I
O
O
I[QÉ* 2
M
VB2P2FHD2P?-2FE
K
V12
K
0
O
H3*@=/I
O
1365ð%F | 2;9T6 ? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9
X
6>)<6
O
:AC=JI[Q
{6+y6hæ
Í
QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I
O
Í
+s6 ¼ T6 WÎ2P2 K 2
Í>O
ÃX6
D6 ¼ ?-?@2@
I[Q
Í
H^=eZ>* 2 VB2F2PHfH3VB* pYIB2
V IB,J2õ=JIÉH3VB2
.BAU.B? H3*@=/ICVB* HN=/0 u*@I:Z2P030N2RQ5Z03=JA
M
K
M
KNKfM O
OJMPM
O
K
M
2PI
$q | | ;2 9 ¶h6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍlÁ Ü'Í óJªïYiJó Í @8 =M=/ú:6
2PI
K
Í
+s6 Í
ë 6
6
=JVBI
K
2PI
- l6
y6]s
Í
.BA5.1? NH *-=JI50 H32 Q:2P03*@EG2RQsZ03=/A
O
O
K
=
b[K
O
ACAC2P0
2P03EG2RQ
O
Í
IBIY.
ss6]D6 O
? . 2FI
I[Q
O K
Í+O
6
v
=/. F2P?³6
Í
n
OJK
H
Kt[XrnÝ* M 2 M =J032DZ03=JA
uæv6l
X 6'nh2F?-H3*@2P0 Í EG=J?³6+8Pó
?+? G2P0 *-IuH3VB2
O
K
t^032P2PI O I[Q Í *-I ã48 {}| :}µ$8K49 { JK2;:_8K¶>²@¶:_8JuÍ 2ÚQ:*-HN2RQ b
ÂZqLÝ$ qH ãHl8F { 8¶\ã[Í B'6[úY8e4ï|ú/iJó Í ë 103*-I1,/2P0Ìÿ³;>2P0N? O , Í 8@=M=/i:6
ë .BACAc*-H
=eZ
`'2PAC[2P0
Í
M
nýós? G2P0<HNVB* p:I12 2
O
M
K3K KÆÍ
VB?ÿ
O
?-=Rd
032
O
? ^0N2P2PIB? [
I QÎHNVB03=J.B,/VöH3VB2_? HQ:2P,J? * ?+H30 I *-HN*-=/I
O
O/K
O/M O
O K
Í
O
`<VB22 2
Oty6l+s6 -
I[Q
Í'O
2{Z=J0
M
K
,
0Q
O/O
Í
Í
æv6
-LO AC -
Z03=JA
ÍoO
ë 6
I[Q
6
=JVBI
K
2FI
Í tâ0N2P2PIB? O I[Q
2PI:HN.B0
¼ =ed]AC=YQ:2F? O I[Q O HN*-AC2
|
? 9254 { 6;9 6 ´ ² Í Û Ñ³ú/i
Í]1365ðBF 2;96
Í
K3MPO
?-25Z=J0sH3V12C* 2
M
ªï
@= ;=
M
=J032
Ô Í ó:8Fú YóJó/i Í 8 J :6
+^2PI:HN=/I Í ty6lss6 Í% 6ty6l<= M p:V12P*-A Í ë 6 - 6'æç*-? K =/I ÍûO I[QwWÝ6 ë HN.B*-EG2P0 Í O HN25æç* K3M =JI K *@I O I[Q
2 0N?Ësâ=J?-= 2PI12*t^?
* ?âVB* HN=/0
³ IBI12P0'Xf=
A b[O YAC2PIYH Í ¼ IYH O 0 M HN* MPOYÍ'&Rð%2;:_8F | 25F²
Ë
O
M
OJM O
K
Í
K3K
± 8¶825F4'µ ÍQGBÜ'Í 8PúY8ï[8>C/ó Í 8>=;CM=:6
+^*-Y=/I
O
Í
B1?-*
s Í ¼
`D6 s6
MFO
H3*@=/I
K Í
Kt^?-= b[O ?ûnË= K *@H3*-=JIB*-I1, ë K H32PA
± 8 @{ 8¹m¶h6 ? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 47¶ Í]Á Ñwó Ô Í óel5=@ïYóG4R Í 8@=;=Y8/6
IC*@I:HN03=YQ:.
M
H3*@=/ICHN=_H3VB2
O
I Q
K
=/AC2t,/2P=J?-=/,J*
MPO
?
@C
8 Jú
+â=
°f6<æv6Læk=J? Õ
BG Ü Ñw/\J\;C Ô Í óJú/ú@ïYó/úG4 Í 8>=;CJú:6
O
pG2
RW
-
6 ë 6 Ý6
Í
I[Q
Í^O
)h?@=Rd
Í
? d
O
Z=J0u* a
2 *-Iç[=/? 0u* 2
M
O
M
+â032Fdf0 Í s+ 6 6 Í ¼ IYH O 0 M HN* MPO 9ctâ? O/M *@=/?@=/,/* MPO ? O I[Q°t^2P=JBVB
nh=J? 0{
X 2 K 2 O 0 M Vb³I K H3*-HN.BH32 ÍI-LO A b 0N*xQ:,J2 Í 8@=;CJi:6
O
oIB,/2P?@V
HNVB2
)h*-0N2
K
ss6 Í ds6]s^.BACBVB0N2@ Í D6 "O A
2s=eZ
Z H^AC=REY*-IB, ¼ IYH 0 HN*
b[O/K
O O/K
O M M
O
0 Q:H
HN=/IB2
Í
(
Í
6
{6'æ
Í
.BI Q:2P0 ë .BAcAC*-H
)h* B
V 2P0
K
Í
I[Q
O
O
QBQY*-IB,JH3=/I
>=;=/ú Í ¼
8
b[K
O
HN0
?
K
O/M
H30
HP6
I[Q
6
-
O
H3*@,/0
GOJM
O
=
%
b
2P?
Í
ds63WÝ6
.BI1IB*-IB,JV
ë .1I[Q:2P?@?
u+
ÂL2;:Àð%F8JÍ
K Í
*
? ) =J?-*@=
` 2 V'6>032F'6 ë =JH3H
K P
M O
Í
M
Í
M
I Q
O
A
Í
BV _=eZ'HNVB2 ë *@B?-2 â=/AC2
ÍBO
H
K^O
`<V125[=/HN2PIYH3* o
? Z=/0
?LAC2P?-HN*-IB,
O
b[O/KNO
t^032P2PI1? O I Q Íl1 65ð%F | 2;9l6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
GBi
Í
¼ 36 WÝ6 Í X6:æv6
*@I:HN2P03I
Í>O
VB2F2PH
UWÝ6) O VBIB2 K H3= M p Í noVB K * MPO ? M =/I[Q:*@H3*@=/I
HN032 A
{ |
Û ú|4ï|ú;= Í 8@=M=/\:6
K
O
ÍIHI4 8 48JÍÁ Í
b'Í[O
* 2
M
K
@ï MC Í @8 =M=/\Y6
ÑN8PóJi Ô 8F/i [8P
Í
¼ 6 WÝ6]t O Q:2 KÆÍ <2ÚQ:03= M p5HN=/[=/,J0 O BVB
.BACAC*@H
K
Í;
³ H nÝ3F2 | ¶>254: { 6 | ¶GÍê;i'Í )<8@=Rl Í
I[Q
+ ¼ 6 Í õX 6%WÝ6 " =G2P0NIB2P0 Í æv6 ë 6BD67n O HN2P0 K =/I Í æv6%+ O I K , OJO 0 Q Í ds6Bt^.BI[QY2 K HN03.B Í1O I[Q
ds6QXf2P2PV Í ñÕ 2 M HD=eZLdf*@I[Q K3M =J.B03*@IB,C=JI M ?-*@A O HN* M 0N2 M =/0 Q K Z0N=/A * M 2Æÿ M =/0N2s=R%:,J2PI:ÿw* K =JH3=J2
B0N= ?@2
z
KÆÍ]ÂL2;:pðBF)/
8 Í GBä5Ü Ñ³úMC;=|4 Ô Í ó/\JúªïYóJ\;= Í 8>=;CJi:6
t O Q:2 K Í ¼ 6]Ý
W 6 Í OJK3O ? ë H303. M H3.B0N2s=RZR< ? O/M pbX O B*xQ K tâ? O/M *@2P0 Í ¼ "_Í'O I[Q ë *-1?-2K+^=/AC2 Í æö2 K H
¼ IYH O 0 M HN* MPO ³ I:Z2F03032ÚQcZ0N=/A X O Q:*-=N M VB=Rÿ ë =/.BI[QY*-IB, Í noV'6¯+s6[H3V12 K * KÆÍ
âIB*-EG2F0 K *@HE5=RZ>æ OJK V:ÿ
*@IB,/HN=/I 8>=;=;Y
C6
Í
)h* B
V 2P0 y6
K
Í
t^*-=RE:*@IB2PHNH3= Í WÝ6$D6 Í1O I[Q - 6$<.B?@? Í ë .BACA O 0 O I Q O I O ? K * K =eZ K .B0ÌZ O/M 2A OJK3K<b[O ? O I M 2 M =/AUÿ
B*@? H3*-=JI Z=J0 ¼ I:H 0 H3*
8>=//\Pÿ8>=;CJú X{2P[=J03HoIB=16[8 :0 Q_nh=/? 0Xf2 2 0 V
O
K
O M MFO:Í
Í
Í
O
K O M
- 2PIYH32F0 Í `<VB2
~ VB*@= ë H O H32K^
IB*-EG2P0 K *@H_ Í 8@=MC|4G6
^
t^.[Q:AU.BI[Q KNK =/I Í ty65sy6 ÍB- 6G)L65X O YAC=/I Q ÍGO I QX65<*-I Q K3M V O QY?-2P0 Í `<VB2^=/0N*-,J*-I O I Q
=RZ
[
=Rd<ÿ K H30N*-[2 K =/I ¼ IYH O 0 M H3* M * M 2 K HN032 O A KÆÍ$q | | 2;9 ¶6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍlÁ$êñÍ 8>=;=;C Í
E
?@=/IB,J2PE:*@H
*@IuB032
KNK
6
>C
s
8 /
O
ACAC2F0
]- l6
s6 Í ¼
Í
M
E
* Q:*-H u=eZT[=/?
0 * 2
O
M
K
VB2P2PH
K
*-Iö032P? NH *-=/IÉHN=
O
Oeb[K
=/?-.1H32cQ
O
HN*-IB,
Í
OJK
HEG=/?ÿ
l1 65ð%F | 2;9l6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍlÁ%æ Ñp=/i Ô Í i/úM=ªïYiG4Ró Í 8>=;CJ\:6
s O 030N* K =/I ÍB- 6sy6 Í X O Q:*-=^2 M VB= K =/.BI Q:*-IB,t=eZVB=/0N*Pv =JI:H O ?G? O G2F0 K *-Iy* M 2 Í51 65ð%F | 2;9 6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
ÜÁ ѳJ Ô Í i;C/i@ïYiM=|4 Í 8@|= 4Úi:6
MPO
I1* A
K
Í:O
I[QS0
O
Q:*@=eÿw2
M
VB=
K Í
s^*-I[Q:A O 0 K V Í X6 - 6 ¼ 6 Í*) . O ?-*@H O HN*-EG2>Q%:I O AC* MFK =eZ[A O 03*@I M 2o* M 2 K VB2P2FH KÆÍ *-I ã48 }{ | }: µ$8 » 9 { JK2;:_8
HQ²ª¶:E8JuÍ Bû6oB'6>|4ï[8F\/\ Í ë B0N*-IB,J2P0rÿw;>2P03? O , Í 8>=;=Ji Í d ¼ `Z~ ¼õë ë 2P03*@2 K 9^t ?-= b[O ? O I[Q
I:EY*-0N=/IBAC2FI:H O ? - V O I1,/2G6
o
s^*-I[Q:A O 0 K V Í X6 - 6 ¼ 6 Í ë HN= M V O/K HN* M [2P03HN.B0 b O H3*@=/Iy=eZQ:*@E:* Q:2o[= K *-HN*-=/I ÍBq | | 2;9 ¶6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
Á%GhÍ R= loï 8P\el Í 8@=M=/ O 6
s^*-I[Q:A O 0 K V Í õX 6 - 6 ¼ 6 Í ë H Oeb *@?-*@H_c=eZf* M 2s0N* K 2 KâO I[QÉ.BI M =J.BB?-2ÚQÎA O 0N*-IB2* M 2 K V12P2PH K Íq | | 2;9¶
6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ B² ÍlÁ%hG Í 8F\/ú@ï[8/8Fú Í 8>=;=J b 6
s^*-I[Q:A O 0 K V Í õX 6 - 6 ¼ 6 Í âd =/0NA O ?+AC=YQ:2 K =eZ O Iö* M 2 K V12P2PH ÍT1I<#+9ð { A · 84)µ$<ÍG5G5æ+Í iM=/iªï7lB8Fi Í
8@=M|
=4O6
X - 6 ¼ 6 Í
K 2=eZË* M 2Æÿ K V12P2PHfIB=J03A O ?ñAC=YQ:2 K Z=J0â*@IB*-HN* O ?@* KNO H3*@=/I O I[QSAc=YQ:2P?-?@*-IB,
A
?-? V IB,J2 6
| | 2;9 ¶h6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍlÁ%æhÍ 8@=M=|4 b 6
K
O
M O
K Í]q
s^=G=/pG2 Í X6 Í )h?-=Rdí? O d]=eZ O =J? M 0 K H O ?@?-*-I12C* M 2c*-I},/? O/M *@2P0 K 9 M =JAC O 0N* K =/IÝHN=kHNVB2P=/0N2PH3* MPO ?
B032ÚQ:* HN*-=JI
?
=J0 HN=/0èQ H
I Q
2P?xQkAc2
.B032PAc2PI:H
± 8 @{ 8¹l¶b6 ? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 4¶N2 | A
M
KÆÍ Oeb
O
O OöO
z
O/K
KÆÍ
H5D32548Zßµ3²ª¶ { 4)G¶ Í
Ü àoYá Í /elYï G4Ró Í 8>=;:C 8J6
s^.B,/VB2 KÆÍ `D6 Í K HNVB2_æç2 K H ¼ I:H O 0 M H3* M M 2 ë VB2P2FHDQ:* K *@I:HN2P,/0 O H3*@IB,, Í
1365ð%F | 2;9T6 ? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9
± 8¶825F4'µ Íê Û Ñwi/i Ô Í 4CMeC lBï 4Y= 8P\ Í 8>|= 4Úi:6
s^.B,/VB2 KÆÍ `D6 Í æç2 K H ¼ IYH O 0 M HN* M M 2 ë H30N2 O A KÆÍ ± 8 @{ 8¹m¶/6 ? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4¶h2 | AeH®D 2548\ßµ3²ª¶ { 4¶7Í
ÜMæ Ñ38 Ô Í 8Gï l7ú Í 8>|= 4J4G6
s^*-I[Q:A
O
0 V 6
K Í
@C
8 G4
sâ.B? b 2 Í- 6
+6 ÍLO I[QË6WÝ6oæçVB*-?@? O I KÆÍ ë H3=J:ÿ O I[Q|ÿw,/= ttn ë *-I ¼ IYH O 0 M H3* MPO:ÍHIðBF 8² {}|;´ 2 | A
km2 | Aã | >65FJK2;: { 6 | HQ²@¶:_8J¶GÍæ5G Ñwó Ô Í 8Fú:8)ï[8PúMC Í 8@=M=/iY6
sâ.B? b 2 Í - 6+6 Í:O I[Qj6%WÝ6/æçVB*@?-? O I KÆÍ oE O ?@. O HN*-=/Ic=eZ K HN0 O *-IU0 O HN2 K =JI' M 2 ë HN032 O A Í ¼ I:H O 0 M ÿ
HN*
= H *@IB2RQu. *@IB,CQY*
Õ 2P032FI:HN* O ?ttn ë Í]q | | 2;9 ¶h6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍlÁ ä'Í ó/úelïYóJ/ó Í 8>=;=el16
MPOYÍ b O
K
sâ.BHNH32P0 Í-" 6 ÍlÝ]µ$865F8): { 4)2;9 ´ 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²/.TJK2;:_8F { 2;9;¶>4 { 8 | 48R6 { 48 2 | AL:}µ$8 J84µ32 | { 4)¶R6 ´ 9254 { 8F¶
2 | A { 48r¶)µ$8)8):}¶GÍ +y6lX{2F*xQ:2P?+no. b ?-* K VB*-I1, - =/AC O I%IØÚ` =JpBG= Í ` 2F030 O ë M *-2FI:HN* zM no. b ?@* K V1*-IB,
- =JAC O I% Í 8@=;JC i:6
sâEY*xQ b 2P0N, ÍB- 6 ë 6 Í ë H32 O QB K H O H32^H3VB2F03AC=Rÿ³AC2 M V O IB* MPO ?JAC=YQ:2P?@?-*@IB,â=RZ'* M 2[=Rd IB2 O 0H3VB2 M 2FI:HN032
=RZ'? 03,J2â* 2 VB2F2PH df*-HNV_H3VB2
IB*@H32f2P?@2PAC2PIYH'H32 VBI1*xãG.B2
| | 2;9 ¶L6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍIÁ%G+Í 8J8P@ï
O
M K
K
z
M
Í5q
8Fó/i 8@=M/
= Y6
Í
Xõ6 Í `D6 ë MPO A b = KÆÍZ- 6RX O :Ac=/I[Q ÍTO I[Q ¼ 6Rt O Q:2 KÆÍ- V O IB,J2 K *-IèHNVB2 M =JI z ,/.10 O ÿ
HN*-=/Iu=RZ 2 ë HN032 A¥[=Rd Z03=JA H3V12õæç2 H ¼ I:H 0 H3* 2 ë VB2F2PH
|
? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 4)2;9
M
O
K
O M M M
ÍQ1 65ð%F 2;96
± 8¶825F4ûµ ÍlÜ5ä5Ü ÑÀfi Ô Í úRl5=M=ªïYúJú/\Rl Í 8>=;=J:6
GO/M = b 2P? Í õX 6Bæv6 Í ¼ 6 6)h* K VB2P0 Í1O I[Q"dy6$WÝ6 ë .BI[Q:2F?-? Í ³I:HN2P03I O ? K HN0 O HN*-,J0 O 1VBCZ03=JA ,/03=J.BI[Q|ÿ
2RQè0 Q 0
HN.[Q:*@2
H ë *@B?-2ââ
+ =/AC2 K .BACAC*@H Íq | :p25F4:E<1I<10<Hl<¯njÜ i ± 8 @{ 8¹âÍ *-I
b[OJK
O O
K
K5O
=
GO/M
2P?
b
B0N2
K3K
Í
6
sy6Gnh6 Í:O I[Q - 6:)L65X O YAC=/I Q Í [= MFO H3*@=/IC=RZ'* M 2 K HN032 O AíA O 0N,/*-I KÆÍ HNVB2P03A O ?Y2Õ2 M H K Í
1365ðBF | 2;9 6 ? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4)µ'Í 8@=M=;C Í *-IuB032 K3K 6
$=/2 V O IBIB2 KNK =JI Í `D6 ÍZ- 6X O :Ac=/I[Q ÍLO I Q {6>æ O QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I Í `<*@AC2 K3MFO ?-2 K Z=/0 O Q@ë3. K H3AC2FI:H_=RZ
,J?
*-2P0 H3=
V IB,/2 *@I_A
? I 2
|
? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ G5æ Ñ38Fó:8 Ô Í i/ú/ú@ïYiJ;= Í 8@=MC;=Y6
O/M
K
M O
K
O/KNKhb[O O M Í$1 65ð%F 2;9$6
"O A b'Í D 6 Í fX VB2P=J?-=J,/* MFO ?ñI1=/IB?@*-IB2 O 03*@H_ O I[Qe =ed*-I K H ORb *-?@*-HE_*-IcH3VB2QY2ÆZ=/0NAC*-IB, b 2RQCAC2 M V O ÿ
IB* A =RZ[* 2 H30N2 AvAC=JH3*-=JI
|
? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4ûµ Í i ÑpD 8P\ Ô Í 8F/úMC/úªï 8PJú5=/ú Í
K
M K
O
Í51365ðBF 2;9%6 8>=;:
= 8J6
GO/M
=
b[K
=JI
Í
>C;C
8
[=J03*@.
6
BV12P03*
K
W
R-
KÆÍ
+s6X
Í
:I
O
.[Q
O
TX
I[Q
Í>O
6 õ6nh2PHN*-H
I[Qõ* Æ
2 ÿwH3VB* pYIB2
V I1,/2 Z03=JA
M
M
KNKñM O
K
MýO
6 ´ ²BÍlæhÍ CMCªï%=Rl Í >8 =;CRlB6
G2Pd
O
I
p:*
K
¼
nh6
Í
6
WÝ6
¼
H32Æÿw,/?
O
I:H
O
0
M
H3*
* ?fA
O/M O
ï s^=/?-= M 2PIB2 O H3AC=Rÿ
HN.[Q:*-2
| | 2;9 ¶6 ? 9 254 { 6;9 K
KÆÍ5q
:*@A_.BA
O
* Æ
2 ÿ =J032
M M
M
h+
=/032ÿf0N2 =/IYÿ
M
M
VB2PAC* H30
| :p25F4: { 41365ðBF | 2;96\:}µ$830<¯Hl<ÍGB'ä Í C/ú@ï%CG4 Í 8@=;=Jú:6
M
K
Í q
Í
*
I 2,J?
*-=
O 3K KNO M
O/M
ë 6`<df* :
p ?@2P0
I[Q
M
Í[O
WÎ2F?-?-=J0 Í WÝ6 ÍoO I[QÃXõ6`
8ÆlY4[
ï 8Fú/ó Í 8@=J;=:6
WÎ=G=J032
Í
2
-
H
K Y
O Í
ë 6[æçVB*-HN?-=Rd
ë *@B?-2 â=/Ac2õ* 2
M
`<VB2
Í
0N2P2PÝ=RZD* C
2 .BI Q:2P0s?@=Rd
M
R1365ð%F | 2;9 6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ Û
H3032
K
K3KÆÍ
Í
- 6 Í f 6|æv6Gæö=/?Õ Í ss 6%D6 - ? O . K 2PI ÍYO I[Q - 6
y65s O AcAC2P0 Í `<V12 M V12PAC* MFO ? b[OJK * K Z=/0
H3VB2y2P?-2 H30N*
? H30 HN*-,/0 BV%É=eZL* 2
|
? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4µ'Í ê ÑÀfó Ô Í 8@CMC|4ï
M
MPO K O
O
M Í1 65ð%F 2;9
6
8@CM=/ 8@=M/
= óY6
Í
4
6
Í
WÎ=J0 K 2 Í +y6 Í tâ? O/M *@2P0ft^2P=/1VB
=eZæ
VB*@IB,/HN=/I
8@=M|
= 476
OJK
Í
d^2P032 K =/I Í ds6 ¼
6
Í>O
H32P0NAC*-I12RQõZ03=JA
@=;=G4
0<¯H <
8
Í
Í
6
K3MPO
?-2
d^2P032 K =/I Í ds6 ¼ 6 Í =eZWH3VB2
AC2
OJK
@=M=|4
8
K
O
O
QBQ:*-I1,/H3=JI
ÍOeb K
H30
K
Z=J0
$X
6[)L6
ë *-1?-2
O
YAC=/I[Q
Í
]X
-
6û)<6
Í
O
O/M
¯+
noV'6 y6HNVB2
MFO:Í
E
*
âIB*@EG2P0 *-H
K Æ
K Í
K
:Ac=/I[Q
¼ ë *M 2
iY8PJiªïYiY8PJ 8@=M=/:6
Í
ѳóJó Ô
Í
X6:æv6
wss6nh6
I[Q
ÍûO
GO/M
O
H
=
K
b
2P?
æ
Í[O
=J032
M
Uf6$+s6Bæ
I[Q
*@B?-2öQ:=JAC2
Í
d<2
K
K
=
GOJM
O
IYH
*@I}æk2
O
0
M
=/I
b[K
Q1Q:*-IB,JH3=JI
O
H
HN*
K
H
Í
MPOYÍ
³H Ý3F2 | ¶>254: { 6 | ¶)nhÜ ê5+l2;99 · 8)8): {}|;´ HQðªD5D$98J8 | : ÍKê Û
KÆÍ
HF6
O
I[QÝ*@IB? [
I Q
O
H3* ?
.BA5.1? HN*-=JIè H3H32F03I
O
O/MPM
O
O
.B0N2PAC2PIGH
H3*
M
6
KNK Ô
'+â=JAC2
? 86D µ3²ª¶ { )4 2;9 ± 8¶825F4µ/k
8)::_8F0¶7ÍlÁ%G
,J2ÆÿÌQY2PBH3V
O
0
O
W *-,J0 O H3*-=JI}=eZ ë *@B?-2e+â=/AC2e+â*-EY*xQ:2e+â2Æÿ
- 6>)<6TX O YAC=/I Q Í {X 2 M 2PIYHKÎ
8>=;=elNX
Q:*@=eÿì VB= ë =J.BI[Q:*@IB,NWÎ2
.B032PAc2PI:H
| :À25F4: { \4 1 65ð%F | 2;9l6[: µ$8
O
M
O/K
KÆÍBq
f6l+s6æ
Í
I:H
I[Q
Ñþ*@IS1032
d^2P032 K =/I Í ds6 ¼
¼
f+
*
H` Y?-=J0 ^=/AC2
K P
M KâO
O
Í
¼
Í
no032RQ:* 3H 2ÚQ
M
IYH
O
0
H3*
M
MPO:Í
`<V12õV1* NH =/0
K
Z03=JA
0
O
Q
O
0
ÑlG Ô )oó/úJó
Í
Í
@CM=
8
dâ2P0N2 K =JI Í ds6 ¼
Xõ6 - 6 ¼ 6lsâ*@I[Q:A O 0 K V ÍñO I[Q - 6û)<6lX O YAC=JI[Q Í ë 2PI K *-H3*@E:*@HES=RZLH3VB2UQ:*@E:* Q:2
[= *-HN*-=/I
H ë *-B?@2\+â=JAC2âHN=
=/.BI[Q 0CZ=J0 *@IB,
| | 2;9 ¶h6 ? 9 254 { 6;9 6 ´ ² Í 8>=;=MC O:Í *-IcB032 KNK 6
K
O
b
O
M
Í$q
dâ2P0N2 K =JI Í ds6 ¼ 6 Í- 6+)<6lX O YAC=JI[Q Í f 6s+ 6ñæ O QBQY*-IB,JH3=/I Í>O I[QwõX 6æv6 GOJM = b 2P? Í WÎ*-,/0 O HN*-=/I
=RZ^H3VB2 ë *-1?-2/â
+ =JAC2_* M 2cQ:*@E:* Q:2 Í æç2 K H ¼ I:H O 0 M H3* MPO:Í1365ðBF | 2;96 ? 9254 { 6;9 6 ´ ² Í 8@=M=;C bûÍ Ñ*-I
B0N2
dZG2
Í
6
K3K Ô
6
Í
ªï
6
úJó YúJi
6o)<6
Í
>=
Í
Xf2PB?ÉHN=wWÎ0P6
8 /úJó:6
R
@P
1365ðBF | 2;9u6 ? 9254 { 6;9 6 ´ ² RÍ Á
=G2P? f6o)+* 1
V 2P0
=JACAC2PIGH
K
KsM
KÆÍ
Ñ38/8 Ô
Í
n
dZG2 Í7 6Y)<6 Í ¼ AC2PHNVB=YQ =RZQ:2PHN2P03AC*@IB*-I1,DH3VB2 K HN0 O *-I:ÿw0 O H32H32PI K =/0 O HLH3VB2 K .B0ÌZ O/M 2t=eZ O ,J? OJM *-2P0 Í
1365ðBF | 2;9 6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍG ѳóJú Ô Í l7\;=@ïGlB8>C Í 8@=Jú;= O 6
dZG2 Í8 6<)L6 Í `<VB2gQ:2ÆZ=J03A O H3*-=JIè=RZ O ,/? O/M *@2P0 b 2F?-=Rd O Iç* M 2CZ O ?@? Íf1365ðBF | 2;96 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
G Ñwó/ú Ô Í i;GC 47ï lG\;C Í 8@/= úM= b 6
dZG2 Í9 6ñ)L6 Í ¼ I:.BAc2P03* MPO ?AC2PH3V1=YQÎ=eZL*-I:Z2F0303*@IB,UH3VB2 b . Q:,/2PHtVB* K H3=/0Î=RZ O ,/? OJM *-2F0âZ03=JA *@H K
Q:E I 2
I[Qu032PHN032 H
|
? 9254 { 6;96 ´ B² Íæ ÑlB8 Ô Í ú;CM=ªïYJ\|4 Í 8>=/Jú:6
O
O M
O
O ÍQ1 65ð%F 2;9l6 n 0N2PI
6
I Qs
t 6®{X = b *-I Í IYH32F03I O ?:0N2[ 2 M HN*-=JI K *@Is[=/? O 0>* M 2 K V12P2PH K Í 1365ðBF | 2;936 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
O
Í ÍGO
Á Ü Ñp/C ú Ô Í ó/úY8|ï ó/ú;= Í 8@|= 4Úú:6
n HN2P0 =/I æv6 ë 6;D
6 ÍÝ]µ$8ßµ3²@¶ { 4¶6 ? 9 254 { 8F¶GÍ nh2P0N, O Ac=/I_no0N2 K3K Í ^~ GZ=/0 Q Í ie0 Qs2RQ:I'6 Í 8@=M=el16
O
K
Í
l
X
wf6l+s6ñæ
HN2P0 /
= I æv6 ë 6 D6
I[Q
K
Í
Í O
O
O
t 032F2PIB? O I[Q Í H3V103=/.1,/VB=J.BH
^
=M=ªï[8F\/ó Í 8@=MC/:6
O
,J?
O
K H3*@A O HN2RQ b[OJK3O ?ýHN2PAC[2P0 O H3.1032 K^O H - 0-2F: H32
» 6;9A ± 8 ´5{ 6 | ¶rHI4 { 8 | 48e2 | AOÝ$84µ | 6;96 ´ ²BÍÜÁoÍ
Q1Q:*-IB,JH3=JI
* ?
OJM O M
M
?-2
Í
Í
- 6 Í sd 6ldâ2P0N2 K =JI Í ¼ 6lt O Q:2 KÆÍ sy6 - =JI:d O Í X6 GOJM = b 2P? ÍhO I[Qö`D6 ë MPO A b = K Í t^2Æÿ
=JAC2PH30
I[Q HN0 HN*-,J0 1VB_=RZ ë *@B?-2+â=JAC2 ¼ IYH 0 H3*
| :À25F4:E<$1I<60<¯Hl<¯n Ü æ ± 8 @{ 8¹âÍ
O
K O
O
Í
O M MPO:Í%q
GBä Ñwú Ô Í =:8ï¸/= i Í 8@=M/= ú:6
YAC=/I Q
Í
>=
8 /\
X
-
:Ac=/I[Q
O
Á
Í
Ñ38F\/i Ô
Í
+â2 Z=/03A O H3*@=/IÝ*@IÝH3V12CE:* M *-I1*-HEÎ=RZ^* M 2cQ:*-EY*xQY2 KÆÍ 1 65ð%F | 2;96 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ
i/úG4ï|i|4Ri 8@=;J
C i:6
Í
6o)<6
Í
Xf2P2PV Í dy6 Í ¼ [=Rd?-*-I12âAC=YQY2P?BZ=/0
0
H32
O
I[Q
Í1O
H30N2
K
2P? QC*-I
K3K<z
O
l1365ðBF | 2;9 6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍG@
MPO:Í
6 ´ ²BÍlG
Z03=/A
`<*@AC*-I1,s=eZ
Í
H ,JI HN*-=/Ia=eZ
K O
O
V1=/03HÌÿ³1.B? õ
2 0 Q 0 H3.[QY*-2 =eZ .B03*@2RQ
K
O O K
K
b
K
ªï
@ï
IÎ* 2 VB2F2PH
M K
Í
Xf2PHvP? O Õ Í Xõ6 ÍBO I[Q - 36 Xõ6$<2PIYH3?@2@
H3*
E
? .B? H3*-I1,sH3V12 .B0ÌZ
2tB03= ?-2
I[QCH3VB2tEG2P?-= *@H
MFO M
O
K
O/M
z
O
M
.B0rZ
K
@=M=/i:6
ÑN8Pi/i Ô ú/úJi YúJ:8 8
Í
Í
Xf= b *-I Í ty6 Í M 2 M =J032 KUO I[Q M ?-*@A
Á Û ä ÑÀ=G4Ró Ô Í 8Æl7iªï 8Æl5C Í 8@=|4J4G6
O
HN*
V
MUM
O
OJM
2
Í/K
H30
O
*-I
@=MC;CY6
Ñ38Fó|4 Ô lG Yúel 8
Í
Í
- Í æç2 K H ¼ I:H O 0 M ÿ
^
032PE
2
|
? 9 254 { 6;9 M
OJK3K KÆÍ]1365ð%F 2;9 6
M2
ë H30N2
O
A
Zßµ { 96o¶</Ý F2 | ¶< ± <HQ64o<km6 | A56 | n,Hl8F@<÷WÍ
IB,J2
Í
*dy6]dâ2F032 K =/I Í ë O H32P?@?-*-HN2*-A O ,/2 O I[QctDn ë K HN.[QBÉ=eZLHNVB2_AC=/0NBVB=J?-=/,MÎ=RZ
ë *-1?-2\+â=JAC2 ¼ I:H 0 H3*
| :p25F4:E<1I<;0<¯Hl<¯nÜ æ ± 8 @{ 8¹^Í
GBä Ñwú Ô Í C|4ï%CM= Í 8>=;=/úY6
Í
O M MPO:Í q
A
=
`D6 ¼ 6 s
d 6 ¼ 6 âd 2P0N2 K =JI ÍBO I[Q'WÝ6 ¼ 6B) O VBIB2 K H3= M p Í +â2PH O *-?@2RQCH3=/[=J,/0 O BV%S=RZXf=G=eÿ
MPO
b KÆÍ
Í
2PEG2F?-HT ? I[Q
I[Q ë *@B?-2^
+ =/AC2 Í æç2 K H ¼ IYH O 0 M HN* MPOYÍBq | | 2;9 ¶6 ? 9 254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍ]Á$êñÍ 8@=;=MC Í Ñ*-I
K
K O
O
ë
MPO
ë
A
B032
ë
M
ë V
=
b
I[Q
Í'O
6
K3K Ô
<
V RH3H
- 6 Í f 6Gæ
Í
t[XZÌn
8@=M/
= ó:6
Oeb
`D6
KÆÍ
H
O
ë VB2P?ZN9
ï
8PiY8/8
=J032PV1=/?-2
b
*@2
O
ë 6
Í
-
=/I
8PiJi/
I[Q
Í/O
,/.B0
Í
z
QBQ:*-I1,/H3=JI
KDO
O
HN*-=/I
ë .BAcAC*-H
O
I QÎA
-
I[Q
- ;6 X6M<2PI:HN?-2@
>=;C|476
8
H
ÍBO
5X
O
¼
IYH
6:)L6
t[ ë n>ó O I[Q
|
? 9254 { ;6 96 ´ ²BÍG Û ÑN8PóMC Ô Í 8F/óªï 8PMC Í
Í
1365ðBF 2;96
YAC=/I Q
t^032P2FIB? O I[Q
Í
Í
æç2
K
H
? I 2
O/KNK{b[O O M
M 2 ë H30N2 O A K Q:0 O *-IB*@IB,D*-IYH3=^H3V12RXf= K3K M 2
|
? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4)µ'Í Á Ñpfó Ô Í
Í1 65ð%F 2;9
6
O
0
M
HN*
f6 6 Í sâ=Rdöd<2P?@? MPO Id<2> O 0 O AC2FH32P0N*vP2' OJK H
q | | 2;9 ¶h6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²BÍÁ%æhÍ lB8>CªïGl7ó/ó Í 8>=;=G4G6
ë H32P*@,
Í
no0N2RQ:* 3H 2RQsHN*-AC2Æÿ
-? 2 Z=J0
M
K3MFO K
Í
M
O/MPM
.BA5.1? NH *-=JIâ0 H32 *@ID[=/? 0h* 2 VB2P2PH
O
O
K
O
M K
K
,
Í
@=
8 Y8
ë H32F*-,
;
M
f6
M
Í
6
Í
?@2DH3=UQ
+y6=+6 WÎ=/0 K 2 Í f 6+y6ñæ O QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I ÍO I[QÝn+6 6'nh=J?-* K3K3O 0 Í
K *@IB,CH3V12
H32y* 2 =/032
? 86D µ3²ª¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4µ/k
8)::E8F0¶7ÍlÁ%æhÍ 8F/i@ï[8PJ Í 8@=M=;CY6
O
M M
KÆÍ
K
.BI
K
[=JH
;- 6 6 Í +ZYI O Ac* MPK =eZ[HNVB2>æç2 K H ¼ IYH O 0 M H3* M M 2 ë V12P2PH Í *-I Ý]µ$8>"8¶:Iq | :p25F4: { 4
ã48ZH µ$8)8):?: µ$8 | 8)8A:p6ð | AB8F¶:p2 | A { : ¶LA5² | 25J { 4)¶GÍ 2ÚQ:*-HN2RQ b - 6 6:; O IuQ:2P0L;D2P2PI Í1O I[Q
6]^~ 2P0N?-2PA O I KÆÍ Bû6'8ï[8F Í +s6$Xf2P*xQ:2F?'no. b ?@* K V1*-IB, - =JAC O I% Í sâ=/?@? O I Q Í 8@=MC|4G6
IWQ:2P0';D2F2PI
O
Í
X
[=Rd Í]ã | :_8F | 2;: { 6 | 2;9lqZ¶)¶>64 { 2;: { 6 | 6 z ²;A5F6;96 ´5{ 4)2;9IHQ4 { 8 | 48¶7Í]lêñÍ óJ/@ïYó|4Úú Í 8>=/úMC:6
QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I
f6
+s6 Í ¼ MPM .B0 O HN25AC=YQY2P?-?@*-IB,u=eZt,/? O/M *@2P0f[=Rd Í noV'6¯s+ 6+H3VB2 K * K Í â
IB*@EG2P0 K *-HEÎ=RZ
O
Í
<0N*-H3* K V - =J?-.BA b * O:Í 8>=;YC 8/6
;D* -? =RE ë 6 ë 6 {2P,J.B? 03*@H3*-2 =RZ',/?
* ? VB*-2F?xQsAC=REG2PAC2 IYH I[Q_H3VB2^H3V12P=/0 s=eZûB? NH * EY* =/.
O
Í
Í
O
K
O/M O K
O
OJK M
K3M
K
æ
l1 65ð%F | 2;9l6 ? 9254 { 6;9 6 ´ ² ÍTG;ÁoÍ i/ó/ú@ïYiJiel Í 8>=;C/Y6
QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I f6$+s6 +s6 ¼ 6[)h* VB2P0
X 6]Ý
W 6 " =G2P0NIB2P0 Í[O I[QSæv6 ë 6$D6[n O H32P0 K =JI Í )+?-=Rd I12 O 0
O
Í
Í
K
Í
Ik* 2_Q:*@E:* Q:2G9
I ? * B0N= ?@2PA
I[QöQ H
032RãG.B*@032PAC2FI:H
| | 2;9¶N6 ? 9 254 { 6;96 ´ B² Í Û Í
O
M
O O
K K
b
K^O
O O
KÆÍ]q
8R4G8ï 8e4Fl
8@=M/
C :6
Í
æ
æ
æ
Í
f6$+s6 Í
Í
f6+s6 Í-
QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I
O
O
QBQ:*@IB,/HN=/I
æ
EG2D=/,J*-EG2
O
X
6>)L6
K Í
YAC=/I[Q
O
Í
+s6@+6WÎ=/0 K 2
ÍLO
+ s
I[Q}æv6 s6
O
0303* J
= I
)+?-=Rd
K
Í
? d
O
Z=J0f* 2
Hf?-=RdQ:2PEY* H3=J03*
H30N2
I[QC*@ACB?-* HN*-=JI Z=/0f* 2Q:*@E:* Q:2 I[Qu* 2 =/0N2 H3. Q:*-2
M O
O
MtK
K3K Í[O
MPO
K
M
O
M M
K
K Í
@=
³HLÍ ê5ê
>=;=J
Ñþl7 Ô )L8 / 8
Í
Í
Í
)
O
W
?-? Î2P2FH3*-I1,
ë .B1B?-2PAc2PI:HF6
D6
X6 Í IYH32F03B0N2PH O H3*-=JIÝ=eZy* M 2 K V12P2PH K H30 O HN*-,/0 O BV%9 ¼ 0 O Q O 0rÿw2 M VB= K =/.1I[Q:*-I1,
¼ I:H O 0 M H3* MPO:Í noV'6¯+s6>H3V12 K * KÆÍ
âIB*@EG2P0 K *-HEk=RZæ O/K V1*-IB,JH3=/I Í
H3.[QB =eZyH3V12"+ZG2P0cno? H32 .
K
O
O Í
8>=;/
= iY6
æk2F2P03HNA
I
æk2F2P03HNA
O
Í
æk2F2P03HNA
O
6 ´ ²BÍ
ÜMG
6 h
n = *@H3*-=JI5=RZ'* 2^Q:*-EY*xQY2
I Q
Í
K
M
KoO
-
6 ë H
*-?-*@H â=RZ[H3VB2 3.BI HN*-=JIs=eZ Is* 2 VB2F2PH I[Qs* 2 VB2F? Z
Í
Oeb
M
O
M K
O
M K
Í
Í
6 ´ ²BÍ
ÜÁ
ªï
@=
Ñw/ Ô i/úJi YiJ/\ 8 G4Ri:6
Í
Í
I
$1365ðBF | 2;9$6 ? 9254 { 6;9 A
I
O
Í
ªï
Ñw|4 Ô i
Í
8/8
Í
E
ë
@8 =G4Pl16
* 2 2PIYH32P0 =/IU* 2 VB2P2FH
M M
K
M K
KÆÍ
51365ðBF | 2;936 ? 9254 { 6;9 >=
8 /ó
;W
-
æçV1*-?-? I
6 Ý6
I[Q
O K Í
Í O
/
m M 2
8@=M/
= i:6
=eZ
ë HN032
O
A
K
O
I[Q
6
6eE
O
ICQ:2F0h;>2P2PI
-^Í æç2 K H ¼
IYH
O
0
M
Í
dâ2Pd
HN*
O
I[Q_*-ACB0N=REG2RQDQ:2PHN2P03Ac*-I
1365ðBF | 2;9$6 ? 9254 { 6;9 6 ´ ² QÍ G
MPOYÍ
O
H3*-=JI
K
=eZûEG2P?-=
M
®C ªï 5=
E
*-H
ÑN8PiJi Ô l /i 7l J\
Í
Í
BbRC$D$EGFHB
cg üËþ I/üÔg/ÿ°û Rcþ ÿ5 cU füËþ
w¡ø¢
¬ § ¦l¬ §
Ê
§Ç ¤ *
Á ¤I# ¤ § Ç § Ä K
Ç J Ç ¬ § Ã Ì Ç Â3Ç Ä ÎNÈ$L
À Ç
Ã
J
ñÂ1Á Ç
Ç
v O ? K H30 O *@IÎH32FI K =J0M/ON MPO I b 2õZ=J.BI[QSZ0N=/A H3VB2 M V O IB,J2s*-I
Q:* H I 2 Ac=/IB, 2PEG2F0 ? .103EG2@[=/?@2 =REG2P0
AC2
.B0N2PAC2PIGH2F03*-=YQ_ò'P .%õ
*@2PIYH3?t?-=/I1,DH3=
K O M O
K
O K
K
O
OJK
K
M
Q:2 I12DH3VB2 V IB,/2
.B0 H32F?G6 ¼ óÚÿpG2 0LAC2
.B0N2PAC2PIYHh[2P0N*-=YQCd
. 2ÚQ5=/I ë *@B?-2\+^=/AC2G6
z
M O
OJMPM
O
O
OJK
OJK
K
)B=/0^2PEG2P0_Ac2
.B032PAc2PI:H=QS=eZ
V IB,/2*@IS?@*-IB2t?-2PIB,JH3V î
O/K
OUM O
Í
`<VB2
=JAC[=/IB2PIYH
M
=RZLH3VB2yVB=/0N* P=JI:H
K
6R M SNUT R T NR
R 'P
XW ZY U[ \T R
]W
Q
ò
EG2
M
/ D*
H3V12
K
6R
R^ _[ ^R
P P
HN=/0
O
?@=/IB,
[2PHUѳÒ
H3*@AC2
K
ø O
î
Ó
H30
K
*@IÉ0
O
0
O
ð
HN2_H32PI
R` U[ `R
Ó
=G=/0 Q:*-I
M
/
=/0 3Ó
K
?@?-2P?'HN=5HNVB2
O
/Ô O I[Q}ѳÒ
I[Q
O
ò
î
VM ON
dfVB2P0N2
î
/Ô b 25HNVB2
ÑwÒ'Ó
Ô ÍñO I[Q
H32yQ:*@032
O
Gÿ³HNV
36
=G=/0QY*-I
M
6-8 Ô
* K H3V12 M =JAC[=/IB2PIYH^=eZfHNVB2s.1IB*-H
H3*-=JI
M
2PHD=eZ
K
¼
Ñ
Û
O
H32U
*@0
O
a
K ÎO
I[Q
ù =
b[K
2F03EG2RQ
O
H
6L`<VB2yQ:* H I 2
2PHÌd<2P2FICH3VB2 2HÌd<=_[=/*@I:H
Hf2
VuH3*-Ac2â* 9
K O M b
K
KâO
O/M
K
î
R GP cb `R GP
R dP b R` GP
Ñ
Ñ
î
ð
ø
Ô
Ô
ѳÒ
ѳÒ
Ñ
Ñ
^R dP
R^ GP
Ô ~}Ò
ø
ð
Ô ~}Ò
Ñ
Ñ
Z[ `R GP H[ ^R GP
e[ `R GP H[ ^R GP
Ô3Ô ð q
ø
Ñ
Ñ
ÔNÔ ð qçÑ
ð
Ô ~
ø
Ñ
ð
Ñ
Ô ~
Ñ
ð
ø
¼
Ñ
Ô3Ô ð
6jó Ô
Ñ
¼
6ji Ô
Ñ
¼
6l Ô
ÔNÔ ð Ó
I[QuH3VB2yQ:* H I 2 V I1,/2*
K O M M O
K
O
ò
`<VB2s.1IB*-HfEG2
M
H3=/0
M
=/Ac=JIB2PIYH
K
Z=/0^2
î
R
O/M
V
M
î
R GP
Ñ
ð
Ô ~
=G=/0 Q:*-I
O
î
R GP
H32
Ñ
O
ÔÛ
ø
Q
*-0
MFO
I
b
2sdf03*@H3HN2PI
O/K
>=
8 el
TfR
T gR
*-I1,5HNVB2
K
K[
I[Q
O
.BACA
K
H3*-=JI
O
Ñ
I[Q
Í[O
Ô ~}Ò
ø
Ñ
=JI:EG2PIYH3*@=/I
M
`R GP R^ GP
R GP
[ `R dP H[ ^R dP
R dP
Ò
Ø
ø
Ñ
î
Ñ
Y
l N nm l ol pl ×Uq nm M UM g _M gg q
Ñ38/Ó ó:Ói Ô 0N2PB0N2 2PIYH H3V12_H3VB0N2P2sHN2P03A
K
K
H3*-=JIÎ*
O
KâM
T
I[Q
Ó
ø
ØØ Ó
Ó
ð
Ø
Ó
6 >ãG.
O
~^.B0^,/=
=eEG2_2Úã|.
Z=J0
O5K
?+*
O
O
K
H3=
I[QSHNVB2
z
H3*@=/IÉZ=/0D2
sQ
2PHf=eZ
Ac2
OJM
VÉAc2
.B032PAc2PI:H
O/K
=/AC[=/I12PI:H
M
O/K
=eZ>HNVB2
¼
.B032PAc2PI:HF6
6ñæö2
K
K
?-2
t
,J*-EG2
t
v
K
`'=sAc*-IB*@AC* P2<HNVB2
K
HN0
O
OJK
HN0
*@Iu0
O
K
klkx
t Rt R
ð
ã|.
HN2
O
O
I[Q
032ÚQ5032
K
=JI
HN0
K
K
×
t
kl x
ð
?
6j Ô
*-IB2RQuH3=CHNVB2_Ò
O
O
HN03*@
i kj R
Z=J03A
H3*-=JI'6 [2FH
HNVB2PI
K
O
*@IÉ0
O
H32H32PI
l N
=/0
K
dfVB* V
M
¼
Hrÿ G
ã . 032 H32 VBI1*xãG.B2s* . 2ÚQßHN=
K
O
K
M
K
K
64 Ô
6R Ó 6R
ò
K3O
9
OJK
î
î
¼ ¯6 C
Ñ
Ô
HN* Z SHNVB2
K
rl N
I[Q
z
Ñ
Û
L~
Ô Ñ
~
Í
¼ ¯6 =
Ô
Ô
~}ó
O
¼
Û
Ë~
Ñ
*xQ:.
O
h R pN lkN uj R h Rwv l v uj R
h R NplkN h RZv l v h R NplkN/j R uj R j R
2PHf2Úã|.
×
Xf2 O 030 O IB,/*@IB,/:*@2P?xQ
K
.BACA
K
6@8â*
t R h R NUlkN uj R
03*@IB,
O
K
Ñ
0 D
H QY2 IB2
032 *xQY. ?w9
K
z
O
K
O
z
ë ã|.
¼
HN*-=JI
j R h R N l N
6jú Ô
Ñ
Û
=RZfHNVB2
K
¼
Û
UB? B
I 2 dL2
Iudf03*@H32H3V12õ103=YQ:. Hâ=RZoHNVB2
=/AC[=JIB2PIYHfEG2 H3=J0 *-IuA
O
Í
MPO
M
M
M
K
dfV12P032
HNVB2
Ô
.BAc*-IB,cQ:2ÆZ=J03A
O/KNK
Ø
ORb
ø
Ô
ø
TfR T9gR h R N
O
Ñ
Ñ
Ô
ø
Ô
ø
Ô ~
î
Ñ
q
Õ
Û
d<2tQ:* 2P0N2PIYH3* 3H 2^df*-HNV50N2 [2 HLH3=y2
V
O
K
M
O/M
KvP2F03=B9
M
=/AC[=/I12PI:H>=RZ
?'H3=
O
ó
h R x h wR v l v
~}ó
h R -x j R
\ Û
Ñ
¼
6-8P\ Ô
@=
8 Jú
h R yx h wR v l v zh R x j R
)h*-I
?-?
O
dL2
Í
I
MPO
=J?-EG2âZ=J0âHNVB2
K
=/Ac=JIB2PIYH
M
{
o
o
`<V
H3V
@I
Rã
M
@
?[E
O
H -=JI
O
?
O
Ñ
z
ð O I[QuQ
H -=/I
M
H @=/I
O
ø Ó
I
p
H
O
=G=
M
K
Q -I
-I
M
H PA
K
O
H
K
H PA
-I
M
-
?ñE
O
?
O
O
M
b
E
O
H @=/IsZ=
3=/H
H3V õA
O
OJM
VU
@I
H
/p o
õHNV
p d
âZ= 1I[Q5Z 3=/A
ð O
K
6-8Fó Ô
p
=J? BH -=JI
H3=
K
Ñ
[
\ Û
Ñ
@
H -I yH3V D=
O
-I
H -_=RZLQ
=
K
M O N
o
@A
RQ5E
O
?
-I Q
MPO
H
K
! ZM M ?g g HM g
M
H
M
Ñ
Ô
-I'Ñ
Ô
K
O
~
Øð
Ô
Ô
¼k l
Ô
¼k ú
Ñ
Û
Ô
o p p U[
7 o o 7
@ ON
e
Z
?
O
P? H -E fH3=yH3V ^=
O
=G= Q -I
=
M
-I
K
K
=
M
H
O
K
H PA
O/MPM
O
?ñÒ'Ó
=G=
M
Q ÿ
= Q -I yH3=sHNV DI Fd
K
-I'Ñ
Ô
Ñ
Ô Ó
K
K
-I
¼k
M R EN R p o K7
M g
¼k-
M M g?g xÓ
M
I
ØØ
Ô ð ~Ýl tÑ
/
H3V I Fd
ó O
?
O
H -=/I
M
~
?BE
O
¼k i
\
K
M
dfV
¼
Ñ
ØØ q
Ñ
Ô
=UH3V
Z=J03AÉ9
Ô
ó
? Q
O
H3V
ØØ q
Ñ
Z= BI[Q
K
K
K
ð
@
@E
L~
M
K
HN03*@
O
Û
ø O I Q
K
s
M SNUTN T
* o 3 p
m q ZM M g?g % b eM HM g?g
p p o @ o
p V p o
o p 7 4 op p p
e
e
`<V D
=J0f*-IuA
K
H Úã
K
K
BÍ @¤ ;Á Ç
/
H32H32FI
O
6-8J8 Ô
Ç GÄ
Q PHFѳQ û~}n
`<V
*@IÎ0
O
Ô ÷
p p s
ø O I[Q
K
H30
K
Z|5}1| ~ |5}6
òsÁ ¬ § ͬ f Â3<Â3oJ Ç ÇÎÂ$§ ¦
w¡ÅÄ
=RZoHNVB2
K
¼
Ñ
Û
Q @I
ó
ØØ q
Ø
O
Ñ
H
K
Ó
K
H PA
>ë
E @I sZ
Ñ
Q
Ô
K
Ô
=
O
/
I[Q
K
p -
o p @
~ m Z Z q
#¡ m Z ¢Ó Z H¢Ó q
-I
M
DH3V
-I
M
-
O
Q
M
H
I
K
K
M 7K
M 7K
Ñ
H
NH3V
b
Ô Ó K @I'Ñ
Ñ âq
I
O wÍ
¼> C
Ñ
Ô
Ró Ô Ó -IûÑ âq
K
Úó Ô Û
Ñ
¼> =
Ô
Ô
BUR7C$DsEdFu£
¤Uþbc¥cÿû ¦
üËc üË ü¨§ cg j
§ 5þ
/© U[ >ª «¬ U U® o 4o-¯? « © ¯©p «° ¬ «ª ©p-¯ ª-«¬²± °
©_ ¬
o ° ©p « ¯
³/p K¯!©o³4 ± /o©p °/ª ° ¬ «ª ©p ©Ö ¬ « ©o3¯?©o ª « ª ©p -$ « ¯?/ ±ª ©p « ´ ª ¯p¯
o
o-¯
Ñ Õ Ó [Ó
ÎÑwÒ'Ó Ó Ð Ô
d
P
Ô
_
uÐ
Rã
À
! ¶ P
¶
¼ ¯o¯? « HQ65F ´ 8· ¶k25¹ ³4 ° ³3¯© ª ©o¸¯s©o³ ª ©
©o³4 ±ª o ª ©p « -´ ¬ « ¯
©_K ©p³ ¬ 4©o³ ¬ ¸¯
« © ° ³ ª « « ©o ¹P }
ª-«¬3ª ¯o¯? « « ³ pv « © ª ±ª p ª ©p « o© ³4 «
® µ)
À
Ö ÔÖ g?g ËÖµeµ
X ª o ª « « /7 ¬ ¯
® µ) _Ö ÔÖ
ÖµZµ
À
g?g
@³©o \Ö °Ö g?g ¯! ±ª « ©!© ©o³ ± /p©o °ª ¯?©o ª « ª ©o ª ¯o¯ « « «
ª /! « ©o³V ° ° « ÖµZº µ « ©o/ ª ©p « -´ ÖµZº µ ± /©o³V ° '©p³ ° « -¯o¯¯¹©p³ ± o©o °/ª
©p « ´ ª « ©» « ©p³ « « ° Z * ±ª « ©% « ©U¯$® @³
©o/ ÖµZµ ³ « « ©o/ ª ©p ¬
± /¹©p³k ° ©o³ ° « -¯p¯ p o¸¯ « ©U¯
©o³>©op ± /p©o °/ª % ©o « ´ ª « © « ©o³ «r« ª
©o³ ° >¯ ´ ª° >® ® @³/o ´d o « ©o/ ª ©p « ' * ª ©o « ± /8©o³ ° !©o³ ° « -¯p¯
¬ ¯
Ö ØØ Ë
q Ö
g?g Ëq ÖµZµ
~
d
Ud
tÑ × Ï
ØØ ~
q
×
~
×
~
y~çÑ ØØ q
Ô Û
p
Í
Öý
Æÿ Úã
<
`
Í
P
Ñ Ù Ô
`
Ñ
i Ô
uz
p
z
ó Ô
Û
Í
Ñ
uÐ
Rã
Ô
Ô
Í
Ñ3~
P
\ Ô
Í
ØØ q
`
Ñ
Û
Í
Úã
i
d
z
p
=;C
®
ÖÜ
® H¼ ½ ® µ)@M
µ?¾Z¿SÀÁÂÃÄ
Å ®
® ¼
µ)@M
×
<[~
GÐ
×
<[~
¼ µ ¾e½ ¿SÀÁfÂ
ÃÄ
Å ® µ)8M
×
GÐ~
À
Ñ
À
ÑÀ
GÐ Û
Ñ
l Ô
ú Ô
Ô
¯o¯ « > ° ¬ « ¯?©E ¬ -¯ « © ±ª ©o³ « e ° !©p ª-« ¯
©o « 8 °ª « o
©o
® ® ¼ µ ¾e½ ¿OÀÁ9ÂÃÄ
Å ® µ)8M
À Æ
´ 5ǯ « ª ´ «° ©p « -´ ©p³¯@p ¬ ° ¸¯@©
Ä
® ® ¼¿È ® M;
À C
X¯ ¯?©o
©o©p « 8 °/ª « ¯?³ É©o³ ª ©$®
® È Ó@ ǯ ª ¯ ©o « © ©o³4 ª ± @ * ª ©o «
©o³3©o³4ip-¯ ©
¼
d
b
Öý
Ð
d
d
×
<[~
d
GÐ Û
Ñ
Ô
Ñ
Ô
Í
Öý
b
ÿ
z
d
<[~
ѳРÔ
Û
< G [ÑwÐ Ô
b
Úã
d
®
À =
³4/o\ ¯@©p³ «]¬ « ¯
©_ ª ©©o³4 ª ¯ ´ o© ³>¯? ± @ ³/p>® ¯ ª ¯?o ¬
d
®
Ö
z
b
Öý
<
G
Ö
Ó
Ñ
c
d
Ö
Ô
¤
5/ÿ
ÊKËÌHÍÎfd ª¬ « ¼k d¹/p-¯ «
Ï3ËÐ-ÍÎÑ « ,C =;=;C
Í
ÉK¦ J Í Â )Ä ¬À¤ §
Ò-|KÒdÎ =³%4¯ ° ¯ ª «¬ W ª ©p³ ª ©o ° ¯ © ~ ª ´-$ / =M=
ÓÔsÒÏrÒGÎ\t¹ ³%¯? ° ¯
« ± /U¯?©E -´ ª ¯³ « © « =M=;C
n
Í
!U¬ ÇÇ
ë
Í
æ
)¬À¤ §
Í
Í
¬ Ç Á Ä Â Ä
À ³Ä Ç
ÓÔsÒÏrÒGÎ @³!Õ Ës¹¯?© ´ R+ ª «Ö¬ ° p© o ª ¯ - ª «¬ + ׸¯© ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª
« ´ /p «° -¯ ´ t ³%4¯ °ª WK ª ¯p « ©U¯ ª «Ö¬ ° Õ
W ¬ ¯
òJ#QØ ¬ÀÍ 0¬À¤ §Ç
d $ ¼k d¹/p-¯ « m- Õ X ª «¬ + ª¬¬ « © « ª «¬ X Ñ ª° Ù WK ª ©p «
´ ©o³ \ + , ° \ +¹ ± ¬ ×-¯?© ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª 1 65ð%F | 2;96 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ² =M=;C «
p-¯o¯
d ¼> d¹/o¸¯ « X - $ ¼k s «¬ ª U¯?³ ª-«¬ - Õ X ª «¬ « ¯
©o ± E© -´ ©o³, +¹ ± ¬
¯©p «cª © w + ×-¯?© ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª © «¬ª Õ ° « q |3| 2;9 ¶ô6
? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ² =;=;C « o-¯p¯
Ú ¼> °/ª VÙ ¯ d ¼k d¹/p-¯ « ª «Ö¬ W ¼k Õ ª ³ « ¸¯© ° +/© ª ¬ Ú ª 4B³ -´
X ¯ ± ,© ?¯ ª «¬rª-«¬ /
+ \-¯?© ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª q | | 2;9 ¶e6 ? 9254 { 6;96 ´ ²
=M=;C « p-¯o¯
t`
ë -
d
ë
Í
æ
d
 Ä
Í
æ
Í
ë @
Í
æ
Í
æ
RÍ
Í
Í
ë @
n
ó
RÍ
<ë
Í
Í
Í
p
Í
ë @
æ
Í
Í
Í
{ë
Í
Í
æ
RÍ
ó
Í
ÛÛ
ó
d $ ¼k d¹/p-¯ « Í +
ª ¬¬ « © « - Õ X ª «¬ ª-«¬ s Ñ ª° Ù ¯ « »o ¬ ° ©o ¬
ª ¬ ©o³3¯ °/ª -¯ ´d [+ ª-«¬ « ª-«¬ ¼ ° ° o-¯$ « -¯© ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª
? 86D µ3²@¶ { 4)2;9 ± 8¶825F4µkT8)::_8F¶ Ü Ü Ü wÜ =;=
d $¼k - © / « -Ý d/o-¯ « ]- Õ X ª «¬ + ª¬¬ « © « + $¼k WK-¯ ª «¬
X ¼ @ Ú@³4
Õ9 ° © ´ ° w¯³/©%©o³ ° « -¯p¯ ° ³ ª « « ©o³ ª°/° ª ©p « ³4¯©
« ´ /po ¬ ´ tf ª /8©o³ ° « -¯p¯-¯ q | | 2;9¶K6 ? 9254 { 6;9 6 ´ ² ªï7Ü =;=
\Ø]Ç Í Ç $§ ¦ÃÈ Ç Í J #Ë# ¬ Ç
d l ¼k d¹/o¸¯ « .- Õ X ª «¬ X Ñ ª° Ù ª-«¬ + ª¬¬ « © « Ú@³N
s¹¯
© -´ ©o³ ª ©p ª ¼ °/° ª ©p « ª ©o©o «cª © + \-¯© ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª
´ X ª¬ª [ WK ª ¯?o « ©U¯ ³HÝ F2 | ¶>254: { 6 | ¶)nÜ êi+ 2;99 · 8)8): {}|;´ HQð@D5D$98J8 | :}n
C Õ =;= ª Ù ¯©p ª° ©
d $ ¼ d¹/p-¯ «rª «Ö¬ - Õ X ª «Ö¬ Ú@³4 t /©p ª-«¬ ©p ª ©o ª B³ -´ , +
ª «¬ °/ª ©p « ¯ ´d ¹
©UR¯ s¹Ç¯© ³!H Ý3F2 | ¶>254: { 6 | ¶)nuÜ æÞ+ 2;99 · 8)8): {}|;´ HQðªD5D$98 J8 | :}n
Õ = =M= ª Ù ¯?©o ª° ©
d ¼k d¹o-¯ «ßª «¬ - °
Õ X ª «¬ X
° « ©
ª ©o « ´ / + ¬ ± ¬ ¬ ©o/
« ¬ ´ =M= 3 ª¬ Z ° ³ ¯ «¬ « ª ¯?o « ©U¯ q | :p25F4: { 41365ð%F | 2;9T6, : µ$8
0 <]H <¯nZÜ i ± 8 @ { 8¹Oã¶)¶>ð 8 « p-¯o¯
- X ª «¬ d d¹o-¯ « ¼k t ª¬ ¸¯ s -$ « Ý ª X Ñ ª° Ù ª «¬ Ú °/ª 5Ù ¯ t
/©p ª «¬ ¯?©o ª ©o
ª %³ -´ N + ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª q | :p25F4: { 4j1 65ð%F | 2;96/ : µ$8
0 <]H <¯nZÜ æ ± 8 @ { 8¹Oã¶)¶>ð 8 ÜÛ = ï%=Ü =;=
Ú °/ª 5Ù ¯ ª «¬ d d¹o-¯ « ª ©o
©ok ª ª «¬ t ¯©p ¬ ´ ©o³ 4³
; -´
' + ¼ « © ª ° ©o °/ª q | :p25F4: { 4U1365ðBF | 2;9u6U :}µ$8É0 <RHl<¯njÜ æ ± 8 @ { 8¹ã¶)¶>ð 8
ÜÛ C ï%CM= =;=
ÿ
æ
Í
ë @
F
ó YѳóJó Ô
Úÿ
ñÔ Í
Í
Í
ó
eÍ
æ
Í
ë
oóJú/ó
æ
óJ
Jó
Í
Jú
Â1Á ³Ç
È
Í
:ÑlG Ô
/
Í
p
Ç Â1Á PÅ
ÉÇ
æ
p
ë n>ó
Ä ÁGÂ GÄ SÂ
/
Í
Æÿ
n
ë
æ
Í
Ñ
n
Í
æ
wÍ
ë @
n
³ÿ
æ
Í
Í
Í
ë
ë -
YÑþlG Ô
el
/ú
Í
ë -
el
ÿ
Í
Í
Í
hë
së
Í
Í
ë @
Í
:Ñwú Ô
Í
ë -
Ìÿ
Yѳú Ô
³Í
'ë
Æÿ
Í
Í
Jú
tn ë
3
Í
Í
Jú
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz